Resumen (Objetivo). Se evaluó el manglar de Chacarita en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica, a través de la composición florística y las poblaciones de moluscos asociados de interés comercial, con el fin de proponer actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables en el manglar. (Metodología). Mensualmente y durante un año, se realizaron visitas al área de estudio, con el propósito de establecer una base florística de árboles de mangle y medir el almacenamiento de carbono en el lugar, además, de recolectar moluscos bivalvos para analizar el estado de las poblaciones, con base en las abundancias de organismos hallados y otras características como las longitudes y la masa de estos. En los mangles, se obtuvo el diámetro de la altura de pecho (DAP en cm), la altura (m), el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) y las reservas de carbono (Mg C·ha-1). En cuanto a los moluscos, se examinaron cuatro especies de interés comercial, evaluando la longitud (cm), la masa (g) y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, se realizaron valoraciones económicas de los datos obtenidos en el manglar, del turismo e información histórica de pesca para el acopio de Chacarita. (Resultados). Se hallaron cinco especies de mangles, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans y Pelliciera rhizophorae; P. rhizophorae fue la de mayor índice de valor de importancia. Se obtuvo un almacenamiento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. Se contabilizaron 357 organismos, de los cuales el 18 % correspondió a Anadara similis, 37.5 % a Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46 % a Leukoma spp. y 3.08 % a Mytella guyanensis. Tomando en cuenta el valor económico de las reservas de carbono y los moluscos bivalvos presentes en los muestreos, se obtuvieron valoraciones económicas de 9812.63 USD·ha-1 y 28 USD·ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusiones). Las bajas densidades poblacionales de moluscos, especialmente del género Anadara, hacen necesario establecer medidas de gestión que permitan recuperar las poblaciones de estos. La presente investigación propone actividades de aprovechamiento sustentables, como turismo comunitario con fines educativos y culturales.

Resumo (Objetivo). O mangue de Chacarita, no Pacífico Central da Costa Rica, foi avaliado por meio da composição florística e das populações de moluscos associados de interesse comercial, com o objetivo de propor atividades de uso sustentável no mangue. (Metodologia). Foram feitas visitas mensais à área de estudo durante um ano para estabelecer uma base florística de árvores do mangue e medir o armazenamento de carbono no local, bem como para coletar moluscos bivalves para analisar o status das populações, com base na abundância de organismos encontrados e em outras características, como comprimento e massa de tais organismos. Nos manguezais, foram obtidos o diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP em cm), a altura (m), o índice de valor de importância (IVI) e as reservas de carbono (Mg C-ha-1). No que diz respeito aos moluscos, foram examinadas quatro espécies de interesse comercial., avaliando o comprimento (cm), a massa (g) e o índice gonadossomático. Por fim, foram feitas avaliações econômicas de dados de mangue, turismo e informações históricas de pesca para a coleção Chacarita. (Resultados). Foram encontradas cinco espécies de mangue, Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans e Pelliciera rhizophorae; a P. rhizophorae apresentou o índice de valor de importância mais alto. Foi obtido um armazenamento de carbono equivalente a 78.49 Mg C-ha-1. Foram calculados um total de 357 organismos, dos quais 18% correspondeu a Anadara similis, 37.5% Anadara tuberculosa, 41.46% Leukoma spp. e 3.08% Mytella guyanensis. Levando em conta o valor econômico das reservas de carbono e dos moluscos bivalves presentes nas amostras, foram obtidas avaliações econômicas de US$ 9812.63 ha-1 e US$ 28 ha-1, respectivamente. (Conclusões). As baixas densidades populacionais de moluscos, especialmente do gênero Anadara tornam necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de manejo para permitir a recuperação dessas populações. Esta pesquisa propõe atividades de uso sustentável, como o turismo comunitário para fins educacionais e culturais.

Abstract (Objective). The floristic composition and populations of associated molluscs of commercial interest of the Chacarita mangrove forest on the Central Pacific of Costa Rica were evaluated to guide proposals for sustainable exploitation activities in the mangrove forest. (Methodology). Monthly visits to the study area were conducted for one year to establish a floristic baseline of mangrove trees and measure carbon storage. Additionally, bivalve molluscs were collected to analyze the state of their populations based on the abundances of organisms found, as well as other characteristics such as length and mass. Data regarding the mangrove trees included their diameter at breast height (DBH, cm), height (m), importance value index (IVI), and carbon reserves (Mg C·ha-1). Four mollusc species of commercial interest were analyzed, using data on their length (cm), weight (g), and gonodosomatic index. Economic evaluations were also conducted using data obtained from the mangrove forest, as well as tourism and historical fishing data for the collection of Chacarita. (Results). Five species of mangroves were identified: Rhizophora mangle, Rizophora racemosa, Laguncularia racemosa, Avice germinans, and Pelliciera rhizophorae, while P. rhizophorae had the highest importance value index. The study revealed a carbon storage equivalent to 78.49 Mg C·ha-1. A total of 357 organisms were counted, with Anadara similis accounting for 18% of the total count, followed by Anadara tuberculosa (37.5%), Leukoma spp. (41.46%), and Mytella guyanensis (3.08%). When considering the economic value of carbon stocks and the bivalve molluscs obtained from the samples, economic valuations of 9,812.63 USD·ha-1 and 28 USD·ha-1 were determined, respectively. (Conclusions). The low population densities of molluscs, particularly those belonging to the Anadara genus, necessitate the establishment of management measures to facilitate the recovery of these mollusk populations. This research proposes sustainable use activities such as community tourism for educational and cultural purposes.

Abstract Introduction: Aquatic birds (AB) are usually associated with wetlands, which provide refuge, food, and/or nesting sites for resident and migratory species. Despite their ecological importance, there is little knowledge on AB in some tropical environments, such as those found on the Colima coast. Objective: To investigate the spatial and temporal composition of the AB community in Juluapan Lagoon, Colima, Central Mexican Pacific. Methods: Monthly counts were conducted between June 2017 and May 2018 during low-tide conditions to record habitat use by AB. Species richness and bird counts were obtained to compare sampling areas; mean richness and number of individuals were compared between seasons. Results: We detected 53 species and 5 750 individuals. The highest species richness and relative abundance values were obtained in winter at the lagoon area farthest from the connection with the marine system, where anthropogenic activity is lower. Diversity was greater in zones 2 and 3 in spring, summer, and fall. Muddy flats were the most used environment, and the most frequent activity was resting. Nesting activity was only recorded in the middle of the lagoon at the mangrove during spring. “Shorebirds” and “waders” were the most dominant groups in the bird community of the Juluapan lagoon. Conclusions: This coastal wetland is a site of great biological importance for aquatic birds; thus, conservation measures should be implemented, and there should be a continuous study of the effects of anthropogenic pressure.

Resumen Introducción: Las aves acuáticas (AA) son usualmente relacionadas a los humedales debido a que éstos funcionan como sitios de refugio, alimentación y anidación de diferentes especies residentes y migratorias. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre las aves acuáticas en algunos humedales es nulo. Objetivo: Investigar la composición espacio-temporal de la comunidad de AA en la laguna Juluapan, Colima, en el Pacífico Central Mexicano. Métodos: Entre junio de 2017 y mayo de 2018 se llevaron a cabo conteos mensuales en condiciones de marea baja para registrar el uso de hábitat de las AA. Se obtuvieron valores de riqueza de especies y número de individuos para realizar comparaciones entre zonas de muestreo, así como el promedio del número de especies y número de individuos para comparaciones entre temporadas. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 53 especies y 5 750 individuos. Los valores de riqueza de especies y densidad de individuos fueron más altos durante invierno, en la zona más alejada al ambiente marino, donde la actividad antropogénica es menor. La diversidad tuvo valores más altos en la zona 2 y 3, durante primavera, verano y otoño. El ambiente más explotado por las aves fueron las planicies lodosas; y el descanso fue la actividad más frecuente. Asimismo, la actividad de anidación sólo se registró en el manglar de la zona media durante primavera. Las “aves playeras” y “aves zancudas” fueron los grupos más predominantes en la comunidad de aves de la laguna Juluapan. Conclusiones: Este humedal costero es un sitio de gran importancia biológica para aves acuáticas, por lo que resulta necesario la implementación de medidas de conservación, así como el estudio de los efectos por la presión antropogénica.

Abstract Introduction: A recent revision of the generic classification of the Trochilidae based on DNA sequences revealed many inconsistencies with the current generic classification, largely based on plumage characters subject to homoplasy, especially in the Trochilini, the largest tribe. A thorough generic reorganization brought the classification into accord with the phylogeny, but due to lack of genetic data, two species remained unclassified. One of these was the Mangrove Hummingbird, “Amazilia” boucardi, endemic to Costa Rica and included in the IUCN red list of threatened species. Objective: To obtain molecular evidence to clarify the generic relationships of “A.” boucardi. Methods: We isolated DNA from tissues of this species and amplified 4 nuclear and 4 mitochondrial fragments and compared these with homologous fragments from 56 species in the Trochilini, constructing phylogenetic trees with maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results: Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the placement of boucardi in the Trochilini and definitely excluded it from Amazilia but placed it with high confidence in the genus Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, within which its closest relative is C. coeruleogularis, which also inhabits mangroves. Conclusions: Our genetic data based on nuclear and mitochondrial regions clearly indicate the relationship of A. boucardi and L. coeruleogularis. Moreover, it is also supported by their habitat distribution in the mangroves of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Western Panama. Therefore, we suggested to exclude A. boucardi as “incertae sedis”.

Resumen Introducción: Una revisión reciente de la clasificación de la familia Trochilidae con base en secuencias de ADN demostró muchas incongruencias con la clasificación genérica previa, que había sido hecho con base en caracteres del plumaje muy sujetos a homoplasia, especialmente en la tribu más grande, Trochillini. Una reorganización de los géneros logró llevar su clasificación genérica a la concordancia con la filogenia, pero debido a la ausencia de datos genéticos, dos especies permanecieron sin clasificar. Una de estas fue el colibrí de manglar Amazilia boucardi, una especie endémica de Costa Rica, considerada como amenazada en la lista roja de la UICN. Objetivo: Obtener evidencia molecular para esclarecer las relaciones genéricas de A. boucardi. Métodos: Se aisló ADN de tejidos de esta especie y se amplificaron 4 fragmentos de ADN del núcleo y 5 de la mitocondria, y se compararon con fragmentos homólogos de 56 especies en la tribu Trochillini, generando árboles filogenéticos con métodos de máxima verosimilitud y bayesiano. Resultados: Los análisis filogénticos obtenidos confirmaron la ubicación de boucardi en Trochilini y definitivamente la excluyó del género Amazilia, pero la ubicó con un alto grado de confianza en el género Chrysuronia Bonaparte, 1850, dentro los cuales su pariente más cercano es C. coeruleogularis, que también habita manglares. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos genéticos basados en regiones nucleares y mitocondriales indican claramente la relación entre A. boucardi and L. coeruleogularis. Es más, lo anterior se sustenta por su distribución en los manglares de la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica y oeste de Panamá. Por lo tanto, sugerimos excluir a A. boucardi como “incertae sedis”.

Resumen. Los datos de campo obtenidos de los inventarios forestales, principalmente área basal y densidad de fustes, son relevantes para el análisis de la biomasa aérea y la fragmentación forestal. Debido al suelo inundado, el trabajo de campo en los bosques de manglar requiere mucho tiempo y es complicado. Dado que los manglares son sensibles a los efectos del cambio climático, la selección de un método de campo ideal es de suma importancia. Con este fin, analizamos 4 clases de manglares: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG) y AG arbustivo. Georreferenciamos y contamos todos los fustes de mangle dentro de 4 parcelas cuadradas de 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m). Analizamos 3 áreas circulares y el método del punto cuadrante central (PCQM) basado en las parcelas cuadradas originales. Dependiendo de la clase de mangle, el PCQM sobreestimó el área basal hasta en un 34% y la densidad de fustes en un 21%. Los 3 muestreos en parcelas circulares subestimaron el área basal entre -1% y -29% y la densidad de fustes entre -3% y -25%. Basándonos en los resultados, sugerimos utilizar una parcela circular de 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) en bosques menos densos (RM y AG) y una parcela circular de 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) en densidades superiores a 3,500 fustes/ha (LR y AG arbustivo). Las ventajas de utilizar las parcelas circulares sobre el método PCQM son que los inventarios de mangle pueden cuantificarse rápidamente y no requieren un número mínimo de puntos de muestreo.

Abstract. The data obtained from field-based forest inventories, mainly basal area and stem density, are relevant for the analysis of aboveground biomass and forest fragmentation. Due to its persistently flooded ground, fieldwork in mangrove forests is time-consuming and complicated. Since mangroves are sensitive to the effects of climate change, selecting a reliable field method is of utmost importance. To this end, we analyzed 4 mangrove classes: Rhizophora mangle (RM), Laguncularia racemosa (LR), Avicennia germinans (AG), and AG shrub. We georeferenced and counted all mangrove stems within four 0.04 ha (20 × 20 m square). We analyzed data from 3 circular area plots and the plotless point-centered quarter method (PCQM) based on the original square plots. Depending on the mangrove class, PCQM overestimated basal area by up to 34% and stem density by 21%. The 3 circular plot surveys underestimated basal area from -1% to -29% and stem density from -3 to -25%. Based on the results, we suggest using a circular plot of 0.04 ha (r = 11.28 m) in less dense forests (RM and AG) and a circular plot of 0.015 ha (r = 6.9 m) with forest densities greater than 3,500 stems/ha (LR and AG shrub). The advantages of using the circular plot approach over PCQM are that mangrove inventories can be quantified quickly and do not require a minimum number of sampling points.

Abstract The Puerto Pizarro mangrove is part of the Tumbes mangrove, the largest in Peru; it is also the mangrove with the greatest anthropic impact in the region; in this area, no studies have been carried out on the status of its population of Rhizophora mangle, the most important mangrove species in the Peruvian mangroves. The objective of this research was to establish the structural characteristics of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove. The study was carried out by subdividing the research area into three zones (A, B and C), in which 41 plots of 1 ha each were selected, in each plot a sub-area of 0.25 ha (50 m x 50 m) was taken). In these sub-areas, mangrove trees of the species Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans were evaluated regarding their structural characteristics: diameter at breast height (DBH), height, basal area, density, frequency, dominance and index value of ecological importance (IVI). It was found that R. mangle had a greater DAP, height and basal area than the other species; also, higher density, frequency, dominance and relative IVI (adjusted to 100%) than the other species with values of 51.5%, 100%, 82.6% and 53.3%, respectively. The research findings allow us to conclude that the population of R. mangle in the Puerto Pizarro mangrove is a mature population, with a predominance of stems and latizales. However, its structural characteristics are not homogeneous throughout the Puerto Pizarro area, since zone A, with less anthropic impact and lower salinity, has R. mangle trees with better structural characteristics than those in zones B and C in which there is greater anthropic activity and greater salinity.

Resumen El manglar de Puerto Pizarro forma parte del manglar de Tumbes, el más grande del Perú; es también el manglar con mayor impacto antrópico en la región; en este no se han realizado estudios sobre el estado de su población de Rhizophora mangle, la especie de mangle más importante de los manglares peruanos. Esta investigación buscaba establecer las características estructurales de R. mangle en el manglar de Puerto Pizarro. El estudio se realizó subdividiendo el área de investigación en tres zonas (A, B y C), en las cuales se seleccionaron 41 parcelas de 1 ha cada una, en cada parcela se tomó una sub-área de 0,25 ha (50 m x 50 m). En estas sub-áreas se evaluaron los árboles de mangle de las especies Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicennia germinans respecto a sus características estructurales diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), altura, área basal, densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e índice de valor de importancia ecológica (IVI). Se encontró que R. mangle presentó un mayor DAP, altura y área basal que las otras especies; así también, mayor densidad, frecuencia, dominancia e IVI relativos (ajustados al 100%) que las otras especies con valores de 51,5%, 100%, 82,6% y 53,3%, respectivamente. Los hallazgos de la investigación permiten concluir que la población de R. mangle del manglar de Puerto Pizarro es una población madura, con predominancia de fustales y latizales. En Puerto Pizarro, sus características estructurales no son homogéneas, ya que la zona A, con menor impacto antrópico y menor salinidad, presenta árboles de R. mangle con mejores características estructurales que los de las zonas B y C, donde hay mayor actividad antrópica y mayor salinidad.

ABSTRACT Astructural, morphological and environmental description of tea mangrove individuals (genus Pelliciera) is presented. The specimens studied were found in eight sectors of Caño Salado which is a preservation zone in the Cispatá Bay Management Plan, using monitoring plots of 500 m2 (20 m x 25 m). The reported samples presented characters consistent with the recently redescribed species Pelliciera benthamii, found in forest relicts with a disperse spatial distribution. Reports of this species in the Cispatá bay are of great importance for the knowledge of the Colombian mangroves and to generate conservation and restoration initiatives that will have a positive impact on the populations of Pelliciera mangrove trees currently in state of threat.

RESUMEN Se presenta una descripción estructural, morfológica y ambiental de individuos de mangle de té (genero Pelliciera). Los especímenes estudiados fueron encontrados en ocho sectores de Caño Salado, que es una zona de preservación en el plan de manejo de la bahía de Cispatá, en parcelas de monitoreo de 500 m2 (20 m x 25 m). Las muestras registradas presentaron caracteres consistentes con la especie recientemente descrita Pelliciera benthamii encontrada en relictos de bosque con una distribución espacial dispersa. Los registros de esta especie en Cispatá son de gran importancia para el conocimiento de los manglares colombianos y para generar iniciativas de conservación y restauración que impacten positivamente las poblaciones de Pelliciera, actualmente en estado de amenaza.

A partir da geopoética, esse artigo busca introduzir o conceito mais específico da geopoética da lama como forma relevante de abordagem analítica estética para a percepção do estresse ambiental e social do mundo contemporâneo. Para tanto, buscamos, em diversas manifestações artísticas brasileiras, como a poesia, a música, o cinema e as artes visuais, exemplos em que a materialidade e a simbologia da lama são usadas para revelar uma miséria que reflete, de certa forma, o descompasso entre o ser humano e o meio ambiente. Tal descompasso está na reflexão de pensadores de distintas áreas, como o médico e geógrafo Josué de Castro, o poeta e professor Michel Collot, o filósofo Gaston Bachelard, o sinólogo Augustin Berque e os pensadores indígenas Davi Kopenawa e Ailton Krenak. Essa reflexão sobre os espaços atuais acaba revelando as cargas racista e colonial que ainda imperam em suas organizações e ocupações, como apontam Silvio Almeida e Enrique Dussel. No entanto, embora seja indício dessa violência, observamos que a lama possui, devido ao poder de expressão artística de sua elasticidade formal e simbólica, potência política não apenas para denunciar mazelas socioambientais como também para propor resistências e possibilidades, que passam também pela consciência por meio da sensibilização e pela reconciliação do ser humano com seu meio.

Based on geopoetics, this article seeks to introduce the more specific concept of geopoetics of mud as a relevant form of an aesthetic analytical approach to the perception of environmental and social stress in the contemporary world. To this end, we sought, in various Brazilian artistic expressions, such as poetry, music, cinema, and visual arts, examples in which the materiality and symbolism of mud are used to reveal poverty and misery that reflect, in a certain way, the mismatch between human beings and the environment. This disconnection is reflected in the meditations of academicians from different areas, such as the doctor and geographer Josué de Castro, the poet and professor Michel Collot, the philosopher Gaston Bachelard, the sinologist Augustin Berque as well as the indigenous thinkers Davi Kopenawa and Ailton Krenak. This reflection on current spaces ends up revealing the racist and colonial burden that still prevails in their organizations and occupations, as Silvio Almeida and Enrique Dussel point out. However, although it is an indication of this violence, we observe that mud has, through the power of artistic expression on its material and symbolic elasticity, political power not only to denounce socio-environmental problems but also to propose resistance and possibilities, which also involve awareness through sensibility and reconciliation of human beings with their environment.

RESUMO A partir da geopoética, esse artigo busca introduzir o conceito mais específico da geopoética da lama como forma relevante de abordagem analítica estética para a percepção do estresse ambiental e social do mundo contemporâneo. Para tanto, buscamos, em diversas manifestações artísticas brasileiras, como a poesia, a música, o cinema e as artes visuais, exemplos em que a materialidade e a simbologia da lama são usadas para revelar uma miséria que reflete, de certa forma, o descompasso entre o ser humano e o meio ambiente. Tal descompasso está na reflexão de pensadores de distintas áreas, como o médico e geógrafo Josué de Castro, o poeta e professor Michel Collot, o filósofo Gaston Bachelard, o sinólogo Augustin Berque e os pensadores indígenas Davi Kopenawa e Ailton Krenak. Essa reflexão sobre os espaços atuais acaba revelando as cargas racista e colonial que ainda imperam em suas organizações e ocupações, como apontam Silvio Almeida e Enrique Dussel. No entanto, embora seja indício dessa violência, observamos que a lama possui, devido ao poder de expressão artística de sua elasticidade formal e simbólica, potência política não apenas para denunciar mazelas socioambientais como também para propor resistências e possibilidades, que passam também pela consciência por meio da sensibilização e pela reconciliação do ser humano com seu meio. contemporâneo tanto buscamos brasileiras poesia música visuais reflete ambiente áreas Castro Collot Bachelard Krenak ocupações Dussel entanto violência possui simbólica possibilidades

ABSTRACT Based on geopoetics, this article seeks to introduce the more specific concept of geopoetics of mud as a relevant form of an aesthetic analytical approach to the perception of environmental and social stress in the contemporary world. To this end, we sought, in various Brazilian artistic expressions, such as poetry, music, cinema, and visual arts, examples in which the materiality and symbolism of mud are used to reveal poverty and misery that reflect, in a certain way, the mismatch between human beings and the environment. This disconnection is reflected in the meditations of academicians from different areas, such as the doctor and geographer Josué de Castro, the poet and professor Michel Collot, the philosopher Gaston Bachelard, the sinologist Augustin Berque as well as the indigenous thinkers Davi Kopenawa and Ailton Krenak. This reflection on current spaces ends up revealing the racist and colonial burden that still prevails in their organizations and occupations, as Silvio Almeida and Enrique Dussel point out. However, although it is an indication of this violence, we observe that mud has, through the power of artistic expression on its material and symbolic elasticity, political power not only to denounce socio-environmental problems but also to propose resistance and possibilities, which also involve awareness through sensibility and reconciliation of human beings with their environment. world end sought expressions poetry music cinema arts reflect way environment areas Castro Collot Bachelard Krenak occupations out However violence has elasticity socioenvironmental socio possibilities

Abstract Tropical wetland forests are fragile ecosystems facing critical risks due to global warming and other anthropogenic threats. Hence, gathering accurate and reliable information on them is urgent. Although remote sensing has demonstrated great potential in studying terrestrial ecosystems, remote sensing-based wetland forest research is still in an early stage of development. Mapping wetland forests, particularly mangrove forests, was an initial goal of this approach and is a task that still faces methodological challenges. Initially based on aerial photography only, wetland forest mapping through remote sensing underwent explosive diversification after the launching of artificial satellites in the 1970s. Later, precision in wetland forest mapping increased with the combination of hyperspectral, multispectral, and high and very high-resolution imagery. Accurate delimitation of wetland forest extent is also necessary to assess their temporal dynamics (losses, gains, and horizontal displacement). Despite the prevalence of mapping studies, current remote sensing-based research on wetland forests addresses new questions and novel aims, such as describing and predicting wetland forest attributes through mathematical modeling. Although this approach has made substantial progress in recent decades, modeling and predicting wetland forest attributes remain insufficiently explored fields of research. Combining active and passive sensors is a promising alternative to provide a more accurate picture of these communities’ attributes. In particular, LiDAR and radar-based technologies may help overcome difficulties encountered in older studies. In the future, we will witness conceptual and methodological progress that will enable us to surmount the remaining challenges.

Resumen Los humedales arbóreos tropicales están críticamente amenazados por el calentamiento global y otras amenazas antropogénicas; por ello, urge recopilar información confiable sobre estas comunidades vegetales. Aunque la percepción remota ha demostrado gran potencial en el estudio de ecosistemas terrestres, la investigación de los humedales arbóreos con este enfoque requiere mayor desarrollo. El mapeo de los humedales arbóreos (particularmente manglares), que fue el objetivo inicial de este enfoque, aún enfrenta desafíos metodológicos. Inicialmente basado solo en fotografías aéreas, el mapeo de humedales arbóreos se diversificó explosivamente con el lanzamiento de satélites artificiales y la interpretación de imágenes de percepción remota. La precisión de los mapas de estas comunidades aumentó con el uso combinado de imágenes multiespectrales, hiperespectrales, de alta y muy alta resolución. Para evaluar la dinámica temporal (pérdidas, ganancias, desplazamiento horizontal) de los humedales arbóreos necesitamos delimitar de manera precisa su extensión. Aunque todavía se están cartografiando numerosos humedales arbóreos, la investigación actual de estos ecosistemas por percepción remota aborda nuevas preguntas y objetivos (e.g., predecir los atributos comunitarios por medio de modelos matemáticos). A pesar de sustanciales avances recientes, el modelado y la predicción de los atributos de los humedales arbóreos siguen siendo temas poco explorados. La combinación de sensores activos y pasivos es una alternativa promisoria para evaluar con precisión los atributos de estas comunidades, y las tecnologías de radar y LiDAR pueden ayudar a superar dificultades enfrentadas en el pasado. Los avances conceptuales y metodológicos en el futuro permitirán superar los desafíos que aún persisten.

Resumo Se desarrolló una investigación para caracterizar la percepción social de las principales amenazas que podrían afectar un ambiente acuático particular- una laguna costera- mediante la aplicación de una versión del método denominado mapeo participativo de riesgos, más sencillo que el método del paradigma psicométrico tradicionalmente utilizado. Consiste en entrevistas en las que el interrogado comenta sobre los principales problemas o amenazas ambientales que percibe y los jerarquiza según tres criterios: gravedad, urgencia y control. De cada categoría de amenaza identificada se obtuvo el índice de incidencia- la fracción de entrevistados que citaron la categoría problema - y los índices de gravedad, urgencia y control. Con estos índices se elaboran mapas gráficos de percepción de las amenazas según cada criterio. El método se aplicó a un grupo de pescadores que hacen uso de la laguna, los cuales perciben cinco (5) problemas ambientales: el desvío de ríos, la obstrucción de ríos y el cierre temporal de la boca de conexión de la laguna con el mar (casos particulares de la hidrodinámica alterada), el crecimiento excesivo del mangle y la pesca de peces juveniles; estos dos últimos son percibidos como los de mayor facilidad en controlar. Se demuestran las bondades del método.

Abstract A research was developed to characterize the social perception of threats that could affect a particular aquatic environment - a coastal lagoon - by applying a version of the method called participatory risk mapping, simpler than the traditionally used psychometric paradigm method. It consists of interviews in which the interrogated comments on the main environmental problems or threats that he perceives and rank them according to three criteria: severity, urgency and control. For each identified threat category, the incidence rate - the fraction of respondents who cited the problem category - and the indices of severity, urgency and control were obtained. With these indices, graphic maps of threat perception are elaborated according to each criterion. The method was applied to a group of fishermen who make use of the lagoon, who perceive five (5) environmental problems: rivers diversion, rivers obstruction and the temporary closure of lagoon connection with the sea (cases of altered hydrodynamics), the excessive growth of the mangrove and overfishing of juvenile fish; the latter two are perceived as the easiest to control. The benefits of the method are demonstrated.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to determine the alpha and beta diversity of mangrove trees in the Tumbes mangrove forest. The mangrove forest area was divided into three zones: A, B and C, in which 41 sampling points (PM) were taken. Mangrove trees were counted and measured, and the alpha diversity indices were determined: Shannon-Wiener (H'), Simpson (DS) and Pielou (J’), as well as the similarity of the PM. Beta diversity is determined with the indices: Jackard (IJ) and quantitative Sorensen (S). It is considered that the alpha diversity of the mangrove forest was low (H'=1.0260, SD =0.6158 and J’=0.9339), with zone A being the one with the lowest diversity (H'=0.3048, SD=0.8531 and J’=0.2774), due to its less anthropic impact and due to the dominance of Rhizophora mangle over the other species, it was observed that the PM were very similar within each zone, with lower diversity in zone A. The beta diversity evaluated using IJ was 1, indicating that the diversity of species does not change between the zones, while the S index showed that there is a greater change in diversity between zone A and the remaining zones. These results can allow local and regional authorities to make decisions to protect said mangrove forest. On the other hand, it would also be advisable to carry out research to determine the impact that alterations in mangrove species biodiversity may have on the organisms that inhabit this mangrove forest.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la diversidad alfa y beta de los árboles de mangle en el manglar de Tumbes. El área del manglar se dividió en tres zonas: A, B y C, en ellas se tomaron 41 puntos de muestreo (PM). Se contaron y midieron los árboles de mangle y se determinaron los índices de diversidad alfa: Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson (DS) y Pielou (J’), así como la similitud de los PM. La diversidad beta se determinó con los índices: de Jackard (IJ) y cuantitativo de Sorensen (S). Se determinó que la diversidad alfa del manglar fue baja (H’=1,0260, DS=0,6158 y J’=0,9339), siendo la zona A la de menor diversidad (H’=0,3048, DS=0,8531 y J’=0,2774), por su menor impacto antrópico y por el dominio de Rhizophora mangle sobre las otras especies, se observó que los PM fueron muy similares dentro de cada zona, con menor diversidad en la zona A. La diversidad beta evaluada mediante IJ fue de 1, indicando que la diversidad de especies no cambia entre las zonas, en tanto que el índice S mostró que hay un mayor cambio en diversidad entre la zona A y las restantes zonas. Estos resultados pueden permitir a las autoridades locales y regionales tomar decisiones a fin de poder proteger a dicho manglar. Por otro lado, también sería conveniente realizar investigación para determinar el impacto que la alteración de la biodiversidad de las especies de mangles pueda tener en los organismos que habitan en este manglar.

Abstract The exploited mangrove crab Ucides cordatus, an important ecosystem engineer in South American mangroves, has a biphasic lifecycle with pelagic larvae developing offshore. Megalopae return to the mangrove forest to settle, i.e., metamorphose into benthic juveniles but its environmental drivers remain poorly understood. We postulate that conspecific crabs facilitate recruitment. In the field, we investigated whether the number of recruits is higher near conspecific burrows than in areas without conspecific bioturbation. Recruit sampling was conducted monthly from April 2008 to May 2009 along an environmental gradient. First, U. cordatus recruits of that year emerged from March to July. Intraspecific facilitation was indicated by significantly higher recruit numbers in bioturbated than in non-bioturbated substrates. Recruits were most abundant in zones with intermediate conditions of inundation, leaf litter standing stock, sediment consistency, luminosity, temperature, salinity, and pH. Avoidance of more inundated zones likely reduces predation by fishes and of less inundated zones helps individuals escape more stressful, drier environmental conditions. The observed habitat-specific recruitment pattern must be considered when designing field assessments of the population structure of U. cordatus (which should include sampling recruits) and enhancing stocks by releasing laboratory-cultivated larvae and first juveniles into the wild. mangroves offshore settle ie i e i.e. understood bioturbation 200 gradient First U July nonbioturbated non substrates inundation stock consistency luminosity temperature salinity pH stressful habitatspecific habitat specific which laboratorycultivated laboratory cultivated wild i.e 20 2

Abstract Mangroves buffer metals transfer to coastal areas though strong accumulation in sediments making necessary to investigate metals’ bioavailability to plants at the rhizosphere. This work evaluates the effect of mangrove root activity, through iron plaque formation, on the mobility of iron and copper its influence on metals’ uptake, and translocation through simultaneous histochemical analysis. The Fe2+ and Fe3+ contents in porewaters ranged from 0.02 to 0.11 µM and 1.0 to 18.3 µg.l-1, respectively, whereas Cu concentrations were below the method’s detection limit (<0.1 µM). In sediments, metal concentrations ranged from 12,800 to 39,500 µg.g-1 for total Fe and from 10 to 24 µg.g-1 for Cu. In iron plaques, Cu concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 160 µg.g-1, and from 19.4 to 316 µg.g-1 in roots. Fe concentrations were between 605 to 36,000 µg.g-1 in the iron plaques and from 2,100 to 62,400 µg.g-1 in roots. Histochemical characterization showed Fe3+ predominance at the tip of roots and Fe2+ in more internal tissues. A. schaueriana showed significant amounts of Fe in pneumatophores and evident translocation of this metal to leaves and excretion through salt glands. Iron plaques formation was essential to the Fe and Cu regulation and translocation in tissues of mangrove plants. rhizosphere activity uptake analysis Fe2 Fe3 002 0 02 0.0 011 11 0.1 1 1. 183 18 3 18. µg.l1, µgl1 µgl µg.l 1, µg l µg.l-1 respectively methods method s <0.1 01 (<0. µM. . µM) 12800 12 800 12,80 39500 39 500 39,50 µg.g1 µgg1 µgg µg.g g µg.g- 2 16 µg.g1, 194 19 4 19. 31 60 36000 36 000 36,00 2100 100 2,10 62400 62 400 62,40 A glands 00 0. l1 µg.l1 µg.l- <0. (<0 1280 80 12,8 3950 50 39,5 g1 6 3600 36,0 210 2,1 6240 40 62,4 <0 (< 128 8 12, 395 5 39, 360 36, 21 2, 624 62, < (

Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that support a diverse range of plant, animal, and microorganism species, especially fungi. This ecosystem is characterized as a transition zone between sea and land which is interesting because this environment can be considered an extreme environment due to the peculiar characteristics that it can exhibit, which is interesting for the establishment of diverse fungal species with great biotechnological potential, these habitats are relevant for the bioprospecting of interesting secondary-metabolite-producing fungi. Fungi play an essential role in maintaining this environment and also represent a rich source of structurally diverse antimicrobial compounds. This review summarizes antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral chemicals produced by soil/sediment-derived mangrove fungi from 1990 to 2022. plant animal exhibit potential secondarymetaboliteproducing secondary metabolite producing compounds antibacterial antifungal soil/sedimentderived soilsedimentderived soil/sediment derived soil sediment 199 2022 sedimentderived soilsediment 19 202 1 20 2

Abstract Studies of marine and estuarine red algae (Rhodophyta) are in the early stages in the littoral of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. The inventory of these organisms was made based on samples obtained from ten sampling during 2009 to 2015 in 22 localities, eight of them in marine and fourteen in estuarine environments. We found 182 species and subspecific taxa of Rhodophyta. The Rhodomelaceae family was the best represented with 65 taxa, followed by Ceramiaceae 13 and Delesseriaceae 12. Of the 182 taxa, 25 are new records Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve with Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides and M. tangerina being new records for the Mexican Caribbean. Of the 182 species, 119 of them are epiphytes, most of them, 54, grew exclusively on other macroalgae, 29 on mangrove roots and 8 on Thalassia leaves. The floristic list is accompanied by data on seasonality, reproduction, habitat, and environment. Species diversity was compared between the winter rains, dry and rainy seasons during the period study. The Rhodophyta of the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve is tropical, and the greatest diversity was found in the marine environment with 83 taxa and during the winter rains with 132. (Rhodophyta Kaan Ka an Mexico 200 201 2 localities environments 18 6 1 12 rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M Caribbean 11 epiphytes 54 macroalgae leaves seasonality reproduction habitat study tropical 132 20 5

Resumo: Os estudos de algas vermelhas marinhas e estuarinas (Rhodophyta) estão em fase inicial no litoral da Reserva da Biosfera de Sian Ka’na, México. O inventário desses organismos foi feito com base em amostras obtidas em oito amostragens no período do 2009 a 2015 em 22 localidades, sendo oito em ambientes marinhos e quatorze em ambientes estuarinos. Neste levantamento, foram identificadas um total de 182 espécies e táxons subespecíficos de Rhodophyta. A família Rhodomelaceae foi a mais representativa com 65 táxons, seguida por Ceramiaceae com 13 e Delesseriaceae com 12. Dos 182 táxons, 25 são referidos pela primeira vez para a Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an, sendo Harveylithon rupestre, Spongites fruticulosus, Acrochaetium barbadense, Dasya harveyi, Chondria pumila, Spermothamnion repens, Metapeyssonnelia milleporoides e M. tangerina também novos registros para o Caribe mexicano. Das 182 espécies, 119 são epífitas, sendo a maioria, 54, aderidas exclusivamente em outras macroalgas, 29 em raízes de mangue e 8 em folhas de Thalassia. A lista florística apresentada é acompanhada de dados sobre sazonalidade, reprodução, habitat e ambiente. A diversidade de espécies foi comparada entre as temporadas de chuvas de inverno, seca e chuvas de verão durante o período estudado. Rhodophyta da Reserva da Biosfera Sian Ka’an săo tropicais, e a diversidade mais representativa foi encontrada no ambiente marinho com 83 táxons e durante as chuvas de inverno com um total de 132 táxons. Resumo (Rhodophyta Kana, Kana Ka na, na Ka’na México 200 201 2 localidades estuarinos levantamento 18 6 1 12 Kaan, Kaan an, an rupestre fruticulosus barbadense harveyi pumila repens M mexicano 11 epífitas maioria 54 macroalgas Thalassia sazonalidade reprodução estudado tropicais 20 5