ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the use of microalgae meal (Aurantiochytrium sp. and Nannochloropsis spp.) as a substitute for fish oil in the diet of shrimp Penaeus vannamei reared in a clear water system. In the diet of these animals, the concentration of fish oil decreased as microalgae meal was inserted, and these were used in five different substitutions: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The treatments were carried out in triplicate, and after 49 days of cultivation, the zootechnical parameters and the composition of fatty acids in the animals’ muscles were analyzed. In zootechnical performance, the shrimp obtained an average final weight of 16.59 ± 0.3 g, and the growth was approximately 1.89 ± 0.30 g week−1. In addition, feed conversion was, on average, 1.47 ± 0.28, and survival was greater than 97%. However, no significant difference was observed in these parameters. Regardless of the levels of fish oil replacement by microalgae meal, the composition of fatty acids in the shrimp muscle was ensured, as well as their quantity within groups, such as n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, with the results obtained in the present study, it is suggested that it is possible to formulate a high-performance diet without any ingredients of marine origin (fish oil or fish meal), contributing to aquaculture's sustainability.

Abstract Biofouling is generated by the biochemical condition of the substrate to form complex communities; this could be negative at an ecological and industrial level. To inhibit this process, coatings based on heavy metals are used. Microorganisms are promising sources of antifouling compounds that are non-toxic or less toxic than the commercial chemicals in use today. In order to evaluate the antifouling effectiveness of bacterial extracts, seven crude extracts from cultures of bacteria isolated from marine organisms were obtained. They were subjected to a toxicity test with Artemia nauplii, at different concentrations. Non-toxic extracts were incorporated into a gelling agent (Phytagel™) and exposed to the sea for 30 days to evaluate the inhibition of diatoms and macroorganisms adhesion. Sixty-seven diatoms’ taxa were identified, belonging to 45 genera, besides four groups of non-photosynthetic macroorganisms were identified; these are sea squirts, barnacles, bryozoans, and polychaetes. Toxicity test showed that only Bacillus safensis (C2) extract was toxic, and it was excluded from subsequent tests. There are significant differences between treatments, the extracts with the best activity are Shewanella algae (18) and Staphylococcus aureus (28). These extracts contain different organic compounds such as saponins, terpenes, sterols, and proteins, which could be responsible for their activity. These results suggest that microorganisms are an effective alternative to replace harmful chemical substances currently used in antifouling coatings. The extracts, being less toxic, are potential inhibitors or retardants of the epibiotic colonization process.

Resumen El bioincrustamiento es generado por un acondicionamiento bioquímico del sustrato para formar comunidades complejas; esto podría tener un impacto negativo a nivel ecológico e industrial. Para inhibir este proceso se utilizan recubrimientos a base de metales pesados. Los microorganismos son fuentes prometedoras de compuestos antiincrustantes que no son tóxicos o son menos tóxicos que los productos químicos comerciales que se utilizan en la actualidad. Para evaluar la eficacia antiincrustante de los extractos bacterianos, se obtuvieron siete extractos crudos de cultivos de bacterias aisladas de organismos marinos. Se sometieron a una prueba de toxicidad con nauplios de Artemia, a diferentes concentraciones. Los extractos no tóxicos se incorporaron a un agente gelificante (Phytagel™) y se expusieron al mar durante 30 días para evaluar la inhibición en la adhesión de diatomeas y macroorganismos. Se identificaron 67 taxones de diatomeas, pertenecientes a 45 géneros, además se identificaron cuatro grupos de macroorganismos no fotosintéticos; estos son ascidias, balanos, briozoos y poliquetos. La prueba de toxicidad mostró que solo el extracto de Bacillus safensis (C2) era tóxico y se excluyó de las pruebas posteriores. Existen diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, los extractos con mejor actividad son los de Shewanella algae (18) y Staphylococcus aureus (28). Estos extractos contienen diferentes compuestos orgánicos como saponinas, terpenos, esteroles y proteínas, los cuales podrían ser responsables de su actividad. Con estos resultados se concluye que los microorganismos son una alternativa eficaz para sustituir las sustancias químicas nocivas para la biota que actualmente se utilizan en los recubrimientos, ya que los extractos, además de ser menos tóxicos, son potenciales inhibidores o letárgicos del proceso de colonización epibiótica.

Abstract Studies of marine and estuarine red algae (Rhodophyta) are in the early stages in the littoral of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. The inventory of these organisms was made based on samples obtained from ten sampling during 2009 to 2015 in 22 localities, eight of them in marine and fourteen in estuarine environments. We found 182 species and subspecific taxa of Rhodophyta. The Rhodomelaceae family was the best represented with 65 taxa, followed by Ceramiaceae 13 and Delesseriaceae 12. Of the 182 taxa, 25 are new records Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve with Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides and M. tangerina being new records for the Mexican Caribbean. Of the 182 species, 119 of them are epiphytes, most of them, 54, grew exclusively on other macroalgae, 29 on mangrove roots and 8 on Thalassia leaves. The floristic list is accompanied by data on seasonality, reproduction, habitat, and environment. Species diversity was compared between the winter rains, dry and rainy seasons during the period study. The Rhodophyta of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve is tropical, and the greatest diversity was found in the marine environment with 83 taxa and during the winter rains with 132. (Rhodophyta Kaan Ka an Mexico 200 201 2 localities environments 18 6 1 12 rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M Caribbean 11 epiphytes 54 macroalgae leaves seasonality reproduction habitat study tropical 132 20 5

Resumo: Os estudos de algas vermelhas marinhas e estuarinas (Rhodophyta) estão em fase inicial no litoral da Reserva da Biosfera de Sian Ka’na, México. O inventário desses organismos foi feito com base em amostras obtidas em oito amostragens no período do 2009 a 2015 em 22 localidades, sendo oito em ambientes marinhos e quatorze em ambientes estuarinos. Neste levantamento, foram identificadas um total de 182 espécies e táxons subespecíficos de Rhodophyta. A família Rhodomelaceae foi a mais representativa com 65 táxons, seguida por Ceramiaceae com 13 e Delesseriaceae com 12. Dos 182 táxons, 25 são referidos pela primeira vez para a Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an, sendo Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides e M. tangerina também novos registros para o Caribe mexicano. Das 182 espécies, 119 são epífitas, sendo a maioria, 54, aderidas exclusivamente em outras macroalgas, 29 em raízes de mangue e 8 em folhas de Thalassia. A lista florística apresentada é acompanhada de dados sobre sazonalidade, reprodução, habitat e ambiente. A diversidade de espécies foi comparada entre as temporadas de chuvas de inverno, seca e chuvas de verão durante o período estudado. Rhodophyta da Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an săo tropicais, e a diversidade mais representativa foi encontrada no ambiente marinho com 83 táxons e durante as chuvas de inverno com um total de 132 táxons. Resumo (Rhodophyta Kana, Kana Ka na, na Ka’na México 200 201 2 localidades estuarinos levantamento 18 6 1 12 Kaan, Kaan an, an rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M mexicano 11 epífitas maioria 54 macroalgas Thalassia sazonalidade reprodução estudado tropicais 20 5

ABSTRACT Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can negatively affect coastal water quality, aquatic fauna, and human health from the consumption of toxin-contaminated seafood. Estuaries are especially prone to the incidence of these noxious events and sensitive to the associated damage. This study represents a comprehensive overview of previous investigations reporting the occurrence of harmful algae and/or phycotoxins in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (CEP), in Southern Brazil. Secondary data from 2002 to 2021 were combined with new results obtained from widely spaced sampling campaigns performed from 2018 to 2019 to assess the periods and estuarine sectors at greater risk for the incidence of HABs. In total, about 600 water/sediment samples containing harmful microalgae and 675 tissue samples of phycotoxin-contaminated fauna were analyzed. The most frequent and abundant species of potentially toxic microalgae were dinoflagellates belonging to the species complexes Dinophysis acuminata and Prorocentrum lima, producers of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), and diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, producers of amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs). Okadaic acid, a DST, was by far the most common toxin in the fauna, reaching higher levels in primary consumers such as bivalve mollusks (mussels, oysters, and clams), zooplankton, and suspension-feeding crustaceans (ghost shrimps), and moderate to low levels in cephalopods, fishes, gastropods, echinoderms, sea turtles, seabirds, and cetaceans. Less rainy periods (winter-early spring) were associated with the highest incidence of DSTs and blooms of their producing algae P. lima and Dinophysis spp., mainly in the middle region of Paranaguá Bay and on the shallow continental platform adjacent to the estuarine mouth. However, certain HAB-forming species may be more successful in inner estuarine areas ( Prorocentrum cordatum) and during different periods, such as late summer—early fall ( Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Continuous monitoring of harmful algae and toxins is therefore highly recommended to mitigate the effects of HABs in the entire estuary. (HABs quality toxincontaminated contaminated seafood damage andor or CEP, CEP , (CEP) Brazil 200 202 201 total 60 watersediment sediment 67 phycotoxincontaminated phycotoxin analyzed DSTs, (DSTs) Pseudonitzschia, Pseudonitzschia Pseudo nitzschia, nitzschia ASTs. ASTs . (ASTs) acid DST mussels, mussels (mussels oysters clams, clams clams) zooplankton suspensionfeeding suspension feeding ghost shrimps, shrimps shrimps) cephalopods fishes gastropods echinoderms turtles seabirds cetaceans winterearly winter early spring P spp spp. mouth However HABforming HAB forming cordatum summerearly summer spp.. spp.) estuary (CEP 20 6 (DSTs (ASTs 2

The aim of this study was to determine whether the inclusion of a marine algae found in South African waters, Ulva lactuca, can reduce total gas and methane production in vitro when it replaces lucerne hay in a mixed sheep feed at incremental levels. Four treatments were prepared and incubated using bovine rumen fluid as inoculum: (1) 0 g U. lactuca kg¹ feed dry matter (DM) (0U), (2) 25 g U. lactuca kg¹ feed DM (25U), (3) 50 g U. lactuca kg¹ feed DM (50U), and (4) 100 g U. lactuca kg¹ feed DM (100 U). Total gas and CO2 production was determined with the aid of an automated system and methane production was estimated by difference. Cumulative gas production data were fitted to a non-linear model (Y = b(1-exp c(t-L))) to estimate values for total gas production (b, mL), rate of gas production (c, mL/h), and a discrete lag time (L, hours). The extent of total gas production was lower for 100U than for 25U, but neither differed from 0U or 50 U. The lag time observed was lower for 50U than 0U, but neither differed from 25U or 100U. No differences were found for the rate of gas production. No differences for any gas production values were observed between treatments. The ratio between methane and total gas production was highest for 100U, which differed from 25U, but not from 0U or 50U. The higher methane ratio observed in the 100U treatment may be attributed to the lower total gas production in this treatment due to the lower fermentability of U. lactuca compared to lucerne.

Summary: The low ef ficiency of cocoa vegetative propagation from cuttings requires the use of rooting agents. This situation motivated a study whose objective is to optimize the oligogalacturonide dose on the vegetative propagation of two cocoa clones under controlled conditions in the nursery. The source of oligogalacturonides was provided in doses: 0, 10, 50 and 100 mg L-1 compared to the chemical rooting (composed of: 7% nitrogen, 45% phosphorus, 5% potassium, 0.1% boron, 3% metabolic activators and 10% marine algae), which was applied by immersion at the base of the cutting. The clones tested were CCN-51 and EET-801. The evaluated variables were: number of leaves and roots, radical fraction, fresh biomass of leaves and roots, dry biomass of leaves, roots, and stem and index of regenerated plants. The results indicated that the doses of 50 and 100 mg L-1 showed the greatest ef fects on the number of leaves (NH), radical fraction (FR), dry biomass of the leaf (DSB) and stem (DST). Clone CCN-51 showed higher NH, FR, BSH and BST than EET-801 (P < 0.05). In number of roots (NR), fresh root biomass (BFR), dry root biomass (DRB), fresh leaf biomass (BFH) and the index of regenerated plants (IPR), the clones were the same. The IPR had a positive correlation with the other variables (P < 0.05). Using 85 mg L-1 of chemical rooting an IPR of 49.1% can be achieved. The IPR can be predicted based on the variables BFR and BFH with R2 = 0.96.

Resumen: La baja eficiencia de la propagación vegetativa del cacao a partir de esquejes obliga al uso de enraizantes. Esto motivó un estudio cuyo objetivo fue: optimizar la dosis de oligogalacturónidos en la propagación vegetativa de dos clones de cacao en condiciones controladas en vivero. Se aplicaron oligogalacturónidos en dosis: 0, 10, 50 y 100 mg L-1 y un enraizante químico (compuesto de: nitrógeno 7%, fosforo 45%, potasio 5%, boro 0.1%, activadores metabólicos 3% y algas marinas 10%) por inmersión en la base del esqueje. Los clones probados fueron CCN-51 y EET-801. Se evaluaron las variables: número de hojas, número de raíces, fracción radical, biomasa fresca de hojas, biomasa fresca de raíces, biomasa seca de hojas, biomasa seca de raíces, biomasa seca del tallo e índice de plantas regeneradas. Los resultados indicaron que las dosis de 50 y 100 mg L-1 mostraron los mayores efectos sobre número de hojas (NH), fracción radical (FR), biomasa seca de la hoja (BSH) y biomasa seca del tallo (BST). El clon CCN-521 mostro el mayor NH, FR, BSH y BST que EET-801 (P < 0.05). En número de raíces (NR), biomasa fresca de la raíz (BFR), biomasa seca de la raíz (BSR), biomasa fresca de la hoja (BFH) y el índice de plantas regeneradas (IPR), los clones fueron los mismos. El IPR tuvo correlación positiva con las demás variables (P < 0.05). Usando 85 mg L-1 del enraizante químico se puede lograr una IPR de 49.1%. El IPR se puede predecir en base a las variables BFR y BFH con R2=0.96.

Resumen Introducción: Las poblaciones del coral Orbicella annularis han mostrado bajo reclutamiento en el Caribe. Uno de los cuellos de botella demográficos es la alta mortalidad en las primeras etapas de desarrollo. El conocimiento detallado del ciclo y las tasas de supervivencia de estas fases nos permitirá ayudar en la recuperación de la población y la restauración de los arrecifes. Objetivo: Describir la embriogénesis y estadios larvarios obtenidos por fertilización asistida y medir las tasas de asentamiento y supervivencia de las larvas en sustratos artificiales, antes de ser trasplantadas al arrecife. Métodos: Seis días después de la luna llena de septiembre de 2021, se recolectaron bolsas de gametos de ocho colonias de O. annularis en el Parque Nacional Natural Los Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo, Colombia, y se llevaron al laboratorio. Se realizó fecundación cruzada, se siguió el desarrollo embrionario y larvario hasta el asentamiento larval y se registró supervivencia hasta el día 41. Las larvas se mantuvieron en tres tanques con agua de mar filtrada con 126 sustratos marcados, previamente acondicionados con algas coralináceas costrosas. Luego, los sustratos se trasplantaron al arrecife. Resultados: El inicio del desarrollo embrionario ocurrió 1.11 hAF (horas después de la fertilización), cuando las células mostraron signos de la primera división, y duró hasta 104.59 hAF cuando comenzaron a metamorfosearse. El asentamiento de larvas se observó al sexto día AF. Veintiún días después de la fecundación se encontraron zooxantelas. La supervivencia de las larvas después del asentamiento fue de 27.5 %. Conclusión: En este primer esfuerzo de propagación sexual utilizando O. annularis en Colombia, 1.4 % de larvas competentes completaron todo el proceso de desarrollo. Aunque la tasa de supervivencia fue baja, estos resultados se suman a los esfuerzos de restauración de corales en el Caribe en los que se ayuda a las especies a aumentar la supervivencia de los corales en sus primeras etapas de desarrollo.

Abstract Introduction: Populations of the coral Orbicella annularis have shown low recruitment in the Caribbean. One of the demographic bottlenecks is the high mortality in the early stages of development. Detailed knowledge of the cycle and survival rates of these phases will allow us to assist in population recovery and reef restoration. Objective: To describe the embryogenesis and larval stages obtained by assisted fertilization and measure the settlement and survival rates of larvae on artificial substrates, before being outplanted to the reef. Methods: Six days after the full moon in September 2021, gamete bundles were collected from eight O. annularis colonies in Los Corales del Rosario and San Bernardo National Natural Park, Colombia and brought to the laboratory. Cross fertilization was carried out and embryonic and larval development were followed until larval settlement and survival was recorded until day 41. The larvae were kept in three tanks with filtered sea water with 126 tagged substrates, previously conditioned with crustose coralline algae. The substrates were then outplanted to the reef. Results: The onset of embryonic development occurred 1.11 hAF (hours after fertilization), when cells showed signs of the first cleavage, and lasted until 104.59 hAF when they began to metamorphose. Larvae settlement was observed on the sixth day AF. Twenty-one days after fertilization, zooxanthellae were found. Post-settlement larval survival was 27.5 %. Conclusions: In this first sexual propagation effort using O. annularis in Colombia, 1.4 % of competent larvae completed the entire development process. Although low survival rate, these results add to coral restoration efforts in the Caribbean in which species are assisted to increase the survival of corals in their early stages of development.

ABSTRACT Algae drifts are a source of raw material for obtaining flours, liquid extracts with bioactive molecules, and polysaccharides. In the last group, are found the alginates, which extracted from brown algae, with wide application in various industries. In agricultural industry, this natural polymer is frequency use in the form of his degradation products, indeed like alginate oligosaccharides. This review focuses in the principal methods for alginate extraction, and preparation of its oligosaccharides, besides a briefly summary of oligosaccharides bioactivity in agriculture. A protocol simple and efficient for obtaining oligosaccharide would contribute to the reduction of importations, the substitution and/or reduction of agrochemicals in agriculture and the recycling of marine waste, promoting food production and the preservation of the environment.

RESUMEN Las algas de arribazón constituyen fuente de materia prima para la obtención de harinas, extractos líquidos con moléculas bioactivas, y polisacáridos. Dentro de este último se encuentran los alginatos, que se extraen a partir de las algas pardas, con amplia aplicación en diversas industrias. En la agricultura, este polímero natural se utiliza con frecuencia en forma de oligosacáridos de alginato (productos de degradación). En este trabajo, se hace una revisión de los principales métodos de extracción de alginato y de obtención de sus oligosacáridos, así como un breve resumen de su bioactividad en la agricultura. Disponer de un protocolo simple, eficaz y eficiente para la obtención de oligosacáridos de alginato, contribuiría a reducir importaciones de insumos agropecuarios, la sustitución y/o reducción de agroquímicos y el reciclaje de residuos marinos, potenciando la producción de alimentos y la preservación del medioambiente.

ABSTRACT: Biostimulants help cocoa plants to improve vegetative development and nutrient uptake, therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of biostimulants on morphological growth in cocoa seedlings in nursery stage, through a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (T1: control, T2: humic acids + fulvic acids, T3: silicon oxide + monosilicic acid; and T4: marine algae + humic and fulvic acids) and four replicates. The results showed no significant differences in variables such as plant height (T4: 29.63 cm), number of leaves (T2: 25.19) and root length (T2: 37.23 cm). Significant differences were found in stem diameter (T3: 7.08 cm) and root dry mass (T4: 8.67 g). The biostimulants showed positive results in nutritional elements at foliar level, improving the values of N, P, K, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ca and Fe. Likewise, there was a decrease in Cu and Na values. These results support the hypothesis that biostimulants help cocoa plants to improve vegetative development and nutrient uptake, reducing plant losses and improving plant nutrition at the nursery stage.

RESUMEN: Los bioestimulantes ayudan a las plantas de cacao a mejorar el desarrollo vegetativo y la absorción de nutrientes, por tanto, el objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de bioestimulantes en el crecimiento morfológico en plántulas de cacao en etapa de vivero, a través de un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos (T1: testigo, T2: ácidos húmicos + ácidos fúlvicos, T3: Oxido de Silicio + ácido monosilícico; y T4: Algas marinas + ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos) y cuatro repeticiones. Los resultados no tuvieron diferencias significativas en variables como altura de planta (T4: 29,63 cm), número de hojas (T2: 25,19) y largo de raíces (T2: 37,23 cm). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en diámetro de tallo (T3: 7,08 cm) y en masa seca de raíces (T4: 8,67 g). Los bioestimulantes mostraron resultados positivos en elementos nutricionales a nivel foliar, mejorando los valores de N, P, K, Zn, Mn, Mg, Ca y Fe. Así mismo, presento una disminución de los valores de Cu y Na. Estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que los bioestimulantes ayudan a las plantas de cacao a mejorar el desarrollo vegetativo y la absorción nutriente, reduciendo pérdidas de plantas y mejorando su nutrición en etapa de vivero.

ABSTRACT The biodiversity of epibenthic communities in rocky reefs in the Mexican tropical Pacific has been studied minimally during the past three decades. This study describes the abundance and distribution of algae and invertebrates in a deep rocky reef from this region. Samples were taken at 20 m depth in 2012 by randomly placing 50×50 cm quadrats. Also, photographs were taken of each quadrat to quantify the coverage of organisms. Throughout the study, the algae were the most abundant group (17748.5 cm m−2), of which encrusting calcified (6350.9 cm m−2), turf (3040.3 cm m−2), and larger-sized articulated corallines (2700.9 cm m−2) had the highest coverage. Regarding invertebrates, zoanthids (1153.3 cm m−2) and corals (746.7 cm m−2) had high coverage. All of the algal groups were found on vertical and horizontal substrates. The detrended correspondence analysis showed that larger-sized articulated corallines and encrusting not calcified groups were prevalent on the horizontal substrate and corals on the vertical substrate. These abundance and distribution patterns represent the first quantitative study of rocky reefs from the region. Considering the rapid influence of human activities in this coastal zone and the fact that rocky reefs have been minimally studied, there is a clear need for long-term monitoring programs to establish reef communities' patterns and processes, which are useful in conservation programs.

Resumo As algas coralinas crustosas (Corallinophycideae) são algas vermelhas que produzem carbonato de cálcio e são bem reconhecidas como espécies de base na zona epipelágica do ecossistema marinho. Essas algas induziram o assentamento juvenil de coral por meio de estímulos químicos liberados por comunidades bacterianas na superfície de suas colônias. Seu carbonato de cálcio extracelular também pode estabilizar a estrutura do recife que influencia muitos invertebrados anexados e crescimento no fundo do mar. As algas coralinas crustosas (CCA) têm obtido atenção devido à sua distribuição e comprometimento da saúde com o aumento da temperatura da água do mar, acidificação dos oceanos e poluentes. Como uma espécie enigmática no ecossistema, a presença de recrutamento CCA às vezes não recebe atenção, especialmente em sua capacidade de ocupar o espaço vazio. Este estudo teve como objetivo documentar a cobertura e o número de recrutamento de CCA em dois materiais de recrutamento diferentes. A maior porcentagem de CCA da cobertura foi mostrada na superfície interna do que nas outras superfícies em todas as estações. A intensidade da luz e a baixa sedimentação foram sugeridas como um fator-chave para o sucesso da alta cobertura. De modo geral, recrutas de CCA mais graduados mostraram-se em Tiga Warna. A baixa sedimentação e a proteção contra a exposição aérea se tornaram a principal razão para isso. Não houve diferença significativa no número de recrutas CCA entre mármore e arenito neste estudo. O recrutamento bem-sucedido de CCA neste estudo pode dar uma imagem ampla de que o recrutamento natural de corais e outros recifes da biodiversidade no sul de Malang será bem-sucedido por causa da abundância de algas coralinas que sustentam seu estágio de história de vida.

Abstract Crustose coralline algae (Corallinophycideae) are red algae that produced calcium carbonate and are well recognized as foundation species in the epipelagic zone of the marine ecosystem. These algae induced settlement juvenile of coral by released chemical cues from bacterial communities on the surface of their colonies. Their extracellular calcium carbonate also can stabilize reef structure that influencing many invertebrate attaches and growth in the seabed. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) have obtained attention because of their distribution and health compromise to increasing seawater temperature, ocean acidification, and pollutant. As a cryptic species in the ecosystem, the presence of CCA recruit sometimes doesn’t have attention, especially on their capability to occupy the empty space. This study aimed to document coverage and number of CCA recruit in two different recruitment tile’s material. The highest CCA percentage of the cover was showed inside surface than others surface in all stations. Light intensity and low sedimentation were suggested as a key factor of success of high coverage. Overall, station higher CCA recruits have shown from Tiga Warna. Low sedimentation and protection from aerial exposure became the main reason for it. No significant difference number of CCA recruits between marble and sandstone in this study. Successful CCA recruitment in this study can give a wide picture that natural recruitment of coral and other reef biodiversity in Southern Malang might be will succeed because of the abundance of coralline algae that support their life history stage.

The Parnaíba Basin covers an area of 665,888 km2 between the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil. It is completely made up of siliciclastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks with ages varying between the Silurian and the Cretaceous. Among the formations of the Basin, the Tianguá Formation is considered a potential source rock. However, there are few geochemical and/or geological studies and no research work on the molecular parameters of the organic matter (OM) present in its outcropping rocks (OR). Thus, the objective of the present work is to characterize the OM, concerning the depositional paleoenvironment and the degree of thermal evolution, through molecular parameters and OM content. The OM was extracted using the Soxhlet system, chromatographed by classical methods, and analyzed using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS. The samples exhibited low total organic carbon values (TOC < 1) and the molecular parameters of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons suggested a marine depositional environment, with algae, bacteria, and terrestrial plants input. The C30 biomarkers (24-n-propylcholestane), identified using synthetic standards and usually associated with the Chrysophyte algae, corroborated the marine origin of the depositional environment. In addition, some molecular parameters suggested little thermal evolution. 665888 665 888 665,88 km Brazil Cretaceous rock However andor or (OM OR. OR . (OR) Thus evolution content system methods GCMS GC MS GCMS/MS. GCMSMS MS/MS. GC-MS/MS TOC 1 environment algae bacteria input C C3 24npropylcholestane, 24npropylcholestane npropylcholestane 24 n propylcholestane , (24-n-propylcholestane) addition 66588 66 88 665,8 (OR GCMS/MS MSMS MS/MS 2 (24-n-propylcholestane 6658 6 8 665,

Abstract The number of deaths associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) increases every year, leading to an intense search for new compounds that may be employed as anticoagulants. One of the classes of bioprospected molecules comprises sulfated polysaccharides (SP) from seaweed, as heparin displays many adverse effects associated with its use. The present study aimed to characterize and evaluate the anticoagulant potential of SP extracted from the green algae Halimeda opuntia. Four PS-rich fractions, F23, F44, F60 and F75, were obtained by proteolytic digestion in papain followed by ethanol precipitation. The presence of SP was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis, revealing different populations in each fraction. The F44 fraction is noteworthy compared to the other fractions, presenting a 5% yield compared to the initial algae weight and anticoagulant activity revealed by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay (intrinsic/common coagulation pathway). Surprisingly, F44 purification (SP peak P1F44) resulted in prothrombin time (PT) activity (extrinsic coagulation pathway) at a 160 µg/mL, in addition to enhanced APTT activity. The P1F44 anticoagulant activity mechanism was shown to be dependent on two coagulations factors, IIa and Xa, more potent via IIa. Future assessments will be performed to assess this fraction in the medical clinic. CVD (CVD year anticoagulants seaweed use opuntia PSrich PS rich fractions F23 F F6 F75 precipitation electrophoresis F4 5 (APTT intrinsic/common intrinsiccommon intrinsic common pathway. pathway . Surprisingly PF P PT (PT extrinsic 16 µgmL µg mL µg/mL P1F4 factors Xa clinic F2 F7 1 P1F

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC BIOMARKERS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS FROM MARINE REGIONS. In this study, we overview the recent advancements in knowledge regarding organic and inorganic biomarkers of atmospheric aerosols from coastal zones and open marine areas. It deals with the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere through their interface, the formation of a seawater microlayer (SML) and the exchange of a myriad of chemical compounds between those environmental compartments. We also discuss how marine aerosols (MAs) are intrinsically related to the global carbon cycle, influence the radiative budget of the Earth, and are related to global climate. At the end, we discuss the trends of new studies on the topic. REGIONS study areas interface SML (SML compartments MAs (MAs cycle Earth climate end topic

Abstract: Background and Aims: During the Seaflower Scientific Expedition in 2019, extensive seaweed collection was carried out around Old Providence and Santa Catalina islands. Despite the intensive phycological studies realized during the past decade, new reports of macroalgae are still recorded for the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve. The objective of this work is to present three new records of brown algae for Colombia. Methods: The algal sampling was carried out in September 2019 during the Seaflower Scientific Expedition. The samples were collected around the Providencia and Santa Catalina islands in coral patches ecosystems, by SCUBA diving at depths between 3 and 16 m. The algae collected were preserved in a 4% formalin/seawater solution. The identification was carried out using optical and stereoscopic microscopes. All specimens were deposited in the herbarium JIW of the Biology Department of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Key results: Three species of brown algae are newly reported for Colombia: Lobophora declerckii, Taonia abbottiana and Verosphacela ebrachia. Verosphacela has been reported, to date, only from the type locality in Florida and from Isla Mujeres, in Mexico. Due to its cryptic and small habit, it may be much more common than actually reported. Lobophora declerckii is apparently the most common species of Lobophora in the Archipelago. Taonia abbottiana may be much more common than reported to date, but it is easily confused with Stypopodium zonale. Conclusions: Despite the intense phycological research carried out in the past decade in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Old Providence and Santa Catalina, there is still much to be discovered.

Resumen: Antecedentes y Objetivos: Durante la Expedición Científica Seaflower realizada en 2019, se hizo una extensa recolecta de macroalgas alrededor de las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina. No obstante el intenso trabajo ficológico de la última década, se siguen encontrando nuevos registros de macroalgas para la Reserva de la Biosfera Seaflower. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar tres nuevos registros de algas pardas para Colombia. Metodos: El muestreo de algas se realizó en septiembre de 2019 durante la Expedición Científica Seaflower. Las muestras fueron recolectadas alrededor de las islas Providencia y Santa Catalina en ecosistemas de parches de coral, por medio de buceo SCUBA a profundidades entre 3 y 16 m. Las algas recolectadas se conservaron en una solución de formalina/agua de mar al 4%. La identificación se realizó mediante microscopios óptico y estereoscopio. Todos los especímenes fueron depositados en el herbario JIW del Departamento de Biología de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en Bogotá, Colombia. Resultados clave: Tres especies de algas pardas son reportadas por primera vez para Colombia: Lobophora declerckii, Taonia abbottiana y Verosphacela ebrachia. Verosphacela ha sido reportada, hasta la fecha, solamente en la localidad tipo en Florida y en Isla Mujeres, en México. Debido a su hábito pequeño y críptico, puede ser mucho más común de lo actualmente reportado. Lobophora declerckii parece ser la especie más común de Lobophora en el Archipiélago. Taonia abbottiana puede ser mucho más común de lo reportado actualmente, pero es fácilmente confundida con Stypopodium zonale. Conclusión: No obstante la intensa investigación ficológica llevada a cabo en la última década en el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, hay todavía mucho por descubrir.