Resumen Los lepidópteros son uno de los grupos de organismos más grandes que existen, conocidos comúnmente como mariposas o polillas, los cuales en su estado larval son considerados como las plagas más dañinas en la agricultura. Larvas de lepidópteros fueron colectados del cultivo del higo y trasladadas bajo condiciones ambientales controladas y alimentadas bajo una dieta artificial. Se realizó una identificación de las larvas colectadas, así como la determinación de su ciclo de vida. Además, se determinó la fertilidad y eclosión de los huevos que ovipositaban los adultos en parejas. Se identificó al lepidóptero como Estigmene albida, insecto perteneciente a la superfamilia Noctuidae, familia Erebidae, el cual cuenta con poca información reportada en la literatura. El ciclo de vida consistió en 57 días, desarrollando cinco estadíos larvales con características similares a las reportadas para E. acrea, especie del mismo género y de mayor importancia como plaga agrícola. En promedio, las hembras que copularon y produjeron huevos viables pusieron 377,4 huevos por hembra, de los cuales se desarrollaron 222,4 larvas por hembra, siendo estos resultados menores a los reportados para E. acrea, pudiendo estas variables ser afectadas por la alimentación, la temperatura y la especie con la que se trabaja. Además, se logró colectar larvas de E. albida parasitadas por un taquínido identificado como Carcelia sp. En conclusión, este artículo brinda uno de los primeros reportes de E. albida atacando cultivos agrícolas y brinda información sobre su ciclo de vida y fertilidad. Además, es el primer reporte de este insecto atacando el cultivo del higo y de Carcelia sp. parasitando larvas de este lepidóptero.

Abstract Lepidoptera is one of the largest groups of organisms, known commonly as butterflies or moths, which in their larval state, are considered the most harmful agricultural plagues. Lepidoptera larvae were collected from a fig crop, transferred under controlled environmental conditions, and fed an artificial diet. An identification of the larvae collected was performed, as well as the determination of their life cycle. Additionally, the fertility and egg hatching rate were determined from the eggs laid by the adults placed in couples. The lepidopteran species was identified as Estigmene albida, an insect from the Noctuidae superfamily, Erebidae family, and with very few information reported in the literature to date. The life cycle consisted of 57 days, developing 5 larval stages, with similar characteristics to those reported for E. acrea, a species from the same genus with more known importance as a crop plague. On average, the females that mated and laid viable eggs, placed 377.4 eggs, from which 222.4 per female developed larvae. These results were less than those reported for E. acrea; however, these variables could have been affected by the diet, the temperature and the species worked with. Also, it was possible to collect larvae from E. albida parasited with the tachinidae Carcelia sp. In conclusion, this study provides one of the first reports of E. albida affecting crops and provides information of their life cycle and fertility. It is also the first report of this insect affecting specifically a fig crop and of Carcelia sp. parasiting larvae of this lepidoptera.

ABSTRACT Chickpea is a commercially exploited crop on a relatively new scale in Brazil, that is why, little information on the main pests is available. Mostly caterpillars showing Heliothinae morphological characteristics have emerged in production areas. In order to point out the species of these insects in chickpea fields produced in the Federal District and the surrounding areas, this study aimed to determine the morphological and molecular identification of these invertebrates in order to assist producers in pest management in a more sustainable way. Caterpillars were hand-collected directly from the plants in six sites and the moth collection was collected using light traps in four sites, monthly, in 2017 and 2018. The morphological identification was made through the adult insect genitalia and the subsequent molecular identification was performed using the cytochrome oxidase I enzyme with the quantitative PCR technique, which resulted in the development of an efficient and low-cost DNA extraction protocol to be used in samples under unfavorable storage conditions. Morphological and molecular studies showed the presence of Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Chloridea virescens and Chloridea subflexa, with a predominance of Chloridea virescens in chickpea plants. Chloridea subflexa was verified for the first time feeding on chickpeas in Brazil.

RESUMO O grão-de-bico é uma cultura com exploração comercial em escala relativamente nova no país e, por isso, há poucas informações disponíveis sobre as principais pragas, majoritariamente lagartas, com características morfológicas de Heliothinae, que têm surgido nas áreas de produção. Com o intuito de apontar as espécies desses insetos no grão-de-bico produzido no Distrito Federal e região produtora em seu entorno, este trabalho foi realizado para a identificação morfológica e molecular desses invertebrados para auxiliar os produtores no manejo de pragas de forma mais sustentável. Foram realizadas coletas manuais de lagartas diretamente nas plantas em seis locais e a coleta de mariposas com o uso de armadilhas luminosas em quatro locais, mensalmente, durante os anos de 2017 e 2018. A identificação morfológica foi feita através da genitália dos insetos adultos e a posterior identificação molecular foi realizada através da enzima citocromo oxidase I com a técnica de PCR quantitativo, o que resultou no desenvolvimento de um protocolo de extração de DNA eficiente e de baixo custo para o uso em amostras sob condições desfavoráveis de armazenamento. Os estudos morfológico e molecular resultaram na constatação da presença de Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Chloridea virescens e Chloridea subflexa, com predominância de Chloridea virescens nas plantas de grão-de-bico. Foi registrada pela primeira vez Chloridea subflexa se alimentando em grão-de-bico no Brasil.

Abstract Areas planted with Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake variety platyphylla F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) expand annually in most regions of Brazil. Many lepidopteran species defoliate this plant, but with damage varying per species. The objective of this study was to identify the pest status of lepidopteran defoliators based in the faunistic analysis of these insects and of their natural enemies on E. urophylla variety platyphylla plantations in a representative producing region of Brazil. Adult moths of lepidopterans and of their natural enemies were captured using a light trap, installed every two weeks, from September 2016 to August 2018. A total of 183, 10, three and 139 lepidopteran species was captured and classified as primary, secondary, without defined importance to eucalypt plants and non-identified with 1,419, seven, 465 and 876 individuals, respectively. Two primary pest species were constants, two accessories and six accidentals and all secondary ones were accidentals. Six primary pest species were common and dominant and four non-dominants. Faunistic indices indicated the main lepidopteran species that should be monitored in pest management programs. Seven hymenopteran species (65 individuals), three dipterans (49 individuals) and two hemipterans (four individuals) were the natural enemies collected using light traps. The monitoring of lepidopteran pests with light traps can contribute to the management and to reduce damage and control costs for these species, besides identifying natural enemies for biological control programs in Eucalyptus plantations.

Resumo Áreas plantadas com Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake variedade platyphylla F. Muell. (Myrtaceae) se expandem anualmente na maioria das regiões do Brasil. Muitas espécies de lepidópteros desfolham esta planta, mas com danos que variam de acordo com a espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o status de praga de lepidópteros desfolhadores com base na análise faunística desses insetos e de seus inimigos naturais em plantios de E. urophylla variedade platyphylla em uma região produtora representativa do Brasil. As mariposas e seus inimigos naturais foram capturadas com armadilha luminosa, instalada quinzenalmente, de setembro de 2016 a agosto de 2018. Um total de 183, 10, três e 139 espécies de lepidópteros foram capturadas e classificadas como primária, secundária, sem importância definida para eucaliptocultura e não identificadas com 1419, sete, 465 e 876 indivíduos, respectivamente. Duas espécies de pragas primárias foram constantes, duas acessórias e seis acidentais e todas as secundárias foram acidentais. Seis espécies de pragas primárias foram comuns e dominantes e quatro não dominantes. Os índices faunísticos indicaram as principais espécies de lepidópteras que devem ser monitoradas em programas de manejo de pragas. Sete espécies de himenópteros (65 indivíduos), três dípteros (49 indivíduos) e dois hemípteros (quatro indivíduos) foram os inimigos naturais coletados com armadilha luminosa. O monitoramento de lepidópteros-praga com armadilha luminosa pode contribuir para o manejo e redução de danos e custos de controle para essas espécies, além de identificar inimigos naturais para programas de controle biológico em cultivos de eucalipto.

Abstract Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is the second most diverse subfamily of Saturniidae with 300 species described in 30 genera from southern Canada to northern Argentina. Species of this subfamily are widely distributed in Southeast Brazil, with many endemics to the Cerrado, and important as indicators of ecosystem quality. Specimens of Ceratocampinae were collected in the Parque Estadual do Mirador, Maranhão state, Brazil. Adeloneivaia acuta (Schaus, 1896), Adeloneivaia schubarti Barros & O. Mielke, 1970, Eacles penelope (Cramer, 1775) and Megaceresa pulchra (Bouvier, 1923) are recorded for the first time in Maranhão state and Northeast Brazil and Eacles fairchildi May & Oiticica, 1941, only for Maranhão. The record of five Ceratocampinae (Saturniidae) species increases the knowledge on the diversity and the importance of preserving those of this subfamily in the Cerrado biome of Maranhão state and the Northeast region of Brazil.

Resumo Ceratocampinae (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) é a segunda subfamília mais diversa de Saturniidae com 300 espécies descritas em 30 gêneros do sul do Canadá ao norte da Argentina. Espécies desta subfamília estão amplamente distribuídas no Sudeste do Brasil, com muitas endêmicas do Cerrado e importantes como indicadores da qualidade do ecossistema. Espécimes de Ceratocampinae foram coletados no Parque Estadual do Mirador, estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Adeloneivaia acuta (Schaus, 1896), Adeloneivaia schubarti Barros & O. Mielke, 1970, Eacles penelope (Cramer, 1775) e Megaceresa pulchra (Bouvier, 1923) são registradas pela primeira vez no estado do Maranhão e Nordeste do Brasil e Eacles fairchildi May & Oiticica, 1941 apenas para o Maranhão. O registro de cinco espécies de Ceratocampinae (Saturniidae) aumenta o conhecimento sobre a diversidade e a importância da preservação das espécies dessa subfamília no bioma Cerrado maranhense e na região Nordeste do Brasil.

Resumen Introducción: Una actividad económica que ha tenido auge en la última década en la altillanura es la forestación de sabanas con alteraciones antrópicas, pero se desconoce su papel en la conservación de las mariposas frugívoras de los bosques de galería dentro de los núcleos forestales. Objetivo: Comparar la diversidad de mariposas frugívoras en plantaciones de eucalipto y bosques de galería, y el papel de las variables ambientales. Métodos: Utilizamos trampas Van Someren-Rydon, dos réplicas de cuatro trampas, en cada uno de los cuatro hábitats muestreados simultáneamente desde diciembre 2020 hasta julio 2021: plantación de eucaliptos de cuatro años; plantación de eucaliptos de seis años; bosque de galería de suelo seco y bosque de galería anegado. También registramos diez variables abióticas, estructurales, alimentarias y de hábitat. Resultados: Recolectamos 227 especímenes de mariposas frugívoras (30 especies, 23 géneros y 5 subfamilias de la familia Nymphalidae). Había más especies en los bosques. Las especies de mariposas variaron más del 50 % entre los hábitats; Satyrinae fue más diversa en las plantaciones. Conclusión: La forestación en esta área proporciona hábitats para algunas especies de mariposas frugívoras de los remanentes de bosques naturales adyacentes. Las forestaciones representan un escenario de alteración intermedia entre las dos unidades de paisaje dominantes en la región.

Abstract Introduction: An economic activity that has boomed in the last decade in Colombian highlands is the afforestation of anthropized savannas, but its role in the conservation of fruit-feeding butterflies of gallery forests within forest cores is unknown. Objective: To compare the diversity of fruit-feeding butterflies in eucalyptus plantations and gallery forests, and the role of environmental variables. Methods: We used Van Someren-Rydon traps, two replicates of four traps, on each of four habitats sampled simultaneously from December 2020 to July 2021: four-years-old eucalyptus plantation; six-years-old eucalyptus plantation; dry soil gallery forest and waterlogged gallery forest. We also recorded ten abiotic, structural, food and habitat variables. Results: We collected 227 specimens of fruit-feeding butterflies (30 species, 23 genera, and 5 subfamilies within the family Nymphalidae). There were more species in the forests. The butterfly species varied over 50 % between the habitats; Satyrinae were more diverse in plantations. Conclusion: Afforestation in this area provides habitats for some species of fruit-feeding butterflies from adjacent natural forest remnants. Afforestations represent an intermediate disturbance scenario between the two dominant landscape units in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Los efectos de la transformación del hábitat han sido ampliamente estudiados y son bien conocidos los efectos a diferentes niveles de organización biológica. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se han centrado en las respuestas a este proceso a nivel de múltiples taxones en diversos grupos taxonómicos y funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar las variaciones en la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de hormigas, mariposas y escarabajos coprófagos, a nivel espacial y temporal en un mosaico paisajístico de la ecorregión del piedemonte colombiano. Métodos: Evaluamos la cantidad de hábitat natural y la composición del paisaje en cuatro tipos de vegetación, durante los períodos de mayor y menor lluvia. Recolectamos mariposas con redes de mano y usamos trampas de caída con cebo para escarabajos coprófagos y hormigas. Resultados: La pérdida de hábitat afectó positivamente la riqueza de especies de hormigas y mariposas y afectó negativamente a los escarabajos peloteros. La abundancia de hormigas y mariposas tuvo un efecto positivo sobre la dominancia de especies en la vegetación transformada, para los escarabajos coprófagos la abundancia se vio afectada negativamente por la ausencia de cobertura de dosel. La pérdida de hábitat no tuvo un efecto negativo sobre la diversidad funcional ya que no hay diferencia entre la vegetación natural y la transformada. Conclusiones: La cantidad de hábitat, la conectividad del hábitat y los diferentes tipos de cobertura vegetal fueron factores importantes en el mantenimiento de la diversidad de insectos en los ecosistemas modificados del piedemonte de la Orinoquia colombiana. La falta de un patrón espacial y temporal común muestra que se deben realizar estudios de múltiples taxones de insectos para los procesos de monitoreo y conservación de la biodiversidad.

Abstract Introduction: The effects of habitat transformation have been widely studied and the effects are well-known at different levels of biological organization. However, few studies have focused on responses to this process at the level of multiple taxa in diverse taxonomic and functional groups. Objective: Determine the variations in taxonomic and functional diversity of ants, butterflies, and dung beetles, at a spatial and temporal level in a landscape mosaic of the ecoregion of the Colombian foothills. Methods: We assessed amount of natural habitat and landscape composition in four types of vegetation, during the highest and lowest rain periods. We collected butterflies with hand nets and used baited pitfall traps for dung beetles and ants. Results: Habitat loss positively affected ant and butterfly species richness, and negatively affected dung beetles. The abundance of ants and butterflies had a positive effect on the dominance of species in the transformed vegetation, for dung beetles the abundance was negatively affected by the absence of canopy cover. Habitat loss had no negative effect on functional diversity as there is no difference between natural and transformed vegetation. Conclusions: The amount of habitat, habitat connectivity and different types of vegetation cover were important factors in the maintenance of insect diversity in the modified ecosystems of foothills of the Colombian Orinoquia. The lack of a common spatial and temporal pattern shows that studies of multiple insect taxa should be carried out for biodiversity monitoring and conservation processes.

Abstract Introduction: The Loxicha Region of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been historically important for the study of Nymphalidae, second in the Papilionoidea for species richness. Describing the diversity patterns of this butterfly clade in Loxicha can improve our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Mexican Pacific slope, and Mexico in general. Objective: To describe the temporal and spatial patterns of Nymphalidae diversity along an elevational gradient (80-2 600 m), and to compare Loxicha's fauna with other regions in Mexico. Methods: We obtained 28 756 records from 21 sites in the Loxicha Region, representing seven years of sampling. We estimate and analyze the diversity, endemism, and distributional patterns for three elevational levels and five vegetation types. We estimated species composition and similarity with other regions of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes. Results: We identified 189 taxa, including species and subspecies, from 85 genera and ten subfamilies of Nymphalidae. Loxicha contains 46 % of the species in the family recognized for Mexico, including ten endemic species and 56 endemic subspecies. Cloud forest and low elevations were the most diverse habitats for this family. There is a clear divergence between the Atlantic and Pacific faunas, and the Sierra Madre del Sur has two faunal components. High-elevation sites in Oaxaca, and in the neighboring state of Guerrero, have a distinctive fauna, apparently isolated from low-elevation sites, revealing an archipelagic distribution for cloud forest Nymphalidae. Conclusions: The Loxicha Region is one of the richest areas for Nymphalidae in Mexico. Distribution on the Pacific slope is determined by geographical history and ecological conditions, including elevation. Nymphalidae can be used to test hypotheses of biogeographic regionalization in Mexico.

Resumen Objetivo: reportar las mariposas de la tribu Morphini de la Colección de Entomología del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Cauca (Popayán, Colombia). Alcance: publicar un listado de especies, y realizar análisis museológicos, biológicos y de historia natural sobre la tribu Morphini del MHN-Unicauca. Metodología: se revisó la Colección de Entomología del MHN-Unicauca para identificar las especies de la tribu Morphini y realizar análisis descriptivos sobre temas museológicos y un análisis de la calidad del inventario encontrado. Resultados: se examinaron 117 especímenes de mariposas de la tribu Morphini del MHN-Unicauca (Popayán, Colombia), pertenecientes a tres especies del género Antirrhea Hübner [1822], una especie de Caerois Hübner [1819] y siete especies (12 subespecies) de Morpho Fabricius [1807]. Conclusiones: los 117 ejemplares examinados pertenecen 16 subespecies, siendo la más abundante M. helenor rugitaeniatus con 39 especímenes. Sin embargo, los análisis estadísticos indican que para la zona, potencialmente se pueden encontrar 39,08 subespecies, lo que se explicaría por la gran complejidad del área de influencia del MHN-Unicauca. Este análisis permite ubicar a la tribu Morphini como un grupo de gran potencial de estudio.

Abstract Objective: To report the butterflies of the Morphini tribe in the Entomology Collection of the Natural History Museum of Universidad de Cauca (MHN-Unicauca) (Popayan, Colombia). Scope: To publish a list of species, and carry out museological, biological and natural history analyses about the tribe Morphini in the Entomological Collection of MHN-Unicauca. Methodology: The Entomological Collection of MHN-Unicauca was reviewed to identify the species of the Morphini tribe and to carry out descriptive analyses on museological themes and an analysis of the quality of the inventory found. Main results: A total of 117 specimens of butterflies of the Morphini tribe of the Entomology Collection of MHN-Unicauca (Popayan, Colombia), belonging to three species of the genera Antirrhea Hübner, [1822], one species of Caerois Hübner, [1819] and seven species (12 subspecies) of Morpho Fabricius [1807], were examined. Conclusions: The 117 specimens examined belonged to 16 subspecies, the most abundant being M. helenor rugitaeniatus with 39 specimens. However, statistical analyses indicate that possibly 39.08 subspecies can be found for the area which would be explained by the great complexity of the area of influence of the MHN-Unicauca. This analysis allows defining the Morphini tribe as a group with great study potential.

Resumen Se realizó un inventario de las mariposas de Isla Grande, la isla más extensa del Archipiélago Islas del Rosario (Cartagena de Indias) en el mar Caribe colombiano, a partir de muestreos realizados entre agosto y noviembre de 2017, empleando redes entomológicas y trampas Van Someren-Rydon en fragmentos de bosque seco tropical, donde se ubicaron 13 transectos de 100 m x 10 m. Se registró un total de 129 individuos distribuidos en seis familias, 14 subfamilias y 25 especies. La presencia de Polygonus savigny (Hesperiidae) se confirma para el Caribe colombiano. La familia Nymphalidae fue la más representativa, por el contrario, las familias Lycaenidae, Riodinidae y Papilionidae presentaron la menor representatividad. Las especies se clasificaron a partir del número de individuos capturados, registrándose cinco especies abundantes, cuatro comunes, tres escasas y 13 raras. Se considera que la realización de muestreos en época seca y de transición permitirá ampliar el número de especies registradas para la isla. Estos resultados constituyen el primer listado de las mariposas de Isla Grande, información que constituye una línea de referencia para posteriores estudios.

Abstract An inventory of the butterflies of Isla Grande, the largest island in the Islas del Rosario Archipelago (Cartagena de Indias) in the Colombian Caribbean Sea, was developed based on samplings carried out between August and November 2017 using entomological nets and Van Someren-Rydon traps in fragments of tropical dry forest, where 13 transects of 100 m x 10 m were located. A total of 129 individuals distributed in six families, 14 subfamilies and 25 species were recorded. The presence of Polygonus savigny (Hesperiidae) is confirmed for the Colombian Caribbean. The Nymphalidae family was the most representative. On the contrary, the Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Papilionidae families presented the least representativeness. The species were classified based on the number of individuals captured, registering five abundant species, four common species, three scarce and 13 rare. It is considered that carrying out samplings in the dry and transitional season will allow expanding the number of species recorded for the island. These results constitute the first list of the butterflies of Isla Grande, information that constitutes a reference line for further studies.

Resumen Colombia es considerado uno de los países con mayor riqueza de mariposas en el mundo, siendo el segundo después del Perú. Sin embargo, pese a ese puesto, presenta grandes zonas con un fuerte vacío de información debido a múltiples factores que han impedido su estudio. El municipio de Piamonte (Cauca) ha sido considerado como una de las regiones con mayor biodiversidad en el país, por estar en el corredor de transición andino amazónico, pero adolece de información especialmente en grupos carismáticos como las mariposas. Objetivo: determinar la riqueza de mariposas diurnas y proporcionar información parcial de algunas polillas en el municipio de Piamonte (Cauca). Metodología: con base en 20 muestreos estandarizados empleando red entomológica de mango largo, uso de trampas Van Somren Rydon con camarón en descomposición y el empleo de la técnica de Ahrenholz se obtuvo la riqueza de mariposas en el municipio. Resultados: se obtuvieron 2918 registros que corresponden 701 especies y subespecies de mariposas de las superfamilias Hesperioidea y Papilionoidea, distribuidas en seis (6) familias, 18 subfamilias y 10 familias de polillas con 78 especies para un total de 779 taxones que habitan el municipio de Piamonte. Se indican e ilustran más de 20 especies de gran importancia por su vulnerabilidad, vistosidad o rareza. Conclusiones: el municipio de Piamonte se consolida en una de las áreas con mayor riqueza de especies de mariposas en el país, que la convierten en sitio de referencia para estudiar, observar y disfrutar de estos elementos naturales en Colombia.

Abstract Colombia is considered one of the countries with the greatest wealth of butterflies in the world, being the second after Peru. However, despite this position, it presents large areas with a strong information gap due to multiple factors that have prevented its study. The municipality of Piamonte (Cauca) has been considered one of the regions with the greatest biodiversity in the country, for being in the Andean-Amazonian transition corridor, but it lacks information, especially in charismatic groups such as butterflies. Objective: To determine the richness of daytime butterflies and provide partial information on some moths in the municipality of Piamonte (Cauca). Methodology: Based on 20 standardized samplings using a long-handled entomological net, the use of Van Someren Rydon traps with decomposing shrimp, and the use of the Ahrenholz technique, the richness of butterflies in the municipality was obtained. Results: 2918 records were obtained corresponding to 701 species and subspecies of butterflies of the superfamilies Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea, distributed in six (6) families, 18 subfamilies and 10 families of moths with 78 species for a total of 779 taxa that inhabit the municipality of Piedmont. More than 20 species of great importance due to their vulnerability, showiness or rarity are indicated and illustrated. Conclusions: The municipality of Piamonte is consolidated in one of the areas with the greatest wealth of butterfly species in the country, which makes it a reference site to study, observe and enjoy these natural elements in Colombia.

Resumo A andirobeira, Carapa guianensis Aublet, é uma árvore de expressiva importância socioeconômica, especialmente para as comunidades extrativistas na região Norte do Brasil, as quais exploram a madeira e, principalmente, o óleo extraído das sementes. Em janeiro de 2016, foi observado um intenso desfolhamento em andirobeiras localizadas no município de Rio Branco, Acre, causado por lagartas de lepidópteros. Vinte espécimes em fase de pupa foram coletados e acondicionados em gaiola telada, visando a obtenção de adultos. Emergiram cinco mariposas fêmeas, as quais foram identificadas como Acharia sp. (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). Ademais, também foram capturadas duas espécies de parasitoides, identificadas como Baryceros sibine (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) e Conura sibinecola (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Assim, se faz o primeiro registro de Acharia sp. em andirobeira no estado do Acre, bem como os primeiros registros das duas espécies de parasitoides associados a Acharia no estado do Acre, bem como no Brasil.

Abstract The crabwood tree, Carapa guianensis Aublet, is a tree of significant socioeconomic importance especially for extractive communities in the North of Brazil, which exploit wood and, mainly, oil extracted from seeds. In January 2016, intense defoliation was observed in crabwood trees located in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre state, Brazil, caused by lepidopteran caterpillars. Twenty pupa specimens were collected and placed in a screened cage to obtain adults. Five female moths emerged, which were identified as Acharia sp. (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae). In addition, two species of parasitoids were also captured, identified as Baryceros sibine (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Conura sibinecola (Blanchard) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Thus, the first record of Acharia sp. in crabwood tree in the state of Acre, as well as the first records of the two species of parasitoids associated with Acharia in the state of Acre, as well as in Brazil.

Resumen Caracterizamos la estructura de la comunidad de mariposas Ithomiini en un remanente de bosque seco tropical del Valle del Cauca, Colombia, donde evaluamos los efectos de las variaciones climáticas sobre la abundancia. Estimamos la estructura de edades de los adultos evaluando el nivel de desgaste alar. Registramos once especies entre marzo y agosto de 2019. Las especies más abundantes fueron Mechanitis menapis, Mechanitis polymnia y Tithorea harmonia que representaron el 85 % de la abundancia relativa; no hubo variaciones significativas en los patrones de abundancia al comparar los resultados con estudios previos. La correlación entre las condiciones climáticas y la abundancia de mariposas fue significativa en ambos casos. Determinamos que el recambio de especies en la comunidad no es afectado por la temporada climática.

Abstract We describe the structure of the Ithomiini butterfly community in a tropical dry forest fragment in the Río Cauca Valley, Colombia. We assessed the impact of two climatic seasons on their abundance, and used wing condition to estimate age structure. We recorded 11 species in six months (March to August, 2019). The most abundant species were Mechanitis menapis, Mechanitis polymnia and Tithorea harmonia, accounting for 85 % of the relative abundance; there were no significant changes in abundance patterns, when compared with previous studies. In both cases, the correlation between climate factors and butterfly abundance is significant. Species turnover was not affected by climatic season.