Abstract The presence of microplastics in aquatic environments has raised concerns about their abundance and potential hazards to aquatic organisms. This review provides insight into the problem that may be of alarm for freshwater fish. Plastic pollution is not confined to marine ecosystems; freshwater also comprises plastic bits, as the most of plastic fragments enter oceans via rivers. Microplastics (MPs) can be consumed by fish and accumulated due to their size and poor biodegradability. Furthermore, it has the potential to enter the food chain and cause health problems. Evidence of MPs s ingestion has been reported in >150 fish species from both freshwater and marine systems. However, microplastic quantification and toxicity in freshwater ecosystems have been underestimated, ignored, and not reported as much as compared to the marine ecosystem. However, their abundance, influence, and toxicity in freshwater biota are not less than in marine ecosystems. The interaction of MPs with freshwater fish, as well as the risk of human consumption, remains a mystery. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the impacts of MPs on freshwater fish is still very limited. This study detailed the status of the toxicity of MPs in freshwater fish. This review will add to our understanding of the ecotoxicology of microplastics on freshwater fish and give subsequent research directions. organisms bits rivers (MPs biodegradability Furthermore problems 150 >15 systems However underestimated ignored ecosystem influence consumption mystery Nevertheless limited directions 15 >1 1 >

Resumo A presença de microplásticos em ambientes aquáticos levantou preocupações sobre sua abundância e perigos potenciais para os organismos que vivem nesse meio. Esta revisão fornece informações sobre o problema que pode ser alarmante para os peixes de água doce. A poluição plástica não se limita aos ecossistemas marinhos; a água doce também contém pedaços de plástico, já que a maioria dos fragmentos de plástico entra nos oceanos por meio dos rios. Os microplásticos (MPs) podem ser consumidos pelos peixes e acumulados devido ao seu tamanho e baixa biodegradabilidade. Além disso, tem o potencial de entrar na cadeia alimentar e causar problemas de saúde. Evidências de ingestão de MPs foram relatadas em mais de 150 espécies de peixes de sistemas de água doce e marinhos. No entanto, a quantificação e a toxicidade de microplásticos em ecossistemas de água doce foram subestimadas, ignoradas e não relatadas tanto quanto em comparação com o ecossistema marinho. No entanto, sua abundância, influência e toxicidade na biota de água doce não são menores que nos ecossistemas marinhos. A interação de MPs com peixes de água doce, bem como o risco de consumo humano, permanece um mistério. Todavia, nosso conhecimento sobre os impactos das MPs em peixes de água doce ainda é muito limitado. Este estudo detalhou o status da toxicidade de MPs em peixes de água doce. Esta revisão aumentará nossa compreensão da ecotoxicologia de microplásticos em peixes de água doce e fornecerá direções de pesquisa subsequentes. marinhos rios (MPs biodegradabilidade disso saúde 15 entanto subestimadas marinho humano mistério Todavia limitado subsequentes 1

ABSTRACT Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can negatively affect coastal water quality, aquatic fauna, and human health from the consumption of toxin-contaminated seafood. Estuaries are especially prone to the incidence of these noxious events and sensitive to the associated damage. This study represents a comprehensive overview of previous investigations reporting the occurrence of harmful algae and/or phycotoxins in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (CEP), in Southern Brazil. Secondary data from 2002 to 2021 were combined with new results obtained from widely spaced sampling campaigns performed from 2018 to 2019 to assess the periods and estuarine sectors at greater risk for the incidence of HABs. In total, about 600 water/sediment samples containing harmful microalgae and 675 tissue samples of phycotoxin-contaminated fauna were analyzed. The most frequent and abundant species of potentially toxic microalgae were dinoflagellates belonging to the species complexes Dinophysis acuminata and Prorocentrum lima, producers of diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), and diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia, producers of amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs). Okadaic acid, a DST, was by far the most common toxin in the fauna, reaching higher levels in primary consumers such as bivalve mollusks (mussels, oysters, and clams), zooplankton, and suspension-feeding crustaceans (ghost shrimps), and moderate to low levels in cephalopods, fishes, gastropods, echinoderms, sea turtles, seabirds, and cetaceans. Less rainy periods (winter-early spring) were associated with the highest incidence of DSTs and blooms of their producing algae P. lima and Dinophysis spp., mainly in the middle region of Paranaguá Bay and on the shallow continental platform adjacent to the estuarine mouth. However, certain HAB-forming species may be more successful in inner estuarine areas ( Prorocentrum cordatum) and during different periods, such as late summer—early fall ( Pseudo-nitzschia spp.). Continuous monitoring of harmful algae and toxins is therefore highly recommended to mitigate the effects of HABs in the entire estuary. (HABs quality toxincontaminated contaminated seafood damage andor or CEP, CEP , (CEP) Brazil 200 202 201 total 60 watersediment sediment 67 phycotoxincontaminated phycotoxin analyzed DSTs, (DSTs) Pseudonitzschia, Pseudonitzschia Pseudo nitzschia, nitzschia ASTs. ASTs . (ASTs) acid DST mussels, mussels (mussels oysters clams, clams clams) zooplankton suspensionfeeding suspension feeding ghost shrimps, shrimps shrimps) cephalopods fishes gastropods echinoderms turtles seabirds cetaceans winterearly winter early spring P spp spp. mouth However HABforming HAB forming cordatum summerearly summer spp.. spp.) estuary (CEP 20 6 (DSTs (ASTs 2

Abstract Diseases in fish due to helminth parasites, especially Philometra species, are the primary worry in aquaculture. Philometra are responsible for health problem in fishes they directly affect fish growth and population parameters. A comprehensive survey was conducted involving the examination of the marine fish species Terapon jarbua, gathered from the coastal waters of Sindh, Pakistan In this research different Philometra species from marine fish Terapon jarbua during 2021 and 2022. Philometra nematodes, belonging to the family Philometridae, are common parasitic organisms inhabiting both marine and freshwater environments. Their prevalence, particularly when existing in high numbers within host organisms, can lead to severe and potentially lethal consequences. Employing light microscopy techniques, diverse species of Philometra were identified, including Philometra teraponi, P. jarbuai, P. arabiai, P. karachii, and P. awarii, localized primarily within the ovaries of the host fish. A total of 140 fish samples were examined and 76 were infected. The intensity of infected fish was 54.28%. The identification process encompassed meticulous analysis of crucial parameters, such as body size, esophagus length, positioning of the nerve ring, dimensions of the ventriculus, and ligament size. Intriguingly, the parasites were found in varying contexts; while some were free within the ovaries, others were embedded within tissues, inducing severe muscular dystrophy. This research presents novel findings of Philometra nematodes in the marine waters of Pakistan, extending their host and geographical distribution records. Future studies are needed to better evaluate and describe the dynamics and the epidemiology of Philometra infection in wild and cultured fish species aquaculture parameters Sindh 202 2022 Philometridae environments prevalence consequences techniques identified teraponi P jarbuai arabiai karachii awarii 14 7 5428 54 28 54.28% size length ring ventriculus Intriguingly contexts tissues dystrophy records 20 1 542 5 2 54.28 54.2 54.

Resumo Doenças em peixes causadas por parasitas helmintos, especialmente espécies de Philometra, são a principal preocupação na aquicultura. Philometra é responsável por problemas de saúde em peixes, pois afeta diretamente o crescimento destes e os parâmetros populacionais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa abrangente envolvendo o exame das espécies de peixes marinhos Terapon jarbua, coletadas nas águas costeiras de Sindh, Paquistão. Nesta pesquisa, foram identificadas diferentes espécies de Philometra em peixes marinhos Terapon jarbua durante 2021 e 2022. Nematoides Philometra, pertencentes à família Philometridae, são organismos parasitas comuns que habitam ambientes marinhos e de água doce. A sua prevalência, especialmente quando existe em grande número nos organismos hospedeiros, pode levar a consequências graves e potencialmente letais. Empregando técnicas de microscopia óptica, diversas espécies de Philometra foram identificadas, incluindo Philometra teraponi, P. jarbuai, P. arabiai, P. karachii e P. awarii, localizadas principalmente nos ovários do peixe hospedeiro. Um total de 140 amostras de peixes foram examinadas e 76 foram infectadas. A intensidade de peixes infectados foi de 54,28%. O processo de identificação envolveu análise meticulosa de parâmetros cruciais, como tamanho corporal, comprimento do esôfago, posicionamento do anel nervoso, dimensões do ventrículo e tamanho do ligamento. Curiosamente, os parasitas foram encontrados em contextos variados; enquanto alguns estavam livres nos ovários, outros estavam incorporados nos tecidos, induzindo distrofia muscular grave. Esta pesquisa apresenta novas descobertas de nematoides Philometra nas águas marinhas do Paquistão, ampliando seus registros de hospedeiros e distribuição geográfica. Estudos futuros são necessários para melhor avaliar e descrever a dinâmica e a epidemiologia da infecção por Philometra em espécies de peixes selvagens e cultivadas helmintos aquicultura populacionais Sindh Paquistão 202 2022 Philometridae doce prevalência letais óptica teraponi P jarbuai arabiai awarii hospedeiro 14 7 infectadas 5428 54 28 54,28% cruciais corporal esôfago nervoso ligamento Curiosamente variados tecidos grave geográfica 20 1 542 5 2 54,28 54,2 54,

Abstract Biological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity and good quality of life, resulting from the translocation of species by human action. There are more than 500 alien species currently invading ecosystems in Brazil, particularly plants and fishes, while little is known about invasive microorganisms. Although invasive alien species are present in all ecosystems in the country, most have been recorded in habitats with greater human interference, such as urban and peri-urban areas, farmland, dams, reservoirs, ports, and canals. Historically, the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil have had more invasive alien species, but there has been an increase in the number of invasive alien species in the central-western and northern regions in recent decades. The ornamental trade of plants and fishes as well as the illegal pet trade of wild mammals and reptiles are some of the main pathways for invasive species introduction and spread in Brazil. Breeding and cultivation systems that allow escape to natural areas are a relevant route of species introductions in freshwater ecosystems, while unintentional introductions from shipping and infrastructure are of extreme concern in marine ecosystems. The negative impacts of invasive alien species on the biota mainly include changes in community structure and local decrease in native species richness, mediated by predation, competition, and ecosystem changes. Most negative impacts are recorded for intentionally introduced species, such as fishes and plants, but unintentional introductions have led to impacts on good quality of life, with associated costs and impacts on human health. The management of biological invasions faces challenges that need to be overcome, such as the lack of public knowledge about the impact of invasive alien species, the popular appeal of charismatic invasive species or those used by humans, and the use of controversial control techniques. However, successful experiences of eradication and control in terrestrial and marine ecosystems have been recorded, some of them involving public engagement in management actions. Recognizing the issue as a cross-cutting public policy and developing ongoing governance experiences are fundamental goals for the management of invasive alien species in Brazil. life action 50 microorganisms country interference periurban peri farmland dams reservoirs ports canals Historically centralwestern central western decades richness predation competition health overcome humans techniques However actions crosscutting cross cutting 5

Resumo Invasões biológicas são uma das maiores ameaças à biodiversidade e à boa qualidade de vida, ocorrendo a partir da translocação de espécies por ação humana. Existem mais de 500 espécies exóticas invadindo ecossistemas atualmente no Brasil, com destaque para plantas e peixes. Pouco se sabe sobre microrganismos invasores. Apesar de existirem espécies exóticas invasoras em todos os ecossistemas no país, a maior parte dos registros foi feita em hábitats com maior interferência humana, como áreas urbanas, periurbanas, terras cultivadas, represas, reservatórios, portos e canais. Historicamente, as regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil apresentam mais espécies exóticas invasoras, mas nas últimas décadas se tem observado um aumento no número de espécies exóticas invasoras nas regiões centro-oeste e norte. O comércio de plantas e peixes ornamentais, assim como o comércio ilegal de mamíferos e répteis silvestres como animais de estimação são algumas das principais vias de introdução e disseminação de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. Sistemas de criação e cultivo que possibilitam o escape para áreas naturais são uma relevante via de introdução em ecossistemas de águas continentais, enquanto introduções não intencionais a partir de navegação e de infraestrutura são de extrema preocupação em ecossistemas marinhos. Os impactos negativos de espécies exóticas invasoras sobre a biota incluem principalmente alterações na estrutura de comunidades e diminuição local da riqueza de espécies nativas, mediados por predação, competição e modificações ecossistêmicas. A maior parte dos impactos negativos registrados ocorreram para espécies introduzidas intencionalmente, como peixes e plantas, mas introduções não intencionais têm levado a impactos na boa qualidade de vida, com custos associados e impactos sobre a saúde humana. A gestão de invasões biológicas esbarra em desafios a serem superados, tais como a falta de conhecimento do público sobre o impacto de espécies exóticas invasoras, o apelo popular de espécies invasoras carismáticas ou utilizadas por humanos e o emprego de técnicas controversas de controle. Entretanto, experiências bem-sucedidas de erradicação e controle em ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos têm sido registrados, alguns deles envolvendo engajamento público nas ações de manejo. Reconhecer o tema como uma política pública transversal e desenvolver experiências continuadas de governança são metas fundamentais para a gestão e o manejo de espécies exóticas invasoras no Brasil. vida humana 50 invasores país urbanas periurbanas cultivadas represas reservatórios canais Historicamente centrooeste centro oeste norte ornamentais continentais nativas predação ecossistêmicas intencionalmente superados Entretanto bemsucedidas bem sucedidas 5

Abstract Around the globe, plastic has been entering the aquatic system and is ingested by organisms. Identification, optimal digestion method, and characterization of the polymers to trace sources are of growing importance. Hence, the present work investigated microplastics accumulation, digestion protocol efficiency, and characterization of polymers with FTIR analysis in the guts of five fishes (Lethrinus nebulosus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Acanthopagrus arabicus, Otolithes ruber, and Euryglossa orientalis) from the Karachi coastal area, Arabian Sea. A total of 1154 microplastics (MPs) were ingested by 29 out of 33 fish species (87%). The highest average MP/fish was recorded in Otolithes ruber (54) and the lowest in Rastrelliger kanagurta (19.42). Microfibers were the most abundant shape with the highest numbers (35.52%) as compared to the rest of the MPs identified. Transparent microfibers were recorded as the highest in numbers followed by red, black, blue, and green. In this study, KOH with different concentrations and exposure times along with oxidizing agent hydrogen peroxide was tested (Protocols 3 and 4). Results showed these bases were highly efficient in obtaining optimal digestion of the samples. FTIR analysis confirmed that the majority of the polymers found in the fish guts were polyethylene and polypropylene. This study validated for the first time the presence of these polymers of plastic in marine fish from Pakistan. globe organisms Identification method importance Hence accumulation efficiency Lethrinus nebulosus arabicus orientalis area Sea 115 (MPs 2 87%. 87 87% . (87%) MPfish MP 54 (54 19.42. 1942 19.42 19 42 (19.42) 35.52% 3552 35 52 (35.52% identified red black blue green Protocols 4. 4 4) samples polypropylene Pakistan 11 8 (87% 5 (5 194 19.4 1 (19.42 35.52 355 (35.52 (87 ( 19. (19.4 35.5 (35.5 (8 (19. 35. (35. (19 (35 (1 (3

Resumo Em todo o mundo, o plástico tem entrado no sistema aquático e tem sido ingerido por organismos. A identificação, o método de digestão ideal e a caracterização dos polímeros para rastrear fontes são de crescente importância. Portanto, o presente trabalho investigou o acúmulo de microplásticos, a eficiência do protocolo de digestão e a caracterização de polímeros com análise de FTIR nos tratos digestivos de cinco peixes (Lethrinus nebulosus, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Acanthopagrus arabicus, Otolithes ruber e Euryglossa orientalis) do litoral de Karachi, no mar Arábico. Um total de 1154 microplásticos (MP) foram ingeridos por 29 das 33 espécies de peixes (87%) estudadas. A maior média MP/peixe foi registrada no Otolithes ruber (54), e a menor no Rastrelliger kanagurta (19,42). As microfibras foram a forma mais abundante e com os maiores números (35,52%), em comparação ao restante das MPs identificadas. As microfibras transparentes foram detectadas em maior número, seguidas por vermelho, preto, azul e verde. Neste estudo, o KOH foi testado em diferentes concentrações e tempos de exposição, juntamente com o agente oxidante peróxido de hidrogênio (Protocolos 3 e 4). Os resultados mostraram que essas bases foram altamente eficientes para a obtenção de digestão ideal das amostras. A análise de FTIR confirmou que a maioria dos polímeros encontrados nos tratos digestivos dos peixes eram polietileno e polipropileno. Este estudo validou pela primeira vez a presença desses polímeros de plástico em peixes marinhos do Paquistão. mundo organismos identificação importância Portanto Lethrinus nebulosus arabicus orientalis Karachi Arábico 115 MP (MP 2 87% 87 (87% estudadas MPpeixe peixe 54, 54 , (54) 19,42. 1942 19,42 . 19 42 (19,42) 35,52%, 3552 35,52% 35 52 (35,52%) identificadas número vermelho preto verde exposição Protocolos 4. 4 4) amostras polipropileno Paquistão 11 8 (87 5 (54 194 19,4 1 (19,42 355 35,52 (35,52% (8 (5 19, (19,4 35,5 (35,52 ( (19, 35, (35,5 (19 (35, (1 (35 (3

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o tamanho na primeira maturidade sexual (Lm) para 36 espécies pertencentes a 24 famílias do hábitat marinho do Baluchistão e Sindh, no Mar Arábico, Paquistão, por meio de modelo empírico e logístico com base no comprimento máximo usando captura comercial, durante junho de 2020 e maio de 2021. O comprimento total individual (TL) foi anotado até 0,1 cm usando medição ampla. O Lm foi calculado por duas fórmulas; (i) log (Lm) = - 0,1246 + 0,9924 * log (Lmax) para elasmobrânquios; e (ii) log (Lm) = - 0,1189 + 0,9157* log (Lmax) para peixes com nadadeiras raiadas. O Lm mínimo foi de 10,27 cm de TL para Caranx malabaricus, e o máximo, de 108,38 cm de TL para Isurus oxyrinchus. Em 58,33% das espécies com Lm foram encontradas faixas de 19,00 cm a 25,00 cm de TL. Este estudo estimou que 16 espécies com Lm estão globalmente ausentes e as 20 espécies restantes com Lm estão ausentes no Mar Arábico (hábitats costeiros do Paquistão). Portanto, os resultados serão úteis para o manejo sustentável e a conservação desses peixes marinhos por meio do estabelecimento da malhagem das redes de arrasto com base no tamanho na primeira maturidade sexual (Lm).

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the size at first sexual maturity (Lm) for 36 species belonging to 24 families from the marine habitat of Balochistan and Sindh in Arabian Sea, Pakistan through maximum length based an empirical and logistic model using commercial catch during June 2020 to May 2021. Individual total length (TL) was noted up to 0.1 cm using measuring broad. The Lm was calculated using two formulae; (i) log (Lm) = - 0.1246 + 0.9924 * log (Lmax) for Elasmobranchs and (ii) log (Lm) = -0.1189 + 0.9157* log (Lmax) for ray-finned fishes. The minimum Lm was recorded as 10.27 cm TL for Caranx malabaricus and 108.38 cm TL for Isurus oxyrinchus, respectively. Around Lm with 58.33% species were ranges from 19.00 cm to 25.00 cm TL. This study was estimated 16 newly Lm which is globally absent and rest 20 Lm are absent in the Arabian Sea (Pakistan coastal habitats). Therefore, the results will be helpful for the sustainable management and conservation of these marine fishes through the establishment of mesh size of trawl nets based on the size at sexual maturity (Lm).

Resumen La sardina crinuda azul (Opisthonema bulleri) es parte de los desembarques comerciales de peces pelágicos menores del sur del Golfo de California; la pesquería está certificada como sostenible por Marine Stewardship Council. Los parámetros de crecimiento de esta especie son de gran interés en la evaluación y manejo de la pesquería del complejo Opisthonema. En este estudio, se generó un conjunto de datos de edad a la talla de 367 lecturas de otolitos de los años 2005 y 2015 para completar los meses del año calendario con información continua e inferir la periodicidad de formación de la marca de crecimiento. Se utilizó un enfoque de selección multimodelo en cinco submodelos especiales del modelo de Schnute generalizado, incluido uno equivalente al modelo de von Bertalanffy. El tipo de borde mensual de los otolitos sugiere una marca de crecimiento anual. Se identificaron seis grupos de edad (0-5 años), con una APE y CV de 4,5 y 2,9 % respectivamente. El análisis de edad a la talla del conjunto de datos con la selección multimodelo es una garantía de que el caso uno de Schnute es el mejor para describir y estimar los parámetros de crecimiento de O. bulleri del sur del Golfo de California.

Abstract The blue thread herring (Opisthonema bulleri) is part of the landing commercials of small pelagic fishes from the southern Gulf of California; the fishery is certified as sustainable by the Marine Stewardship Council. The growth parameters of this specie are of great interest in the assessment and management of Opisthonema complex fishery. In this study, a data set age-at-size was generated from 367 otolith reads from the years 2005 and 2015 to complete the monthly continuity of one year and infer the formation periodicity of the growth mark. A multi-model approach on five special submodels of the generalized Schnute model, including one equivalent to the von Bertalanffy model, was used. The monthly edge type of otoliths suggests an annual growth mark. Six age groups were identified (0 - 5 years), with an APE and CV of 4.5 and 2.9 %, respectively. The age-at-length analysis of the data set with multi-model selection is a guarantee that Schnute’s case is the best to describe and estimate the growth parameters of O. bulleri from the southern Gulf of California.

Abstract: The fish community inhabiting mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCE) at Corales de Profundidad National Natural Park (CPNNP), Colombian Caribbean Sea was described. Most of the species (89%) are common in shallow reef environments of an adjacent Marine Protected Area. Halichoeres maculipinna, Prognathodes aculeatus, Serranus luciopercanus and Lactophrys trigonus were recorded for the first time at CPNNP. The healthy and highly resilient characteristics of MCE is confirmed with the taxonomic composition of the found fishes. The information presented in this study provides data and techniques that help to complement the baseline of fish’s assemblages associated with mesophotic coral ecosystems in the Colombian Caribbean Sea.

ABSTRACT The piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii is a freshwater catfish that is the most abundant fishery resource in the Amazon estuary. Piramutaba trawling is done on industrial fishing scale and is characterized by the presence of many freshwater and marine bycatch species, with and without commercial value. Here we describe the bycatch of the industrial fishery of piramutaba in the Amazon estuary and evaluate the relationship of two important environmental factors, depth and salinity, with the accidental capture of freshwater and marine fishes in the Amazon estuary in the rainy and dry seasons. We identified 21 cartilaginous fish species (19.1% freshwater and 80.9% marine) and 125 bony fish species (25.6% freshwater and 74.4% marine). The bycatch included 64 species without commercial value (43% of all bycatch species), which are always discarded. Freshwater and estuarine fishes exhibited significantly higher abundances in shallower environments, while marine fishes were similarly abundant along the entire depth gradient. On the contrary, the abundance of freshwater fishes significantly decreased, and that of estuarine and marine fishes significantly increased with increasing salinity. Regarding the conservation status of the bycatch species, one is classified as vulnerable (VU), and seven as critically endangered (CR). The information on the bycatch of piramutaba fishery in the Amazon estuary is important to subsidize regional fisheries policies and the management of protected areas. factors salinity seasons 2 19.1% 191 19 1 (19.1 809 80 9 80.9 12 25.6% 256 25 6 (25.6 744 74 4 74.4 marine. . 43% 43 (43 , species) discarded environments gradient contrary decreased VU, VU (VU) CR. CR (CR) areas 19.1 (19. 8 80. 25.6 (25. 7 74. (4 (VU (CR 19. (19 25. (25 ( (1 (2

RESUMO A piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii é um bagre de água doce que representa o recurso pesqueiro mais abundante no estuário amazônico. O arrasto da piramutaba é feito em escala industrial, caracterizado pela presença de muitas espécies de água doce e marinha capturadas de forma incidental, com e sem valor comercial. Aqui descrevemos a captura incidental da pesca industrial de piramutaba no estuário amazônico e avaliamos a relação de dois fatores ambientais, profundidade e salinidade, com a captura incidental de espécies de água doce e marinhas nas estações chuvosa e seca. Identificamos 21 espécies de peixes cartilaginosos (19,1% de água doce e 80,9% marinhos) e 125 espécies de peixes ósseos (25,6% de água doce e 74,4% marinhos). A captura incidental incluiu 64 espécies sem valor comercial (43% de todas as espécies capturadas) que sempre são descartadas. Os peixes de água doce e estuarinos exibiram abundâncias significativamente maiores em ambientes mais rasos, enquanto os peixes marinhos foram igualmente abundantes ao longo de todo o gradiente de profundidade. Inversamente, a abundância de peixes de água doce diminuiu significativamente, e a de peixes estuarinos e marinhos aumentou significativamente em salinidades maiores. Em relação ao estado de conservação das espécies capturadas, uma é reconhecida como vulnerável (VU) e sete como criticamente ameaçadas (CR). As informações sobre a captura incidental da pesca da piramutaba no estuário amazônico são fundaentais para subsidiar políticas pesqueiras regionais e gestão de áreas protegidas. ambientais salinidade seca 2 19,1% 191 19 1 (19,1 809 80 9 80,9 12 25,6% 256 25 6 (25,6 744 74 4 74,4 marinhos. . 43% 43 (43 descartadas rasos Inversamente VU (VU CR. CR (CR) protegidas 19,1 (19, 8 80, 25,6 (25, 7 74, (4 (CR 19, (19 25, (25 ( (1 (2

Resumen Antecedentes: Los peces de la familia Holocentridae son conocidos como peces ardilla y peces soldados, son de hábitos nocturnos, y la subfamilia Myripristinae cuenta con tres especies de profundidad. Los registros son esporádicos en el norte del Golfo de México. Objetivo: Documentar nuevos registros de dos especies de peces ardilla en el Golfo de México. Métodos: Durante el período de noviembre de 2021 a mayo de 2022 se capturaron cuatro ejemplares de peces ardilla en profundidades de 80 a 200 m en el sur de Veracruz, mismos que fueron identificados y depositados en una colección científica. Resultados: Se describe la merística y morfometría de los ejemplares que sustentan los nuevos registros de Corniger spinosus (n=1, 129.3 mm de longitud patrón [LP]) y Ostichthys trachypoma (n=3, 120.4-197 mm de LP) en el suroeste del Golfo de México. La primera especie fue reconocida por las espinas fuertes en el preopérculo e infraorbital, mientras que la segunda por la ausencia de espinas en el infraobital y la presencia de bandas rojas longitudinales. Conclusiones: Los registros de C. spinosus y O. trachypoma muestran una ampliación de distribución en 992.4 km al sur y 1,284 km al suroeste del Golfo de México, respectivamente, representando ambas especies los primeros registros en aguas mexicanas.

Abstract Background: The fishes of family holocentridae are known as squirrelfishes and soldierfishes, they are nocturnal, and the subfamily Myripristinae has three species deep. The records are sporadic in the northern of the Gulf of Mexico. Goals: To document the new records of two species of squirrelfishes in the Gulf of Mexico. Methods: During the period from November 2021 to May 2022, four specimens of deep-sea squirrelfishes were captured in depths of 80 to 200 m in southern Veracruz, which were identified and deposited in a scientific collection. Results: The morphometric and meristic of the specimens that support the new records of Corniger spinosus (n=1, 129.3 mm standard length [SL]) and Ostichthys trachypoma (n=3, 120.4-197 mm SL) in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. The first species was recognized by presenting strong spines in the preoperculum and infraorbital, while the second by the absence of spines in the infraorbital and the presence of longitudinal red bands. Conclusions: The records of C. spinosus and O. trachypoma they have a distribution extension in 992.4 km to the south and 1,284 km to the southwest of the Gulf of Mexico, respectively, representing both species the first record in Mexican waters.

Abstract This work documents the first record of Anthias noeli Anderson & Baldwin, 2000 in Peru. Between 2016 and 2019, fifteen specimens were captured from the littoral of the Tumbes Department, located in the northernmost of Peru. Fresh photographs were taken of the specimens and meristic and morphometric analyses were conducted for species identification. Additionally, muscle tissue was extracted from five individuals to determine COI gene sequences. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the specimens' identity as A. noeli, and the sequences were deposited in the public database BOLD Systems, representing the first deposited sequences for this species. This record expands the southern distribution of A. noeli.

Resumen En este trabajo se registra a Anthias noeli Anderson & Baldwin, 2000 por primera vez en el Perú. Entre el 2016 y 2019, se capturaron 15 ejemplares en el litoral del departamento de Tumbes, en el extremo norte del Perú. Los ejemplares fueron fotografiados en fresco, se realizaron los análisis merísticos y morfométricos para su identificación. Además, de cinco individuos se obtuvieron tejido muscular para determinar las secuencias del gen COI. Los análisis filogenéticos confirmaron su identificación como A. noeli. Las secuencias fueron depositadas en la base de datos públicos BOLD Systems, siendo las primeras secuencias depositadas de esta especie. Con este registro se amplía la distribución sur de A. noeli.

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the different types of parasites in muscle tissue and organs analyzed in fish for human consumption from the Mercado Mayorista de Buenos Aires, Trujillo, La Libertad, Peru during the year 2019, in eight species of marine fishes: Mugil cephalus "mullet fish”, Sciaena deliciosa “lorna fish”, Scomber japonicus “mackerel fish”, Sarda chiliensis chiliensis “bonito fish”, Trachurus murphyi “horse mackerel”, Mustelus mento “white shark”, Mustelus whitneyi “common shark” and Myliobatis chilensis “eagle ray”, which are sold for direct human consumption. 30 specimens of each species were obtained at random and analyzed throughout the year. Eighteen species of parasites were found, belonging to four Phylum and seven Classes: Platyhelminthes: Monogenea, Trematoda, Digenea, Cestoda; Nematoda: Chromadorea; Arthropoda: Hexanauplia, Malacostraca; Acanthocephala: Palaeaconthocephala. 100% of the lisa specimens presented parasites, the lorna fish had a prevalence of 70%, followed by white shark with 53.53%, bonito fish with 40.00%, horse mackerel with 33.33%, mackerel fish with 23.33%, common shark with 10% and eagle ray with 6.67%. Likewise, the highest parasite intensity was observed by mullet fish with 404 parasites from 9 species in particular.

Resumen El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo general determinar los parásitos en peces marinos de consumo humano directo que se expenden en el Mercado Mayorista de Buenos Aires de Trujillo, La Libertad, Perú durante el año 2019, en ocho especies de peces marinos: Mugil cephalus “lisa”, Sciaena deliciosa “lorna”, Scomber japonicus “caballa”, Sarda chiliensis chiliensis “bonito”, Trachurus murphyi “jurel”, Mustelus mento “tollo blanco”, Mustelus whitneyi “tollo común” y Myliobatis chilensis “raya águila”. Se obtuvieron al azar y se analizaron 30 ejemplares de cada especie. Se encontraron 18 especies de parásitos, pertenecientes a cuatro Phylum y siete Clases: Platyhelminthes: Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda; Nematoda: Cromadorea; Arthropoda: Hexanauplia, Malacostraca; Acanthocephala: Palaeaconthocephala. El 100% de los especímenes de lisa presentaron parásitos, la lorna presentó una prevalencia de 70%, seguida de tollo blanco con 53,33%, bonito con 40.00%, jurel con 33,33%, caballa con 23.33%, tollo común con 10% y raya águila con 6.67%. Asimismo, la mayor intensidad parasitaria se observó en lisa con 404 parásitos de 9 especies en particular.

Abstract This review surveyed information on Caligus Müller, 1785 to identify global infestation patterns and geographic distribution in teleost fishes, as well as physiological and histopathological data and description of treatment strategies. A total 990 samples of Caligus spp. (N = 212 species) obtained of 233 scientific papers on farmed and wild teleost species from 99 families and 30 orders were used, and the highest number of occurrences was on Carangidae. Caligus spp. was predominantly found in marine environments, and only Caligus lacustris and Caligus epidemicus were found in teleost fish of freshwater environments. There was a high prevalence of Caligus spp. on hosts and infestation occurred predominantly in both the tegument and the gills. Caligus species are distributed across different countries and some particularities were identified and discussed. Caligus elongatus and Caligus bonito bonito had the broadest geographic distribution. Histomorphological and hematological disorders caused by infestation by Caligus spp. were reported and discussed, as well as chemotherapeutic products used for controlling and treating the infestations. Variation in the distribution and geographic patterns of Caligus spp. were little evident in many ecosystems and due to the limited data on the infestation of these sea lice on teleost populations in different regions. Müller 178 fishes strategies spp N 21 23 9 3 Carangidae environments gills discussed infestations regions 17 2 1

Abstract During a study of the helminth parasites of carangid fish of the Gulf of Mexico, Protomicrocotyle mirabilis and a new member of that genus were found. The aim of the present study is to provide new morphological and sequences of 28s rDNA and CO1 mtDNA for P. mirabilis and describe the new species. Between 2005–2022, 73 specimens of Caranx spp. were purchased from local fishermen of the littoral waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Protomicrocotyle veracruzensis sp. nov. is most similar to P. mirabilis than to P. ivoriensis, the only members of the genus known from the Greater Atlantic Ocean Basin. Protomicrocotyle veracruzensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from those two species by the arrangement and number of testes. Measurement data on the haptoral armature for the new species is provided and the potential value and need for comparative data from these structures of other members of the genus is discussed. The results of the molecular analysis and the morphometric analysis of 91 characters confirmed that this new species belongs to Protomicrocotyle. Mexico found s CO P 20052022 2005 2022 2005–2022 7 spp sp nov ivoriensis Basin testes discussed 9 2005202 200 202 2005–202 200520 20 2005–20 20052 2 2005–2 2005–

Resumo Encontraram-se durante um estudo dos helmintos parasitas de peixes carangídeos do Golfo do México, Protomicrocotyle mirabilis e um novo membro do gênero. O objetivo do presente estudo é fornecer novos dados morfológicos e sequências de 28s rDNA e CO1 mtDNA para P. mirabilis e descrever a nova espécie. Entre 2005-2022, 73 espécimes de Caranx spp. foram comprados de pescadores locais das águas litorâneas do Golfo do México. Protomicrocotyle veracruzensis sp. nov. é mais semelhante a P. mirabilis do que a P. ivoriensis, os únicos membros do género conhecidos da Grande Bacia do Oceano Atlântico. Protomicrocotyle veracruzensis sp. nov. pode ser distinguido dessas duas espécies pela disposição e número de testículos. Neste estudo são fornecidos dados de medidas da armadura haptoral para a nova espécie, discutido o valor potencial e a necessidade de dados comparativos destas estruturas de outros membros do gênero. Os resultados da análise molecular e da análise morfométrica de 91 caracteres confirmaram que essa nova espécie pertence ao gênero Protomicrocotyle. Encontraramse Encontraram se México s CO P 20052022, 20052022 2005 2022, 2022 2005-2022 7 spp sp nov ivoriensis Atlântico testículos 9 2005202 200 202 2005-202 200520 20 2005-20 20052 2 2005-2 2005-

Resumen Introducción: Las técnicas de video se utilizan en todo el mundo para estudiar las comunidades marinas. Como en otros lugares, el uso de videos submarinos remotos ha aumentado recientemente en Brasil y existe la necesidad de información sobre sus ventajas, desventajas y confiabilidad en los hábitats tropicales. Objetivo: Evaluar el uso de estaciones de video subacuáticas remotas cebadas en la investigación de la diversidad de peces en un hábitat tropical. Métodos: Utilizamos estaciones de video cebadas para registrar los peces y su relación con el tipo de hábitat, la visibilidad submarina y la profundidad, en 79 sitios aleatorios en la Región Metropolitana de Recife, noreste de Brasil (11 días en noviembre de 2017). Resultados: Registramos 3 286 individuos (65 taxones, 29 familias) a lo largo de una sección de 25 km de la costa, de 10.2 a 28.6 m de profundidad. Los Clupeidae dominaron numéricamente, seguidos de Haemulidae, Carangidae y Lutjanidae; por especies, Haemulon aurolineatum, Opisthonema oglinum, Haemulon steindachneri, Lutjanus synagris y Caranx crysos. El mayor número medio de especies se detectó sobre sedimentos cerca de naufragios, pero no encontramos diferencias entre el número medio de individuos entre tipos de hábitat. Se observaron más especies e individuos a una profundidad de 20-25 m. El mayor número medio de especies se registró en 2-3 m de visibilidad, y el mayor número de individuos en 4-5 m. Conclusiones: La grabación en video pareció ser un método válido e indicó que, además de ser relativamente diversa, la comunidad local de peces está dominada por unas pocas especies de mesodepredadores de tamaño pequeño y mediano, y pocos depredadores superiores.

Abstract Introduction: Video techniques are used worldwide to study marine communities. As elsewhere, the use of remote underwater videos has recently increased in Brazil and there is a need for information about their advantages, disadvantages, and reliability in tropical habitats. Objective: To evaluate the use of baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) in fish diversity research in a tropical habitat. Methods: We used baited video stations to record the fishes and their relationship with habitat type, underwater visibility and depth, in 79 random sites in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Northeastern Brazil (11 days in November 2017). Results: We recorded 3 286 individuals (65 taxa, 29 families) along a 25 km section of the shoreline, 10.2 to 28.6 m depth. The Clupeidae dominated numerically, followed by Haemulidae, Carangidae, and Lutjanidae; by species, Haemulon aurolineatum, Opisthonema oglinum, Haemulon steindachneri, Lutjanus synagris and Caranx crysos. The highest mean number of species was detected over sediment close to shipwrecks, but we found no differences among the mean number of individuals between habitat types. More species and individuals were observed at a depth of 20-25 m depth. The highest mean number of species was in 2-3 m of visibility, and the highest number of individuals within 4-5 m. Conclusions: Video recording seemed to be a valid method, and indicated that -besides being relatively diverse- the local fish community is dominated by a few species of small and medium-sized mesopredators, and a few top predators.