Abstract: A great diversity of living beings and human values are invisible to the prevailing global culture, which associates the word biodiversity with large organisms such as trees and mammals. Paradoxically, most biodiversity is made up of small organisms that remain invisible to global society and are under-represented in philosophy, science, and education. To help resolve this “biocultural blindness” about biological and value diversity, in this article we present concepts and practices of field environmental philosophy. We focus on the activity “ecotourism with a hand-lens” to illustrate “conceptual lenses” that amplify the appreciation of biological and cultural diversity. This activity integrates philosophy, sciences, and arts to appreciate the beauty and relevance of small organisms and the multiplicity of languages, forms of knowledge, and values that different cultural traditions give to biodiversity. Participants practice forms of analogical thinking to co-create knowledge and biocultural expressions of their own, instead of being passive recipients of information. Finally, this field environmental philosophy activity combines bodily and sensory activities with theoretical readings that provide conceptual foundations for cultivating a biocultural ethic that guides forms of co-inhabitation with small and large co-inhabitants (humans and others-than-humans) with whom we share both our local habitats and the global biosphere.

Resumen: Una gran diversidad de seres vivos y valores humanos son invisibles a la cultura global prevaleciente, que asocia la palabra biodiversidad con grandes organismos tales como mamíferos y árboles. Paradójicamente, la mayoría de la biodiversidad está compuesta por pequeños organismos que permanecen invisibles para la sociedad global y son subrepresentados en la filosofía, la ciencia y la educación. Para contribuir a resolver esta “ceguera biocultural” sobre la diversidad biológica y de valores, en este artículo presentamos conceptos y prácticas de la filosofía ambiental de campo. Nos enfocamos en la actividad “ecoturismo con lupa” para ilustrar “lentes conceptuales” que amplifican la apreciación de la diversidad biológica y cultural. Esta actividad integra las ciencias, artes, humanidades y ética para apreciar la belleza y relevancia de los pequeños organismos y los múltiples lenguajes, formas de conocimientos y valores que diferentes tradiciones culturales otorgan a la biodiversidad. Los participantes practican formas de pensamiento analógico para co-crear conocimiento y expresiones bioculturales propias, en vez de ser receptores pasivos de información. Finalmente, la práctica de la filosofía ambiental de campo combina actividades corporales y sensoriales con lecturas teóricas que proveen fundamentos conceptuales para cultivar una ética biocultural que orienta formas de co-habitación con pequeños y grandes co-habitantes, humanos y otros-que-humanos, con quienes compartirnos tanto nuestros hábitats locales como la biosfera global.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta la caracterización morfológica de los pelos de guardia de seis especies de pequeños mamíferos no voladores. Las muestras de pelo fueron obtenidas tanto de individuos vivos como de especímenes de museo, y se realizaron impresiones cuticulares y medulares a partir de las porciones medias de los astas y escudos, respectivamente. En total, se colectaron 112 muestras de las siguientes especies: Marmosa simonsi, Metachirus myosorus, Sigmodon peruanus, Aegialomys xanthaeolus, Rattus sp., y Mus musculus. Esta información puede ser utilizada para la identificación taxonómica, y además, puede contribuir en estudios de dieta de carnívoros y rapaces nocturnas mediante la identificación de presas, un área con vacíos de información en el occidente de Ecuador.

Abstract This study presents the morphological characterization of guard hairs from six species of small non-flying mammals. Guard hair samples were obtained from both live individuals and museum specimens, with cuticular and medullary impressions made from the middle portions of the shafts and shields, respectively. A total of 112 samples were collected from the following species: Marmosa simonsi, Metachirus myosorus, Sigmodon peruanus, Aegialomys xanthaeolus, Rattus sp., and Mus musculus. This information can be used for taxonomic identification and, for instance, in the identification of prey items in carnivore and nocturnal raptor diet studies, which are areas lacking information in western Ecuador.

Resumen Se presentan los resultados del análisis de los restos faunísticos recuperados en el sitio arqueológico Los Conitos (valle de Potrerillos, Mendoza, Argentina). El sitio posee dataciones absolutas que definen las ocupaciones en un rango cronológico entre los ca. 796-3694 años AP (cal 2σ). Se recuperaron evidencias de macro restos de plantas domésticas, registro imprescindible para evaluar las prácticas agrícolas prehispánicas en el centro occidente argentino. El análisis tafonómico realizado en el presente estudio permitió identificar a humanos y depredadores no antrópicos (probablemente pequeños carnívoros) como los agentes responsables de dichas acumulaciones. En cuanto a las evidencias antrópicas, se detectaron huellas de corte sobre huesos de Lama guanicoe. Se registraron especímenes asignables al roedor octodóntido extinto Octomys rosiae. Los mamíferos fueron el grupo más frecuente, dominado por roedores, aunque se detectaron armadillos, marsupiales y lepóridos en baja proporción. También se recuperaron escasos elementos asignados a reptiles y aves. Se observó una considerable cantidad de elementos modificados por digestión. También se identificaron perforaciones por carnívoros. El ensamble zooarqueológico evidencia la co-ocurrencia de especies con distribuciones actualmente alopátricas.

Abstract In this paper, the results of the analyses of bone remains recovered in the Los Conitos archaeological site (Potrerillos Valley, Mendoza, Argentina) are presented. The site covers a chronological range of c. 796-3694 years BP (cal 2σ). Numerous domestic plant macro remains were recovered at the site, the record of which is an important source for evaluating pre-Hispanic farming strategies in central-western Argentina. Taphonomic analysis enabled the identification of human and non-anthropic predators (probably small carnivores) as the responsible agents of such accumulations. Regarding anthropic evidence, only two cut marks were detected on two bones of Lama guanicoe. Bone specimens of the extinct octodontid rodent Octomys rosiae were recovered. Mammals were the most represented taxonomic group, dominated by rodents; although armadillos, marsupials and leporids were detected in low proportion. Bone remains of birds and reptiles were scarce. We observed a considerable number of specimens that were modified by digestion, with strong degrees of modification. Punctures associated with carnivore activity were also recorded. The zooarchaeological assemblage shows the co-occurrence of species with current allopatric distributions.

Resumen Se analizó la dieta de gatos (Felis silvestris catus) y perros (Canis lupus familiaris) errantes de la Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal de San Ángel (REPSA), Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Ciudad de México. Se examinaron 12 muestras de gatos y 55 de perros obtenidas mediante el Programa de Remediación de Fauna Feral, Secretaría Ejecutiva de la REPSA. La determinación de las especies consumidas se realizó comparando el material con ejemplares depositados en colecciones científicas; adicionalmente para mamíferos, se utilizaron patrones morfológicos de la cutícula y médula del pelo. El análisis mostró que la dieta de gatos y perros está compuesta, principalmente, de mamíferos medianos (Bassariscus astutus, Didelphis virginiana, Otospermophilus variegatus, Spilogale angustifrons y Sylvilagus floridanus) y pequeños (Mus musculus, Neotoma mexicana, Peromyscus gratus, Rattus norvegicus, Reithrodontomys fulvescens y Sorex saussurei), en menor proporción de reptiles e insectos, y material alimenticio de consumo humano. Los mamíferos nativos son más consumidos que los introducidos y que la dieta de gatos y perros incluye especies endémicas de México (S. saussurei, P. gratus y Peromyscus melanophrys) o en alguna categoría de riesgo (S. saussurei y la lagartija Sceloporus grammicus). Estos resultados proveen información para justificar y desarrollar alternativas de conservación en reservas ecológicas urbanas.

Abstract Diet analysis was performed on free ranging cats (Felis silvestris catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) from Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal de San Ángel (REPSA), Ciudad Universitaria, UNAM, Mexico City. Twelve samples of cats and 55 of dogs were analyzed as part of the Wildlife Remediation Program of the REPSA’s Executive Secretariat. The determination of consumed species was made by comparing the obtained remains with specimens deposited in scientific collections; additionally, for mammals, morphological scales patterns and hair marrow were examined. Our results showed that the diet of cats and dogs is mainly composed of medium-size mammals (Bassariscus astutus, Didelphis virginiana, Otospermophilus variegatus, Spilogale angustifrons, and Sylvilagus floridanus) and small mammals (Mus musculus, Neotoma mexicana, Peromyscus gratus, Rattus norvegicus, Reithrodontomys fulvescens, and Sorex saussurei), with a smaller proportion of reptiles and insects and food material for human consumption. The native mammals are consumed more than introduced mammals, and that diet of cats and dogs includes species endemic to Mexico (S. saussurei, P. gratus, and Peromyscus melanophrys) or in any risk category (S. saussurei and the lizard Sceloporus grammicus). These results provide information for justify and developing conservation alternatives in urban ecological reserves.

Resumen Introducción: Los mamíferos medianos y grandes están amenazados globalmente debido a la pérdida y fragmentación de su hábitat. En Costa Rica, los fragmentos de bosque fuera de áreas protegidas pueden servir como refugio o sitio de paso para estos animales. La presencia de mamíferos en ambientes fragmentados puede estar influenciada por la disponibilidad de recursos, la cual puede variar ampliamente en sitios con una estacionalidad marcada. Objetivo: Determinar la riqueza de especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes en un fragmento de bosque, y examinar si la diversidad y detectabilidad de estas especies variaron entre la época seca y lluviosa. Métodos: Establecimos 26 estaciones de cámaras trampa en el Bosque Municipal de Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), un fragmento de bosque de 26.4 ha, que brinda agua potable a cerca de 1 800 personas. Desde agosto de 2021 hasta abril de 2022, una cámara trampa estuvo activa en cada estación durante 12-21 días en cada época (seca y lluviosa), para un total de 810 días cámara trampa. Aplicamos curvas de rarefacción y extrapolación para caracterizar la diversidad de especies y compararla entre la época seca y lluviosa. Resultados: Registramos 19 especies de mamíferos medianos y grandes, siendo las más detectadas el pizote (Nasua narica; 0.254 detecciones/día cámara trampa) y la guatusa (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detecciones/día cámara trampa). También, registramos cuatro especies consideradas en peligro de extinción en Costa Rica, tres felinos: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis y la nutria, Lontra longicaudis. No observamos un efecto de la estacionalidad en la diversidad, pero sí en la detectabilidad, la cual fue mayor durante la época lluviosa. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio demuestra cómo la protección de parches de bosque pequeños puede contribuir a la conservación de mamíferos en paisajes fragmentados.

Abstract Introduction: Medium and large-sized mammals are threatened globally due to habitat loss and fragmentation. In Costa Rica, forest fragments that remain outside protected areas may serve as a refuge or corridor for these animals. Mammal presence in fragmented landscapes may be influenced by resource availability, which varies greatly in seasonal regions. Objective: To determine the species richness of medium and large-sized mammals in a forest fragment, and to examine if species diversity and detectability varied between the wet and dry season. Methods: We established 26 camera trap stations throughout the Municipal Forest of Atenas (Alajuela, Costa Rica), a 26.4 ha forest fragment that provides water to about 1 800 people. From August 2021 to April 2022, one camera trap was active at each station for 12-21 days throughout each season (dry and wet), for a total of 810 camera trap days. We applied rarefaction and extrapolation curves to characterize mammal's species diversity and compare it between seasons. Results: We detected 19 species of mammals. The most frequently detected species were the White-nosed Coati (Nasua narica; 0.254 detections/camera trap day), and the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata; 0.163 detections/camera trap day). We also registered four species considered as endangered in Costa Rica, three felines: Puma concolor, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Leopardus pardalis, and the Neotropical River Otter, Lontra longicaudis. Seasonality did not affect species diversity, but it influenced dominant species and detectability, which was greater during the wet season. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates how protecting small forest fragments, can help conserve endangered medium and large-sized mammals in human-dominated landscapes.

RESUMEN El avance urbano deriva en una disminución de la biodiversidad y es necesario conocer como sus características influyen en la vida silvestre para mitigar su impacto negativo en ciudades y ambientes naturales circundantes. Chilecito tiene 52 000 habitantes y manifiesta un acelerado crecimiento en las últimas dos décadas. Nuestro objetivo es determinar la composición, riqueza y diversidad de aves de sus urbanizaciones. Se definieron tres casos de urbanización: centro, zona residencial y espacios abiertos de uso público; en cada uno se seleccionaron 3 sitios donde se realizaron 10 conteos de punto de radio fijo, por sitio y estación del año, totalizando 360 conteos. La diversidad se midió con índice de Shannon (H’). Las diferencias en riqueza y abundancia se analizaron con la prueba de Kruskall-Wallis y las de diversidad con el Test t de diferencias de Shannon. Se determinó la importancia relativa de las especies utilizando el índice de importancia relativa (IR). Se registraron 51 especies, 34 en centro, 42 en zona residencial y 17 en espacios abiertos, las diferencias en abundancia, riqueza y diversidad fueron significativas. Las especies con IR mayor a 0.5 fueron el Gorrión (Passer domesticus) en centro y la Paloma Manchada (Patagioenas maculosa) en zona residencial y espacios abiertos. Los resultados indican que el tipo de urbanización afecta la biodiversidad, con impacto diferencial en la composición específica, abundancia, riqueza, diversidad e importancia relativa de las especies de aves.

ABSTRACT The advance of urbanization leads to a decrease in biodiversity and it is necessary to know how its characteristics influence wildlife in order to mitigate its negative impact on cities and surrounding natural environments. Chilecito has 52 000 inhabitants with an accelerated growth in the last two decades. Our objective is to determine the composition, richness and diversity of birds in urban areas in Chilecito. Three cases of urbanization were defined: Downtown, Residential area and Open Space of Public Use; in each one 3 sites were selected sampling 10 fixed-radius point counts, per site and season, totaling 360 counts. Diversity was measured using the Shannon index (H’). Differences in richness and abundance were analyzed with the Kruskall-Wallis test and comparison of diversity with the Shannon’s t-test for differences. Relative importance of species was determined using the relative importance index (RI). A total of 51 species were recorded, 34 in Downtown, 42 in Residential area and 17 in Open space. Differences in abundance, richness and diversity were significant. Species with IR greater than 0.5 were House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) in Downtown and Spot-winged Pigeon (Patagioenas maculosa) in Residential area and Open space, but with higher dominance in Open space. The results indicate that type of urbanization affects biodiversity, with differential impact on the specific composition, abundance, richness, diversity and relative importance of bird species.

Resumen Presentamos el primer registro de tres mamíferos pequeños voladores para el Perú en base a especímenes colectados entre 2007 y 2014. Estos son: Eumops glaucinus, en la selva baja del centro del Perú; Molossus bondae en el bosque tropical del Pacífico, y Promops nasutus en bosques montanos del sureste. Los nuevos registros incrementan la diversidad de mamíferos del Perú a 579 especies.

Abstract We presented the first record of three species bats for Peru based on specimens collected between 2007 and 2014. These are Eumops glaucinus, captured in the rainforest from the center of Peru, Molossus bondae captured in the Pacifico rainforest, and Promops nasutus, captured in the montane forests from southeastern. The new records increase the mammal diversity of Peru to 579 species.

Resumen Antecedentes: Para poblaciones con distribución fragmentada, la alta remoción de frutos/semillas puede representar un cuello de botella para su propagación a nuevas áreas. Por lo que es importante conocer cómo la vegetación y el comportamiento de los comedores de frutos influyen en el patrón espacial de remoción. Pregunta: ¿De qué manera la densidad de la vegetación influye en la probabilidad de remoción de frutos post-dispersión de P. hintonii? Sitio y fecha: Estación Científica las Joyas, Reserva de la Biósfera Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco. Abril-mayo 2015. Métodos: El número de frutos removidos fue registrado en áreas con sotobosque denso y escaso, en dos tipos de bosques y dos áreas abiertas cubiertas de arbustos. Para identificar las especies de vertebrados removedores de frutos, fueron colocadas cámaras-trampas bajo dosel de P. hintonii con alta producción de frutos. Resultados: La remoción de frutos fue más bajo en áreas con baja densidad de sotobosque en pino-encino (11.17 ± 5.30 %) y áreas abiertas (25.5 ± 2.39 %), comparado al bosque nublado (72.51 ± 0.60 %). El número de días para el inicio de la remoción de frutos fue más bajo en el bosque nublado y pino-encino con sotobosque denso, que en aquellos con sotobosque escaso. Se identificaron seis especies de mamíferos y tres especies de aves consumidoras de frutos de P. hintonii; Pecari tajacu y pequeños mamíferos fueron los más importantes removedores de semillas. Conclusiones: Sotobosques poco densos en pino-encino favorecen menor remoción de frutos de P. hintonii, asociado probablemente al comportamiento de sus consumidores.

Abstract Background: High post-dispersal fruit-seed removal can be a bottleneck for successful propagation to new areas of plant populations with fragmented distribution, as in cloud forest. Therefore, it is important to know how vegetation and fruit-eating behavior will influence the spatial removal pattern. Questions and/or Hypotheses: How do vegetation structure and density influence fruit removal of Persea hintonii in potential propagation areas? Study site and dates: Las Joyas Scientific Station, Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. April-May 2015. Methods: The number of fruits removed were recorded in treatments excluding of different size vertebrates, in areas with a dense or sparse understory within two forest types plus open areas with shrub cover. To identify vertebrate fruit-removing species, camera-traps were placed under the canopy of P. hintonii trees with high fructification amounts. Results: Fruit removal was lower in areas of low understory density at pine-oak forests (11.17 ± 5.30 %) and gap areas (25.5 ± 2.39 %), compared to subtropical cloud forests (72.51 ± 0.60 %). The number of days to start the fruit removal was lower in the cloud and pine-oak forests with dense understory than in those with a sparse understory. We identified six mammal and three bird species as removers of P. hintonii fruits, among which Pecari tajacu and small mammals were the most important fruit removers. Conclusions: Low density understory in pine-oak favor less fruit removal of P. hintonii, probably associated with the behavior of its consumers.

Resumo Os ouriços, Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758), são pequenos mamíferos que se localizam na Europa ocidental e também em regiões do Norte da Europa. Eles podem ser avistados em áreas rurais, suburbanas e urbanas, mas são geralmente encontrados no campo no limite daqueles hábitats. São animais omnívoros e servem de hospedeiros definitivos ou paratênicos de muitos parasitas, incluindo acantocéfalos (filo Acanthocephala). Durante a necropsia de um ouriço, um exemplar adulto acantocéfalo foi recolhido do lúmen intestinal e preservado em etanol a 70%. Depois de uma avaliação morfológica desse exemplar, este foi identificado como Moniliformis cestodiformis (von Linstow, 1904) (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae). Esta é a primeira referência de M. cestodiformis num ouriço, assim como na Europa. Mais estudos epidemiológicos necessitam ser realizados, para localizar este parasita e calcular a sua prevalência em Portugal e no continente europeu. ouriços Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 , 1758) rurais urbanas hábitats parasitas filo Acanthocephala. Acanthocephala . Acanthocephala) ouriço 70 70% von Linstow 1904 (Acanthocephala Moniliformidae. Moniliformidae Moniliformidae) M realizados europeu 175 7 190 17 19 1

Abstract European hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758), are small mammals found in western Europe and also in parts of northern Europe. They can be seen in rural, suburban and urban areas, but are usually found in grassland with edge habitats. These animals are omnivorous and serve as definitive or paratenic hosts for several parasites, including acanthocephalans (phylum Acanthocephala). During necropsy of a European hedgehog, a single adult parasite was collected from the intestinal lumen and preserved in 70% ethanol. After morphological evaluation of the specimen, it was identified as Moniliformis cestodiformis (von Linstow, 1904) (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae). This is the first report of M. cestodiformis in a European hedgehog, as well as in Europe. More epidemiological studies need to be carried out to map the location and prevalence of this parasite in Portugal and the European continent. hedgehogs Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 , 1758) rural areas habitats parasites phylum Acanthocephala. Acanthocephala . Acanthocephala) hedgehog 70 ethanol specimen von Linstow 1904 (Acanthocephala Moniliformidae. Moniliformidae Moniliformidae) M continent 175 7 190 17 19 1

Resumo Sendo um importante hotspot de biodiversidade global, a Mata Atlântica tem sido drasticamente reduzida pelas atividades humanas. Entre as atividades antrópicas que mais afetam a biodiversidade desse ecossistema está a construção e operação de estradas e rodovias. Considerado um dos efeitos mais nocivos desses empreendimentos, o atropelamento de animais silvestres é atualmente uma das maiores causas de mortalidade de vertebrados silvestres. Neste estudo, avaliamos os padrões de atropelamentos de pequenos vertebrados em duas estradas na região litorânea do maior remanescente contínuo de Mata Atlântica brasileira. Durante doze meses realizamos coletas semanais com um veículo motorizado a uma velocidade constante de 40 km/h para busca de carcaças ao longo das estradas. Todas as carcaças encontradas foram georreferenciadas e identificadas até o menor nível taxonômico possível. Em seguida, usando o software Siriema v.2.0, analisamos a distribuição e os padrões espaciais dos eventos para identificar pontos de atropelamento de animais selvagens. Em um total de 43 dias de amostragem, foram registrados 209 animais atropelados (taxa média de atropelamentos de 0,105 e 0,111 animais/quilômetro/dia para PR-407 e PR-508 respectivamente). Extrapolando os índices encontrados, podemos estimar que cerca de 1.773 animais podem ser atropelados todos os anos nessas estradas. Os grupos mais afetados foram aves (33,01%) e anfíbios (30,62%), seguidos de répteis (19,13%) e mamíferos (17,33%). Os meses mais quentes tiveram as maiores taxas de atropelamentos. Durante o período encontramos dois pontos críticos de atropelamentos para a rodovia PR-407 (quilômetro 11,7 a 12,5 e quilômetro 14,7 a 16,7). Para a rodovia PR-508, encontramos um ponto crítico de 5,2 km (quilômetro 5 a 10,2). Como medida de curto prazo, recomendamos a instalação de redutores de velocidade nos trechos identificados e a implementação de campanhas de educação ambiental com moradores e turistas, principalmente nos meses de verão, visando mitigar o atropelamento em ambas as vias. No entanto, devido à importância e fragilidade ambiental da área, ressaltamos a necessidade de estudos de ecologia viária e de viabilidade populacional da fauna local a médio e longo prazo. global humanas rodovias empreendimentos estudo brasileira 4 kmh h possível seguida v20 v 2 0 v.2.0 selvagens amostragem 20 taxa 0105 105 0,10 0111 111 0,11 animaisquilômetrodia dia PR407 PR 407 PR-40 PR508 508 PR-50 respectivamente. respectivamente . respectivamente) encontrados 1773 1 773 1.77 33,01% 3301 33 01 (33,01% 30,62%, 3062 30,62% , 30 62 (30,62%) 19,13% 1913 19 13 (19,13% 17,33%. 1733 17,33% 17 (17,33%) 117 11 7 11, 125 12 12, 147 14 14, 16,7. 167 16,7 16 16,7) PR508, 508, 52 5, 10,2. 102 10,2 10 10,2) prazo turistas verão vias entanto área v2 v.2. 010 0,1 011 PR40 PR-4 PR50 50 PR-5 177 77 1.7 33,01 330 3 (33,01 306 30,62 6 (30,62% 19,13 191 (19,13 173 17,33 (17,33% 16, 10, v.2 0, PR4 PR- PR5 1. 33,0 (33,0 30,6 (30,62 19,1 (19,1 17,3 (17,33 v. 33, (33, 30, (30,6 19, (19, 17, (17,3 (33 (30, (19 (17, (3 (30 (1 (17 (

Abstract Being a significant global biodiversity hotspot, the Atlantic Forest has been drastically reduced by human activities. Among the anthropic activities that most affect the biodiversity of this biome is the construction and operation of roads and highways. Between harmful effects of these infrastructures, wildlife roadkill is currently considered one of the biggest causes of mortality of wild vertebrates. This study evaluated patterns of vertebrates’ roadkill on two roads in the coastal region of the largest continuous remnant of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. For twelve months, we carry out weekly samples with a motor vehicle at a constant speed of 40 km/h to search for carcasses along the roads. All carcasses found were georeferenced and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Then, using Siriema v.2.0 software, we analyzed roadkill aggregation and the spatial distribution of hotspots of wildlife roadkill. In 43 sampling days, 209 road-killed animals were registered (average roadkill rate of 0.105 and 0.111 animals/kilometer/day for PR-407 e PR-508, respectively). Extrapolating the rates found, we estimate that about 1,773 animals can be roadkill every year on these roads. The most affected groups were birds (33.01%) and amphibians (30.62%), followed by reptiles (19.13%) and mammals (17.33%). Warmer months had the highest roadkill rates. We found two critical roadkill hotspots for the PR-407 (kilometer 11.7 to 12.5 and kilometer 14.7 to 16.7). For the PR-508, we found a critical point of 5.2 km (kilometer 5 to 10.2). As a short-term measure, we recommend installing speed reducers in the identified stretches and implementing environmental education campaigns with residents and tourists, especially during the summer months, aiming to mitigate the roadkill on both roads. However, due to the importance and environmental fragility of the area, we emphasize the need for running periodic road ecology and local wildlife population viability studies in the medium and long term. hotspot highways infrastructures vertebrates 4 kmh h level Then v20 v 2 0 v.2. software days 20 roadkilled killed average 0105 105 0.10 0111 111 0.11 animalskilometerday day PR407 PR 407 PR-40 PR508, PR508 508, 508 PR-508 respectively. respectively . respectively) 1773 1 773 1,77 33.01% 3301 33 01 (33.01% 30.62%, 3062 30.62% , 30 62 (30.62%) 19.13% 1913 19 13 (19.13% 17.33%. 1733 17.33% 17 (17.33%) 117 11 7 11. 125 12 12. 147 14 14. 16.7. 167 16.7 16 16.7) 52 5. 10.2. 102 10.2 10 10.2) shortterm short term measure tourists However area v2 v.2 010 0.1 011 PR40 PR-4 PR50 50 PR-50 177 77 1,7 33.01 330 3 (33.01 306 30.62 6 (30.62% 19.13 191 (19.13 173 17.33 (17.33% 16. 10. v. 0. PR4 PR- PR5 PR-5 1, 33.0 (33.0 30.6 (30.62 19.1 (19.1 17.3 (17.33 33. (33. 30. (30.6 19. (19. 17. (17.3 (33 (30. (19 (17. (3 (30 (1 (17 (

Resumo Rhodnius neglectus é um triatomíneo silvestre, vetor do protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, causador da doença de Chagas. Este inseto se alimenta do sangue de pequenos mamíferos, que é essencial para o seu crescimento e reprodução. As glândulas acessórias do sistema reprodutor feminino são importantes na reprodução de insetos, mas sua anatomia e histologia em R. neglectus são pouco conhecidas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a histologia e histoquímica da glândula acessória do aparelho reprodutor feminino de R. neglectus. O sistema reprodutor de cinco fêmeas de R. neglectus foi dissecado e as glândulas acessórias transferidas para solução fixadora de Zamboni, desidratadas em série crescente de etanol, embebidas em historesina, seccionadas com 2 µm de espessura, coradas com azul de toluidina para análise histológica ou submetidas ao teste de mercúrio-bromofenol para detecção de proteínas totais. O sistema reprodutor de R. neglectus tem uma glândula acessória tubular, sem ramificações, abrindo-se na região dorsal da vagina, sendo diferenciada em regiões proximal e distal. Na região proximal, a glândula é revestida internamente pela cutícula com uma camada de células colunares associadas a fibras musculares. Na região distal ocorrem células secretoras esféricas com aparato terminal e canalículos condutores que se abrem no lúmen da glândula através de poros na cutícula. O teste histoquímico revelou a presença de proteínas no lúmen da glândula e no aparato terminal, núcleo e citoplasma das células secretoras. A histologia da glândula de R. neglectus é semelhante à das espécies desse gênero, mas com variações na forma e no tamanho de sua região distal. silvestre cruzi Chagas mamíferos insetos R conhecidas Zamboni etanol historesina espessura mercúriobromofenol mercúrio bromofenol totais tubular ramificações abrindose abrindo vagina musculares gênero

Abstract Rhodnius neglectus is a wild triatomine, vector of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas’ disease, and feeds on the blood of small mammals, being essential for its growth and reproduction. Accessory glands of the female reproductive tract are important in insect reproduction, but their anatomy and histology in R. neglectus are poorly studied. The aim of this work was to describe the histology and histochemistry of the accessory gland of the female reproductive tract of R. neglectus. The reproductive tract of five females of R. neglectus was dissected and the accessory glands transferred to Zamboni's fixative solution, dehydrated in a crescent series of ethanol, embedded in historesin, sectioned at 2 µm thick, stained with toluidine blue for histological analysis or mercury bromophenol blue for detection of total proteins. The accessory gland R. neglectus is tubular, without branches, opening in the dorsal region of the vagina and differing along its length in proximal and distal regions. In the proximal region, the gland is lined by the cuticle with a layer of columnar cells associated with muscle fibers. In the distal region of the gland, the epithelium has spherical secretory cells with terminal apparatus and conducting canaliculi opening in the lumen through pores in the cuticle. Proteins were identified in the gland lumen, terminal apparatus, nucleus and cytoplasm of secretory cells. The histology of the R. neglectus gland is similar to that found in other species of this genus, but with variations in the shape and size of its distal region. triatomine cruzi Chagas disease mammals reproduction R studied Zambonis Zamboni s solution ethanol historesin thick proteins tubular branches regions fibers genus

Resumo Parasitos gastrointestinais são bem documentados em pequenos mamíferos do centro-norte do Chile, mas pouco conhecido sobre endoparasitos de roedores no sul do Chile. Uma pesquisa foi realizada entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2018, avaliando parasitas gastrointestinais e fatores de risco de roedores selvagens vivendo em áreas rurais no norte da Ilha de Chiloé, Chile. Um total de 174 amostras fecais de roedores de seis espécies nativas e uma introduzida foi coletado e examinado pelo método Mini-FLOTAC. Ademais, 41 indivíduos de quatro espécies nativas de roedores selvagens foram examinados para determinar parasitas adultos do trato gastrointestinal. A prevalência geral de endoparasitos foi de 89,65% (156). Os tipos de ovos de helmintos incluíram: Rodentolepis spp., Capillariidae, Trichuris sp., Syphacia sp.; dos tipos Oxyurideos, Strongyloides sp., dos tipos Spirurideos e Estrongilideos, Moniliformis sp.; e um ovo e larvas de nematoides não identificados. Os protozoários compreendiam coccídios, amebas e cistos não identificados. Nas necropsias, os parasitos adultos envolveram Syphacia sp. Trichuris sp., Protospirura sp. e Physaloptera sp. Em Abrothrix olivacea, indivíduos com baixo índice de massa corporal apresentaram probabilidade de infecção reduzida para ovos Spirurideos e Estrongilideos. Alguns parasitos, neste estudo, podem afetar a saúde humana. Em ambientes rurais, onde as condições ambientais mudam, mais pesquisas são necessárias para entender as infecções parasitárias na vida selvagem e as implicações para a saúde pública e conservação. centronorte centro Chile 2018 Chiloé 17 MiniFLOTAC. MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC. FLOTAC Mini-FLOTAC Ademais 4 gastrointestinal 8965 89 65 89,65 156. 156 . (156) incluíram spp spp. Capillariidae sp Oxyurideos Estrongilideos identificados coccídios necropsias olivacea estudo humana mudam conservação 201 1 896 8 6 89,6 15 (156 20 89, (15 2 (1 (

Abstract Gastrointestinal parasites are well-documented in small mammals from north-central Chile, but little is known about endoparasites of rodents in southern Chile. A survey was conducted between January and February 2018 to evaluate gastrointestinal parasites and risk factors of wild rodents that live in rural areas in Northern Chiloé Island, Chile. A total of 174 fecal samples from rodents of six native and one introduced species were collected and examined using the Mini-FLOTAC method. Also, 41 individuals of four native wild rodent species were examined furtherly to determinate adult parasites from gastrointestinal tracts. The overall prevalence of endoparasites was 89.65% (156). Helminth egg types included: Rodentolepis spp., Capillariidae, Trichuris sp., Syphacia sp., oxyurid-type eggs, Strongyloides sp., Spirurid-type eggs, Strongilid-type eggs, Moniliformis sp., and an unidentified nematode egg and larvae. Protozoa comprised coccidia, amoeba, and unidentified cysts. From necropsies, adult parasites involved Syphacia sp. Trichuris sp., Protospirura sp. and Physaloptera sp. In Abrothrix olivacea, individuals with low-body-mass index exhibited reduced infection probability for Spirurid-type and Strongilid-type eggs. Some parasites in this study may affect human health. In rural settings where environmental conditions are changing, more research should be undertaken to understand parasitic infections in wildlife and implications for public health and conservation. welldocumented well documented northcentral north central Chile 201 Island 17 MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC method Also 4 tracts 8965 89 65 89.65 156. 156 . (156) included spp spp. Capillariidae sp oxyuridtype oxyurid type eggs Spiruridtype Spirurid Strongilidtype Strongilid larvae coccidia amoeba cysts necropsies olivacea lowbodymass low body mass changing conservation 20 1 896 8 6 89.6 15 (156 2 89. (15 (1 (

Abstract: The coast of central Chile has experienced rapid urbanization, threatening fauna in a biodiversity hotspot. To analyze the contribution in the conservation of fauna of the peri-urban vegetation of the town of Quintay, we evaluated vertebrate fauna (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) in relicts of hygrophilous forests (n=2), sclerophyllous scrub (n=3) and forest plantations (n=3). The native vegetation (hygrophilous forests and sclerophyllous scrub) supported greater number of endemic and threatened animal species, and greater species richness and abundance of small mammals. Forest plantations presented a greater species richness and abundance of forest bird species. Based on our findings, we proposed recommendations to conserve native fauna, which is part of Quintay’s natural heritage, in the context of urban expansion promoted by its new Regulatory Plan.

Resumen: La costa de Chile central ha experimentado una rápida urbanización del territorio, generando amenazas para la fauna en un área considerada un hotspot de biodiversidad. Para analizar la contribución en la conservación de fauna de la vegetación periurbana de la localidad de Quintay, evaluamos la fauna de vertebrados (anfibios, reptiles, aves y mamíferos) en relictos de bosques higrófilos (n=2), matorral esclerófilo (n=3) y plantación forestal (n=3). La vegetación nativa (bosques higrófilos y matorral esclerófilo) presentó un mayor número de especies de fauna endémica y amenazada, junto con una mayor riqueza y abundancia de pequeños mamíferos. Las plantaciones forestales presentaron una mayor riqueza y abundancia de especies de aves de bosque. Con base en nuestros resultados, se proponen recomendaciones para conservar la fauna nativa, que forma parte del patrimonio natural de la localidad de Quintay, en el contexto de la expansión urbana que fomenta su nuevo Plan Regulador.

Resumen No cerne do bioma Mata Atlântica, o Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina (PNSB) está localizado na área Sudeste de endemismo para vertebrados na Mata Atlântica. Preencher lacunas de conhecimento sobre a distribuição espacial e ocorrência das espécies em parques nacionais é de fundamental importância para saber quantas espécies estão protegidas e orientar iniciativas de conservação. Aqui atualizamos a lista de espécies de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores do PNSB, fornecendo novos dados sobre a lista de espécies e abundância, com espécies identificadas principalmente por análises cariotípicas e/ou molecular. Doze sessões de amostragem com uma abordagem de captura-marcação-recaptura foram realizadas em quatro áreas no PNSB de 2013 a 2016, durante as obras de pavimentação da rodovia estadual RJ-165 (Estrada Parque Paraty-Cunha), município de Paraty, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os pequenos mamíferos não-voadores (Rodentia e Didelphimorphia) foram amostrados usando armadilhas de captura viva Sherman® e Tomahawk® (18.987 armadilhas-noite) e armadilhas de queda (4.591 armadilhas-noite). Trinta e duas espécies (11 marsupiais e 21 roedores) foram registradas em 1.185 espécimes capturados. A riqueza de espécies variou de 18 a 28 entre as áreas de amostragem. Dez e 11 espécies foram capturadas exclusivamente em armadilhas de captura viva e armadilhas de queda, respectivamente. A riqueza observada (32 espécies) representou 91,4% da riqueza de espécies estimada para a área de estudo. As áreas 2 e 4 foram as mais semelhantes entre si quanto à composição de espécies, e a área 3 foi a mais dissimilar. As espécies com maior abundância relativa foram Euryoryzomys russatus (14%) e Delomys dorsalis (14%), enquanto seis espécies tiveram abundâncias relativas inferiores a 1%. Quatorze e 17 espécies foram identificadas pelo cariótipo e por análise molecular, respectivamente. O presente estudo acrescentou 22 espécies à lista de pequenos mamíferos não-voadores do parque, que passou a contar com 37 espécies com ocorrência confirmada. Essa riqueza de espécies encontrada no PNSB é uma das maiores já registradas para o grupo dos pequenos mamíferos não-voadores em áreas protegidas da Mata Atlântica no Brasil, corroborando a região da Serra da Bocaina como um hotspot de biodiversidade. (PNSB conservação nãovoadores não voadores eou ou molecular capturamarcaçãorecaptura marcação recaptura 201 2016 RJ165 RJ 165 RJ-16 Estrada ParatyCunha, ParatyCunha Paraty Cunha , Paraty-Cunha) Janeiro Brasil Rodentia Didelphimorphia Sherman Tomahawk 18.987 18987 987 (18.98 armadilhasnoite noite armadilhas-noite 4.591 4591 591 (4.59 armadilhasnoite. . (1 roedores 1185 1 185 1.18 capturados respectivamente 32 (3 914 91 91,4 dissimilar 14% 14 (14% 14%, 1% parque confirmada biodiversidade 20 RJ16 16 RJ-1 Paraty-Cunha 18.98 1898 98 (18.9 4.59 459 59 (4.5 ( 118 1.1 9 91, (14 RJ1 RJ- 18.9 189 (18. 4.5 45 5 (4. 1. 18. (18 4. (4

Abstract In the core of the Atlantic Forest biome, the Serra da Bocaina National Park (SBNP) is located in the Atlantic Forest Southeast area of endemism for vertebrates. Filling gaps in knowledge about the spatial distribution and occurrence of species in national parks is of fundamental importance to know how many species are protected and to guide conservation initiatives. Here we updated the non-volant small mammal species list of the SBNP, providing new data on species list and abundance, with species identified mainly by karyotype and/or molecular analysis. Twelve sampling sessions with a capture-mark-recapture approach were carried out in four sites in the SBNP from 2013 to 2016, during the paving works of the state highway RJ-165 (Estrada Parque Paraty-Cunha), municipality of Paraty, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Non-volant small mammals (Rodentia and Didelphimorphia) were sampled using Sherman® and Tomahawk® live traps (18,987 trap-nights) and pitfall traps (4,591 trap-nights). Thirty-two species (11 marsupials and 21 rodents) were recorded from 1,185 captured specimens. Species richness ranged from 18 to 28 between sites. Ten and 11 species were exclusively captured in live traps and pitfall traps, respectively. The observed richness (32 species) represented 91.4% of the estimated species richness for the study area. Sites 2 and 4 were the most similar to each other regarding species composition, and site 3 was the most dissimilar. The species with highest relative abundance were Euryoryzomys russatus (14%) and Delomys dorsalis (14%), while six species had relative abundances lower than 1%. Fourteen and 17 species were identified by karyotype and molecular analysis, respectively. The present study added 22 species to the park’s non-volant small mammals list, which now has 37 species with confirmed occurrence. This species richness found in the SBNP is one of the highest ever recorded for the group of non-volant small mammals in protected areas of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, corroborating the Serra da Bocaina region as a biodiversity hotspot. biome (SBNP vertebrates initiatives nonvolant non volant andor or analysis capturemarkrecapture capture mark recapture 201 2016 RJ165 RJ 165 RJ-16 Estrada ParatyCunha, ParatyCunha Paraty Cunha , Paraty-Cunha) Janeiro Brazil Nonvolant Non Rodentia Didelphimorphia Sherman Tomahawk 18,987 18987 987 (18,98 trapnights trap nights trap-nights 4,591 4591 591 (4,59 trapnights. . Thirtytwo Thirty two (1 rodents 1185 1 185 1,18 specimens respectively 32 (3 914 91 91.4 composition dissimilar 14% 14 (14% 14%, 1% park s hotspot 20 RJ16 16 RJ-1 Paraty-Cunha 18,98 1898 98 (18,9 4,59 459 59 (4,5 ( 118 1,1 9 91. (14 RJ1 RJ- 18,9 189 (18, 4,5 45 5 (4, 1, 18, (18 4, (4

ABSTRACT Tracking and monitoring of bat populations have frequently involved the use of inappropriate marking methods. Due to their small size, passive integrated transponders (PIT-tag) provide a permanent mark for small vertebrate species through their sub-dermal implantation. However, few studies assess their effects on bats. Here we present the first study on the effect of PIT-tags on bats in Latin America. We evaluated the effect of the use of PIT-tag as a permanent mark on the recapture rate and body condition in Myotis chiloensis and Tadarida brasiliensis in central Chile. For both species, we marked a group of individuals with PIT-tag and left an equivalent group without a mark. In six surveys, between January and March 2019, we captured a total of 262 individuals, 176 corresponding to the species M. chiloensis and 86 to T. brasiliensis, with a total of 43 and 33 recaptures, respectively. The use of PIT-tag had no effect neither on the recapture rate nor body condition for both bat species. Although more investigations are required, our results suggested that the use of PIT-tag as a marking method is adequate and safe for this bat species and it could be implemented in long-term studies.

RESUMEN El seguimiento y monitoreo de poblaciones de murciélagos han involucrado con frecuencia el uso de métodos de marcaje inefectivos y poco seguros. Por su reducido tamaño, los transpondedores integrados pasivos (PIT-tag) permiten marcar especies de vertebrados pequeños de forma permanente mediante su implantación sub-dérmica. Sin embargo, existen escasos estudios que evalúen el efecto de estos dispositivos en murciélagos. Este es el primer estudio que analiza el efecto del marcaje con PIT-tag en especies de murciélagos en Latinoamérica. Evaluamos el efecto del uso de PIT-tag como marca permanente sobre la tasa de recaptura y la condición corporal de Myotis chiloensis y Tadarida brasiliensis en Chile central. Para esto marcamos un grupo de individuos con PIT-tag y dejamos un grupo equivalente sin marca en ambas especies. En seis campañas, entre enero y marzo de 2019, capturamos un total de 262 individuos, 176 correspondieron a la especie M. chiloensis y 86 a T. brasiliensis, con un total de 43 y 33 recapturas, respectivamente. El marcaje con PIT-tag no tuvo un efecto diferencial sobre la tasa de recaptura ni en la condición corporal de las especies de murciélagos. Aunque se requiere mayor investigación, nuestros resultados sugieren que el marcaje con PIT-tags es inofensivo y seguro para estas especies de murciélagos y puede ser implementado en estudios de largo plazo.