Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract Background: Mangroves are communities whose structure expresses patterns according to the coastal landforms in which they develop. Questions: Is there a structural variation of mangroves among landforms and regions of the South Pacific? What is the effect of the geomorphological-regional factor on the structure of mangroves? What is the level of consistency of mangrove structure within each analyzed landform and region? Data description: Basal area, height, density, complexity index, and importance value. Study site: Mangroves from 39 systems in five hydrological regions in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, Mexico. Methods: The structural classification of mangroves was carried out considering the landform (inlet, estuary, lagoon) and the hydrological region. Correlations were used to assess their relationship with salinity and water recharge, and multivariate techniques were employed to identify differences between factors and clustering patterns. Results: Density and basal area correlated positively with water recharge, and it was found that mangrove density and complexity varied significantly among landforms and regions, while basal area and height were affected by landform and region. Discrete groups of variables in ordinations were not evident, with greater structural variability of mangroves found by hydrological region rather than landform. Conclusions: There is structural variation in mangroves among landforms and regions of the South Pacific; however, the variation in basal area, height, and density is low, resulting in consistency when compared across hydrological regions.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los manglares son comunidades cuya estructura expresa patrones de acuerdo a las geoformas costeras en las que se desarrollan. Preguntas: ¿Existe una variación estructural de los manglares entre geoformas y regiones del Pacífico sur? ¿Cuál es el efecto del factor geomórfico-regional sobre la estructura de los manglares? ¿Cuál es el nivel de consistencia de la estructura de los manglares entre cada geoforma y región analizada? Descripción de datos: Área basal, altura, densidad, índice de complejidad y valor de importancia. Sitio de estudio: Manglares de 39 sistemas de cinco regiones hidrológicas en los estados de Guerrero, Oaxaca y Chiapas, México. Métodos: La clasificación estructural de los manglares se realizó considerando la geoforma (bocana, estero, estuario, laguna) y la región hidrológica. Se emplearon correlaciones para evaluar su relación con la salinidad y la recarga hídrica; y técnicas multivariadas para identificar diferencias entre los factores y patrones de agrupación. Resultados: La densidad y el área basal se correlacionaron positivamente con la recarga hídrica, y se encontró que la densidad y la complejidad del manglar variaron significativamente entre geoformas y regiones; mientras que el área basal y la altura fueron afectadas por geoforma y región. Los grupos discretos de las variables en las ordenaciones no resultó evidente, encontrándose mayor variabilidad estructural de los manglares por región hidrológica que por geoforma. Conclusiones: Existe variación estructural en los manglares entre geoformas y regiones del Pacífico sur, sin embargo, la variación del área basal, altura y densidad es baja, resultando consistente al compararse entre regiones hidrológicas.

Abstract Tropical wetland forests are fragile ecosystems facing critical risks due to global warming and other anthropogenic threats. Hence, gathering accurate and reliable information on them is urgent. Although remote sensing has demonstrated great potential in studying terrestrial ecosystems, remote sensing-based wetland forest research is still in an early stage of development. Mapping wetland forests, particularly mangrove forests, was an initial goal of this approach and is a task that still faces methodological challenges. Initially based on aerial photography only, wetland forest mapping through remote sensing underwent explosive diversification after the launching of artificial satellites in the 1970s. Later, precision in wetland forest mapping increased with the combination of hyperspectral, multispectral, and high and very high-resolution imagery. Accurate delimitation of wetland forest extent is also necessary to assess their temporal dynamics (losses, gains, and horizontal displacement). Despite the prevalence of mapping studies, current remote sensing-based research on wetland forests addresses new questions and novel aims, such as describing and predicting wetland forest attributes through mathematical modeling. Although this approach has made substantial progress in recent decades, modeling and predicting wetland forest attributes remain insufficiently explored fields of research. Combining active and passive sensors is a promising alternative to provide a more accurate picture of these communities’ attributes. In particular, LiDAR and radar-based technologies may help overcome difficulties encountered in older studies. In the future, we will witness conceptual and methodological progress that will enable us to surmount the remaining challenges.

Resumen Los humedales arbóreos tropicales están críticamente amenazados por el calentamiento global y otras amenazas antropogénicas; por ello, urge recopilar información confiable sobre estas comunidades vegetales. Aunque la percepción remota ha demostrado gran potencial en el estudio de ecosistemas terrestres, la investigación de los humedales arbóreos con este enfoque requiere mayor desarrollo. El mapeo de los humedales arbóreos (particularmente manglares), que fue el objetivo inicial de este enfoque, aún enfrenta desafíos metodológicos. Inicialmente basado solo en fotografías aéreas, el mapeo de humedales arbóreos se diversificó explosivamente con el lanzamiento de satélites artificiales y la interpretación de imágenes de percepción remota. La precisión de los mapas de estas comunidades aumentó con el uso combinado de imágenes multiespectrales, hiperespectrales, de alta y muy alta resolución. Para evaluar la dinámica temporal (pérdidas, ganancias, desplazamiento horizontal) de los humedales arbóreos necesitamos delimitar de manera precisa su extensión. Aunque todavía se están cartografiando numerosos humedales arbóreos, la investigación actual de estos ecosistemas por percepción remota aborda nuevas preguntas y objetivos (e.g., predecir los atributos comunitarios por medio de modelos matemáticos). A pesar de sustanciales avances recientes, el modelado y la predicción de los atributos de los humedales arbóreos siguen siendo temas poco explorados. La combinación de sensores activos y pasivos es una alternativa promisoria para evaluar con precisión los atributos de estas comunidades, y las tecnologías de radar y LiDAR pueden ayudar a superar dificultades enfrentadas en el pasado. Los avances conceptuales y metodológicos en el futuro permitirán superar los desafíos que aún persisten.

Abstract The exploited mangrove crab Ucides cordatus, an important ecosystem engineer in South American mangroves, has a biphasic lifecycle with pelagic larvae developing offshore. Megalopae return to the mangrove forest to settle, i.e., metamorphose into benthic juveniles but its environmental drivers remain poorly understood. We postulate that conspecific crabs facilitate recruitment. In the field, we investigated whether the number of recruits is higher near conspecific burrows than in areas without conspecific bioturbation. Recruit sampling was conducted monthly from April 2008 to May 2009 along an environmental gradient. First, U. cordatus recruits of that year emerged from March to July. Intraspecific facilitation was indicated by significantly higher recruit numbers in bioturbated than in non-bioturbated substrates. Recruits were most abundant in zones with intermediate conditions of inundation, leaf litter standing stock, sediment consistency, luminosity, temperature, salinity, and pH. Avoidance of more inundated zones likely reduces predation by fishes and of less inundated zones helps individuals escape more stressful, drier environmental conditions. The observed habitat-specific recruitment pattern must be considered when designing field assessments of the population structure of U. cordatus (which should include sampling recruits) and enhancing stocks by releasing laboratory-cultivated larvae and first juveniles into the wild. mangroves offshore settle ie i e i.e. understood bioturbation 200 gradient First U July nonbioturbated non substrates inundation stock consistency luminosity temperature salinity pH stressful habitatspecific habitat specific which laboratorycultivated laboratory cultivated wild i.e 20 2

Abstract The longsnout seahorse (Hippocampus reidi) is a vulnerable species found along most of the Brazilian coastline, such as semi-arid estuaries with strong rainfall seasonality, hypersalinity, and low depth. To evaluate the population structure of H. reidi over time, we monitored the seahorse population in the Pacoti estuary (Brazil) for one year, based on 248 registered specimens. Salinity, water transparency, sex, pregnancy, body height, and holdfast use were registered. Mixed linear models revealed that sampling month, salinity, and transparency had no influence on population density in the lower zone of the estuary. Pregnant individuals were more frequent in the dry season and at higher salinities. Mean body height (12.7 cm) increased in the dry season. Bright colors were predominant. The seahorses employed nine types of holdfasts, most often mangrove roots, and were found to reproduce throughout the year, peaking in the dry season. Salinity and transparency did not impact population density. In Brazilian semi-arid estuaries, the longsnout seahorse is strongly associated with mangrove vegetation, used as holdfast. Therefore, the conservation of seahorse populations depends on the conservation of the local mangrove forests. Hippocampus coastline semiarid semi arid seasonality hypersalinity depth H time Brazil (Brazil year 24 specimens sex pregnancy month salinity salinities 12.7 127 12 7 (12. cm predominant holdfasts roots vegetation Therefore forests 2 12. 1 (12 (1 (

Resumo O cavalo-marinho Hippocampus reidi é uma espécie vulnerável encontrada ao longo da maior parte da costa brasileira, incluindo estuários semiáridos com forte sazonalidade de chuvas, hipersalinidade e baixa profundidade. Para avaliar a estrutura populacional do H. reidi ao longo do tempo, monitoramos a população de cavalos-marinhos no estuário do Pacoti (Brasil) por um ano, com base em 248 espécimes registrados. Registramos a salinidade, a transparência da água, o sexo, a gravidez, a altura do corpo e o uso de substratos de fixação. Modelos lineares mistos revelaram que o mês de coleta, a salinidade e a transparência não tiveram influência na densidade populacional na zona inferior do estuário. Indivíduos grávidos eram mais frequentes na estação seca e em salinidades mais altas. A altura média do corpo (12,7 cm) aumentou na estação seca. Cores vibrantes foram predominantes. Os cavalos-marinhos utilizaram nove tipos de substratos de fixação, com maior frequência em raízes de mangue, e foram encontrados se reproduzindo ao longo do ano, com pico na estação seca. Em estuários semiáridos brasileiros, o cavalo-marinho H. reidi está fortemente associado à vegetação de mangue, utilizada como substrato de fixação. Portanto, a conservação das populações de cavalos-marinhos depende da preservação dos manguezais. cavalomarinho cavalo marinho brasileira chuvas profundidade H tempo cavalosmarinhos cavalos marinhos Brasil (Brasil ano 24 registrados água sexo gravidez fixação coleta altas 12,7 127 12 7 (12, cm predominantes mangue brasileiros Portanto manguezais 2 12, 1 (12 (1 (

Abstract Teredinids are bivalves mollusks considered the most abundant of invertebrates group of marine wood borers performing an important role in the mangrove environment. This study aimed to characterize the Teredinidae species from the Acaraú River estuary in Ceará and analyse the relationship between the mangrove plant structure and the distribution of Teredinidae, according to gradients estuaries: vertical (flooding) and horizontal (salinity). The collection of mangrove logs with Teredinidae happened in three places within the estuary (inner, median, and upper); in each area, three transects were traced in which three plots were lined off, and a total of 40 logs were collected. Teredinidae species were found and identified: Nausitora fusticula; Neoteredo reynei; Teredo turnerae; Teredo cf. bartschi; Bankia bipennata; Bankia gouldi; Lirodus massa and Lyrodus cf. bipartitus. The Lyrodus cf. bipartitus, Bankia gouldi, and Teredo cf. bartschi species were registered for the first time in Ceará. The distribution and species richness of Teredinidae were directly related to the vertical gradient (flooding) and heterogeneity of the mangrove forest habitat. The data presented here are essential for comprehending the mechanisms responsible for the distribution patterns of the Teredinidae species in the mangrove, contributing to biodiversity conservation in Ceará coastal zones. environment estuaries flooding (flooding salinity. salinity . (salinity) inner, inner (inner median upper upper) area off 4 collected identified fusticula reynei turnerae cf bipennata gouldi bipartitus habitat zones (salinity

Resumo Os teredinídeos são moluscos bivalves considerados o grupo de invertebrados mais abundante de organismos perfuradores de madeira marinha, desempenhando importante papel ecológico nos ambientes de manguezais. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a caracterização das espécies de Teredinidae do estuário do Rio Acaraú, Ceará e analisar a relação da estrutura vegetal do bosque de mangue com a distribuição dos teredinídeos de acordo com os gradientes estuarinos: vertical (inundação) e horizontal (salinidade). A coleta dos troncos de mangue com teredinídeos aconteceu em três pontos do estuário (interior, médio e superior). Em cada ponto foram traçados três transectos nos quais, foram demarcadas três parcelas das quais foram coletados o total de 40 troncos. Foram encontradas e identificadas 8 espécies de Teredinidae: Nausitora fusticula; Neoteredo reynei; Teredo turnerae; Teredo cf. bartschi; Bankia bipennata; Bankia gouldi; Lirodus massa e Lyrodus cf. bipartitus. As espécies Lyrodus cf. bipartitus, Bankia gouldi e Teredo cf. bartschi, foram registradas pela primeira vez no estado. A distribuição e riqueza de espécies de Teredinidae estiveram diretamente relacionadas com o gradiente vertical (inundação) e heterogeneidade de hábitat do bosque de mangue. Os dados aqui apresentados serão importantes para compreensão dos mecanismos responsáveis pelos padrões de distribuição das espécies de Teredinidae nos bosques de mangues, contribuindo para a conservação da biodiversidade em zonas costeiras do Ceará. marinha manguezais Acaraú estuarinos inundação (inundação salinidade. salinidade . (salinidade) interior, interior (interior superior. superior superior) 4 fusticula reynei turnerae cf bartschi bipennata bipartitus estado mangues (salinidade

Abstract This is the 1st record of the Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham., in the mangroves of South America – Cubatão-Baixada Santista, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The record was made in an area located 2 km apart from the port of Santos. Its arrival was probably made through the ballast water. S. apetala as well an exotic it is also an aggressive mangrove species. All 85 individuals identified were georeferenced. In May 2023 they were flowering and in August they already had ripe fruits/propagules. The presence of exotic species in mangroves is worrying, they can cause profound ecological and economic impacts and negatively influence the restoration of native ecosystems. The presence of S. apetala in the mangroves of Cubatão region could bring about a radical change in the biological structure of the mangrove ecosystem, in addition to being a new point of dispersal to others areas. st Buch.Ham., BuchHam Buch. Ham., Buch Ham Buch.-Ham. CubatãoBaixada Baixada Santista Paulo Brazil Santos water S 8 georeferenced 202 fruitspropagules fruits propagules fruits/propagules worrying ecosystems ecosystem areas Buch.Ham. Ham. Buch.-Ham 20 Buch.Ham

Resumo Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham., na América do Sul, Cubatão-Baixada Santista, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O registro ocorreu em área situada a 2 km do porto de Santos. Sua presença, se fez, provavelmente, por meio da água de lastro dos navios. A S. apetala é uma espécie exótica agressiva nos manguezais dessa região. Todos os 85 exemplares identificados foram georeferenciados. Em maio de 2023 estavam floridas e em agosto já tinha frutos/propágulos maduros. A presença de espécies exóticas nos manguezais é preocupante, pois são capazes de gerar impactos ecológicos e econômicos e influenciar, negativamente, na restauração desse ecossistema no estuário de Cubatão. A presença da S.apetala, no manguezal da região de Cubatão pode povocar uma mudança radical na estrutura biológica do ecossistema manguezal, além de ser um novo ponto de dispersão para outras áreas. Buch.Ham., BuchHam Buch. Ham., Buch Ham Buch.-Ham. Sul CubatãoBaixada Baixada Santista Paulo Brasil Santos fez provavelmente navios S 8 georeferenciados 202 frutospropágulos frutos propágulos maduros preocupante influenciar negativamente Sapetala S.apetala áreas Buch.Ham. Ham. Buch.-Ham 20 Buch.Ham

Resumen Las comunidades del bosque de manglar son de vital importancia debido a la diversidad de servicios ecosistémicos que proveen. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la estructura y el impacto humano generado en la zona interna del Humedal Estero de Puntarenas y Manglares Asociados (HEPyMA). El estudio se realizó en el año 2017 se establecieron 10 parcelas de monitoreo de 10 m x 25 m que se ubicaron en la zona interna del manglar, en los bordes más cercanos a terrenos de uso agrícola. En cada parcela se hizo una caracterización vegetal, fisicoquímica y de basura. Para evaluar la relación entre parcelas y los datos fisicoquímicos, se realizaron pruebas de Pearson, ANOVA y Análisis de Ordenación Canónica. Se midieron un total de 217 árboles, distribuidos en 5 especies. El índice de complejidad para todo el manglar fue de 4.61. En cuanto a la basura, los plásticos y zapatos fueron los dos grupos con mayor presencia en el manglar. El HEPyMA evidencia que estructuralmente es un ecosistema resiliente, que tiene características ecológicas que favorecen su alta diversidad y estabilidad a pesar de las diferentes actividades antropogénicas que se desarrollan en el manglar y sus alrededores. Es posible que la flecha arenosa que conforma la ciudad de Puntarenas esté funcionando como barrera, impidiendo que una mayor cantidad de la basura arrastrada por el mar ingrese a este sector del manglar, y por ello se acumule en la playa, por lo que es necesario y urgente tomar medidas de conservación con el fin de evitar daños irreversibles.

Abstract Mangrove forest communities are of vital importance due to the diversity of ecosystem services they provide. The objective of this study was to assess the structure and human impact generated in the inner zone of the Estero de Puntarenas Wetland and Associated Mangroves (HEPyMA). The study was carried out in 2017 and 10 monitoring plots of 10 m x 25 m were established in the inner zone of the mangrove forest, on the closest edges to agricultural land. In each plot, a vegetation, physicochemical and litter characterization was carried out. To evaluate the relationship between plots and physicochemical data, Pearson tests, ANOVA and Canonical Ordination Analysis were performed. A total of 217 trees were measured, distributed in 5 species. The complexity index for the whole mangrove was 4.61. In terms of litter, plastics and shoes were the two groups with the highest presence in the mangrove. The HEPyMA is evidence that structurally it is a resilient ecosystem, which has ecological characteristics that favor its high diversity and stability despite the different anthropogenic activities that take place in and around the mangrove. It is possible that the sandy arrow that forms the city of Puntarenas is functioning as a barrier, preventing a greater amount of the rubbish dragged by the sea from entering this sector of the mangrove, and therefore accumulating on the beach, so it is necessary and urgent to take conservation measures to avoid irreversible damage.

Abstract: Background: In the Yucatan Peninsula, some mangrove areas were filled with rubble and residential areas were latter developed. Questions: Can the knowledge of the forest structure and carbon storage be used to establish a baseline for urban mangrove conservation? Study species: Rhizophora mangle L., Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn f., Avicennia germinans L. y Conocarpus erectus L. Location and study year: Isla del Carmen, Campeche, 2017. Methods: Sampling units were established for assessing vegetation structure and measuring above-ground and below-ground carbon stock in two mangrove zone; the first one was filled with rubble and the second without land use changes. Results: The site filled with rubble had a basal area of 25.4 m2 ha-1, where A. germinans was the dominant species with stand density of 675 trees ha-1, with average height of 5.5 m and average diameter at breast height of 13.4 ± 1.6 cm. The site without land use changes had a basal area of 27.8 m2 ha-1 and A. germinans was also the most abundant species with 731 trees ha-1, but individuals were smaller (5.0 m tall) and with greater diameter at breast height (15.2 cm), as compared with the other site. The estimated total carbon stored in the second site (383 Mg C ha-1) was higher than in the first one (321 Mg C ha-1). Conclusions: The ecological value of carbon sequestration and forest structure contributed to strengthening the conservation and protection measures against invasions of urban mangroves.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En la península de Yucatán, algunas zonas del manglar han sido rellenadas con escombros y basura, donde posteriormente se establecieron zonas habitacionales. Preguntas: ¿Puede usarse el conocimiento de la estructura forestal y el almacén de carbono para establecer la línea base para la conservación de los manglares urbanos? Especies de estudio: Rhizophora mangle L., Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn f., Avicennia germinans L. y Conocarpus erectus L. Sitio y años de estudio: Isla del Carmen, Campeche, año 2017. Métodos: Se establecieron unidades de muestreo para evaluar la vegetación y medir el carbono aéreo y subterráneo en dos zonas de manglar, la primera fue rellenada con escombros y otra sin cambios del suelo. Resultados: La zona rellenada con escombros presentó un área basal de 25.4 m2 ha-1, donde A. germinans fue la especie dominante con 675 árboles ha-1, con promedios de 5.5 m en altura y 13.4 cm de diámetro. La otra zona sin cambios del suelo presentó un área basal de 27.8 m2 ha-1, siendo también A. germinans la especie más abundante con 731 árboles ha-1, pero su altura fue más baja (5.0 m) y su diámetro a la altura del pecho mayor (15.2 cm) que en la otra zona. El carbono total almacenado en la segunda zona (383 Mg C ha-1) fue mayor que en la primera (321 Mg C ha-1). Conclusiones: El valor ecológico de la vegetación y la captura de carbono contribuye en el fortalecimiento de medidas de conservación y protección del manglar ante las invasiones urbanas.

RESUMO Apesar da grande diversidade sugerida para o Pacífico colombiano, até o momento pouco foi documentado sobre suas florestas inundadas, o que não permitiu que estratégias de manejo fossem desenvolvidas de acordo com as características dos locais. A fim de contribuir para o reconhecimento desses ecossistemas, a estrutura florística foi caracterizada e o carbono armazenado na biomassa total de três florestas inundadas (Manguezal, Sajal e Guandal) foi estimado. Dez parcelas de 0,1 ha foram estabelecidas. Os indivíduos com diâmetro (D1.30) > cinco cm e altura em metros foram medidos. A biomassa acima do solo foi calculada usando equações alométricas criadas para este tipo de ecossistema. O Índice de Valor de Importância foi determinado. Foi realizada uma Análise de Componentes Principais para comparar a composição e a estrutura dos três ecossistemas. Os dados sobre o número de indivíduos, área basal, biomassa e carbono foram comparados utilizando a análise não paramétrica de variância Kruskal-Wallis. Um total de 1678 indivíduos foram registrados, agrupados em 92 espécies e 38 famílias botânicas. Em média, foram encontrados 29,5 MgC ha-1 armazenados em biomassa total (abaixo e acima do solo), distribuídos em Manguezal - 37,7 MgC ha-1, Sajal - 28,3 MgC ha-1 e Guandal - 22,4 MgC ha-1. O Manguezal tem um número maior de indivíduos do que Guandal e Sajal. Foram encontrados dois grupos: o primeiro dominado por uma espécie e o segundo com mais de três espécies dominantes.

ABSTRACT Despite the wide diversity suggested for the Colombian Pacific, to date little has been documented about its flooded forests, which have not allowed management strategies to be undertaken according to the characteristics of the sites. In order to contribute to the knowledge of these ecosystems, the floristic structure was characterized and the carbon stored in the total biomass of three flooded forests (Mangrove, Sajal and Guandal) was estimated. Ten plots of 0.1 ha were established. Individuals with diameter (D1.30) > 5 cm and height in meters were measured. Aerial biomass was calculated using allometric equations developed for this type of ecosystem. The Importance Value Index was determined. A Principal Component Analysis was performed to compare the composition and structure of the three ecosystems. Data on number of individuals, basal area, biomass and carbon were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric analysis of variance. A total of 1678 individuals were recorded, grouped into 92 species and 38 botanical families. On average, 29.5 MgC ha-1 were found stored in total biomass (below and above ground), distributed in Mangrove 37.7 MgC ha-1, Sajal 28.3 MgC ha-1 and Guandal 22.4 MgC ha-1. Mangrove presents a greater number of individuals than Guandal and Sajal. Two groups were found: the first dominated by one species and the second with more than three dominant species.

RESUMEN A pesar de la amplia diversidad sugerida para el pacífico colombiano, a la fecha es poco lo que se ha documentado sobre sus bosques inundables, lo que no ha permitido que se emprendan estrategias de manejo acorde a las características propias de los sitios. Para contribuir al conocimiento de estos ecosistemas, se caracterizó la estructura florística y se estimó el carbono almacenado en la biomasa total de tres bosques inundables (Manglar, Sajal y Guandal). Se establecieron diez parcelas de 0,1 ha. Se midieron los individuos con diámetro (D1.30) > cinco cm y la altura en metros. El cálculo de la biomasa aérea se efectuó empleando ecuaciones alométricas desarrolladas para este tipo de ecosistema. Se determinó el Índice de Valor de Importancia. Se realizó un análisis de Componentes Principales para comparar la composición y estructura de los tres ecosistemas. Se compararon los datos de número de individuos, área basal, biomasa y carbono a través del análisis de varianza no paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis. Se registraron en total 1678 individuos, agrupados en 92 especies y 38 familias botánicas. En promedio se encontraron 29,5 MgC ha-1 almacenados en la biomasa total (subterránea y aérea, distribuidos en Manglar-37,7 MgC ha-1, Sajal- 28,3 MgC ha-1 y Guandal- 22,4 MgC ha-1. El Manglar presenta mayor número de individuos que el Guandal y Sajal. Se encontraron dos grupos: el primero dominado por una especie y el segundo con más de tres especies dominantes.

Resumo: O Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), localizado no estremo sul do litoral paulista, reúne um importante remanescente de Floresta Atlântica em bom estado de conservação, carecendo, porém, de um estudo aprofundado sobre a comunidade de aves que habita a ilha. Diante disso, o presente estudo visou a elaborar um inventário das espécies de aves do parque abordando a riqueza, frequência de ocorrência, status de ocorrência e divisão das espécies em guildas. Foram realizadas entre setembro de 2015 e setembro de 2017, 25 expedições de campo com cinco dias de duração cada, incluindo os ecossistemas de manguezal, restinga, floresta, baixio, praia e marinho. O inventário foi realizado combinando três técnicas para estudos ornitológicos: identificação visual, identificação auditiva e captura com redes-de-neblina (cinco pontos fixos no manguezal, restinga e floresta). Foram registradas 335 espécies de aves, sendo 28 espécies consideradas endêmicas para o Brasil e 33 com algum grau de risco de extinção. Setenta e três espécies foram registradas em todos os meses amostrados (FO = 100%), enquanto que 46 apresentaram registros em apenas um mês (FO = 4%). No que se refere ao status de ocorrência, 55% das espécies são residentes, 20% visitantes ocasionais, 13% residentes incomuns, 6% migratórias e 6% visitantes. As espécies registradas permitiram o reconhecimento de 25 guildas com base nos itens alimentares, tamanho corporal e estrato em que comumente forrageiam, sendo as mais representativas na comunidade, as guildas de “Insetívoros de estrato médio” (N = 55), “Onívoros de copa” (N = 33), “Consumidores de Invertebrados Aquáticos” e “Piscívoros” (N = 31). Por fim, com o presente estudo, buscamos através de um significativo esforço em campo trazer um melhor conhecimento no que diz respeito a avifauna do PEIC, que pode vir a servir de base na hora de traçar ações visando ao manejo do parque bem como das unidades de conservação que se distribuem no seu entorno.

Abstract: The Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), located on extreme South of São Paulo’s cost, in Brazil, holds an important Atlantic Forest remnant which still in a good state of conservation, but lack a deepen study about the avian community that habits the island. This study aimed to elaborate a census of avian species that occur in the park approaching richness, occurrence frequency, occurrence status and the structure of trophic guilds. A total of 25 field expedictions occurred between September 2015 and September 2017 during five days each, the field work included different ecosystems as mangrove, restinga, forest, sandbank, beach and marine. The census was made combine three different techniques used in ornithological studies: visual identification, auditory identification and catch by mist-nets (with five fixed sites in mangrove, restinga and forest). Were recorded 335 avian species, with 28 of them endemic from Brazil and 33 being threatened with extinction. Seventy-three species were recorded in all sampled months (FO 100%), while 46 were recorded in just one month (FO = 4%). About occurrence status, 55% of species are residents, 20% occasional visitors, 13% unusual residents, 6% migratory and 6% visitors. According the recorded species were recognized 25 trophic guilds based on food items, corporal size and strata that commonly forage, which of most representative in the community, the guild of “of insectivorous of medium-strata” (N = 55), “canopy omnivorous” (N = 33), “aquatic invertebrates consummers” and “piscivorous” (N = 31). Finally, with the current study, we aimed through a significative field effort bring a better knowledge about avifauna of PEIC, which could be a good base when is necessary take actions that aim to park management and the Conservation Unities around it.

Abstract In 2015, a serious environmental disaster occurred at ULTRACARGO - Aratu S/A Terminal (Cubatão, SP) causing a long-lasting, large-scale, fire that resulted in the release of various chemical pollutants, including those used to contain the fire. These pollutants affected adjacent regions and the innermost area of the Santos-São Vicente Estuarine System, requiring the assessment of environmental quality in two mangrove areas post-disaster (2016). This assessment considered biomarkers for the species including population density, structure, and cytogenotoxicity. The population structure and cytotoxicity of Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) only changed slightly from pre-disaster (2013) to post-disaster (2016), as a consequence of the greater resilience and biological flexibility of this crab to environmental stress caused by pollutants. We recommend continuous monitoring be conducted using this species endemic to the mangroves of the study site, as this will make it possible to assess the magnitude of the chronic environmental impacts of the accident. In addition, it could guide environmental agencies in damage mitigation or in the quantification of possible future impacts.

Abstract Changes in hydrology in mangroves translate into well-defined degradation gradients that mainly translate into a decrease in their structure. A good estimator of the structure of a forest is the Complexity Index, which relates density, basal area, height and the number of species present in 0.1 ha. A neotropical mangrove swamp located within Ramsar site No. 1602 was fragmented by the construction of three solid structures across the width of the forest. This eventually caused the degradation of the forest, with three scenarios, apparently undegraded sections, semi-degraded and complete mortality. The present work, based on two ecological index, seeks to find changes in the behavior of the tree structure and regeneration that show the degradation process. A reference site was established and four more transects were made covering the width of the mangrove and all degradation scenarios. Quadrants were made every 25 m, taking the indicators to process the Complexity Index and a Regeneration Index. The reference site presented the best regeneration value and the second best in tree structure in relation to the forest fragments. When comparing for the degradation condition, the reference site and the area that apparently is not degraded had close values, not the semi-degraded condition that presented values much lower, mainly attributed to its low density and height of its individuals. Compared to the reference site, the apparently non-degraded areas of the forest fragments have good structural development and regeneration, so a rehabilitation is feasible to solve the stress caused and begin its recovery, not so for the total mortality area, which requires active intervention to begin a slow process that leads to its integration into the other areas.

Resumen Cambios de la hidrología en los manglares se traducen en gradientes bien definidos de degradación que principalmente inducen una disminución de su estructura. Un buen estimador de la estructura de un bosque es el Índice de Complejidad, que relaciona densidad, área basal, altura y el número de especies presentes en 0.1 ha, siendo éstos susceptibles a ser modificados por factores estresantes. Desde 1998, un manglar neotropical localizado dentro del sitio Ramsar No. 1602 quedó fragmentado por la construcción de tres estructuras sólidas en todo lo ancho del bosque modificando la hidrología. Esta acción con el tiempo ocasionó la degradación, reflejando tres escenarios de perturbación en el bosque, secciones aparentemente no degradadas, semidegradadas y sitios con mortandad completa. El presente trabajo, basado en dos indicadores ecológicos buscó encontrar cambios en el comportamiento de la estructura arbórea y la regeneración que evidenciaran el proceso de degradación. Se estableció un sitio de referencia y se realizaron cuatro transectos más abarcando el ancho del manglar y todos los escenarios de degradación. Se realizaron cuadrados de 10 x 10 m a cada 25 m, tomado los indicadores para procesar el Índice de Complejidad y un Estimador de Regeneración El sitio de referencia presentó el mejor valor del estimador de regeneración y el segundo mejor en estructura arbórea con relación a los fragmentos del bosque. Al comparar por la condición de degradación, el sitio de referencia y el área que aparentemente no se encuentra degradada tuvieron valores cercanos, no así la condición semidegradada que presentó valores muy por debajo, principalmente atribuidos a su baja densidad y altura de sus individuos. En comparación con el sitio de referencia, las áreas aparentemente no degradadas de los fragmentos del bosque tienen buen desarrollo estructural y regeneración, por lo que es factible una rehabilitación para solventar el estrés causado y comenzar su recuperación, no así para el área de mortandad total, que requiere la intervención activa para comenzar un lento proceso que lleve a su integración a las otras áreas.

Resumen Introducción: Los manglares están en declive en el mundo, conocer su estructura y regeneración en diferentes niveles de alteración puede ayudar a comprender la dinámica poblacional ante situaciones de estrés. Objetivo: La meta principal del estudio fue analizar la estructura comunitaria y estimar la trayectoria de las poblaciones de Avicenia germinans en diferentes sitios de manglar que presentan tres niveles de alteración. Métodos: Ocho transectos de aproximadamente 500 m de largo y colocados de manera perpendicular a la laguna de Tampamachoco, Veracruz, interceptaron tres niveles de alteración en los sitios estudiados del bosque de manglar. En cada transecto, cuadrantes de 10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m, y 1 x 1 m sirvieron para contar todos los árboles de mangle por especie y estadio de madurez en 2017 y 2018. Resultados: La especie más abundante fue: A. germinans seguida de Rhizophora mangle y Laguncularia racemosa. Con base en su abundancia, se encontraron diferencias significativas según los tres grados de alteración (AM R = 0.6, P < 0.001), ilustrado en un análisis de ordenación no métrico (nMDS). Una tabla de vida para A. germinans permitió un análisis poblacional que mostró una tasa intrínseca de incremento poblacional (r) negativa para los sitios que presentan alteración (-0.0027 u -0.0774) y positiva (0.0289) en el sitio sin alteración aparente. La supervivencia del estadio de plántula a juvenil varia de 50 % en el sitio no alterados a 5 y 4 % en los otros dos sitios. Conclusiones: Se necesitan medidas para incrementar la sobrevivencia de las plántulas y revertir la disminución de las trayectorias en los sitios con alteración, de otra forma el manglar tendrá una viabilidad reducida en el término medio.

Abstract Introduction: Globally, mangroves are declining; characterizing their structure and regeneration at different disturbance levels can help understand their responses to stressful situations. Objective: The study’s primary goal was to analyze the mangrove community structure and to estimate the populations’ trajectories of Avicenia germinans at different mangrove sites that present three levels of disturbance. Methods: Eight transects of approximately 500 m in length and laid perpendicular to the Tamapamchoco lagoon, Veracruz, intersected three levels of disturbance currently present on the mangrove forest. On each transect, 10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m, and 1 x 1 m quadrants served to account for all mangrove trees by species and stage of maturity in 2017 and 2018. Results: The most abundant species was: A. germinans followed by Rhizophora mangle and Laguncularia racemosa. Based on their abundance, we found significant differences for the three levels of disturbance (ANOSIM R = 0.6, P < 0.001) presented in a non-metric ordination (nMDS). A life table for A. germinans allowed a population analysis that showed an intrinsic rate of population increase (r) that was negative at the disturbed sites (-0.0027 and -0.0774) and positive (0.0289) at the apparently undisturbed site. Seedling to juvenile stage survival ranged from 50 % at the undisturbed site to 5 and 4 % at the disturbed sites. Conclusions: Measures to increase the survival of seedlings are necessary to reverse the decreasing population trajectories at the disturbed sites; otherwise, the mangrove will have reduced viability in the medium term.