Abstract Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) is an ornamental species used as a potted plant or cut flower, its popularity is due to the diversity of colors, number of flower buds, and shelf life. Nevertheless, during the first phases of development, problems such as foliar chlorosis and root diseases affects most cultivars, causing poor growth, thin stems, and few flowers. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improved plant growth as these microbes colonize the plant system root. Therefore, in order to provide better conditions for the stem development, the aim of this work was to evaluate the individual and combined effect of Bacillus subtilis (PGPR) and Glomus intraradices (AMF) on the growth and postharvest quality of the stems of lisianthus cv. Mariachi. Then commercial product Alubión-X (Bacillus subtilis (PGPR) and mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices) were used. The variables evaluated were stem height and diameter, foliar area, leaves number and in postharvest, buds number, open and diameter of flowers and stem dry weight. The results showed a significant effect of the inoculation of G. intraradices on the size (66.92 cm) of the stem, as well as the combination of B. subtilis + G. intraradices (65.51 cm) compared to the control (36.9 cm). The number of buds and open flowers of the stems treated with G. intraradices were 33.35 and 23.9 respectively significantly higher than the control. G. intraradices alone is the best option for applying to lisianthus, when compared to applying with B. Subtilis. Eustoma grandiflorum colors life Nevertheless development cultivars growthpromoting promoting PGPR (PGPR AMF (AMF Therefore cv Mariachi AlubiónX Alubión X area weight G 66.92 6692 66 92 (66.9 cm B 65.51 6551 65 51 (65.5 36.9 369 36 9 (36. cm. . 3335 33 35 33.3 239 23 23. Subtilis 66.9 669 6 (66. 65.5 655 5 (65. 36. 3 (36 333 33. 2 66. (66 65. (65 (3 (6 (

Resumo Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) é uma espécie ornamental utilizada como planta em vaso ou flor de corte, cuja popularidade se deve à diversidade de cores, número de botões florais e vida útil. No entanto, durante as primeiras fases de desenvolvimento, problemas como clorose foliar e doenças radiculares afetam a maioria das cultivares, causando baixo crescimento, hastes finas e poucas flores. O uso de rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (PGPR) e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) melhora o crescimento das plantas, pois esses microrganismos colonizam a raiz do sistema vegetal. Portanto, a fim de proporcionar melhores condições para o desenvolvimento da haste, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito individual e combinado de Bacillus subtilis (PGPR) e Glomus intraradices (FMA) sobre o crescimento e a qualidade pós-colheita em hastes de lisianthus cv . Mariachi. Utilizando-se o produto comercial Alubión-X (Bacillus subtilis, PGPR) e o fungo micorrízico Glomus intraradices. Os resultados mostraram um efeito significativo da inoculação de G. intraradices no tamanho (66,92 cm) da haste, bem como a combinação de B. subtilis + G. intraradices (65,51 cm) em relação ao controle (36,9 cm). O número médio de botões e flores abertas das hastes tratadas com G. intraradices foram 33,35 e 23,9 respectivamente, significativamente maiores que o controle n ão tratado. G. intraradices sozinho é a melhor opção para aplicar em lisianthus, quando comparado a aplicação isolada de B. Subtilis. Eustoma grandiflorum corte cores útil entanto cultivares PGPR (PGPR FMA (FMA vegetal Portanto haste póscolheita pós colheita Mariachi Utilizandose Utilizando AlubiónX Alubión X G 66,92 6692 66 92 (66,9 cm B 65,51 6551 65 51 (65,5 36,9 369 36 9 (36, cm. 3335 33 35 33,3 239 23 23, respectivamente tratado Subtilis 66,9 669 6 (66, 65,5 655 5 (65, 36, 3 (36 333 33, 2 66, (66 65, (65 (3 (6 (

Abstract In this research the effect of five mineral salts on the conservation of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) was evaluated. For this, inflorescens of ABC Blue Rim and Mariachi Carmine cultivars were placed for 12 h in solutions of 0.1 % calcium nitrate, 0.2 mM cobalt chloride, 100 mg L-1 aluminum sulfate, 100 mg L-1 boric acid, 0.5 mM nickel chloride and distilled water as control. Water consumption, relative fresh weight and respiration were evaluated during their vase life. Calcium nitrate and aluminum sulfate increased water consumption in Mariachi Carmine inflorescens (25-31 mL/stem) and helped in maintaining higher relative fresh weight values for a longer period of time in both cultivars (96.9 % for 9-11 days). These compounds also decreased the respiration rate of ABC Blue Rim and Mariachi Carmine inflorescences by 45-67 and 51-59 %, respectively. Results suggest that these salts preserve the hydric relationships and the function of conductive tissues in the two varieties, which, along with the lower respiration rates, significantly improved the vase life of lisianthus.

Resumen En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto por separado de cinco sales minerales en la conservación de dos cultivares de lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum). Para ello, inflorescencias de las variedades ABC Blue Rim y Mariachi Carmine se colocaron por 12 h en soluciones de nitrato de calcio 0.1 %, cloruro de cobalto 0.2 mM, sulfato de aluminio 100 mg L-1, ácido bórico 100 mg L-1, cloruro de níquel 0.5 mM y agua destilada como control. Se evaluó el consumo de agua, peso fresco relativo y respiración durante su vida en florero. El nitrato de calcio y el sulfato de aluminio incrementaron el consumo de agua en las inflorescencias de Mariachi Carmine (25-31 mL/tallo) y ayudaron a mantener valores más altos y por más tiempo de peso fresco relativo en ambos cultivares (96.9 % por 9-11 días). Estos compuestos también disminuyeron la tasa respiratoria de las inflorescencias de ABC Blue Rim y Mariachi Carmine en 45-67 y 51-59 %, respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren que estas sales preservaron las relaciones hídricas y la función de los tejidos conductores en las dos variedades, lo cual, aunado a las tasas respiratorias más bajas, mejoraron significativamente la vida en florero de lisianthus.

Resumen El presente artículo aborda el periodo del México posrevolucionario (1920-1940), donde se experimenta por primera vez una situación de relativa estabilidad. Eso provoca que quienes se encuentran en el poder busquen, en coordinación con la población de la nación, un estilo musical que identifique a México en el ámbito internacional. Así como a España lo identifica el flamenco, o a Argentina el tango, en México se elige a la música de mariachi, o ranchera como la que sea reconocida en el exterior. En el ámbito interno, esto provocó una disputa, ya que el país es muy diverso, y varios estilos regionales entraron en conflicto. Por ello, desde el estado se generó el movimiento nacionalista, que motivó a una caracterización interna, dada la diversidad cultural en las regiones de la República Mexicana, así como un sentimiento de identificación hacia lo que comienza a significar México. Así, este artículo presenta, desde una perspectiva histórica, a través de la investigación en diversas fuentes, cómo es que en México se generó esa identidad musical que aún tiene repercusiones y alcances en la actualidad.

Abstract This article deals with the period of the Post-revolutionary Mexico (1920-1940), where a situation of relative stability is experienced for the first time, causing that those in power sought, in coordination with the population of the nation, a musical style that identified Mexico in the international arena. Just as Spain is identified by flamenco, or Argentina by tango, Mexico is known by its mariachi music, or ranchera. Internally, this caused a dispute, since the country is very diverse, and several regional styles clash. For this reason, the emergence of nationalism is generated from the state, which motivated an internal characterization as well as a sense of identification towards what begins to mean Mexico. Thus, the present communication presents, from a historical perspective and through research of diverse sources, how the musical identity generated in Mexico still has repercussions today.

Abstract The lisianthus is an ornamental with high economic potential for the attractiveness of the flower, diversity in colors and long life in vase; but the information on their nutritional requirements is very low, which limits the elaboration of adequate fertilization programs, low cost and low environmental impact. So the objective of this work was to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of biomass, as well as the nutritional extraction and distribution in lisianthus cv. Mariachi Pink. Sampling was done at 45 ddt (end of the arrease stage, with little stem elongation), 60 ddt (end of stem elongation and formation of secondary shoots), 90 ddt (flower bud formation and elongation of Peduncles) and 140 ddt (opening of the first flower, cut-off point). The crop was developed in greenhouse and soil. The accumulation of biomass and nutritional extraction increased with the development of the plant. The stage of greatest accumulation of biomass and nutritional extraction was the formation of floral buds (90 to 140 ddt). The total biomass was 4.97 g plant-1, 231 g m-2. The total extraction in g m-2 was: N, 2.4; P, 0.46; K, 3.3; Ca, 0.8; Mg, 1; Fe, 0.017; Cu, 0.004; Zn, 0.02; B, 0.009 and Mn, 0.014. The order of extraction was: K ˃ N ˃ Mg ˃ Ca ˃ P ˃ Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ B ˃ Cu. The aerial part accumulated the highest biomass and nutrients.

Resumen El lisianthus es una ornamental con alto potencial económico por lo atractivo de la flor, diversidad en colores y larga vida en florero; pero la información de sus requerimientos nutrimentales es muy escasa, lo que limita la elaboración de programas de fertilización adecuados, de bajo costo y bajo impacto ambiental. Por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la acumulación y distribución de biomasa, así como la extracción y distribución nutrimental en lisianthus cv. Mariachi Pink. Para lo cual se realizaron muestreos a los 45 ddt (fin de la etapa de arrosetamiento, con poco alargamiento del tallo), 60 ddt (fin del alargamiento de tallos y formación de brotes secundarios), 90 ddt (formación de botones florales y alargamiento de pedúnculos) y 140 ddt (apertura de la primera flor, punto de corte). El cultivo se desarrolló en invernadero y en suelo. La acumulación de biomasa y extracción nutrimental se incrementó con el desarrollo de la planta. La etapa de mayor acumulación de biomasa y extracción nutrimental fue la de formación de los botones florales (90 a 140 ddt). La biomasa total fue de 4.97 g planta-1, 231 g m-2. La extracción total en g m-2 fue: N, 2.4; P, 0.46; K, 3.3; Ca, 0.8; Mg, 1; Fe, 0.017; Cu, 0.004; Zn, 0.02; B, 0.009 y Mn, 0.014. El orden de extracción fue: K ˃ N ˃ Mg ˃ Ca ˃ P ˃ Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ B ˃ Cu. La parte aérea fue la que acumuló mayor biomasa y nutrimentos.

Le texte présenté a comme but d'exposer la vie et les avatars des mariacheros nahuas au cours de deux festivités: les commémorations civiques nationales et la célébration du Miraculeux Christ Saint, toutes deux au cours du mois de septembre. L'article présente une série de témoignages oraux pour lesquels il s'agit d'évoquer, même si c'est de forme rudimentaire, ce que furent ces fêtes au cours des deux premiers tiers du XXe siècle.

This essay discusses the lives and vagaries of Nahuatl mariachi musicians (mariacheros) during two festivities, one civil -the commemoration of Mexican independence- the other religious: the celebration of the Santo Cristo Milagroso, both of which occur in the month of September. The author discusses a series of oral testimonies in an effort to evoke -though perhaps only rudimentarily- the nature of those fiestas during the first sixty years of the 20th century.

El texto que presento tiene como fin exponer la vida y los avatares de los mariacheros nahuas en dos festividades: las conmemoraciones patrias y la celebración dedicada al Santo Cristo Milagroso, ambas realizadas durante el mes de septiembre. El artículo presenta una serie de testimonios orales por los que se trata de evocar, aunque sea de manera rudimentaria, lo que fueron estas fiestas durante los dos primeros tercios del siglo XX.

Six new species of the doryctine wasp genus Notiospathius (Braconidae) are described for the states of Jalisco, Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico: N. bisulcatus sp. n., N. chinanteco sp. n., N. crypticus sp. n., N. laurae sp. n., N. mariachi sp. n. and N. tuxtlaensis sp. n. DNA barcoding sequences are provided for these species. They represent the first confirmed records of species of Notiospathius in Mexico.

Se describen 6 especies nuevas del género de avispas parasitoides Notiospathius (Braconidae) para los estados de Jalisco, Oaxaca y Veracruz, México: N. bisulcatus sp. n., N. chinanteco sp. n., N. crypticus sp. n., N. laurae sp. n., N. mariachi sp. n. y N. tuxtlaensis sp. n. Se incluyen secuencias del código de barras del ADN para las especies nuevas, las cuales representan los primeros registros confirmados de especies de Notiospathius para México.

Este trabajo analiza la letra y música de las canciones mariachis, partiendo del melodrama, la catarsis social y la liberación simbólica implícitos en las mismas. Para esto se toma en cuenta las canciones mariachis más populares en nuestra sociedad y se lleva a cabo una metodología analítica del fondo y forma, y el contexto en que se desarrollan.

Ce travail analyse les paroles et la musique des chansons des mariachis, á partir du melodrama, la catharsis sociale et la liberation symbolique qui y est implicite. Pour cela, nous considérons les chansons les plus populaires des mariachi dans notre société. La méthodologie de la recherche est analytique pour la forme et le contenu des chansons et I eur contexte.

This article analyses the lyrics and music of the mariachis songs, taking the melodrama, the social catharsis and the symbolic liberation included in them. For this it is used the most popular mariachis songs in our society and the analytic methodology about the content and form, and the context in which they develop.

O diagnóstico nutricional é fundamental para determinar as exigências das plantas quanto aos nutrientes, de forma a se proceder a um manejo adequado, de acordo com a espécie. Assim, para determinar as concentrações e conteúdos nutricionais adequados à produção e qualidade de plantas de lisianto em cultivo hidropônico, instalou-se um experimento onde as plantas foram cultivadas em sistema NFT, em diferentes soluções nutritivas. O experimento foi conduzido, segundo delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x3, totalizando 12 tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos de quatro cultivares (Echo Champagne, Mariachi Pure White, Balboa Yellow e Ávila Blue Rim) e três soluções nutritivas (Teste, Steiner modificada e Barbosa). Foram avaliadas as concentrações e os conteúdos dos nutrientes nas folhas e conteúdos na parte aérea das plantas. As plantas cultivadas nas soluções Barbosa e Teste apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quanto às concentrações e aos conteúdos de nutrientes, enquanto a solução Steiner modificada produziu plantas com limitações nutricionais.

The nutritional diagnosis is fundamental for determining plant nutrients, in order to correctly manage the nutritional requirements for each species. Thus, in order to determine the ideal nutrient amount and concentration for obtaining the best yield and quality of lisianthus grown hydroponically, an experiment was conducted in which the plants were grown under the NFT system in different nutrient solutions. The experiment was conducted according to a random block design arrangement in a 4x3 factorial scheme, totaling 12 treatments with three repetitions. The treatments were comprised of four cultivars (Echo Champagne, Mariachi Pure White, Balboa Yellow and Ávila Blue Rim) and three nutrient solutions (Test, modified Steiner and Barbosa). In the leaves, nutrient concentration and content were evaluated; in the aerial parts of the plants, only the content was evaluated. The plants grown in Barbosa solution and in the Test solution had satisfactory results regarding nutrient concentration and amounts, while the modified Steiner solution produced plants with limited nutritional qualities.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características produtivas e comerciais do cultivo de quatro cultivares de lisianto (Eustoma grandiflorum) em três soluções nutritivas em sistema de fluxo laminar de nutrientes (NFT). Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x3, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos de quatro cultivares (Echo Champagne, Mariachi Pure White, Balboa Yellow e Ávila Blue Rim) e três soluções nutritivas (Teste, Steiner modificada e Barbosa). O sistema NFT é uma alternativa viável para o cultivo de lisianto nas soluções Barbosa e Teste. A cultivar Echo Champagne foi superior quanto ao ciclo, período em produção, altura da haste floral, número de folhas, diâmetro de botão e produção de massa fresca e seca, enquanto a cultivar Mariachi Pure White se destacou quanto ao período em produção. A cultivar Ávila Blue Rim apresentou maior período de produção, número de flores e produção de massa de matéria fresca e seca, enquanto a cultivar Balboa Yellow apresentou maior período em produção e diâmetro de botão.

The objective of this work was to evaluate yield and commercial traits of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) flowers growth in nutrient film technique (NFT). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in factorial scheme (4x3), with three replicates. The treatments were four cultivars (Echo Champagne, Mariachi Pure White, Balboa Yellow and Ávila Blue Rim) and three nutrient solutions (Test, modified Steiner and Barbosa). The NFT system is a feasible alternative for the growth of lisianthus in Barbosa and Test solutions. The cultivar Echo Champagne was superior for cycle, length of production, height of flower stem, number of leaves, diameter of the bud flower and fresh and dry weight production, while the cultivar Mariachi Pure White was superior for length of production. The cultivar Ávila Blue Rim showed good length of production, number of flowers and fresh and dry matter production, while the cultivar Balboa Yellow had long length of production and bud flower diameter.