ABSTRACT The choice and distribution of the optimal fleet mix of helicopters to service the offshore air operation is an important logistical problem that has a potential to reduce costs considered in the oil and gas industry. The variability of helicopter models and sizes, as well as the possible operational restrictions of airport bases and airspace, requires that adequate numerical techniques of Operational Research are applied. In this context, this work develops a model to determine the trajectories and distances traveled between airport bases and offshore maritime units and vice-versa, through an airspace modeled by a directed graph. Also develop a helicopter performance model to obtain the estimated payload and flight times for each specified mission and last but not least an integer linear programming model to allocate an optimal fleet and airport mix for passenger transport through the use of different helicopter sizes. The model was applied to offshore units operating in the Santos basin due to their strategic importance in the oil and gas industry. The results obtained included a map of preferred regions for two different helicopter sizes (large and medium), the weekly flight tables showing the allocation of helicopters and airport for different demand scenarios, additionally the impact of fuel prices on different airport bases and the concentration of movements on air routes are also evaluated in order to complement the analysis. industry context viceversa, viceversa vice versa, versa vice-versa graph large medium, medium , medium) scenarios analysis

As technology expands and spreads worldwide, the maritime industry and maritime crime are rapidly evolving While the heightened adoption of digital technologies has positively impacted the efficient and prompt execution of tasks like maritime surveillance, policing, monitoring, and early warning systems, it has also brought about significant challenges that impact the interconnected network of maritime actors. This dilemma can be attributed to geographical location, surveillance, and navigation systems of ports, vessels, and other state intuitions. With the emergence of cyber threats, West Africa is poised to face a dual-pronged threat at its ports and shores, affecting the broader security environment of coastal states as actors in the maritime domain are increasingly using digital technologies. Moreover, these threats demonstrate a path for maritime criminals to evolve into maritime cybercriminals. The central theme of this article is the connection between cybercrime and maritime crimes, and the cybercrimes that have found a lucrative avenue in the maritime industry. It also discusses cybercrime in maritime criminal activities occurring in West Africa, and the implications for the maritime and cyber landscape of the region. Finally, the article concludes with approaches for dealing with the risks posed by maritime cyber risks.

Engels vir Maritieme Doeleindes sluit 'n verskeidenheid uiteenlopende registers in. Die meeste van die woordeboeke en glossariums word egter toegespits op óf Algemene Maritieme Engels óf Seevaartengels, terwyl ander aspekte van die maritieme bedryf onvoldoende deur gespesialiseerde leksikografiese materiaal gedek word, veral deur formele woordeboeke. Aangesien die hoofklassifikasie rakende die bemanning en operasionele stelsels aan boord 'n skip gekoppel is aan die Dek- en Ingenieursdepartement, het ons gepoog om die ooreenkomste en verskille tussen die tegniese leksikons van die twee gebiede te verken om te bepaal of aparte woordeboeke en glossariums dalk benodig word, en of 'n algemene maritieme woordeboek voldoende sal wees. Om die tegniese leksikons waarop gefokus is, te toets en te vergelyk, het ons hedendaagse korpuslinguistiese metodes en -sagteware gebruik. Die resultate toon beduidende verskille in die kernwoordeskat van die korpora wat vergelyk is. Die bevindings dui ongetwyfeld en weer eens daarop dat spesiale aandag en fokus vereis word wanneer die maritieme leksis geïnterpreteer word, en dui ook daarop dat 'n duidelike onderskeid tussen Engels vir Seevaart- en Engels vir Skeepsvaartingenieurswesedoeleindes getref moet word. n Seevaartengels Dek Ingenieursdepartement wees sagteware gebruik Seevaart

English for Maritime Purposes comprises a variety of different registers. However, most of the dictionaries and glossaries are dedicated either to General Maritime English or Nautical English, while other aspects of the maritime industry are poorly covered by specialized lexicographic material, especially as regards formal dictionaries. Considering that the main classification onboard ship in terms of the crew and operational systems is related to the Deck and the Engineering Department, we sought to explore the similarities and differences between the technical lexes of the two areas, in order to see whether separated dictionaries and glossaries might be required, or a common maritime one would suffice. To test and measure the tackled technical vocabularies, we utilized contemporary corpus linguistics methods and software. The results show significant differences in the key vocabulary of the compared corpora. The findings clearly and once more call for special attention and focus when it comes to the interpretation of maritime lexis, as well as for establishing a clear distinction between English for Nautical and for Marine Engineering purposes. registers However material Department areas required suffice vocabularies software corpora lexis purposes

This article reports on corruption mechanisms within the Nigerian Navy and the maritime sector in Nigeria. Beginning with an examination of the disappearance of the vessel MT African Pride in October 2003, the article shows that, far from being a one-off incident, the disappearance was indicative of the opportunism and criminality that naval operations within the oil-rich Niger Delta attracted. The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) and the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) constitute other case studies of maritime industry corruption examined here. Such cases highlight the exploitation of relations between the Navy and the civil maritime sector. Overall, the article identifies patterns of corruption mechanisms employed. These include the support of illegal oil bunkering, illicit agreements and contracts, unsanctioned oil tanker relocations, malfeasance in arms deals and other areas, and multiple instances of public office abuse.

Abstract The whaling industry was a large-scale business that generated a variety of written documents. Its agents were highly mobile, operating in distant ports and unmapped regions and interacting with different natural spaces and cultural traditions. This paper examines the types of records and observations produced by this activity in the South Seas during the first part of the nineteenth century and the ways in which this information circulated, was organised and used among scientific and naval sectors. Focusing on pelagic exploitation and sailing, the aim is to demonstrate that information on exploitable resources and the discovery of islands and good anchorages circulated through wide networks made up of meeting and communication nodes such as ships, wharfs and commercial newspapers. From the analysis of different historical sources, some questions are reviewed in order to think about how the maritime culture of the whaling world helped to shape a global knowledge of the oceans.

Resumen La industria ballenera constituyó un negocio a gran escala que generó diversos documentos escritos. Sus agentes tuvieron una gran movilidad, operando en puertos distantes y regiones no mapeadas e interactuando con diferentes espacios naturales y tradiciones culturales. En este trabajo se examinan los tipos de registro y observaciones producidas por esta actividad en los mares del sur durante la primera parte del siglo XIX y las maneras en que esa información circuló, se organizó y fue utilizada entre sectores científicos y navales. Focalizando en la explotación pelágica y la navegación a vela se busca demostrar que la información sobre recursos explotables y descubrimiento de islas y buenos fondeaderos, circuló por amplias redes conformadas por nodos de encuentro y comunicación como los barcos, los muelles y los periódicos comerciales. A partir del análisis de diferentes fuentes históricas, se revisan algunas cuestiones para pensar de qué forma la cultura marítima del mundo ballenero ayudó a modelar un conocimiento global de los océanos.

ABSTRACT The maritime traffic of crude oil and derivatives is still very relevant, both from a geostrategic perspective and regarding the total volume of liquid bulk shipped. Due to the regional imbalance in terms of reserves, production and consumption, important maritime traffic is generated, and a necessity for the industry of optimizing these processes, with the goal to minimize costs and give an efficient answer in logistic terms. From this perspective, the operation research techniques, and the traffic modeling techniques aimed at optimization, can be presented as a very convenient methodology over the last seventy years, a stream of scientific publications has emerged with different quantitative and qualitative focus. This research aims to gather, analyze and classify the traffic models of crude oil and derivatives and to order the innovation concepts gradually introduced. In order to achieve this goal, conceptual bibliographic research is performed showing how the subsequent improvements have been introduced and, at the same time, erasing the initial restrictions.

RESUMEN Actualmente, el tráfico marítimo de crudo de petróleo y sus derivados sigue siendo un tráfico relevante, tanto desde un punto de vista geoestratégico como a nivel de volumen transportado. Dado el desequilibrio regional en términos de reservas, producción y consumo, se genera, por tanto, un importante tráfico marítimo, pero también una necesidad de la industria de optimizar los procesos con el objetivo de minimizar los costes y dar una respuesta eficiente en términos logísticos. Desde esta perspectiva, las técnicas de investigación operativa y la modelización de los tráficos para su optimización se presentan como una metodología muy conveniente y, a lo largo de los últimos setenta años, han empezado a publicarse estudios científicos con diferentes enfoques cualitativos y cuantitativos. El objetivo de esta investigación es recopilar, analizar y clasificar los modelos de tráfico de crudo de petróleo y sus derivados y ordenar la temática de las innovaciones introducidas. Para alcanzar este objetivo se realiza un recorrido bibliográfico conceptual indicando como se han ido introduciendo las sucesivas mejoras y, al mismo tiempo, eliminando las restricciones iniciales.

Abstract: Knock for knock involves a contractual regime applying a principle of risk distribution and allocation of liability. This principle performs said distribution on the rationale that each party bears its own risks, therefore assuming the liabilities deriving from them, and each party is also expected to obtain insurance in respect of the assumed risks. The parties implement this contractual regime through one or more clauses, usually. There are several legal tools that allow establishing such a regime. The most common legal tools are both mutual exclusion clauses and mutual indemnity clauses, which fall within the generic notion of exemption clauses. This article offers the analysis of knock for knock regimes in time charterparties. Firstly, it offers a notion of knock for knock and its implementation in contracts. Second, it highlights the principal criteria in the construction of time charterpaties, and particularly of knock for knock clauses, according to both United States’ and United Kingdom’s Jurisprudence. The methodology involves legal hermeneutics, and considers legal commentators, treaties, statutes and jurisprudence.

Resumen: La noción de “knock for knock” implica un régimen contractual que aplica un principio de distribución del riesgo y asignación de sus responsabilidades asociadas. Esta distribución se realiza sobre el criterio de que cada parte soporta sus propios riesgos, por lo que asume las responsabilidades derivadas de ello y se espera que obtenga seguros en consecuencia. Se implementa, como un régimen contractual, por medio de una o varias cláusulas. Existen varias herramientas jurídicas que permiten establecer un régimen de estas características. Dentro de la noción genérica de cláusulas eximentes de responsabilidad, las dos vías más comunes suponen: una, las cláusulas de exoneración o limitación de la responsabilidad reciprocas; la otra, las indemnidades mutuas. Se analiza la incorporación de regímenes de “knock for knock” en contratos de fletamento a tiempo de buques. Primero, se ofrece una noción de “knock for knock” y su incorporación al contrato. Segundo se destacan los principales criterios de interpretación de contratos de fletamento a tiempo y se analiza la interpretación y validez de las cláusulas de “knock for knock” en dichos contratos, a la luz de la jurisprudencia norteamericana e inglesa. Metodológicamente se aborda desde la hermenéutica jurídica, se recurre a la doctrina, normativa y jurisprudencia.

Abstract: This article analyzes the role of the "Instituto de Desarrollo de Tarapacá" and its Fishing Plan in the conformation of the fishing industries in the coasts of northern Chile. It is inferred from the analysis of historical sources of the time and contemporary sources, that this process was possible to implement due to the critical situation brought about by the global crisis of capitalism that began in 1929 and the decline of the nitrate industry in Tarapacá. In this context, it is argued that industrial fishing activity, marine resources and halieutic means of production were priorities for the new economic logic directed by the State. And that these elements were a concrete pole of development that enhanced the strategic importance of the maritime territory and its national sovereignty, opening up a national and international market for industrial capitalism in fishing.

Resumen: En este artículo se analiza el rol del Instituto de Desarrollo de Tarapacá y su Plan de Pesca en la conformación de las industrias pesqueras en las costas del norte de Chile. Se infiere desde el análisis de fuentes históricas de la época y contemporáneas, que este proceso fue posible de implementar debido a la situación de crisis que se vivía a causa de la crisis global del capitalismo iniciada en 1929 y al declive de la industria del nitrato en Tarapacá. En este contexto, se sostiene que la actividad pesquera industrial, los recursos marinos y los medios de producción haliéuticos fueron prioridades para la nueva lógica económica dirigida desde el Estado, y que estos elementos fueron un polo de desarrollo concreto que potenció la importancia estratégica del territorio marítimo y de su soberanía nacional, abriéndose un mercado tanto nacional como internacional al capitalismo industrial en la pesca.

Abstract The 2016 launch of the new maritime terminals for the exportation of liquefied natural gas from the United States opened a new chapter in that country’s quest to dominate energy worldwide. This has made for a denser natural gas network and its link-up with maritime routes for exporting gas to Latin America, Northeast Asia, and Europe. This article explains the recent U.S. strategy for becoming an exporter of this fossil fuel and industrial raw material, strategic for inter-capitalist competition. The author analyzes the expansion of the shale gas industry in the United States and its role as the basis for the hoped-for energy dominance, identifying the latter as a fundamental link in the dispute for world economic hegemony.

Resumen La puesta en marcha de las nuevas terminales marítimas para la exportación de gas natural licuado (GNL) desde Estados Unidos, comenzada en el año 2016, abre un nuevo capítulo en la proyección de este país para configurar un dominio energético mundial. Esta situación ha empujado a una mayor densificación de la red de transporte de gas natural, y a su articulación con rutas marítimas para la exportación de este recurso hacia América Latina, el noreste de Asia y Europa. El artículo muestra la estrategia que recientemente ha seguido Estados Unidos para colocarse como exportador de este energético fósil y materia prima industrial que resulta estratégica para la competencia intercapitalista. Para lograrlo, se analiza la expansión de la industria del gas shale o de lutitas en Estados Unidos y su papel como soporte material de un pretendido dominio energético, y se identifica este último como eslabón fundamental en la disputa por la hegemonía económica mundial.

Abstract Paper aims This paper aims to investigate which sustainability practices are being applied in port terminals in Brazil and to identify the driving forces and obstacles to the implementation of these practices. Originality The research contributes to fill gaps that still remain in the literature, such as the need to identify and analyze sustainability requirements in the port industry in a more tangible way, bringing new evidence to a better understanding of how the port industry perceives and addresses sustainability issues. Research method The paper presents an in-depth multiple case study in the five largest terminals in Brazil, which correspond to approximately 60% of the Brazilian handling of containers. Main findings The results present evidence of the evolution of the commitment to environmental preservation and the progressive dissemination of sustainability practices. The main difficulties are the high costs and lack of support from the port authority to encourage the implementation of some practices. Implications for theory and practice This study aimed to disclose sustainability practices adopted at container terminals in Brazil, as well as provide some content, both for academia and companies, that may assist in developing new research on this theme and implementing these practices in other organizations.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar cómo la sostenibilidad (económica, social y ambiental), bajo el enfoque de triple línea base, afecta la calidad de servicio, el valor logístico y la satisfacción en empresas del sector marítimo. Se propone un modelo teórico que se contrasta con la información suministrada por una muestra de 50 responsables de empresas (transitarios, importadores y exportadores) en Panamá. La información se analiza mediante la estimación de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales, que permite confirmar el carácter multidimensional de la sostenibilidad y del valor logístico. Los resultados también confirman que las percepciones de los clientes sobre las iniciativas de sus proveedores, con base en este enfoque, poseen la capacidad de impulsar su satisfacción a través de la calidad y el valor; esto demuestra los beneficios de llevar a cabo tales iniciativas y, con ello, su alcance a nivel global. Clasificación: JEL: M31; M39; Q56.

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyze how sustainability (economic, social, and environmental), based on the triple bottom line framework, influences on service quality, logistic value, and satisfaction between companies in the maritime sector. A theoretical model that is contrasted with the information provided by 50 company managers (freight forwarders, importers, and exporters) from Panama was proposed. The data is analyzed using partial least squares regression, which confirms the multidimensionality of sustainability and logistic value. The results also verify that the perceptions of customers about initiatives of their suppliers, based on this framework, can lead to an increase in customer satisfaction through service quality and value. The findings demonstrate the advantages to carry out such initiatives, and thus their global reach.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como a sustentabilidade (econômica, social e ambiental), sob a abordagem da tripla linha de base, afeta a qualidade do serviço, o valor logístico e a satisfação nas empresas do setor marítimo. Propõe-se um modelo teórico que contrasta-se com as informações fornecidas por uma amostra de 50 gerentes de empresas (transitários, importadores e exportadores) no Panamá. A informação é analisada por meio de estimação em regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais, o que permite confirmar a natureza multidimensional da sustentabilidade e do valor logístico. Os resultados também confirmam que as percepções dos clientes sobre as iniciativas dos seus fornecedores, com base nesta abordagem, têm a capacidade de conduzir a sua satisfação pela qualidade e valor; isso demonstra os benefícios de realizar tais iniciativas e, com isso, seu alcance global.

Resumen La trasferencia de custodia de petróleo y productos de petróleo se hace cada vez más estricta, exigiendo que los intervalos permisibles entre los errores máximos y mínimos sean más pequeños, por tal motivo se presenta un análisis en función al parámetro crítico de determinación de cantidades que representa el transporte marítimo de hidrocarburos. Este parámetro es el factor de experiencia de los buques (VEF), se realizan las ecuaciones correspondientes para cada operación dentro de esta industria, sea: embarque, descarga o alijes, las mismas que están referidas y deducidas bajo los parámetros de la norma, tanto nacional como internacional, dando un aporte a la industria para establecer dichas ecuaciones dentro de los cálculos de tolerancia permisible que se puede dar en una transferencia de custodia de petróleo y derivados, lo cual nos permite optimizar y establecer una ecuación estándar para cada operación. Además, el cálculo del factor de experiencia de buque no solo sea para hallar el volumen real trasferido, sino, que sirva para estimar la trasferencia final para cada operación.

Abstract The oil crude and petroleum products transfer are every time stricter, requiring that the allowable intervals between maximum and minimum errors be smaller, for this reason, it is present an analysis based on the quantity’s determination critical parameter. This is the Vessel Experience Factor, in this article be perform the corresponding equation to every operation inside this industry. It is: load, discharge and alije. This equations are deduced under the current norms parameters, both national (INEN) and international (API), giving a contribution to this industry to establish these equations within the allowable tolerance calculations that can occur in an oil crude and petroleum products transfer maritime, which allows us to optimize and establish a standard equation for each operation. Also, the vessel experience factor not only serves to find the real volume transferred, but, that it serves to estimate the final transfer for each operation.

ABSTRACT Providing tools that facilitate the training of specialized personnel, strategic planning and efficient prediction in the maritime industry represents enormous advantages by substantially reducing the use of physical prototypes. The development of a system with these characteristics imposes as a challenge the need to have a representation of the marine environment, because the movements of the boat are mainly induced by the swell, a complex natural phenomenon that changes continuously due to the speed of the water, the wind and other factors. This paper presents the DEPTHWAVE application developed with the free software distribution of the OGRE3D graphic engine, and based on the implementation of a mathematical method supported by the Pierson Moskowitz directional spectrum with the objective of generating and realistically visualizing the surface of the sea.

RESUMEN Ofrecer herramientas que faciliten la capacitación del personal especializado, la planificación estratégica y la predicción eficiente en la industria marítima representa enormes ventajas al reducir sustancialmente la utilización de prototipos físicos. El desarrollo de un sistema con estas características impone como desafío la necesidad de contar con una representación del entorno marino, debido a que los movimientos de la embarcación son inducidos mayormente por el oleaje, fenómeno natural complejo, que cambia continuamente a causa de la velocidad del viento y otros factores. En el presente trabajo se presenta la aplicación DEPTHWAVE desarrollada con la distribución de software libre del motor gráfico OGRE3D, y basada en la implementación de un método matemático fundamentado en el espectro direccional Pierson Moskowitz con el objetivo de generar y visualizar de forma realista la superficie del mar.

Résumé Cet article présente le rôle des acteurs non étatiques dans la crise des migrations maritimes en Europe. À cette fin, il est tenu compte des obligations des acteurs non étatiques découlant des instruments relatifs aux droits de l’homme et du droit international des réfugiés. On soutient que peu d’attention a été accordée à l’industrie maritime et aux navires commerciaux en tant que détenteurs de responsabilités en matière de droits de l’homme et donc cette analyse est nécessaire. Le document étudie divers instruments internationaux dans la perspective du droit maritime international, des droits de l’homme et du droit international des réfugiés. On conclut que s’attaquer au problème de la migration maritime peut impliquer l’examen d’une modification nécessaire de divers traités internationaux. Il est en outre soutenu qu’il est nécessaire d’étudier la migration maritime comme un phénomène complexe qui a des implications non seulement pour le droit international en matière de droits de l’homme et de droit des réfugiés mais aussi pour l’industrie maritime.

Abstract The main purpose of this article is to present the role which non-state actors have played in the maritime migration crisis in Europe. Therefore, theoretical considerations regarding non-state actors’ obligations derived from human rights regulations and refugee law, in terms of maritime migration, have been conducted. The author points out that, in the current situation very little attention has been devoted to the shipping industry and commercial vessels as holders of human rights responsibilities and hence such analysis is necessary. The author analyzes international legal acts from the scope of international maritime law, human rights law and refugee law. In conclusion, it is summarized that addressing the issue of maritime migration would require amending many international legal treaties. Additionally, it is indicated that it is necessary to study migration as a complex phenomenon which has not only implications in international law pertaining to human rights and refugee law, but also for the shipping industry.

Resumen Este artículo presenta el papel que juegan los actores no estatales en la crisis migratoria marítima en Europa. Para ello, se realizan consideraciones acerca de las obligaciones de actores no estatales derivadas de instrumentos de derechos humanos y el derecho internacional de los refugiados. Se aduce que se ha prestado poca atención a la industria marítima y a las embarcaciones comerciales como titulares de responsabilidades en derechos humanos y, por lo tanto, ese análisis es necesario. El trabajo analiza diversos instrumentos internacionales desde la perspectiva del derecho internacional marítimo, de los derechos humanos y del derecho internacional de los refugiados. Se concluye que enfrentar el problema de la migración marítima puede implicar considerar una necesaria enmienda de diversos tratados internacionales. Adicionalmente, se sostiene que es necesario estudiar la migración marítima como un fenómeno complejo que no tiene sólo implicaciones respecto al derecho internacional en lo concerniente a los derechos humanos y al derecho de los refugiados, sino también respecto a la industria marítima.

Resumo Este artigo estuda um problema de roteirização e programação de navios para cabotagem de petróleo, motivado pela operação real de uma empresa no litoral brasileiro. Os custos de transporte desempenham um papel importante na busca pela excelência operacional na indústria de petróleo e as perspectivas de crescimento na exploração de petróleo no Brasil têm tornado as operações mais demandantes de sistemas de apoio a decisões ágeis e eficazes. Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma abordagem de otimização para tratar este problema, composta por um modelo de programação linear inteira mista e uma heurística baseada em programação matemática, conhecida como relax-and-fix. O modelo proposto é inspirado em uma formulação de problemas de coleta e entrega com janelas de tempo e frota heterogênea, que minimiza custos decorrentes do consumo de combustível dos navios e dos contratos de afretamento. Além das restrições usuais de roteirização com coleta e entrega, este artigo considera as restrições específicas deste problema de transporte de petróleo. Experimentos numéricos com esta abordagem são apresentados para um conjunto de dados reais fornecidos pela empresa, os quais comprovam o potencial da abordagem para encontrar boas soluções para instâncias de tamanho moderado.

Abstract This study analyzes a routing and scheduling problem of cabotage oil ships motivated by the actual operation of an oil company along the Brazilian coast. Maritime transportation costs from offshore platforms to coastal terminals are an important issue in the search for operational excellence in the oil industry, and the prospects for growth in oil exploration in Brazil have made operations more demanding for agile and effective decision support systems (DSS). This paper presents an optimization approach to deal with this problem consisting of a mixed integer linear (MIP) programming model and an MIP heuristic known as relax and fix. The problem is formulated as a pickup and delivery vessel routing with time windows and heterogeneous fleet which minimizes the costs of fuel consumption of ships and freight contracts. In addition to the usual routing constraints, it also considers specific restrictions of oil maritime transportation problems. Numerical experiments with this approach are presented for a set of real data of the company, confirming that the optimization method is able to find good solutions for moderate-size problem instances.