Abstract Objective: This study aims to unveil the competence in the production of argumentative written texts among first-year students at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras-UNAH during the first academic term of 2018. Originality/Contribution: The relevance of this article lies in the need to develop a strategic program that promotes academic literacy from the early stages of Higher Education, enabling students to autonomously continue their qualification process. Additionally this research seeks to contribute to improving the quality of Higher Education, initially focusing on the learning spaces within the Department of Letters and, in the long run, extending to other academic areas. Method: This study adopts an interpretive paradigm with a qualitative approach and employs intentional sampling. To achieve the objectives, the analysis and interpretation of the microstructure, superstructure, and macrostructure of the participants’ textual production were conducted. Data Collection Strategies: Applied Design: action research, through which a corpus of 150 argumentative essays written by fifty students was compiled. From this corpus, 30 relevant essays were selected. Discourse analysis served as the technique for analyzing and interpreting the written texts. Conclusion: Students do not demonstrate competence in producing academic argumentative texts. Their writings exhibit limitations, although they also demonstrate significant potential.

Resumo Objetivo: Revelar a competência na produção de texto escrito argumentativo dos estudantes do primeiro ano da Universidade Nacional Autónoma das Honduras (UNAH) no primeiro período académico de 2018. Originalidade/suporte: A sua importância reside na necessidade de desenvolver um programa estratégico que permita a literacia académica desde o início do ensino superior, para que os estudantes possam posteriormente continuar o seu processo de qualificação de forma autónoma. Pretende-se ainda que esta investigação contribua para a melhoria da qualidade do ensino superior, em princípio, especificamente nos espaços de aprendizagem do Departamento de Letras e por extensão, a longo prazo, a outras áreas académicas. Método: Situa-se no paradigma interpretativo, de abordagem qualitativa. Amostra intencional. Para atingir os objectivos, procedeu-se à análise e interpretação da microestrutura, superestrutura e macroestrutura da produção textual dos participantes. Estratégias/ coleta de datos: Conceção aplicada: investigação-ação, através da qual se formou um corpus de cento e cinquenta ensaios argumentativos escritos por cinquenta alunos. Deste corpus foram seleccionados trinta textos relevantes. A técnica de análise e interpretação dos textos foi a análise do discurso. Conclusão: Os alunos não são utilizadores competentes na produção de textos académicos argumentativos. Os seus textos apresentam limitações, mas também muitas potencialidades.

Resumen Objetivo: Develar la competencia en la producción del texto escrito argumentativo de los estudiantes de primer ingreso de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH) en el primer periodo académico de 2018. Originalidad/aporte: Su importancia radica en la necesidad de desarrollar un programa estratégico que permita la alfabetización académica desde los inicios de la educación superior, con el fin de que posteriormente los estudiantes puedan de manera autónoma continuar su proceso de cualificación. Asimismo, se busca que esta investigación constituya un aporte para mejorar la calidad de la educación superior, en principio, de manera específica en los espacios de aprendizaje del Departamento de Letras y por extensión en el largo plazo a las demás áreas académicas. Método: Se ubica en el paradigma interpretativo, enfoque cualitativo. Muestra intencional. Para alcanzar los objetivos se llevó a cabo el análisis e interpretación de la microestructura, la superestructura y la macroestructura de la producción textual de los participantes. Estrategias/recolección de información: Diseño aplicado: investigación acción, a través del cual se conformó un corpus de ciento cincuenta ensayos argumentativos escritos por cincuenta estudiantes. De este se seleccionaron treinta escritos relevantes. La técnica para el análisis e interpretación de los escritos fue el análisis del discurso. Conclusión: Los estudiantes no son usuarios competentes en la producción del texto académico argumentativo. Sus escritos presentan limitaciones, aunque también muchas potencialidades.

ABSTRACT The article aims to examine the behavior of contemporary speech genre theory in the analysis of Pauline epistles. The genre of letters is conceived within its original communicative purpose, limited to sender and receivers, whereas the epistle refers to the letter read outside of its original context, considered as literature. The research corpus is composed of the Corinthian epistles of the New Testament, which are accepted as authored by the Apostle Paul. They are selected due to their shared audience, enabling a comparison of production context aspects in the apostle’s writings over time. Research findings include: letters that acquire new meanings, when transformed into epistles with a broader readership; the epistle genre, despite undergoing significant modifications, remains recognizable to present-day readers due to its macrostructure; the social role and communicative intent of the sender that result in alternating usage of formal and informal language, as well as variations in discourse person. purpose receivers literature Testament Paul audience apostles apostle s time include meanings readership modifications presentday present day macrostructure language person

RESUMO O artigo busca verificar como a teoria de gêneros discursivos contemporâneos se comporta na análise de epístolas paulinas. Concebe-se o gênero carta em seu propósito comunicativo original, limitado a emissor e receptores, enquanto a epístola se refere à carta lida longe do contexto original, como literatura. O corpus da pesquisa, composto por I e II Coríntios, epístolas aceitas como de autoria de Paulo, é escolhido por estar voltado ao mesmo público, possibilitando a comparação de aspectos de contexto de produção nos escritos do apóstolo ao longo do tempo. São resultados de pesquisa: as cartas, ao se tornarem epístolas, com número de leitores ampliado, assumem novos sentidos; o gênero epístola, apesar das muitas modificações sofridas, mantém-se reconhecível pelo leitor atual devido à sua macroestrutura; o papel social e o propósito de comunicação do emissor resultam na alternância do uso de linguagem formal e informal e de variação de pessoas do discurso. paulinas Concebese Concebe original receptores literatura pesquisa Coríntios Paulo público tempo cartas ampliado sentidos sofridas mantémse mantém macroestrutura discurso

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate if the narrative score of the ProNOH protocol allows for discriminating age groups, as well as its relation with the global coherence level of the story. The performance of preschool and schoolchildren on the macrostructure aspects. Methods Participants were 97 preschoolers and schoolchildren with typical language development, aged between five and 12 years old, and both sexes who attended public schools. The “Protocolo de Avaliação da Narrativa Oral de História (ProNOH)” (Protocol for the Evaluation of Oral Storytelling) was applied and the narrative score in the macrostructure dimension was calculated with story grammar elements. These same story elements were used to obtain the global coherence level of the story, as proposed by Spinillo and Martins (1997). Results A statistically significant difference was found between age groups, mainly between the borderline ages of 5-6 years, 7-8 years, 9-10 years, and 11-12 years. Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between the narrative score and global coherence and age, as well as between the narrative score and global coherence. Conclusion The protocol proved to be useful for identifying the repertoire of typical story grammar elements as an objective measure that differs in oral narrative across age groups. The results also indicate that the narrative score can provide an idea about the global coherence of the story, although this value does not replace a specific analysis. groups aspects 9 development 1 old schools Protocolo (ProNOH) Protocol Storytelling 1997. 1997 . (1997) 56 5 6 5- 78 7 8 7- 910 10 9-1 1112 11 11-1 analysis (ProNOH 199 (1997 91 9- 111 11- 19 (199 (19 (1 (

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se o escore narrativo obtido por meio da aplicação do “Protocolo de Avaliação da Narrativa Oral de História (ProNOH)” permite discriminar os grupos etários estudados, bem como sua relação com o nível de coerência global da história. Método Participaram 97 pré-escolares e escolares com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem, entre 5 e 12 anos, ambos os sexos que frequentavam escola pública. Foi aplicado o “Protocolo de Avaliação da Narrativa Oral de História (ProNOH)” e calculado o escore narrativo na dimensão macroestrutural a partir dos elementos estruturais previstos no modelo da gramática de história. Esses mesmos elementos foram usados para obter o nível de coerência global da história, segundo proposta de análise de Spinillo e Martins (1997). Resultados Diferença estatisticamente significante foi encontrada entre os grupos etários, principalmente entre as idades fronteiriças de 5-6 anos, 7-8 anos, 9-10 anos e 11-12 anos. Correlação positiva e estatisticamente significante foi encontrada com a idade e o escore narrativo e a coerência global, bem como entre o escore narrativo e o nível de coerência global. Conclusão O protocolo mostrou ser útil para identificar o repertório de elementos típicos da gramática de história na narrativa oral como uma medida objetiva que diferenciou a narrativa oral de grupos etários. Os resultados indicaram ainda que o escore narrativo pode ser uma medida norteadora do nível de coerência da história, apesar deste valor não substituir uma análise específica. Protocolo ProNOH (ProNOH) estudados 9 préescolares pré linguagem 1 pública 1997. 1997 . (1997) 56 6 5- 78 7 8 7- 910 10 9-1 1112 11 11-1 específica (ProNOH 199 (1997 91 9- 111 11- 19 (199 (19 (1 (

ABSTRACT Introduction: In institutions, the interaction between information and technology is strategic, decisive and often competitive, making it essential to find solutions to improve this management. Digital technologies and the internet offer resources to improve information and knowledge organization, but they also generate a massive volume of information that complicates these processes. The analysis and evaluation of systems aimed at structuring and retrieving information represent a valuable contribution to the field in a practical and theoretical way. Objective: This article aims to describe the macrostructure of the M4law software, analyzing its elements from the point of view of a knowledge organization system (SOC), specifically relating it to ontologies and their constructs. Methodology: To this end, a brief literature review contextualized knowledge organization, SOC, and ontologies. The M4law analysis started from its most basic elements: objects, going through its hierarchical structure, creating a representation model, and verifying its properties and potential relationships between elements. Results: The analysis found that the system uses structure and language that refer to ontologies, and a comparison was created between the main ontological constructs and the types of objects in M4law. Conclusion: Finally, it was considered that although there is no explicit ontology in the software environment, it operates based on ontological principles and can be identified as a SOC Introduction institutions strategic competitive management processes way Objective Mlaw M law , (SOC) Methodology end model Results Conclusion Finally environment (SOC

RESUMO Introdução: Nas instituições, a interação entre informação e tecnologia é estratégica, decisiva e frequentemente competitiva, tornando essencial encontrar soluções para melhorar esse gerenciamento. As tecnologias digitais e a internet oferecem recursos para aprimorar a organização das informações e do conhecimento, mas também geram um volume massivo de informações que complicam estes processos. A análise e a avaliação de sistemas direcionados à estruturação e recuperação da informação representam uma valiosa contribuição para o campo de forma prática e teórica. Objetivo: Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a macroestrutura do software M4law, analisando seus elementos sob o ponto de vista de um sistema de organização do conhecimento (SOC), mais especificamente relacionando-o às ontologias e seus constructos. Metodologia: Para tal, realizou-se uma breve revisão de literatura contextualizando a área de organização do conhecimento, os SOC e as ontologias. A análise do M4law partiu de seus elementos mais básicos: os objetos, passando pela sua estrutura hierárquica através da criação de um modelo de representação, bem como a verificação de suas propriedades e potenciais relacionamentos entre elementos. Resultados: A partir da análise, verificou-se que o sistema faz uso de estrutura e linguagem que remetem às ontologias, e criou-se um comparativo entre os principais construtos ontológicos e os tipos de objetos do M4law. Conclusão: Por fim, considerou-se que apesar de não haver uma ontologia de forma explícita na ambientação do software, ele opera com base em princípios ontológicos, podendo ser identificado como um SOC. Introdução instituições estratégica competitiva gerenciamento processos teórica Objetivo Mlaw M law SOC, , (SOC) relacionandoo relacionando constructos Metodologia tal realizouse realizou se básicos representação Resultados verificouse verificou criouse criou Conclusão fim considerouse considerou (SOC

Abstract Translating and writing agri-food texts from Spanish into English and the development of tools to aid users during these tasks has become a key issue for Translation Studies. Based on the compilation of a virtual Spanish-English comparable corpus composed of dried-meat product cards, the methodology applied to develop GEFEM is described. First, the prototypical rhetorical structure was identified with the Rhetorical Move Tagger© developed by ACTRES research group. Next, model lines were established with the Comparable Corpus Browser© and the most recurrent lexical grammatical patterns, terminology, and phraseology were also determined. With linguistic data the software was developed. The result is a semiautomatic corpus-based writing aid tool which assist users through writing and translating Spanish dried-meat product cards into English. The software includes a menu to select the macrostructure of the text and it corresponds with the rhetorical structure. Next, several options are offered to develop each section. agrifood agri food Studies SpanishEnglish driedmeat dried meat described First Tagger group Next Browser patterns terminology determined corpusbased based section

Resumen La traducción y la redacción del español al inglés en el sector agroalimentario y el desarrollo de aplicaciones y herramientas que asistan durante este proceso se ha convertido en un campo prioritario para los Estudios de Traducción. A partir de la compilación de un corpus virtual comparable español-inglés compuesto por fichas descriptivas de producto describimos la metodología empleada para desarrollar GEFEM (GEnerador de Fichas de EMbutidos). Determinamos el prototipo de estructura retórica en cada lengua con la ayuda del Etiquetador Retórico© desarrollado por el grupo ACTRES. A continuación, con el Visor de Corpus Comparables© identificamos las líneas modelo, los principales patrones léxico?gramaticales, la terminología y la fraseología. Con la información lingüística se desarrolla el software, que da como resultado una herramienta que asiste a la redacción de fichas descriptivas de embutidos del español al inglés, que contiene un menú en el que se selecciona la macroestructura del texto y se corresponde con la estructura retórica y, a continuación, varias alternativas para desarrollar el contenido de cada apartado. Traducción españolinglés GEnerador EMbutidos. EMbutidos . EMbutidos) Retórico ACTRES continuación Comparables modelo léxicogramaticales, léxicogramaticales léxico gramaticales, gramaticales léxico?gramaticales fraseología software apartado

Abstract Careful consideration of cultural elements is required in the transfer of legal texts within the field of specialized translation, according to Borja (2000, p. 163). The translator faces a set of difficulties not only when finding the suitable equivalences between legal systems, but also when mediating between cultures. Last wills constitute a type of legal text that is subjected to a fixed macrostructure (Alcaraz et al., 2006, p. 371) frequently bestrewed with cultural elements. This paper presents a practical perspective on translating five culturally-bound elements in a last will and testament originally drafted in English and translated into Galician by 36 final-year translation students. Furthermore, the proper use of parallel texts will also be dealt with, considering that these ‘authentic texts’ (Nord, 2010, p. 13) provide essential linguistic and cultural information during the translation process. Non-professional translators, undergraduates, in this case, search for and use the parallel texts they need to carry out an in-depth analysis to extract those sections that guide their work (Roiss, 2009, p. 134). Parallel texts were attached to their assignment and later examined to reinforce student’s learning process of legal translation module. The analysis has shown that most students could identify a set of parallel texts, suitable for the transfer of the five cultural items discussed here. By carrying out this practice, students have learnt not only where to find these texts while taking this module but also how to use them as a useful translation tool. 2000, 2000 (2000 p 163. 163 . 163) systems cultures Alcaraz al al. 2006 371 culturallybound culturally bound 3 finalyear final year Furthermore authentic Nord, Nord (Nord 2010 13 Nonprofessional Non professional translators undergraduates case indepth depth Roiss, Roiss (Roiss 2009 134. 134 134) student s here practice tool 200 (200 16 37 201 1 20 (20 2 (2 (

Dieser Beitrag ana-lysiert die algorithmische Komplexität (auch Kolmogorow-Komplexität oder Beschreibungskom-plexität) des im Wortfamilienwörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache (WfWG; Augst 2009) enthaltenen Lemmakorpus in Abhängigkeit von dessen makrostruktureller Anordnung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wortfamilienanordnung im Vergleich zur alphabetischen Reihenfolge eine stärker kom-primierbare und daher weniger komplexe, d. h. kürzer beschreibare Version des WfWG-Lemma-korpus darstellt. Diese Beobachtung deutet auf einen höheren Grad an Lernbarkeit und kognitiver Zugänglichkeit des in Wortfamilien angeordneten Lemmakorpus hin.

This paper analyzes the algorithmic complexity (also known as Kolmogorov complexity or descriptive complexity) of the lemma corpus included in the Wortfamilienwörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache (WfWG; Augst 2009) as a function of its macrostructural arrangement. The results show that, compared to the alphabetical order, the WfWG word-family arrangement produces an algorithmically more compressible, and therefore less complex version of the lemma corpus. This observation points to a higher degree of learnability and cognitive accessibility of the lemma corpus arranged in word families.

Resumen El presente estudio analiza el Vocabulario de mexicanismos de Joaquín García Icazbalceta a la luz de las ideas planteadas por él mismo en el documento Provincialismos mexicanos, publicado como Prólogo del Vocabulario. Postulamos dos tesis que guiarían al autor en la consecución de su obra lexicográfica. La primera refiere a la naturaleza de los “provincialismos mexicanos”, a los que García Icazbalceta atribuye un origen prominentemente hispánico. La segunda puntualiza su concepción del español americano, su valor en cuanto expresión propia y legítima de los hispanohablantes de esta parte del mundo y, por consiguiente, la necesidad de documentar tanto su presente como su pasado. Nuestro propósito es mostrar cómo García Icazbalceta materializó ambas tesis en la macroestructura del Vocabulario y, simultáneamente, destacar el carácter descriptivo de su diccionario y su valor historiográfico. En el análisis intentamos determinar, en la medida de lo posible, los criterios de selección léxica empleados por el autor; después, hacemos un recuento de todos los vocablos incluidos, las clasificaciones y marcación que les dio, la data que hizo de sus autoridades y su constatación en cuanto americanismos. Por último, presentamos una caracterización de la microestructura de los artículos en la que se evidencia el método seguido por el autor para desarrollarlos.

Abstract This study analyzes the Vocabulario de mexicanismos (Lexicon of Mexicanisms) of Joaquín García Icazbalceta in light of the author’s ideas in its prologue, “Provincialismos mexicanos” (“Mexican Provincialisms”). We postulate that the author was guided by two theses in compiling the lexicon. The first concerns the nature of Mexican provincialisms, which García Icazbalceta describes as being predominantly of Spanish origin. The second is related to his conception of American Spanish, which he values and legitimizes as a proper mode of expression for Spanish- speakers in the Americas, and therefore in need of documentation of its past and present. Our aim is to demonstrate how García Icazbalceta brought these theses to the macrostructure of Vocabulario de mexicanismos, and to highlight its descriptive characteristics and historiographic value. We seek to determine as far as possible his criteria for selecting words, with an account of the words included, his linguistic classifications and markings, the authorities and chronological data he cites, and his identification of words as Americanisms. Finally, we describe the structure of the entries and the method he used to develop them.

Resumen: Investigamos la microestructura de un conjunto de redes sociales urbanas en línea conformada por cientos de páginas de Facebook a lo largo de un año de muestreo en una ciudad argentina. Exploramos la relación entre el censo de tríadas obtenido para cada red y diversas variables estructurales de la misma. De ese modo asociamos microestructura con la macroestructura de las mismas en un contexto en línea. Encontramos que las tríadas transitivas se encuentran con mayor probabilidad en las redes o agrupamientos más activos y recíprocos. Asimismo, la preeminencia de transitividad emerge en redes asortativas.

Abstract: We investigated the microstructure of a set of online urban social networks made up of hundreds of Facebook pages throughout a year of sampling in an Argentine city. We explore the relationship between the census of triads obtained for each network and various structural variables. In this way, we associate microstructure with the macrostructure of the same in an online context. We find that transitive triads are more likely to be found in the most active and reciprocal networks or clusters. Likewise, the preeminence of transitivity emerges in assortative networks.

abstract: Concrete in its macrostructure is a multiphase cementitious composite material, however, by reducing its scale, it is possible to identify the phases that compose it, among the phases are those embedded in the microscale: the hydrated silicates, in the mesoscale: the cement paste, transition zones and aggregates and in the macro phase: the composite itself. Modeling this type of material with two-phase micromechanical models is common in the literature, but there are already proven limitations that two-phase models can provide high modeling errors and are not recommended for this type of study. Faced with this problem, an alternative would be to use multiple-phase models, combined with a multiscale perspective in an attempt to minimize the error in modeling this material. The present paper models the concrete in two different constructions: without an interfacial transition zone and with the inclusion of the interfacial transition zone, verifying the modeling error when neglecting this important phase. The entire homogenization process is performed using the decoupled multiscale technique, obtaining results that rule out the use of two-phase models and methodologies that do not evaluate the interfacial transition zone in conventional concrete. The results obtained with the use of multiple-phase models reduced the relative error to practically zero (compared to experimental tests), demonstrating that micromechanics can be a concrete modeling tool provided that the multiscale process considers as many as possible phases and robust models that take this nature into account. abstract however scale microscale silicates mesoscale paste phase itself twophase literature study problem multiplephase multiple constructions technique compared tests, tests , tests) account

resumo: O concreto em sua macroestrutura é um material compósito cimentício multifásico, contudo ao se reduzir sua escala consegue-se identificar as fases quem compõe o mesmo, dentre as fases estão as embutidas na microescala: os silicatos hidratados, na mesoescala: a pasta de cimento, zonas de transições e agregados e na fase macro: o próprio compósito. Modelagens desse tipo de material com modelos micromecânicos bifásicos são comuns na literatura, porém existe limitações já comprovadas de que modelos de duas fases podem aferir erros altos a modelagem não sendo recomendado para esse tipo de estudo. Diante dessa problemática, uma alternativa seria empregar modelos de múltiplas fases, aliado a uma perspectiva multiescala na tentativa de minimizar o erro na modelagem desse material. O presente trabalho modela o concreto em duas construções distinta: sem zona de transição interfacial e com a inclusão da zona de transição interfacial, verificando o erro de modelagem à negligência essa importante fase. Todo processo de homogeneização é realizado utilizando a técnica multiescala desacoplada obtendo resultados que descartam a utilização de modelos bifásicos e metodologias que não avaliam a zona de transição interfacial em concretos convencionais. Os resultados obtidos com a utilização de modelos de múltiplas fases reduziram o erro relativo a praticamente zero (em comparação com ensaios experimentais), demonstrando que a micromecânica pode ser uma ferramenta de modelagem do concreto desde que o processo multiescala leve em consideração o maior número possíveis de fases e modelos robustos que levem em conta essa natureza. resumo multifásico conseguese consegue mesmo microescala hidratados mesoescala cimento macro literatura estudo problemática distinta convencionais experimentais, experimentais , experimentais) natureza

Abstract We present a concept that explains the pattern of occurrence of widely distributed organisms with large chromosomal diversity, large or small molecular divergence, and the insufficiency or absence of morphological identity. Our model is based on cytogenetic studies associated with molecular and biological data and can be applied to any lineage of sister species, chronospecies, or cryptic species. Through the evaluation of the karyotypic macrostructure, as the physical location of genes e satellites DNAs, in addition to phylogenetic reconstructions from mitochondrial and nuclear genes, per example, we have observed morphologically indistinguishable individuals presenting different locally fixed karyomorphs with phylogeographic discontinuity. The biological process behind this pattern is seen in many groups of cryptic species, in which variation lies mainly in the organization of their genomes but not necessarily in the ecosystems they inhabit or in their external morphology. It’s similar to the processes behind other events observed in the distribution of lineages. In this work, we explore the hypothesis of a process analogous to ecological-evolutionary radiation, which we called Chromosomal Radiation. Chromosomal Radiation can be adaptive or non-adaptive and applied to different groups of organisms. diversity divergence identity species chronospecies macrostructure DNAs example discontinuity morphology Its It s lineages work ecologicalevolutionary ecological evolutionary radiation nonadaptive non

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to describe the semantic strategies, or cognitive representations, that El Mercurio and La Cuarta, Chilean newspapers, create about mapuche culture, in relation to the press coverage given to the hunger strike organised by prisoners of this ethnic group. For this, the discursive strategies used by the newspapers mentioned before, and the representation of their interrelationship with the macrostructures in journalism, which finally aim to analyze the lexicalization in the configuration of the mapuche otherness, were studied. The methodology consists of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) -in relation to the ideological square (Van Dijk, 1999) and lexicalization- and the Velazquez’ model (2011) for the study of the journalist discourse related to the superstructure and macrostructure of news. As a conclusion, the newspapers analysed use semantic and cognitive strategies to discriminate based on ethnocentrism, giving it a specific ideological square and polarisation between Others and Us.

Resumen: El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo describir las estrategias semánticas o representaciones cognitivas que construyen los diarios chilenos El Mercurio y La Cuarta, acerca de la cultura mapuche, a propósito de la cobertura periodística otorgada a la huelga de hambre protagonizada por prisioneros de esta etnia. Para ello, estudiaremos las estrategias discursivas usadas por los diarios mencionados y su correlación con las macroestructuras periodísticas que las reflejan, para finalmente analizar la lexicalización en la configuración de la alteridad mapuche. Se utiliza como metodología el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD) -en relación con el cuadrado ideológico (Van Dijk, 1999) y la lexicalización- y el modelo de Velázquez (2011) para el estudio del discurso periodístico en cuanto a la superestructura y la macroestructura de la noticia. Se concluye que los diarios analizados utilizan estrategias semántico-cognitivas etnocéntricas y discriminadoras al dar forma al cuadrado ideológico y su polarización entre los Otros /Nosotros.

Resumen En este artículo describimos y fundamentamos teóricamente la planta del proyecto lexicográfico Diccionario semántico de verbos causativos del español (DIVERCE). En este sentido, exponemos la teoría semántica subyacente y caracterizamos los aspectos más esenciales del diccionario, así como la etapa prelexicográfica de selección de los lemas y su análisis semántico, incluyendo el tratamiento de la polisemia. Asimismo, caracterizamos el trabajo propiamente lexicográfico, que incluye una descripción de la base de datos, tanto de la macroestructura (rutas de acceso a la información) como de la microestructura (entradas, definiciones y ejemplos). Finalmente, concluimos remarcando la importancia y utilidad del proyecto.

Abstract In this article we describe and theorize the design of the lexicographic project Diccionario semántico de verbos causativos del español (DIVERCE). In this sense, we expose the underlying semantic theory and characterize the most essential aspects of the dictionary, as well as the pre-lexicographic stage of selection of lemmas and their semantic analysis, including the treatment of polysemy. Likewise, we characterize the lexicographic work itself, which includes a description of the database, both of the macrostructure (access routes to information) and of the microstructure (entries, definitions and examples). Finally, we conclude by highlighting the importance and usefulness of the project.

Resumen La carboximetil celulosa CMC es un polímero biocompatible, cuyo proceso de síntesis consiste en modificar químicamente la macroestructura de la celulosa. Este derivado de celulosa se utiliza tradicionalmente tanto en la industria de alimentos como la farmacéutica. La optimización de estas aplicaciones se relaciona de manera directa con la comprensión y manipulación de la reología de las soluciones acuosas de la CMC. En este trabajo se estudiaron soluciones de CMC de diferente concentración mediante la interpretación de sus curvas experimentales de viscosidad, en función de la tasa de corte, del nivel de concentración y de la temperatura. Las curvas experimentales de viscosidad para las soluciones estudiadas mostraron un comportamiento reológico del tipo pseudoplástico que es menos evidente para las soluciones más diluidas. Se identificó que la viscosidad de las soluciones aumenta con el incremento de su concentración, pero disminuye con el incremento de la temperatura. Los resultados experimentales se ajustaron al modelo de Ostwald o ley de la potencia y al modelo de Cross, mostrando ambos modelos una buena correlación, pero presentan discrepancias con las curvas experimentales a tasas de corte inferiores a 200 s-1. Finalmente, se proponen dos modelos empíricos, que son una extensión del modelo de Ostwald, uno para predecir la magnitud de la viscosidad en función de la tasa de corte y la concentración de CMC, y otro que describe la viscosidad en función de la temperatura y la tasa de corte. Estos resultados constituyen una metodología sistemática para la evaluación de soluciones poliméricas de la CMC y derivados de celulosa.

Abstract Carboxymethyl cellulose is a biocompatible polymer whose synthesis process consists of chemically modifying the macrostructure of cellulose. This cellulose derivative is traditionally used in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. Optimizing these applications is directly related to understanding and manipulating the rheology of aqueous CMC solutions. In this work, CMC solutions of different concentrations were studied by interpreting their experimental viscosity curves as a function of shear rate, concentration level, and temperature. The experimental viscosity curves for the solutions studied showed a shear-thinning rheological behavior that is less evident for the more dilute solutions. It was identified that the viscosity of the solutions increases with increasing concentration but decreases with increasing temperature. The experimental results were adjusted to the Ostwald model or power law and the Cross model, both models showing a good correlation, but they show discrepancies with the experimental curves at shear rates lower than 200 s-1. Finally, two empirical models are proposed, which are an extension of the Ostwald model, one to predict the magnitude of the viscosity as a function of the shear rate and the concentration of CMC, and another that describes the viscosity as a function of temperature and the shear rate. These results constitute a systematic methodology for the evaluation of polymeric solutions of CMC and cellulose derivatives.

Abstract The phenomenon of revolution pitch was studied on AA 6061-T6 with a square pin tool for friction stir welding (FSW). The tool rotational speed and traverse speed were varied at four levels and selected in a manner so that the revolution pitch could comprise both lower and higher magnitude of variation when compared among them. An attempt was made to investigate the material flow from the macrostructure of both vertical (transverse to welding direction) and horizontal (parallel to the weld surface) cross-section. The study showed a significant amount of variation in terms of spindle torque, forces, material flow, and tensile properties. The increased material flow was noticed in the top surface of the weld from advancing to the retreating side at increased revolution pitch. Whereas an increased material flow was observed in the downward direction through the retreating side of the nugget. At increased revolution pitch a clear division in the onion ring was noticed towards the retreating side. The variation of torque, force and material flow showed a consistent trend for a higher change in revolution pitch. As the revolution pitch increased finer nugget grains were obtained causing increased tensile properties.