Cet article part du constat que les réparations non-pécuniaires revêtent une importance substantielle en matière de protection des droits de l'homme et que la Cour africaine des droits de l'homme et des peuples aborde systématiquement - d'une manière ou d'une autre - la question dans ses arrêts. À partir de cette observation liminaire, il est proposé d'analyser la pratique de la Cour en la matière à travers le prisme du droit international général afin d'en déceler les aspects communs aux autres juridictions internationales et ceux qui le sont moins. Des fonctions qu'elle confère aux mesures de réparation non-pécuniaire jusqu'aux conditions qu'elle pose à leur octroi, la Cour suit généralement les conceptions du droit général de la responsabilité internationale en matière de réparations non-pécuniaires nonobstant d'importantes spécificités dans le rôle informatif qu'elle confère à la satisfaction et la manière dont elle se détache parfois des demandes des requérants pour ordonner des mesures de réparation non-pécuniaires suo motu. De telles caractéristiques ne se retrouvent que dans la pratique de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l'homme qui constitue, à cet égard, la plus proche voisine de la Cour africaine.

This article is based on the observation that non-pecuniary reparations are of substantial importance in the protection of human rights, and that the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights systematically addresses the issue - in one way or another - in its judgments. On the basis of this introductory observation, this article aims to analyse the Court's practice in this area through the prism of general international law in order to identify the aspects that are common to other international jurisdictions and those that are less so. From the functions that it gives to non-pecuniary reparation measures to the conditions that it imposes on their grant, the Court generally follows the concepts of the general law of international responsibility as regards non-pecuniary reparation, notwithstanding important specificities in the informative role that it confers on satisfaction and the way in which it sometimes departs from the applicants' claims in order to order suo motu non-pecuniary reparation measures. Such characteristics are found only in the practice of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which is the African Court's closest neighbour in this respect.

Resumen El estudio de moluscos planctónicos es un elemento relevante para la comprensión de la dinámica de la comunidad bentónica bajo las condiciones ambientales actuales y futuras. Se presenta la descripción de la biodiversidad de gasterópodos planctónicos en 2 sitios de la costa del Pacífico de la península de Baja California, México. Organismos recolectados en arrastres planctónicos en 2 localidades (Cabo Tosco, n = 89 y La Bocana, n = 213) se secuenciaron para una fracción del gen 18S ADNr. Se registró una alta diversidad con 71 unidades taxonómicas moleculares operativas (MOTU), que contrasta con la baja diversidad fenotípica observada en imágenes de estereoscopio. Las diferencias en la composición de la comunidad entre y dentro de los sitios de muestreo, indican que la distribución de gasterópodos planctónicos no es aleatoria, sino que se encuentra, probablemente, modulada por procesos microambientales tales como corrientes o eventos biológicos. La presencia de secuencias de organismos que no son gasterópodos dentro de algunas conchas (n = 6) sugiere que son utilizadas por organismos de otros taxones como portadores de huevos o larvas.

Abstract The study of planktonic mollusks is a relevant element to understand the dynamics of the benthic communities under present and future environmental conditions. We present the description of the biodiversity of planktonic gastropods at 2 sampling sites on the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. Organisms collected from plankton tows at 2 locations (Cabo Tosco, n = 89 and La Bocana, n = 213) were sequenced for a portion of the 18S rDNA gene. High diversity was registered, with 71 Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), which contrasts with the low phenotypic diversity of stereoscopic images. Differences in community composition between and within sampling sites indicate that planktonic gastropod distribution is not random but probably modulated by micro-environmental processes such as currents or biological events. The presence of non-gastropod sequences within some shells (n = 6) suggests their use as carriers of eggs or larvae of other taxa.

Abstract This article analyses the renewed economic development strategy called dual circulations in China from the points of view of the economic development theories, proposed for the xiv Social Economic Development Plan 2021-2025. The analytical methodology is carried out by two perspectives: a retrospective, which reviews the Chinese economic evolution status quo during the last 40 years, and the prospective one, that shows how the trading frictions between China and the United States and Covid-19 have reinforced and as the self-conscious, the Asia country, to adjust its economic development model and the future economic growth projections. It is hypothesized that China will achieve its economic development goals not only in the medium but in the long term through the application of the dual circulations´ orientation. For this reason, the work will hope to have a contribution to the theoretical debates before the urgency for the underdeveloped nations to look for alternatives with the purpose to fulfill the desired economic development objective.

Resumen A partir de la teoría del desarrollo económico, en este artículo se analiza la propuesta de “circulación dual” del nuevo modelo de desarrollo económico chino, sugerido para la formulación del XIV Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social 2021-2025. El trabajo se realiza desde una doble perspectiva: una retrospectiva que es una revisión del statu quo de la evolución económica china desde hace 40 años; y una prospectiva, que analiza cómo la guerra comercial con Estados Unidos y la Covid-19 le han reforzado y también motu proprio, ajustar su modelo de desarrollo económico, y, en consecuencia, las proyecciones a futuro. La hipótesis que se plantea es que la nueva estrategia, “circulación dual”, le permitirá alcanzar sus objetivos de desarrollo económico tanto de mediano como de largo plazo. Por ello, el artículo espera contribuir al debate teórico, ante la urgencia de buscar alternativas para que los países subdesarrollados logren su anhelado objetivo de desarrollo económico.

RESUMO Uma avaliação taxonômica adequada dos espécimes é uma tarefa essencial para muitos estudos biológicos, e os dados de DNA têm fornecido fontes adicionais de informações para auxiliar no desemaranhamento de muitos grupos taxonômicos, como tem sido o caso de alguns táxons da megadiversa ictiofauna Neotropical. Aqui examinamos todas as espécies válidas dos gêneros de peixes Neotropicais de água doce Anodus, Argonectes, Bivibranchia e Micromischodus (família Hemiodontidae) para estabelecer limites moleculares entre elas. Todos os métodos de delimitação definiram exatamente apenas uma MOTU para Anodus elongatus, Argonectes longiceps, A. robertsi, Bivibranchia bimaculata, B. notata, B. velox e Micromischodus sugillatus, resultando em congruência total entre espécies nominais e MOTUs para estes sete táxons. As três espécies com resultados divergentes entre as análises, a saber, Anodus orinocensis, Bivibranchia fowleri e Bivibranchia simulata, corresponderam a mais de um MOTU por espécie em alguns métodos, mostrando que pode existir uma diversidade críptica dentro desses taxa. No geral, esta grande correspondência entre os limites morfológicos e moleculares para as espécies analisadas parece indicar uma taxonomia relativamente estável para esses gêneros de Hemiodontidae.

ABSTRACT A good taxonomic assessment of specimens is an essential task to many biological studies and DNA data have provided additional sources of information to assist in the disentanglement of taxonomic problems among living organisms, as has been the case of some taxa of the megadiverse Neotropical ichthyofauna. Here we assessed all valid species in the Neotropical freshwater fish genera Anodus, Argonectes, Bivibranchia and Micromischodus of the family Hemiodontidae to establish molecular species boundaries among them. All species delimitation methods defined exactly only one MOTU for Anodus elongatus, Argonectes longiceps, A. robertsi, Bivibranchia bimaculata, B. notata, B. velox, and Micromischodus sugillatus, resulting in total congruence between nominal species and MOTUs for these seven taxa. The three species having discordant results across analyses: Anodus orinocensis, Bivibranchia fowleri, and Bivibranchia simulata, matched more than one MOTU per species in some methods, meaning that cryptic diversity may exist within these taxa. Overall, this great correspondence among morphological and molecular boundaries for thae species analysed seem to be indicative of a reasonably stable taxonomy within these Hemiodontidae genera.

Abstract: The proposals developed in 1904 by the Spanish and Latin-American bishops -postulata episcoporum- at the beginning of the 1917 codification of canon law, ordered by pope Pius X in motu proprio Arduum sane munus, suggesting reforms to the patrimonial regime of the Church, in response to the consultation made from Rome, by the Holy See Secretary of State in circular letter Litterae circulares ad omnes Episcopos pro Ecclesiae legibus in unum redigendis, are studied. These proposals allow to appreciate the problems that, in terms of assets, the Hispanic-American bishops had in their particular churches. An overview of the contributions received in Rome from the Spanish-speaking churches regarding ecclesiastical assets is presented.

Resumen: Se estudian las propuestas formuladas en 1904 por los obispos españoles y latinoamericanos -postulata episcoporum- al iniciarse la codificación del derecho canónico de 1917, ordenada por el papa Pío X mediante el motu proprio denominado Arduum sane munus, sugiriendo reformas al régimen patrimonial de la Iglesia, en respuesta a la consulta hecha desde Roma por la Secretaría de Estado de la Santa Sede, mediante la circular Litterae circulares ad omnes Episcopos pro Ecclesiae legibus in unum redigendis. Estas propuestas permiten percibir los problemas que, en materia de bienes, tenían los obispos hispano-americanos en sus iglesias particulares. Se ofrece una visión de conjunto de los aportes arribados a Roma desde las iglesias hispanoparlantes en materia de bienes eclesiásticos.

Resumo: No De motu animalium, Aristóteles recorre ao método analógico na pesquisa que faz acerca da causa comum do movimento, estabelecendo o paradigma do membro articulado, modelo que ele operacionaliza tendo em vista tornar inteligível o caráter dinâmico do movimento dos animais. Contudo, o membro articulado não se apresenta como modelo de uma maneira direta, na verdade, ele é convertido em modelo. Textualmente, o estabelecimento do paradigma, ou modelização, começa em 698a17 e vai até 698b4, incluindo três etapas: a primeira referência às articulações; a geometrização do movimento do membro articulado, que compreende três subdivisões: a comparação da articulação com o centro, a geometrização radical que é a comparação com o diâmetro, e a relativização da comparação geométrica; e por último, a volta à natureza da articulação com o modelo anatômico do membro articulado, o ponto culminante do processo de modelização. No artigo presente, gostaríamos de fazer uma análise das etapas da construção deste paradigma, cujas estratégias metodológicas culminam no modelo anatômico do membro articulado, uma surpreendente imagem em ação para o objeto do De motu, que, paradoxalmente, dá a ver a imobilidade na mobilidade do membro.

Abstract: Aristotle, in De motu animalium uses the analogical method to research on animal’s movement common cause by establishing the paradigm of the articulated member. However, the articulated member does not present itself as a model in a direct way; in fact, it is converted into a model. Textually, the establishment of the paradigm, or modeling, begins in 698a17 and goes up to 698b4, including three stages: reference to the joints followed by the geometrization of the articulated member’s movement, which comprises three subdivisions: the comparison of the articulation to the center, the radical geometrization that is the comparison to the diameter, and the relativization of the geometric comparison; and finally, the return to the nature of the articulation through the anatomical model of the articulated member, the culminating point of the modeling process. In the present article, we would like to analyze the construction of this paradigm, in which, paradoxically, the methodological strategies culminate by showing immobility in limb mobility, an unexpected image in action to the subject of the De motu animalium.

Abstract Background: Salas y Gómez is a small, volcanic island largely untouched by humans due to its diminutive size and remoteness. Since the waters surrounding Salas y Gómez were established as Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park in 2010, marine investigations have been the primary research focus. Secondarily, nesting seabird communities have been censused since 2011. Methods and findings: In 2016, terrestrial arthropods were sampled on the island. Two observers sampled two locations for 30 min per site. Fifteen morphospecies were identified including at least one likely undescribed species. Conclusions: Our work represents the most comprehensive terrestrial arthropod inventory of Salas y Gómez island to date. We are hopeful the recommendations provided will spur additional research to both characterize the island's arthropod community, as well as identify species of management concern.

Abstract I show that in his De motu animalium Aristoteles proposes a teleology of the practical on the most general zoological level, i.e. on the level common to humans and self-moving animals. A teleology of the practical is a teleological account of the highest practical goals of animal and human self-motion. I argue that Aristotle conceives of such highest practical goals as goals that are contingently related to their realizations. Animal and human self-motion is the kind of action in which certain state of affairs that realize values are mechanized.

ABSTRACT: The Motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, by Pope Francis, introduces important modifications in the processes to declare the nullity of marriage. This essay analyzes some of the challenges that the reform proposes, through the main innovations introduced, especially regarding the objective pursued by the Legislator, noting, also, that in this first stage of its implementation, constitutes a propitious area for the doctrine to present the successes and disadvantages of procedural reform.

Resumen: El Motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus, del Papa Francisco, introduce importantes modificaciones en los procesos para la declaración de nulidad del matrimonio. Este ensayo busca presentar algunos de los desafíos que propone la reforma, a través de las principales novedades introducidas, señalando, también, que este tiempo inicial de su implementación, constituye un ámbito propicio para que la doctrina presente los aciertos y desventajas de la reforma procesal.

RESUMO O DNA barcoding é uma ferramenta molecular precisa para a identificação de espécies e resoluções taxonômicas. Até recentemente, Rhamdia voulezi e Rhamdia branneri eram consideradas sinônimas de Rhamdia quelen, contudo caracteres morfológicos e citogenéticos têm apontado à validade de ambas. Devido à escassez de informações sobre a taxonomia molecular de R. voulezi e R. branneri, o objetivo do presente estudo foi testar a validade das mesmas através do método de DNA barcoding tradicional e GMYC (General Mixed Yule Coalescent), por meio da análise do gene COI em 19 espécimes do rio Iguaçu. Em ambos os métodos, três MOTUs (Unidades Taxonômicas Operacionais Moleculares) foram identificadas com base no ótimo threshold (OT = 0,77). A média inter-MOTU (NJ, K2P) entre R. branneri e R. voulezi foi 1,4%, com valores de 0% intra-MOTUs em ambas espécies. As duas espécies identificadas como R. voulezi e R. branneri apresentaram correspondência com a identificação taxonômica e morfológica dos respectivos vouchers. No que se refere a R. quelen, os resultados intra-MOTU foram superiores ao OT (2,7%), evidenciando a possibilidade de existirem diferentes MOTUs denominadas como R. quelen. Sugerimos que estudos moleculares e taxonômicos sejam empregados em R. quelen, para evitar a contaminação de espécies selvagens por hibridizações.

ABSTRACT DNA barcoding is a widely utilized molecular-based identification of species and taxonomic resolutions. Until recently, Rhamdia voulezi and Rhamdia branneri were considered species synonyms of Rhamdia quelen; however, morphological and cytogenetic analyses have suggested the validity of distinct species. Due to the absence of molecular taxonomy of R. voulezi and R. branneri, the objective of this study was to test its validity through traditional DNA barcoding and the GMYC (General Mixed Yule Coalescent) COI-based analyses in 19 specimens from the Iguaçu River Basin. In both methodologies, three MOTUs (Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units) were identified based on the estimated optimum threshold (OT = 0.77). The average inter-MOTU distance (NJ, K2P) between R. branneri and R. voulezi was 1.4%, and 0% intra-MOTU distance in both species. The two species identified as R. branneri and R. voulezi showed correspondence with taxonomic and morphological identifications. With regard to R. quelen, the average intra-MOTU distance was greater than OT (2.7%), indicating that this species can be formed by different MOTUs. We suggest that molecular and taxonomic studies should be employed concurrently in R. quelen, to prevent contamination of wild species by hybridizations.

Neste trabalho fazemos uma apresentação da dinâmica newtoniana do movimento curvilíneo. Iniciamos fazendo um pequeno retrospecto da questão, a partir da problematização imposta pela concepção cartesiana do movimento inercial, passando quase que imediatamente ao estudo das sucessivas abordagens newtonianas do tema. Apresentamos os tratamentos iniciais de Newton - ainda dominados pela idéia cartesiana de “esforço centrífugo” - nos quais, no entanto, já observamos a sutileza do raciocínio matemático apoiado nas noções de elementos infinitesimais. Destacamos, em seguida, a aparente contribuição do pensamento de Robert Hooke para a concepção newtoniana do movimento curvilíneo, concretizada sobretudo através de diálogos epistolares, ainda que escassos ou reticentes. Enfatizamos como, após esse contato, Newton abandonou a noção da atuação de uma força centrífuga a produzir um equilíbrio dinâmico no movimento, em favor de um entendimento do problema como um sistema mecânico fundamentalmente fora do equilíbrio. Passamos, por último, à concepção newtoniana definitiva do movimento, já expressa em sua essência no tratado De Motu e finalmente apresentada na grande obra dos Princípios Matemáticos da Filosofia Natural. Salientamos, particularmente, a dedução efetuada por Newton das leis do movimento planetário propostas por Kepler, que constituiu uma das mais altas realizações da ciência humana.

In this work we make an exposition on the Newtonian dynamics of curvilinear motion. We begin by making a small retrospect on this question, starting from the moment when Descartes’ conception of inertial motion rendered it problematic, and passing almost at once to the study of the different Newtonian approaches to this issue. We present Newton’s initial treatments - yet governed by the Cartesian idea of “Centrifugal Endeavour” - where we nonetheless can already observe the subtlety of a mathematical reasoning based on the notions of infinitesimal calculus. Afterwards, we emphasize the seeming contribution of Robert Hooke’s thought to the Newtonian conception of curvilinear motion, accomplished most of all by epistolary dialogues, yet rare or reticent. We emphasize how, after this exchange, Newton abandoned the notion of the action of a centrifugal force producing a kind of dynamical equilibrium of motion, in favor of a new understanding of the problem as a basically out-of-equilibrium mechanical system. We end with Newtonian final conception of motion, already framed in its essential aspects in the tract named De Motu, and finally presented in his master work Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. We particularly point Newton’s deduction of Kepler’s planetary laws of motion, which has become one of the highest achievements of human science.

Le SCPI stipule quelques directives pour que la juridiction de la CPI soit exercée; toutefois, dans la pratique des recherches officielles, le Bureau du Procureur dispose de facultés discrétionnaires qui établissent des paramètres d'actuation ou d'inactivité de la propre Cour. Cet article essaye d'élucider quels sont tels paramètres pour que le Bureau du Procureur considère s'il doit ou non ouvrir une recherche dans la CPI, en expliquant lorsqu'on réalise un contrôle judiciaire des décisions du Bureau du Procureur et en examinant si ces politiques adoptées sont congruentes avec la pratique de la CPI, avec le même SCPI et avec les droits de l'homme internationalement reconnus.

The triggering mechanisms of the ICC are determined in the Rome Statute; nevertheless, in case of proprio motu investigations, the Office of the Prosecutor have very discretional powers to establish parameters to open [or not] an investigation in the ICC. This paper tries to determine which factors have to be considered, explaining the decisions that need judicial control and examining if this prosecutorial politics are consistent with the judicial practice at ICC, the Rome Statute and internationally recognized human rights.

El ECPI estipula algunos lineamientos para que se ejercite la jurisdicción de la CPI, sin embargo, en la práctica de las investigaciones de oficio la Fiscalía cuenta con importantes facultades discrecionales que establecen parámetros de actuación o de inactividad de la propia Corte. Este artículo trata de dilucidar cuáles son dichos parámetros para que la Fiscalía considere que debe abrirse una investigación o no en la CPI, explicando cuándo se realiza un control judicial de las decisiones de la Fiscalía y examinando si estas políticas adoptadas son congruentes con la práctica de la CPI, con el propio ECPI y los derechos humanos internacionalmente reconocidos.

In this contribution a number of procedural issues related to the sentencing of child offenders and emanating from the Chiild Justice Act 75 of 2008 are considered in some detail. As a general rule, the Act requires pre-sentence reports to be obtained from probation officers before sentencing any child offender, with only a limited number of exceptions. The article argues that the peremptory nature of the Act means that a probation report is always required, even if reports by other experts are also available. The exceptions are limited to instances other than those where the child offender is sentenced to any form of imprisonment or to residence in a care centre. The article addresses the question of whether or not the reference to imprisonment includes alternative imprisonment which is imposed only as an alternative to a fine. It suggests that alternative imprisonment should, generally, not be imposed on child offenders. When an exception is not prevented because of the sentence, a pre-sentence report may be dispensed with only when the offence is a schedule-1 offence (the least serious class of offences) or when obtaining a report would prejudice the child. It is argued that these exceptions are likely to occur rather rarely. A final aspect of the Act's provisions on pre-sentence reports is the requirement that reasons be given for a departure from the recommendations in a pre-sentence report. This requirement merely confirms the status quo. The Act permits the prosecutor to provide the court with a victim impact statement. Such a statement is defined in the Act. It is a sworn statement by a victim or someone authorised by the victim explaining the consequences to the victim of thecommission of the crime. The article also addresses the issue of whether or not the child justice court might mero motu obtain a victim impact statement when the prosecution does not do so. Finally, the article addresses appeals against and reviews of the trial courts' sentences. It notes that appeal by the child offender is made somewhat easier, as some child offenders need not obtain leave to appeal. These include children under the age of 16, or older children sentenced to imprisonment. Again, the meaning of "imprisonment" is at least somewhat ambiguous. The provisions on automatic review have attracted considerable judicial attention already. The majority of these judgments confirmed the apparently clear wording of the Act, in terms of which the cases of all child offenders under the age of 16 should be reviewed regardless of whether they were legally represented or of the sentence imposed. In the case of child offenders aged 16 or 17, only custodial sentences are reviewable. The judgments which found this to be an incorrect interpretation are dealt with in some detail, with the conclusion that they were incorrectly decided.