Lipases have been used in industrial processes as biocatalysts for transesterification reactions. The synergism between enzymes and magnetic properties may be reached by using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as support to immobilize them in aggregate structures, denominated by magnetic crosslinked enzyme aggregates (MCLEA). One of the advantages of such supports is the possibility of using magnetic separation for enzyme recovery, reducing costs and allowing reuse in continuous systems. Here, porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) was immobilized onto functionalized magnetite support (Fe3O4-APTS) with a protein binding efficiency of 78.84%. Physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles and immobilized lipase were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XDR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, vibrating sample magnetometer measurements (VSM), and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The immobilized lipase additionally exhibited improved stability across wide pH and temperature ranges compared with free lipase. The immobilized derivate also attained good reusability, maintaining 61.37% of its initial activity after 6 reaction cycles. Through magnetic behavior and also because of its surface modification to crosslinking the enzyme, the MCLEA produced in this work has enhanced the biocatalytic activities of PPL. reactions MNPs (MNPs structures MCLEA. . (MCLEA) recovery systems Here PPL (PPL Fe3O4APTS FeOAPTS Fe3O4 APTS Fe O (Fe3O4-APTS 7884 78 84 78.84% Xray X ray XDR, XDR , (XDR) TEM, TEM (TEM) FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) DLS, DLS (DLS) potential VSM, VSM (VSM) reusability 6137 61 37 61.37 cycles (MCLEA FeO Fe3O 788 7 8 78.84 (XDR (TEM (FTIR (DLS (VSM 613 3 61.3 78.8 61. 78.

In this investigation, we synthesized magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica and functionalized with p-sulfonic acid calix[4]arene (CX4), to be used as heterogeneous acid catalysts for acetal synthesis. We evaluated the catalytic efficiency of these nanoparticles for acetal synthesis using various aldehydes and glycerol under microwave irradiation at atmospheric pressure, with and without solvents. Two distinct synthesis methods, Pechini (Fe/pch/Si/CX4) and precipitation (Fe/ppt/Si/CX4), resulted in variations in the physical and chemical properties of the solids produced. Structural characterization involved thermogravimetry analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and titration for acidic site quantification. Fe/ppt/Si/CX4 exhibited goethite phases, while Fe/pch/Si/CX4 showed a substantial proportion of maghemite. Both catalysts demonstrated significant activity in acetal synthesis, achieving approximately 80% conversion without solvents. Notably, Fe/ppt/Si/CX4 exhibited higher activity likely due to its structural properties and crystalline phases of the synthesized iron oxide, suggesting a composition difference from the Pechini method. investigation psulfonic p sulfonic calix4arene calixarene calix 4 arene CX4, CX4 CX , (CX4) pressure solvents methods FepchSiCX4 FepchSiCX Fe pch Si (Fe/pch/Si/CX4 Fe/ppt/Si/CX4, FepptSiCX4 FepptSiCX ppt (Fe/ppt/Si/CX4) produced TG, TG (TG) Xray X ray XRD, XRD (XRD) magnetometry SEM TEM, TEM TEM) FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) quantification Fe/ppt/Si/CX Fe/pch/Si/CX maghemite 80 Notably oxide method (CX4 (Fe/pch/Si/CX (Fe/ppt/Si/CX4 (TG (XRD (FTIR 8 (CX (Fe/ppt/Si/CX

In this work, iron ore tailing (IOT) was used for the production of two different materials: sodium silicate and geopolymers. Initially, reactions of IOT with NaOH were carried out by hydrothermal reaction in autoclave at 200 °C (1:1.5 and 1:2.5 SiO2:NaOH molar ratio) and reaction times of 4 and 8 h. X-ray fluorescence by dispersive energy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and titrations showed that IOT:NaOH ratios of 1:2.5 and reaction time 8 h completely dissolved the quartz from the IOT, obtaining a solid fraction consisting mainly of hematite and an aqueous phase of sodium silicate, which showed contents of ca. 23% SiO2 and 19% Na2O. This sodium silicate obtained was then combined with IOT (25 and 50 wt.%) to produce geopolimeric material with excellent physico-chemical properties, fast curing time and very good compressive strength results, which ranged from 41 to 58 MPa and many potential applications. work (IOT materials geopolymers Initially 20 C 11.5 115 1 1.5 5 (1:1. 12.5 125 2.5 2 1:2. SiO2NaOH SiONaOH SiO ratio Xray X ray XRF, XRF , (XRF) XRD, XRD (XRD) spectroscopy SEMEDS SEM EDS (SEM-EDS IOTNaOH ca 23 19 Na2O NaO Na O 25 (2 wt.% wt physicochemical physico chemical properties results applications 11 11. 15 1. (1:1 12 12. 2. 1:2 (XRF (XRD ( wt. (1: 1: (1

Instrumental advances have been employed in the study of archeological remains such as prehistoric rupestrians paintings with the objective of chemically characterizing them in order to reconstruct the cultural technologies of a prehistoric human group and/or to support conservation science studies. The analytical techniques most commonly used in archaeometric research are non-destructive or semi-destructive and preferably portable to preserve the integrity of the rupestrians paintings. They include X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), and the many techniques with emerging applications such as Mössbauer Spectroscopy, X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structures (XANES), Particle Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP-MS). Therefore, this paper presents a review of the literature on the development of chemical strategies employed in the study of rock art, focusing mainly on the critical evaluation of analytical techniques used, limitations, challenges and the perspectives within this area of study. andor studies nondestructive non destructive semidestructive semi Xray X ray XRF, XRF , (XRF) SEM/EDS, SEMEDS SEM/EDS SEM EDS (SEM/EDS) spectroscopy XRD, XRD (XRD) FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) Laserinduced induced LIBS, LIBS (LIBS) XANES, XANES (XANES) PIXE (PIXE LA ICPMS. ICPMS ICP MS . ICP-MS) Therefore art limitations (XRF (SEM/EDS (XRD (FTIR (LIBS (XANES ICP-MS

Resumen En este trabajo se sintetizaron los compuestos organometálicos Bis (2,4,6,8 terametil-indacenil) férrico (1), Bis (2,4,6,8 terametil s-indacenil) ferroso, cobaltoso (2) y Bis (2,6 dietil-4,8-dimetil-s-indacenil) di cobalto (3) mediante la estrategia de eliminación de sales, utilizando sales de Fe(II) y Co(II).Los compuestos se caracterizan por métodos espectroscópicos y electroquímicos. Las mediciones magnéticas se llevaron a cabo mediante el sistema de medición de propiedades físicas (PPMS). Los datos espectroscópicos Mossbauer revelan que, en todos los compuestos, sorprendentemente, el hierro se encuentra en el estado de oxidación +3. También se realizaron cálculos DFT para comprender el cambio en el estado de oxidación de los metales. El estudio DFT confirmó la naturaleza de transferencia de electrones del ligando al metal. El estudio voltamperométrico cíclico de estos compuestos muestra una gran separación (ΔE>800mV) entre los dos picos de oxidación que confirman la fuerte interacción entre los centros metálicos. Las mediciones magnéticas de estos compuestos organometálicos revelan que presentan un comportamiento ferrimagnético a temperaturas inferiores a 40 K.

Abstract Organometallic compounds, Bis (2,4,6,8 teramethyl-indacenyl) di Iron (1), Bis (2,4,6,8 teramethyl s-indacenyl) mono iron, mono cobalt (2), and Bis (2,6 diethyl-4,8-dimethyl-s-indacenyl) di cobalt (3) were synthesised by means of salt elimination strategy, using Fe(II) and Co(II) salts. The compounds were characterised through spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Magnetic measurements were carried out by Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). Mossbauer spectroscopic data reveals that in all compounds, surprisingly, Iron is in +3 oxidation state. DFT calculations have been carried out to understand the change in the oxidation state of a metal. DFT study confirms the electron transfer nature of ligand to metal. Cyclic voltametric study on these compounds shows a large separation (ΔE>800mV) between two oxidation peaks confirming the strong interaction between the metal centres. Magnetic measurements on these organometallic compounds reveals that they exhibit a ferrimagnetic behaviour at temperatures below 40 K.

Resumo Compostos organometálicos, Bis (2,4,6,8 terametil-indacenil) di ferro (1), Bis (2,4,6,8 terametil s-indacenil) mono ferro, mono cobalto (2) e Bis (2,6 dietil-4,8-dimetil-s-indacenil) di cobalto (3) foram sintetizados por estratégia de eliminação de sal, utilizando sais de Fe(II) e Co(II). Os compostossão caracterizados por métodos espectroscópicos e eletroquímicos. As medições magnéticas foram realizadas pelo Sistema de Medição de Propriedades Físicas (PPMS). Os dados espectroscópicos Mossbauerrevelam que em todos os compostos, surpreendentemente, o ferro está em +3 estado de oxidação.Os cálculos do DFT foram realizados para entender a mudança no estado de oxidação de um metal. O estudo DFT confirma a natureza da transferência de elétrons do ligante para o metal. O estudovoltamétrico cíclico dessescompostosmostrauma grande separação (ΔE>800mV) entre dois picos de oxidação confirmando a forteinteração entre os centros metálicos. As medições magnéticas nestescompostos organometálicos revelam que eles apresentam um comportamento ferrimagnético a uma temperatura abaixo de 40 K.

The correlation between iron distribution in octahedral or tetrahedral sites in synthetic magnetite and zinc spinel ferrites and their catalytic properties were investigated in this work. The zinc-doped nanomagnetites were prepared by co-precipitation method and annealed at 420 °C. X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis, X-ray absorption and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopies were used to identify iron sites. The obtained results showed that ZnII replaces the relatively smaller FeIII cation in the tetrahedral sites, increasing the cubic lattice dimension, and this replacement remarkably enhances the catalytic effectiveness of the Zn-spinel ferrite towards the indigo carmine degradation compared to undoped magnetite. The indigo carmine degradation experiments were carried out using photo-Fenton method in which 50 mL of indigo carmine dye aqueous solutions (20 mg L−1, pH 3.0), 20 mg ZnxFe(3-x)O4, and 2.0 mL H2O2 (aqueous solution at 0.028 mol L−1) were placed under UV light at 25 °C. Under these experimental conditions the degradation rate of indigo carmine was superior to 98%.

ABSTRACT This contribution describes an updated synthetic route along with full characterization of [{CpFe}2- p -Ph’] with p -Ph’: p -Bis{2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl}benzene). The complex reported here was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, the X-ray crystal structure, and Mo?ssbauer spectroscopy. From the crystallographic analysis, it was found that both {CpFe} fragments are coordinated to opposite sites of the p -Ph’ ligand. In addition, the analysis through of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, confirm that the synthesis and yield of just one isomer of this compound.

Abstract High chromium cast iron (HCCI) with levels around 26% Cr - 2.9% C according to ASTM A 532 IIIA is widely used in systems where high abrasive wear resistance is required. To evaluate the niobium influence, HCCI with 0.5% Nb and 1% Nb additions were melted, besides one without niobium addition of for comparison. For characterization, X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vickers microhardness tests, Rockwell C hardness, carbide quantifications, quantification of the retained austenite by Mössbauer spectroscopy, and rubber wheel abrasion test according to procedure A of ASTM G-65 were performed. The results indicated a reduction in the average size, average perimeter, and carbides volumetric fraction (CVF) due to the addition of niobium, also changing the microstructure of the HCCI from eutectic to hypoeutectic. In some regions, NbC0.75 carbides formed a coating around M7C3 carbides. The 0.5% Nb alloy showed the best performance in the rubber wheel abrasive wear test, with a 37% average volume loss reduction as compared to the sample without niobium addition with a 130N load and 34% with a 45N load. The 0.5% Nb alloy also had the highest content of retained austenite among the investigated alloys.

RESUMEN La identificación de óxidos de hierro puede proporcionar un indicador sensible para determinar los efectos de diferentes prácticas de cultivos en plantaciones de café. Por tal razón, en la presente investigación se analiza el suelo de tres fincas ubicadas en el Departamento del Tolima. Se caracterizaron las fases minerales con hierro a lo largo de la capa productiva (horizonte A) de los suelos en las regiones de El Líbano y Villahermosa. Se utilizó difracción de rayos X, espectroscopia de Mössbauer y teledetección para discriminar la distribución de las diferentes fases minerales magnéticas. La difracción de rayos X se utilizó para identificar las propiedades mineralógicas del óxido de hierro como la hematita, la goethita y la ferrihidrita (Fh), además de los minerales tectosilicatos como la albita y la sanidina. Los resultados de la espectroscopia de Mössbauer para muestras tomadas a temperatura ambiente indicaron la presencia de fases minerales de Fe2+ y Fe3+, que posiblemente corresponden a ilmenita o magnetita. Finalmente, se utilizaron datos y anchos de banda de Sentinel-2A MSI para mapear los óxidos de hierro y estudiar la influencia de su distribución en toda el área de estudio. Los datos encontrados a través de las distintas técnicas, difracción de rayos X, espectroscopia de Mössbauer, y la comparación con datos Sentinel-2a, son muy consistentes a lo largo del área de estudio. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las fincas cercanas al principal volcán Nevado del Ruíz tienen una mayor variabilidad mineralógica. En contraste, aquellas que se encuentran más distantes presentan una mayor cantidad de óxidos de hierro, producto de la erosión y las actividades humanas.

ABSTRACT The presence of iron oxides may provide a sensitive indicator of the effects of cropping practices on coffee plantations. Authors characterized the mineral phases present in soil A horizons at three different farms located in the Department of Tolima within the regions of Líbano and Villahermosa. Our analysis includes X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and remote sensing to discriminate the distribution of the different magnetic mineral phases. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the mineralogical properties of iron oxide such as hematite, goethite, and ferrihydrite (Fh), as well as tectosilicate minerals such as albite and sanidine. Mössbauer spectroscopy results for samples taken at room temperature indicate the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ mineral phases, which possibly correspond to ilmenite or magnetite. Finally, Sentinel-2A multi-spectral imager (MSI) data was used to map the distribution of iron oxides and study the influence of their distribution throughout the study area. A high correlation between Mössbauer spectroscopy and Sentinel-2A MSI data exists throughout the study area. The results suggest that farms close to the main Nevado del Ruíz Volcano have a more significant mineralogical variability. In contrast, more distant farms are characterized by soils with more iron oxides, the product of weathering, erosion, and human activities.

Resumen Aleaciones cristalinas desordenadas Fe50Mn25+xSn25_x, con x = -1.25, 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, cercanas a las composiciones de Heusler-211, fueron preparadas por fusión en atmósfera inerte, subsecuentemente, sometidas a recocido térmico durante 4 días a 1173 K y, finalmente, enfriadas en agua helada. Todas las aleaciones han sido sistemáticamente analizadas mediante difracción de rayos X, espectroscopias Mössbauer de 57Fe y 119Sn, y medidas de magnetización a temperatura ambiente. Los análisis Rietveld de los difractogramas de las muestras con x = -1.25 y 0.0 muestran la presencia de dos fases cristalográficas hexagonales: (i) la solución solida químicamente desordenada ε-(Fe/Mn)3Sn (mayoritaria), y (ii) el intermetálico ε-Fe5Sn3 (minoritaria); mientras que, las aleaciones con x = 2.5, 5.0 y 7.5, presentan solo la solución sólida desordenada, ε-(Fe/Mn)3(Sn/Fe/Mn). Si bien, las composiciones de las aleaciones Fe50Mn25+xSn25-x son cercanas a las de Heusler-211, ninguna tiene la estructura cúbica L2 1 característica de estas. Los tamaños medios de los cristalitos, calculados por el método de Williamson-Hall, están dentro del rango 62-256 nm y disminuyen cuando x aumenta. Los resultados Mössbauer de todas las aleaciones muestran la característica de magnetismo localizado a través de la distribución de campos magnéticos hiperfinos en los sitios de Fe, y de magnetismo itinerante a través de los campos transferidos desde los átomos de Fe en los núcleos de 119Sn. Los campos coercitivos y remanentes, obtenidos por medidas de magnetización bajo campo magnético aplicado entre -2200 y +2200 Oe, disminuyen cuando x aumenta. Los valores de los campos coercitivos están en el rango de los magnetos blandos (1-20 Oe).

Abstract Disordered crystalline Fe50Mn25+xSn25-x alloys, with x = -1.25, 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 (close to the full-Heusler alloys), were arc-melted in a high purity argon atmosphere and the molten pellets were individually sealed in quartz tubes also under argon atmosphere. Subsequently, they were annealed at 1173 K for 4 days, being finally quenched in a bath with cold water. Structural and magnetic properties have systematically been studied using X-ray diffraction, 57Fe, and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopies, and magnetization measurements recorded at room temperature. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction patterns of the annealed samples with x = -1.25 and 0 has revealed the presence of two hexagonal crystallographic phases: (i) a chemically disordered solid solution identified as ε-(Fe/Mn)3Sn (majority fraction) and (ii) the ε-Fe5Sn3 intermetallic compound (minority fraction). For samples with x = 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5, the Rietveld analysis has only indicated the presence of a chemically disordered solid solution identified as ε -(Fe/Mn)3(Sn/Fe/Mn). Although compositions of the Fe50Mn25+xSn25_x alloys are close to that of full-Heusler alloys, none of them has the expected L2 1 structure. The average crystallite sizes, estimated from the Williamson-Hall method, are in the range of 256-62 nm. The average sizes has gradually decreased as the x-content is increased. Mössbauer results have shown localized-type magnetism from Fe non-equivalent sites, and itinerant-like magnetism on 119Sn-probes. Magnetic hysteresis loops, recorded at 300 K for a maximum field of 2200 Oe, have indicated that the remanent and coercive fields have systematically decreased as the x-parameter has increased. Coercive fields are in the range for soft magnets (1-20 Oe).

ABSTRACT The resonant absorption of recoilless g-rays, known as Mössbauer Spectroscopy, is an efficient nuclear prospecting technique to structural and magnetic analysis. When studying steels, it is possible to accurately analyze the surface of materials using the Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy technique (CEMS) that evaluates the sample’s surface to a depth of 200 nm, and by Conversion X-ray Mössbauer Spectroscopy by (CXMS), which can go deeper and investigate inner layers of steel samples (10 mm). In this work, this technique was employed to study the crystallographic reversion (f.c.c.àh.c.p.) of stainless steel shape memory. A hexagonal martensitic phase was induced mechanically through the compression test and the reversion to austenite phase was observed using heat treatment. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements were carried out using the conversion of electrons, and X-ray with a 57Co source in a rhodium matrix at room temperature and without the external fields. Spectra were analyzed using specific adjustment software. The results indicated great reversal of e-martensite. Rietveld refinement analysis was obtained using the XRD data to evaluate possible structural changes occurring during the thermo-mechanical treatment (cycles of deformation followed by heating). Comparison of the Mössbauer spectra and Rietveld refinement are important for understanding the reversal of the martensitic phase. In this case, the crystal structure changes resulted in a shape recovery material, which was deformed beyond its elastic limit.

According to the World Health Organization, amoxicillin (AMX) is the most widely consumed antibiotic in the world. Consequently, there is great interest in the development of new technologies that allow the removal of this type of contaminant, as exposure to antibiotic residues can cause a variety of adverse effects, such as toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. In this work, AMX adsorption from aqueous solution was investigated using nickel ferrite nanoparticles. The nanoadsorbents were prepared by the coprecipitation method, annealed at 300 to 700 °C, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy (ME) and vibratory sample magnetometry (VSM). Nanoparticle size, pH and temperature were found to significantly affect the amount of adsorbed AMX. The pseudo-second order kinetic model described the adsorption process and the adsorption isotherm fitted to the Freundlich model. AMX adsorption capacity was 104-45 mg g−1 (miligram of AMX per gram of ferrite) for ferrite annealed at 300-700 °C, respectively. The nanoadsorbents employed showed higher AMX removal efficiency when compared to other iron oxides. Moreover, the good reuse results obtained showed their great potential for antibiotic removal by adsorption.

Abstract: We present here a first principles study of the structural, electronic, magnetic, and hyperfine properties of magnesium ferrite, MgFe2O4 (spinel structure). The study was carried out within the framework of Functional Density Theory (DFT) using the full potential linearized augmented plane waves method (FPLAPW) using both the Generalized Gradient (GGA) and the GGA+U approximations for the exchange and correlation potential. To discuss the magnetic ordering and the lowest energy structure of the system we consider different distributions of Mg and Fe ions in both cationic sites of the spinel structure, as well as different spin configurations. Our calculations predict that the equilibrium structure corresponds to an inverted antiferromagnetic configuration, in which the magnetic moments of the Fe atoms located at sites A are ferromagnetically ordered among themselves and antiferromagnetically with respect to the Fe located at the sublattice of sites B. Our GGA calculations underestimate the energy band-gap of the system, while GGA+U predict a band-gap of 2.3 eV, in excellent agreement with the reported values. The results for the hyperfine properties at the Fe sites (isomer shift, quadrupole splitting and hyperfine field) are in excellent agreement with the Mössbauer spectroscopy results reported in the literature, giving support to the equilibrium structure predicted by FP-LAPW.

Resumen: Presentamos un estudio de primeros principios de las propiedades estructurales, electrónicas, magnéticas e hiperfinas de la ferrita de magnesio, MgFe2O4 (estructura espinela). El estudio fue realizado en el marco de la Teoría de la Funcional Densidad (DFT) mediante el método Full-Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Waves (FPLAPW), empleando la aproximación del Gradiente Generalizado (GGA) y la aproximación GGA+U para el término de potencial e intercambio. Para discutir el ordenamiento magnético y la estructura de mínima energía del sistema se consideraron diferentes distribuciones de los iones Mg y Fe en los dos sitios catiónicos de la estructura espinela, así como distintas configuraciones de espín. Los cálculos muestran que la estructura de equilibrio corresponde a una configuración invertida y antiferromagnética, en la cual los momentos magnéticos de los átomos de Fe en los sitios A están ordenados ferromagnéticamente entre sí y antiferromagnéticamente con respecto a los Fe de la subred de sitios B. Los cálculos GGA subestiman el band-gap de energía del sistema, mientras que los cálculos GGA+U predicen un band-gap de 2.3 eV, en acuerdo con el valor reportado. Los resultados para las propiedades hiperfinas en los sitios Fe (corrimiento isomérico, desdoblamiento cuadrupolar y campo hiperfino) están en excelente acuerdo con los obtenidos mediante espectroscopia Mössbauer reportados en la literatura, lo que sustenta la estructura de equilibrio predicha por FPLAPW.

Resumen En este trabajo reportamos el estudio de las propiedades magnéticas y estructurales del sistema Fe90Al10 obtenidas por Aleamiento Mecánico (AM), para la fabricación de blancos (target) que se usarán para producir películas delgadas por sputtering. Las muestras en forma de polvo se prepararon utilizando la técnica de aleamiento mecánico con una relación de masa bolas / masa muestra, de 10:1, en atmosfera de argón con bolas de acero inoxidable y jarras del mismo material, y con 48 y 72 horas de molienda. La caracterización magnética y estructural se realizó por Espectroscopia Mössbauer (MS), Magnetometría de muestra Vibrante (VSM) y Difracción de Rayos-X (XRD). Los espectro Mössbauer de los polvos se ajustaron con una componente ferromagnética correspondiente a tres sitios ferromagnéticos mostrando un campo hiperfino medio de 29,1 T para las muestras con 48 horas de molienda y de 25,4 T para las muestras con 72 horas de molienda. El refinamiento de los patrones de XRD presenta en todos los difractogramas picos de la fase FeAl - BCC con parámetros de red 2,886 Å y 2,889 Å para la molienda de 48 y 72 horas respectivamente. Los ciclos de histéresis del sistema Fe90Al10 en estudio evidencian que es un material magnéticamente blando.

Abstract In this work we report the study of the magnetic and structural properties of the Fe90Al10 system obtained by mechanical alloying, for the manufacture of targets that will be used to produce thin films by sputtering. Samples in powder form were prepared using the Mechanical Alloying technique with a mass ratio of balls / sample mass, of 10: 1, in an argon atmosphere with stainless steel balls and jugs of the same material, and with 48 and 72 milling hours. Magnetic and structural characterization was performed by Mössbauer Spectroscopy (MS), Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The Mössbauer spectrum of the powders was adjusted with a ferromagnetic component corresponding to three ferromagnetic sites showing an average hyperfine field of 29.1 T for the samples with 48 hours of milling and 25.4 T for the samples with 72 hours of milling The refinement of the XRD patterns was performed using the Rietveld method by means of the GSAS program showing in all diffractograms the FeAl-BCC phase with lattice parameters 2.886 Å and 2.889 Å for the milling of 48 and 72 hours respectively. The hysteresis cycles of the Fe90Al10 system under study show that it is a magnetically soft material.

ABSTRACT Doping polymers with metallic materials can improve significantly its use. Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene is known for its high resistance to abrasion and impact, and also for its friction coefficient, which is significantly lower than that of commercial steel and most polymeric materials. Therefore, this material presents high industrial demand despite its processing difficulty due to its high viscosity. One kind of polymer processing which has been widely used recently is the high energy mechanical alloying. This method provokes significant changes in the material, such as crystalline structure transformation, amorphization, formation of metastable phases, and nanostructuring, among others. In order to investigate the influence of iron dopant in structural characteristics of polymeric matrix, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene were doped with low concentrations (between 0.1 at.% and 1 at.%) of iron using the method of high energy mechanical alloying. The samples composition was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction Mössbauer Spectroscopy. A theoretical molecular modeling was carried out to simulate the iron presence in polymeric cell, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, there is evidence that part of the iron promotes a crossed bond between the polymeric chains.