RESUMO Os efeitos da restrição hídrica no feijão-caupi podem ser revertidos pelo uso de substâncias elicitoras, tais como o ácido salicílico (AS). Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o status hídrico, a integridade celular e o crescimento de cultivares de feijão-caupi sob restrição hídrica e pulverização com ácido salicílico em campo. Quatro cultivares de feijão-caupi (BRS Novaera, BRS Tapaihum, BRS Pujante e BRS Pajeu) foram submetidas a duas lâminas de irrigação (restrição hídrica com 50% de reposição da água perdida por evapotranspiração da cultura - ETc e controle com 100% de reposição da ETc) e três concentrações de AS (0, 276 e 552 mg L-1 de AS), combinados em esquema fatorial 4 × 2 × 3, com três repetições, dispostos em delineamento de blocos casualizados. O conteúdo relativo de água na folha (CRA), vazamento de eletrólitos intracelulares (VE), massa da matéria fresca total (MFT) e taxa de crescimento relativo da parte aérea (TCRA) foram avaliados nos estádios fenológicos V7 e R2. A restrição hídrica reduziu CRA, MFT e TCRA e aumentou VE, enquanto a pulverização com 276 mg L-1 de AS reduziu VE e aumentou CRA, MFT e TCRA das cultivares de feijão-caupi sob restrição hídrica, respostas que variam de acordo com a cultivar e estádio fenológico. A cultivar BRS Novaera mostrou-se mais responsiva a aplicação de AS no estádio V7.

ABSTRACT The effects of water restriction on cowpea can be reversed by the use of eliciting substances such as salicylic acid (SA). Thus, the objective was to evaluate the water status, cellular integrity and growth of cowpea cultivars under water restriction and spraying with salicylic acid in the field. Four cowpea cultivars (BRS Novaera, BRS Tapaihum, BRS Pujante and BRS Pajeu) were subjected to two irrigation levels (water restriction with 50% replacement of water lost through crop evapotranspiration - ETc and control with 100% replacement of ETc) and three concentrations of SA (0, 276 and 552 mg L-1 of SA), combined in a 4 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with three replicates, arranged in a randomized block design. Relative leaf water content (RWC), intracellular electrolyte leakage (IEL), total fresh mass (TFM) and shoot relative growth rate (SRGR) were evaluated at phenological stages V7 and R2. Water restriction reduced RWC, TFM and SRGR and increased IEL, while spraying with 276 mg L-1 of SA reduced IEL and increased RWC, TFM and SRGR of cowpea cultivars under water restriction, responses that vary according to the cultivar and phenological stage. The cultivar BRS Novaera was more responsive to the application of SA at the V7 stage.

RESUMEN La microfiltración de flujo tangencial (MFT) de jugos de frutas permite obtener productos de buena calidad al conservar sus características organolépticas y estabilidad microbiológica durante el almacenamiento. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto de los principales macro-compuestos y de la presión transmembrana (PTM) sobre el desempeño del proceso con fluidos modelo. Las concentraciones de los fluidos modelo, variaron entre 0,25 y 0,75% para pectina y 0,04 y 0,08% para celulosa. Se utilizó el diseño Box-Behnken con tres réplicas en el centro para estudiar la influencia de la presión transmembrana (PTM) y concentración sobre las propiedades hidrodinámicas de la capa de colmatación (K, C g ), difusividad (D) y espesor de la capa límite (δ b ) Se encontró que el proceso de MFT es eficiente y comercialmente factible cuando se trabaja a una PTM constante de 1,93 bar y a concentraciones de pectina y celulosa de 0,25% y 0,0513% respectivamente.

ABSTRACT The cross-flow microfiltration (CFM) of fruit juices allows obtaining products of high quality by conserving their organoleptic characteristics and microbiological stability during storage. The effect of the main macro-compounds and the transmembrane pressure (TMP) on the process performance with model fluids was evaluated. The model fluids concentration varied between 0.25 and 0.75% for pectin and 0.04 and 0.08% for cellulose. To study the influence of transmembrane pressure (TMP) and concentration on the hydrodynamic properties of the fouling layer (K, C g ), diffusivity (D) and the boundary layer thickness (δ b ) the Box-Behnken design with three replicas in the center was used. It was found that the CFM process is efficient and commercially feasible when working at a constant TMP of 1.93 bar and at concentrations of pectin and cellulose of 0.25% and 0.0513%, respectively.

BACKGROUND: Limited research exists regarding South African audiologists' practice with acoustic immittance. This study was part of a bigger study titled 'Wideband acoustic immittance in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus'. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to explore current practice of South African audiologists regarding acoustic immittance measures, and to explore their perceived knowledge and views on acoustic immittance advancements. METHOD: A quantitative survey with a cross sectional design was employed. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to participants via professional associations of audiologists. Data was analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: Most audiologists worked in private practice and conducted tympanometry with 226Hz probe tone and ipsilateral acoustic reflexes. There was no association between clinical setting, levels of qualification, and the use of tympanometry. None of the participants included multifrequency and multicomponent tympanometry (MFT) and/or wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) in their test battery. Most of the participants were not familiar with MFT and WAI. Familiarity with MFT and WAI were only associated with the level of qualification. Limited training and lack of equipment were major barriers to conducting some of the acoustic immittance measures. Most participants believed that they would include MFT and/or WAI in their test battery if they had access to the equipment. CONCLUSION: Current findings raise training and clinical implications for the South African audiologists, including training institutions. These findings provide motivation for strategic resource allocation, planning and distribution of audiology clinics in the country if positive preventive audiology outcomes are to be achieved.

RESUMEN Con base en ondas sintéticas Rayleigh a diferentes distancias epicentrales y en ondas sísmicas Rayleigh reales, en este trabajo se emplea la transformada S para medir la velocidad de grupo de este tipo de ondas y se compara con la Técnica de Filtrado Múltiple (MFT, por sus siglas del inglés, del nomre Múltiple Filter Technique), que es el método más utilizado para las mediciones de velocidad de grupo. Cuando el periodo es mayor a 15 s, especialmente de 40 s, la transformada S tiene mayor precisión que MFT, para todas las distancias epicentrales. Cuando el periodo es menor o igual a 15 s, la precisión de la transformada S es menor que MFT para distancias epicentrales de 1000 km y 8000 km (especialmente 8000 km). La precisión de estos dos métodos es similar para otras distancias epicentrales. En general, la transformada S es más precisa que MFT. Además, MFT depende predominantemente del valor del parámetro de filtro gaussiano a, pero la transformada S es autoadaptativa. Por lo tanto, la transformada S es un método más estable y preciso que MFT para la medición de la velocidad de grupo de las ondas sísmicas Rayleigh.

ABSTRACT Based upon the synthetic Rayleigh wave at different epicentral distances and real earthquake Rayleigh wave, S transform is used to measure their group velocities, compared with the Multiple Filter Technique (MFT) which is the most commonly used method for group-velocity measurements. When the period is greater than 15 s, especially than 40 s, S transform has higher accuracy than MFT at all epicenter distances. When the period is less than or equal to 15 s, the accuracy of S transform is lower than that of MFT at epicentral distances of 1000 km and 8000 km (especially 8000 km), and the accuracy of such two methods is similar at the other epicentral distances. On the whole, S transform is more accurate than MFT. Furthermore, MFT is dominantly dependent on the value of the Gaussian filter parameter a , but S transform is self-adaptive. Therefore, S transform is a more stable and accurate method than MFT for group velocity measurement of earthquake Rayleigh waves.

Introduction: Maxillofacial trauma (MFT) is a relevant problem in highly complex hospital centers. Aim: To show and update the epidemiology of the maxillofacial trauma of surgical resolution under general anesthesia, in a major operating room, treated in the Emergency Hospital Public Assistance during the period from December 2014 to December 2017 and to compare it with the epidemiological reality of other high complexity hospital centers in Chile and abroad. Materials and Method: A retrospective study was carried out and the surgical protocols of the patients operated for maxillofacial trauma, in a major operating room, under general anesthesia, in a period of 37 months, were analyzed. The variables considered were diagnosis, age, gender, facial third and affected anatomic area. Results: 127 surgical procedures were performed, for the resolution of 259 fractures. The average age of the operated patients was 33 years, with predominance of the male gender (85.8%), the lower third was the most affected (77.2%), specifically in the parasymphysis area (22.4%). Discussion: The exposed results agree with studies carried out internationally, but it has discordance in relation to the most affected anatomical area at national level comparing it with the other hospitals that analyzed its epidemiology. Conclusion: It is necessary to continue the epidemiological investigation of these pathologies and to unify diagnostic and treatment criteria in order to establish efficient prevention and treatment policies in relation to each service and jointly at the level of public health.

Resumen Introducción: El trauma maxilofacial (TMF) constituye un problema de relevancia en los centros hospitalarios de alta complejidad. Objetivo: Evidenciar y actualizar la epidemiología del trauma maxilofacial de resolución quirúrgica bajo anestesia general, en pabellón central tratado en el Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública durante el período comprendido entre diciembre de 2014 a diciembre de 2017 y compararla con la realidad epidemiológica de otros centros hospitalarios de alta complejidad en Chile y en el extranjero. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizaron los protocolos operatorios de los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por trauma maxilofacial, en pabellón central, bajo anestesia general, en un período de 37 meses. Las variables analizadas fueron diagnóstico, edad, género, tercio facial y zona anatómica afectada. Resultados: Se realizaron 127 procedimientos quirúrgicos, para resolver 259 fracturas. La edad promedio de los pacientes intervenidos fue de 33 años, con predominio del género masculino (85,8%); el tercio inferior fue el más afectado (77,2%), específicamente en la zona parasinfisiaria mandibular (22,4%). Discusión: Los resultados expuestos concuerdan con estudios realizados internacionalmente, pero tiene discordancia en relación a la zona anatómica más afectada al comparalo con los otros centros que analizaron su epidemiología. Conclusión: Resulta necesario continuar la investigación epidemiológica de estas patologías y unificar criterios de diagnóstico y tratamiento para poder establecer políticas de prevención y tratamiento eficientes en relación a cada servicio y en conjunto a nivel de salud pública.

Abstract: The objective of this research was to study the effect of the clarification process by tangential microfiltration (MFT) and the static clarification in cold at 6 °C for six days, on the content of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity of the Jamaica flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) wine, made from fresh chalices. Physicochemical analyzes (soluble solids, pH, turbidity, titratable acidity expressed as tartaric and malic acid, color and turbidity) and biochemical analyzes were performed by spectrophotometry of total polyphenols content (Folin-Ciocalteu method) and antioxidant capacity (TEAC method). The antioxidant capacity of the fermented wort without clarification treatment was superior to the fermented wort clarified by MFT at 2 bar and inferior to the fermented wort clarified in cold at 6 °C and for six days. The antioxidant activity of the fermented must clarified by MFT at 2 bar is lower compared to the cold static clarification process with an antioxidant activity of 8.21 mM of Trolox equivalent / 100 ml. The process of clarification in cold at 6 °C and for six days contains greater capacity of antioxidant, but in function of the cleaning (NTU) as attribute of quality is low in comparison to the one obtained by tangential microfiltration to 2 bar.

Resumen: El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar el efecto del proceso de clarificación por microfiltración tangencial (MFT) y por clarificación estática en frío a 6 °C por seis días, sobre el contenido de polifenoles y capacidad antioxidante del vino de flor de Jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) elaborado a partir de cálices frescos. Se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos (sólidos solubles, pH, turbidez, acidez titulable expresada como ácido tartárico y málico, color y turbidez) y bioquímicos por espectrofotometría del contenido de polifenoles totales (método Folin-Ciocalteu) y de la capacidad antioxidante (método TEAC). La capacidad antioxidante del mosto fermentado sin tratamiento de clarificación fue superior al mosto fermentado clarificado por MFT a 2 bar e inferior al mosto fermentado clarificado en frío a 6 °C y por seis días. La actividad antioxidante del mosto fermentado clarificado por MFT a 2 bar es inferior en comparación con el proceso de clarificación estática en frío con una actividad antioxidante de 8.21 mM equivalentes de Trolox/ 100 ml. El proceso de clarificación en frío a 6 °C y por seis días contiene mayor capacidad antioxidante, pero en función a la limpidez (NTU) como atributo de calidad es baja en comparación al vino obtenido por microfiltración tangencial a 2 bar.

ABSTRACT The extraction of bitumen from sand by utilizing hot water processes results in the production of a slurry waste which is stored in so called “tailings ponds”. Within these ponds, while fast settling sand particles segregate from the slurry in relatively short time, the fines fraction accumulates in the center of the pond and then settles, becoming mature fine tailings (MFT). Most of the water content of the pond is recycled back, however around 86% of the volume of MFT consist of water and it cannot be recycled. It takes a few years after placement for MFT to settle to around 35% solids. By 2008 there were about 750 million cubic meters of MFT within the tailing ponds. Assuming the tailing management remains the same, the amount of fluid tailings is expected to reach two billion cubic meters by 2034. In 2009 it was estimated that there were around 130 square kilometers of tailings ponds in the oil sand region at Canada. Thus, one of the most important environmental challenges regarding oil sands mining is developing a process to separate water from the fine tailings within a reasonable time frame, in order to allow for the reclamation of the site. Bearing in mind these problems we initiated a preliminary applied research program in order to prove the concept of speeding up sedimentation of MFT by means of nanoparticles, and more specifically by using paramagnetic nanofluids manufactured with these nanoparticles. This preliminary series of tests proved that the concept of enhancing settling of MFT by means of paramagnetic nanofluids is feasible. Clarification of samples treated with magnetic nanoparticles achieved a 50% value as compared to only a 10% clarification in the same lapse for untreated samples, while dosage of conventional flocculants resulted in erratic behavior.

Abstract: This research studied the influence of clarification techniques of Castilla's blackberry wine Rubus glaucus Benth on its chromaticity, turbidity and yields of the process. Initially, the tangential microfiltration (TMF) at three different working pressures (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 bar) and then the treatment of the feed with sodium bentonite prior the filtration. The TMF at 1.5 bar obtained the highest Volume Reduction Factor (VRF) and the best performance, standardizing the pressure conditions for the TMF with pretreatment. According the pH, the optimum quantity of flocculant added to each batch of wine was established at 9 grams, carried to rest at 6 ° C (6, 12 and 24 hours), obtaining 610 ± 38 g for the highest proportion of turbid in the batch of 6 hours of rest, product of a greater unstable catch by the clarifier. The TMF of the pretreated batches indicated representative improvements in the yield, up to 40%. All the analyzed microfiltered wine samples with and without pretreatment achieved a turbidity less than 2 NTU, accomplishing with the quality criterion of "bright red", concluding that the TMF separately and with pretreatment improve the quality of the product, but they can cause color deterioration.

Resumen: Se estudió la influencia de técnicas de clarificación en vino de mora de Castilla Rubus glaucus Benth sobre su cromaticidad, turbidez y rendimientos del proceso. Inicialmente con la microfiltración tangencial (MFT) a tres diferentes presiones de trabajo (1.5, 2.0 y 2.5 bar) y complementariamente con el pretratamiento de la alimentación con bentonita sódica. La MFT a 1.5 bar obtuvo el mayor Factor de Retención Volumétrica (FRV) y el mejor rendimiento, estandarizando las condiciones de presión para la MFT con pretratamiento. En función del pH, en 9 gramos se estableció la cantidad óptima de floculante añadido a cada lote de vino, llevado a reposo a 6°C (6, 12 y 24 horas), obteniéndose 610 ± 38 g para la mayor proporción de turbios en el lote de 6 horas de reposo, producto de una mayor captación inestable por parte del clarificante. La MFT de los pretratamientos indica mejoras representativas de hasta 40% en el rendimiento. Todas las muestras analizadas de vino microfiltrado con y sin pretratamiento, lograron una turbidez menor a 2 NTU, lo cual cumple con el criterio de calidad de “tinto brillante”, y se concluye que la MFT por separado y con pretratamiento, mejoran la calidad del producto, pero pueden provocar deterioros en el color.

Resumo A falta de informação sobre a situação de cáries dentárias na primeira infância no município Andes limita as ações no âmbito da Aliança para um Futuro Livre de Cáries. Objetivo: estabelecer a situação das cáries dentárias nas crianças entre 0-5 anos do Município Andes, Colômbia. Metodologia: foram examinadas 623 crianças visando avaliar a presencia e severidade das lesões de cáries, com base nos critérios do Sistema Internacional de Avaliação e Detecção de Cáries -ICDAS. Calcularam-se as proporções de experiência e prevalência de cáries dentarias, e os índices cICDAS 5-6 opd e cICDAS 1-6 opd. Resultados: 38,2% tinha experiência de cárie dentária severa. Incluindo as lesões iniciais e moderadas de cárie dentária, a experiência foi de 88,4%. Com um ano de idade, 4,9% tinha lesões severas de cárie dentária, e com 5 anos 53,6% tinha este tipo de lesões. O índice de cICDAS 5-6 opd foi 0,15±0,8 com um ano de idade, e de 2,79±3,6 com 5 anos. O valor do indicador aumenta a 1,97±2,9 e 9,61±4,6 respectivamente, incluindo as lesões iniciais e moderadas de cárie dentária, cICDAS 1-6 opd. Discussão: a doença está presente desde o primeiro ano de idade em 58,8%, que é duas vezes o que se notifica no país para esta idade (29,3%). Conclusão: os resultados ressaltam a necessidade de conceber estratégias para controlar esta doença, incluindo a saúde bucal nas políticas e programas de primeira infância.

Resumen La falta de información de la situación de caries dental en la primera infancia en Andes, limita las acciones en el marco de la Alianza por un Futuro libre de Caries. Objetivo: establecer la situación de caries dental de los niños y niñas de 0 a 5 años del Municipio de Andes (Colombia). Metodología: fueron examinados 623 niños y niñas para evaluar la presencia y severidad de las lesiones de caries, con base en criterios del Sistema Internacional para la detección y evaluación de caries - ICDAS. Se calcularon las proporciones de experiencia y prevalencia de caries dental, y los índices cICDAS 5-6 opd y cICDAS 1-6 opd. Resultados: el 38,2% tenía experiencia de caries dental severa, cuando se incluyen las lesiones iniciales y moderadas de caries dental la experiencia fue 88,4%. Al año de edad, el 4,9% tenía lesiones severas de caries dental, y a los 5 años el 53,6% presentó este tipo de lesiones. El índice cICDAS 5-6 opd fue 0,15±0,8 al año de edad y 2,79±3,6 a los 5 años; el valor del indicador aumenta a 1,97±2,9 y 9,61±4,6 respectivamente, cuando se incluyen lesiones iniciales y moderadas de caries dental, cICDAS 1-6 opd . Discusión: la enfermedad está presente desde el primer año en el 58,8%, el doble de lo reportado en el país a esta edad (29,3%). Conclusión: los hallazgos resaltan la necesidad de diseñar estrategias integrales para el control de la enfermedad, que involucren la salud bucal en políticas y programas de primera infancia.

Abstract The lack of information on dental caries limits the actions of the program called “Alliance for a Cavity Free Future” in the Andes municipality, Colombia. Objective: to establish a baseline for dental caries in primary dentition among children aged 0 to 5. Methods: a total of 623 children were examined in order to detect the presence of dental caries and its severity. This analysis was conducted using the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System, ICDAS. In addition, the experience and prevalence ratios were calculated along with the cICDAS 5-6, mft and cICDAS 1-6 mft indices. Results: 38.2% of the children had experienced severe caries (dICDAS 5-6 mft>0); the percentage of caries experienced increased to 88.4% when initial and moderate dental caries lesions were included (dICDAS 1-6 mft>0). The data showed that 4.9% of the one-year-olds had untreated severe carious lesions, and this percentage increased to 53.6% for five-year-olds. The dICDAS 5-6 mft index was 0.15±0.8 for one-year-olds and 2.79±3.6 for five-year-olds, increasing to 1.97±2.9 and 9.61±4.6, respectively when initial and moderate dental caries lesions were included - dICDAS 1-6 mft. Discussion: dental caries is present from the first year in 58.8% of children, this is twice the amount reported for Colombia and for the same age (29.3%). Conclusion: the findings highlight the need to design comprehensive strategies for controlling the disease. Such strategies should include oral health in the early policies and programs dealing with early childhood.

RESUMO O pimentão é cultivado em todo território nacional, estando entre as principais olerícolas comercializadas no país. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos e predizer os valores genotípicos envolvidos em caracteres agronômicos de híbridos de pimentão, em dois diferentes sistemas de cultivo, a fim de verificar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade genotípica. O experimento foi conduzido na EE Luiz Jorge da Gama Wanderley do IPA, em Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, no período de outubro de 2010 a março de 2011. Foram avaliados híbridos de pimentão em dois ensaios, o primeiro em sistema de cultivo convencional e o segundo em sistema orgânico de cultivo. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos sendo representados pelos híbridos, com seis repetições e parcela útil constituída por oito plantas. Avaliaram-se as variáveis relacionadas aos frutos: massa total (MTF); número total (NTF); comprimento médio (CMF); diâmetro médio (DMF); número de lóculos (NL) e espessura média do pericarpo (EP). As análises estatísticas e a estimação dos parâmetros genéticos foram baseadas em modelos mistos do tipo REML/BLUP, empregando o software SELEGEN e o modelo estatístico 151. Todos os caracteres obtiveram boa acurácia. A herdabilidade da média de genótipo (h2mg) foi abaixo de 80% apenas para o caráter NTF; em alguns caracteres verificou-se h2mg próximos de 100% como CMF e DMF com 99,1% e 98,3%, respectivamente. Os híbridos que obtiveram efeito genotípico predito acima da média foram: para NTF Atlantis, Máximos, Solario e Rubia R; para MFT Solario e Atlantis; para CMF Impacto, Máximos, Atlantis, Hebron e Rubia R; para DMF Solario e Enterprise; para NL Solario, Impacto, Rubia R e Atlantis; para EP os híbridos Solario e Enterprise. Os híbridos de maior desempenho nos caracteres avaliados para cada sistema foram os mesmos selecionados com base na análise conjunta dos sistemas, evidenciando estabilidade e possibilitando a indicação destes para ambos os sistemas de cultivo.

ABSTRACT Pepper is one of the main vegetable crops commercialized in Brazil and it is grown throughout the country. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and predict the genotypic values involved in agronomic traits of hybrid pepper in two different cropping systems in order to verify adaptability and genotypic stability. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station Luiz Jorge da Gama Wanderley from IPA, located in Vitoria de Santo Antão, Pernambuco State, Brazil, from October 2010 to March 2011. Seven hybrids were evaluated in two trials, the first in conventional farming system and the second in organic cultivation system. Randomized blocks were used with seven treatments, four replications and plots consisting of six plants. We evaluated the following fruit variables: total mass (MTF), total number (NTF), average length (CMF), average diameter (DMF), number of locules (NL) and average thickness of the pericarp (EP). Statistical analyzes and estimation of genetic parameters were based on mixed models of type REML/BLUP, using the statistical model and software SELEGEN 151. All traits showed good accuracy. The genotype average heritability (h2mg) was lower than 80% only for the trait NTF. Some characters had h2mg close to 100% such as CMF and DMF with 99.1% and 98.3%, respectively. The hybrids presenting a predicted genotypic effect higher than the average were: Atlantis, Máximos, Solario and Rubia R for NTF, Solario and Atlantis for MFT, Impacto, Máximos, Atlantis, Hebron and Rubia R to CMF, Solario and Enterprise for DMF, Solario, Impacto, Rubia R and Atlantis for NL and Solario and Enterprise for EP. Hybrids presenting the highest performance in the traits evaluated for each system were the same selected based on the joint analysis of the studied systems, showing stability and enabling their indication for organic and conventional cropping systems.

Resumo Introdução/Objetivo: Evidências recentes sugerem que anormalidades que envolvem os linfócitos Th17 estão associadas à fisiopatologia do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Além disso, os linfócitos T multifuncionais (LTM), ou seja, aqueles que produzem múltiplas citocinas simultaneamente, estão presentes no meio inflamatório e podem estar implicados no processo autoimune observado no LES. No presente estudo, objetiva-se caracterizar o estado funcional dos linfócitos T CD4+ no LES e determinar simultaneamente a concentração de IL-2, IFN-γ e IL-17 em culturas de linfócitos sob estímulos exógenos e autoantigênicos. Pacientes e métodos: Dezoito pacientes com doença ativa, 18 com doença inativa e 14 controles saudáveis foram submetidos à análise do estado funcional dos linfócitos T CD4+. Resultados: Encontrou-se que os pacientes com LES apresentaram uma diminuição na quantidade total de células CD4+, um aumento na quantidade de linfócitos T ativados e um aumento na frequência de linfócitos Th17 em comparação com controles saudáveis (HC). As células LTM tinha frequência aumentada em pacientes com LES e houve um aumento na frequência de LTM trifuncionais em pacientes com LES ativo em comparação com aqueles com LES inativo. Curiosamente, as células MTF produziram quantidades maiores de IFN-γ do que os linfócitos T monofuncionais em pacientes e controles. Conclusão: Analisados em conjunto, esses dados indicam a participação dos linfócitos Th17 recentemente ativados e células MTF na fisiopatologia do LES.

Abstract Introduction/Objective: Recent evidence suggests that abnormalities involving Th17 lymphocytes are associated with the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In addition, multifunctional T cells (MFT), i. e., those producing multiple cytokines simultaneously, are present in the inflammatory milieu and may be implicated in the autoimmune process observed in SLE. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the functional status of CD4+ T cells in SLE by simultaneously determining the concentration of IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-17 in lymphocyte cultures under exogenous and self-antigenic stimuli. Patients and methods: Eighteen patients with active disease, 18 with inactive disease, and 14 healthy controls had functional status of CD4+ T cells analyzed. Results: We found that SLE patients presented a decreased number of total CD4+ cells, an increased number of activated T cells, and an increased frequency of Th17 cells compared to healthy controls (HC). MFT cells had increased frequency in SLE patients and there was an increased frequency of tri-functional MFT in patients with active SLE compared with those with inactive SLE. Interestingly, MTF cells produced larger amounts of IFNγ than mono-functional T cells in patients and controls. Conclusion: Taken together these data indicate the participation of recently activated Th17 cells and MTF cells in the SLE pathophysiology.

La estructura elástica bajo Groenlandia es mostrada por medio de mapas de velocidad de onda para profundidades variando desde cero a 350 km, determinada por la regionalización e inversión de la dispersión de onda Rayleigh. Las trazas de 50 terremotos, ocurridos desde 1990 hasta 2011, han sido usados para obtener datos de dispersión de onda Rayleigh. Estos terremotos fueron registrados por 21 estaciones sísmicas localizadas en Groenlandia y el área circundante. Las curvas de dispersión fueron obtenidas para periodos entre 5 y 200 s, por filtrado digital con una combinación de MFT (Técnica de Filtrado Múltiple) y TVF (Filtrado en Tiempo Variable). Después, todos los eventos sísmicos (y algunas estaciones) fueron agrupados para obtener una curva de dispersión para cada trayecto fuente-estación. Estas curvas de dispersión fueron regionalizadas e invertidas de acuerdo con la teoría de la inversión generalizada, para obtener modelos de velocidad de cizalla para una rejilla rectangular de 16x20 puntos. La estructura de velocidad de cizalla obtenida a través de este procedimiento es mostrada in los mapas de velocidad de onda S representados para varias profundidades. Estos resultados muestran buen acuerdo con la geología y con otros resultados geofísicos obtenidos previamente. Los modelos de velocidad de onda S obtenidos sugieren la existencia de heterogeneidad lateral y vertical. Las zonas con estructuras antiguas y consolidadas presentan mayores valores de velocidad de onda S que las otras zonas, aunque esta diferencia puede ser muy pequeña o despreciable en algún caso. No obstante, en el rango de profundidad de 15 a 45 km, las diferentes profundidades del Moho presentes en el área de estudio generan la principal variación de velocidad de onda S. Un comportamiento similar es encontrado para el rango de profundidad desde 80 a 230 km, en el cual la frontera litosfera-astenosfera (LAB) genera las principales variaciones de velocidad de onda S. Finalmente, debería ser destacada la nueva e interesante característica obtenida en este estudio: la definición de la base de la astenosfera (para el área de estudio completa y para profundidades variando desde 130 a 280 km, respectivamente).

The elastic structure beneath Greenland is shown by means of S-velocity maps for depths ranging from zero to 350 km, determined by the regionalization and inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion. The traces of 50 earthquakes, occurring from 1990 to 2011, have been used to obtain Rayleigh-wave dispersion data. These earthquakes were registered by 21 seismic station located in Greenland and the surrounding area. The dispersion curves were obtained for periods between 5 and 200 s, by digital filtering with a combination of MFT (Multiple Filter Technique) and TVF (Time Variable Filtering). Later, all seismic events (and some stations) were grouped to obtain a dispersion curve for each source-station path. These dispersion curves were regionalized and inverted according to the generalized inversion theory, to obtain shear-wave velocity models for a rectangular grid of 16x20 points. The shear-velocity structure obtained through this procedure is shown in the S-velocity maps plotted for several depths. These results agree well with the geology and other geophysical results previously obtained. The obtained S-velocity models suggest the existence of lateral and vertical heterogeneity. The zones with consolidated and old structures present greater S-velocity values than the other zones, although this difference can be very little or negligible in some case. Nevertheless, in the depth range of 15 to 45 km, the different Moho depths present in the study area generate the principal variation of S-velocity. A similar behaviour is found for the depth range from 80 to 230 km, in which the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) generates the principal variations of S-velocity. Finally, the new and interesting feature obtained in this study: the definition of the base of the asthenosphere (for the whole study area and for depths ranging from 130 to 280 km, respectively) should be highlighted.

A comunicação do estado reprodutivo nos primatas da família Callithrichidae, depende principalmente dos comportamentos sócio-sexuais como um sistema de sinalização primário, uma vez que nestas espécies a ovulação não é percebida pelos machos. Neste trabalho, os padrões de comportamentos sócio-sexuais foram analisados em conjunto com as concentrações de metabólitos fecais dos esteróides sexuais progesterona (MFP), estradiol (MFE) e testosterona (MFT) em casais cativos de Sagüi-de-tufos-pretos (Callithrix penicillata), nas diferentes fases do ciclo ovariano. O grupo estudado era composto por quarto casais adultos, mantidos no Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Selvagens da prefeitura de São Paulo. Os padrões comportamentais foram registrados pelo método de amostragem focal por intervalo de tempo a cada 30 segundos, cinco vezes por semana, totalizando 14.400 registros por animal. A mensuração das concentrações de metabólitos fecais dos esteroides sexuais foram realizados pelo método de enzima imunoensaio (EIE). Os resultados obtidos dessas concentrações possibilitaram a determinação endócrina das fases do ciclo ovariano (folicular e luteal) e de suas respectivas durações, assim como a determinação da fase periovulatória. Foram caracterizados 31 ciclos ovarianos completos, com duração de 24,3±4,1 dias (média ±DP), sendo que a fase folicular compreendeu 13,04±4,8dias e a fase lútea 11,2±4,2 dias. Os comportamentos sócio-sexuais (marcação por cheiro, cheirar genitália, catação e apresentação sexual) e a variável "proximidade" mostraram-se significativamente mais prevalentes na fase periovulatória do que nas demais fases do ciclo. Não houve alteração das concentrações de MFT dos machos ao longo de todo o período estudado. A análise conjunta das concentrações de metabólitos fecais de esteróides sexuais e dos comportamentos sócio-sexuais possibilitou um melhor entendimento das relações endócrino-comportamentais e reprodutivas de C. penicillata.

The communication of the female reproductive status in Callithrichidae relies mainly on the socio-sexual behavior, as generally the ovulation is concealed in this primate family by a primary signaling system. In this study the socio-sexual behavior patterns was analyzed in association with the concentration of fecal metabolites of sex steroid hormones progesterone (MFP), estradiol (MFE) and testosterone (MFT) in captive couples of Black-Tufted-Marmoset (Callithrix penicillata), during the different phases of the ovarian cycle. The studied group was composed of four adult couples kept in the São Paulo City Wild Animals Rehabilitation Center. The behavioral patterns were record by focal samplings, with 30 seconds intervals for each observation, five days a week, totalizing 14.400 registers per animal. The measurement of fecal metabolites of progesterone (MFP), estradiol (MFE) and testosterone (MFT) proceeded by enzyme immune assay (EIA). The results allowed to determine the duration of the ovarian cycle and to characterize three different phases (follicular, periovulatory and luteal). It was possible to determine 31 complete cycles that lasted 24.3±4.1 days (Mean ± SD). The follicular and luteal phases lasted 13.04±4.8 and the luteal phase 11.2±4.2 days. The behavioral patterns (scent marking, sniff genitals, grooming and sexual presentation) were more prevalent in the periovulatory phase as the behavioral variable "proximity" as well. There were no variations in the concentration of MFT in the males during the period studied. The associated analyses of the fecal metabolite of sex steroids and the socio-sexual behaviors led to a better understanding of the factors involved in the reproduction of C. penicillata.

La estructura elástica bajo Australia es mostrada por medio de mapas de velocidad de onda S, para profundidades que varían desde cero a 400 km, determinada por regionalización e inversión de dispersión de ondas Rayleigh. Las trazas de 233 terremotos, ocurridos desde 1990 hasta 2010, han sido usadas para obtener datos de dispersión de ondas Rayleigh. Estos terremotos fueron registrados por 65 estaciones sísmicas localizadas en Australia y el área circundante. Las curvas de dispersión fueron obtenidas para periodos entre 5 y 250 s, por filtrado digital con una combinación de las técnicas de filtrado: MFT (técnica del filtro múltiple) y TVF (filtrado en tiempo variable). Luego, todos los eventos sísmicos (y algunas estaciones) fueron agrupados para obtener una curva de dispersión para cada trayecto fuente-estación. Estas curvas de dispersión fueron regionalizadas e invertidas de acuerdo con la teoría de la inversión generalizada, para obtener modelos de velocidad de onda de cizalla para una rejilla regular de tamaño de celda de 2.5°×2.5°. La estructura de velocidad de cizalla obtenida a través de este procedimiento es mostrada en los mapas de velocidad de onda S representados para diversas profundidades. Estos resultados concuerdan bien con la geología y otros resultados geológicos y geofísicos previamente obtenidos. Los modelos de velocidad de onda S obtenidos sugieren la existencia de heterogeneidad lateral y vertical. Las zonas con estructuras antiguas y bien consolidadas presentan mayores valores de velocidad de onda S que los correspondientes a otras zonas, aunque esta diferencia puede ser muy pequeña o despreciable en algún caso. No obstante, en el rango de profundidad de 15 a 50 km, las diferentes profundidades del Moho presentes en el área de estudio generan la principal variación de velocidad de onda S. Un comportamiento similar es encontrado par el rango de profundidad desde 65 a 180 km, en el cual la frontera litosfera-astenosfera genera la principal variación de velocidad de onda S. Finalmente, debería ser notado que una nueva e interesante característica fue obtenida en este estudio: la definición de la base de la astenosfera, para profundidades que varían desde 155 a 280 km, en Australia y el área circundante. Esta característica está también presente en los continentes: América del Sur, Antártida y África, los cuales fueron parte del mismo súper-continente: Gondwana, en el Mesozoico temprano antes de fragmentarse.

The elastic structure beneath Australia is shown by means of S-velocity maps for depths ranging from zero to 400 km, determined by the regionalization and inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion. The traces of 233 earthquakes, occurred from 1990 to 2010, have been used to obtain Rayleigh-wave dispersion data. These earthquakes were registered by 65 seismic station located in Australia and the surrounding area. The dispersion curves were obtained for periods between 5 and 250 s, by digital filtering with a combination of MFT (Multiple Filter Technique) and TVF (Time Variable Filtering), filtering techniques. Later, all seismic events (and some stations) were grouped to obtain a dispersion curve for each source-station path. These dispersion curves were regionalized and inverted according to the generalized inversion theory, to obtain shear-wave velocity models for a rectangular grid of 2.5°×2.5° mesh size. The shear-velocity structure obtained through this procedure is shown in the S-velocity maps plotted for several depths. These results agree well with the geology and other geophysical results previously obtained. The obtained S-velocity models suggest the existence of lateral and vertical heterogeneity. The zones with consolidated and old structures present greater S-velocity values than those in the other zones, although this difference can be very little or negligible in some case. Nevertheless, in the depth range of 15 to 50 km, the different Moho depths present in the study area generate the principal variation of S-velocity. A similar behaviour is found for the depth range from 65 to 180 km, in which the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary generates the principal variations of S-velocity. Finally, it should be highlighted a new and interesting feature was obtained in this study: the definition of the base of the asthenosphere, for depths ranging from 155 to 280 km, in Australia and the surrounding area. This feature is also present in the continents: South America, Antarctica and Africa, which were part of the same super-continent Gondwanaland, in the early Mesozoic before fragmentation.