RESUMEN Introducción: La actividad del ser humano no puede ser ajena a las interrelaciones hombre-trabajo y entorno, pues estas relaciones pueden traer consigo condiciones disergonómicas que pueden tener un impacto negativo en la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar las condiciones disergonómicas en una unidad de procesamiento logístico durante el mes de julio de 2021. Métodos: El estudio se enmarcó dentro el paradigma cuantitativo, con un diseño no experimental, de campo, de nivel descriptivo y corte transversal, con enfoque ergonómico, la población estuvo conformada por 9 trabajadores. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario Nórdico estandarizado, el método REBA y la ecuación de la NIOHS. El análisis de datos se realizó a través de Microsoft Excel 2010®. Resultados: El 31 % de los trabajadores manifestó dolor de espalda baja. A partir del análisis del método REBA se evidenció que, en la actividad de selección de gaveras, existen posturas con un nivel de riesgo medio y alto. La actividad selección y reparación de estibas posee puntuaciones REBA entre 9 y 12 puntos, con niveles de riesgos alto y muy alto. La aplicación de la ecuación de NIOSH en la actividad selección de gaveras mostró el índice de levantamiento compuesto igual a 1,4 interpretado como un incremento moderado del riesgo. Conclusiones: Las actividades ejecutadas en la unidad de procesamiento logístico poseen un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de trastornos musculoesqueléticos. Además, las dolencias manifestadas por los trabajadores pueden estar relacionadas con la manipulación manual de cargas y posturas incómodas presentes en la realización de estas actividades.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The human being’s activities cannot be disconnected from the interrelationships man-work and environment, since these relationships can bring about disergonomic conditions that can have a negative impact on health. Objective: To evaluate the disergonomic conditions at a logistics processing unit during the month of July 2021. Methods: The study was framed within the quantitative paradigm, with a nonexperimental, field, descriptive and cross-sectional design, as well as an ergonomic approach. The population consisted of 9 workers. The used instruments were the standardized Nordic questionnaire, the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) method and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) equation. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010®. Results: 31% of the workers reported low back pain. The analysis of the REBA method permitted to observe that, in the activity of selecting boxes, there are body positions with medium or high risk levels. The activity of selecting and repairing pallets has REBA scores between 9 and 12 points, with high or very high risk levels. The application of the NIOSH equation into the activity of selecting boxes showed the composite lifting index equal to 1.4, interpreted as a moderate increase in risk. Conclusions: The activities carried out in the logistics processing unit present an important risk factor for the development of musculoskeletal disorders. In addition, the ailments reported by the workers may be related to the manual handling of loads and the uncomfortable postures for carrying out these activities.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the inappropriate postures that affect the presentation of musculoskeletal disorders of fruit pickers in the company Energy&Palma in the year 2020. Material and Methods: It was a study of relational level, of observational, descriptive, prospective, and transversal type, carried out in November 2020. The postural load was evaluated with the REBA method and a qualitative analysis was carried out with the Kuorinka Nordic Questionnaire to 52 agricultural workers who carried out the oil palm lifting activity. Results: The finding was that 14.4% of the fruit lifters presented skeletal muscle injuries in different parts of the body in the last year. Of all the disorders identified, low back pain was in first place. Conclusions: The personnel in charge of African palm lifters were exposed to skeletal muscle injuries and if preventive and corrective measures are not taken, they could lead to occupational diseases.

RESUMEN. Objetivos: Determinar las posturas inadecuadas que incidan en la presentación de los trastornos músculo esqueléticos de alzadores de fruta en la empresa Energy&Palma en el año 2020. Material y Métodos: Fue un estudio de nivel relacional, de tipo observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, y transversal, realizado en noviembre del 2020. Se evaluó la carga postural con el método REBA y se realizó un análisis cualitativo con el Cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka a 52 trabajadores agrícolas que realizaron la actividad de levantamiento de palma aceitera. Resultados: El hallazgo fue que el 14.4% de los alzadores de fruta presentaron lesiones músculo esqueléticas en diferentes partes del cuerpo en el último año. De todos los trastornos identificados el dolor en espalda baja ocupó el primer lugar. Conclusiones: El personal encargado del levantamiento de palma africana estuvo expuesta a lesiones músculo esqueléticas y si no se toma medidas preventivas y correctivas podrían acarrear enfermedades profesionales.

RESUMEN. Objetivos: Determinar las posturas inadecuadas que incidan en la presentación de los trastornos músculo esqueléticos de alzadores de fruta en la empresa Energy&Palma en el año 2020. Material y Métodos: Fue un estudio de nivel relacional, de tipo observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo, y transversal, realizado en noviembre del 2020. Se evaluó la carga postural con el método REBA y se realizó un análisis cualitativo con el Cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka a 52 trabajadores agrícolas que realizaron la actividad de levantamiento de palma aceitera. Resultados: El hallazgo fue que el 14.4% de los alzadores de fruta presentaron lesiones músculo esqueléticas en diferentes partes del cuerpo en el último año. De todos los trastornos identificados el dolor en espalda baja ocupó el primer lugar. Conclusiones: El personal encargado del levantamiento de palma africana estuvo expuesta a lesiones músculo esqueléticas y si no se toma medidas preventivas y correctivas podrían acarrear enfermedades profesionales.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the inappropriate postures that affect the presentation of musculoskeletal disorders of fruit pickers in the company Energy&Palma in the year 2020. Material and Methods: It was a study of relational level, of observational, descriptive, prospective, and transversal type, carried out in November 2020. The postural load was evaluated with the REBA method and a qualitative analysis was carried out with the Kuorinka Nordic Questionnaire to 52 agricultural workers who carried out the oil palm lifting activity. Results: The finding was that 14.4% of the fruit lifters presented skeletal muscle injuries in different parts of the body in the last year. Of all the disorders identified, low back pain was in first place. Conclusions: The personnel in charge of African palm lifters were exposed to skeletal muscle injuries and if preventive and corrective measures are not taken, they could lead to occupational diseases.

RESUMO Introdução/ enquadramento/ objetivos Dado o setor da Tatuagem estar ainda pouco estudado no contexto da Saúde Ocupacional, pretendeu-se com este trabalho avaliar sumariamente o Risco Ergonómico do setor, até porque em Tatuagens complexas e/ ou extensas/ demoradas, o profissional pode ter necessidade de executar o seu trabalho com posturas forçadas/ mantidas e movimentos repetitivos, por períodos prolongados, sendo que, por vezes, nem sempre estão desenvolvidas de forma adequada as medidas de proteção. Metodologia Após listagem das principais tarefas genéricas no setor da Tatuagem, aplicaram-se dois métodos para análise ergonómica sumária: OWAS (Ovaco Working Analysis System) e REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment). Conteúdo Em função do método OWAS verificou-se que as tarefas iniciais (desenhar o padrão em papel ou procurar o padrão no computador e passar tal para folhas de decalque) obtiveram os patamares mais baixos de risco (ou seja, 1); todas as restantes tarefas consideradas obtiveram o Nível de Ação 2, exceto a eventualidade do Tatuador ter de socorrer o cliente e, face à postura/ eventual sustentação de carga, obteve aqui a cotação de 4. Contudo, quando ponderado com o tempo que cada tarefa geralmente ocupa percentualmente, em relação ao turno de trabalho, a situação alterou-se, ou seja, esse Nível de Ação 4 desapareceu (porque o Tatuador conseguiria em alguns segundos ou, quando muito alguns minutos) colocar-se a si e ao cliente em postura menos forçada e sem sustentação de carga. Para além disso, com esse ajuste percentual, cerca de metade dos Níveis de Ação 2 passou para 1, mantendo-se no primeiro valor as tarefas desenhar o padrão a tatuar diretamente na pele, injetar pigmento na pele, limpar o pigmento excedente e a aplicação de outros agentes químicos, bem como a limpeza/ desinfeção/ esterilização das superfícies de trabalho e instrumentos de trabalho (incluindo aqui também a acomodação dos mesmos). Por sua vez, a metodologia REBA, originou resultados diferentes. Nenhuma das tarefas consideradas ficou com o Nível de Ação 0 e apenas uma ficou com o patamar mais elevado, ou seja, 4 (socorrer o cliente em caso de lipotimia/ síncope). No Nível de Ação 2 ficaram as tarefas depilar, desinfetar/ esterilizar a pele, passar o desenho da folha de decalque para o cliente, colocar agentes químicos na pele durante a Tatuagem para além do pigmento e limpar/ desinfetar/ esterilizar superfícies de trabalho. Por sua vez, no Nível de Ação 3 restaram a tarefa alternativa de desenhar o padrão que se vai tatuar diretamente na pele, inserir os desenhos nas folhas de decalque, preparar a bancada/ tabuleiro de trabalho, injetar o pigmento na pele, limpar da pele o pigmento excedente e limpar/ desinfetar/ esterilizar/ acomodar os instrumentos de trabalho. Conclusões Percebeu-se que a metodologia OWAS conseguiu valorizar melhor o risco, ponderando o tempo que essa tarefa ocupa, quando comparada à técnica REBA, ainda que não considerando a probabilidade de tal ocorrer ou não, em ambas as técnicas. No global, os resultados dispares eventualmente seriam atenuados se estas tarefas major se subdividissem em subtarefas; contudo, tal iria aumentar muito a complexidade destas avaliações ergonómicas, mesmo em postos de trabalho pouco diversificados e com relativamente poucas tarefas major. Para além disso, outra condição poderá ter enviesado os resultados de forma significativa: ou se avalia com rigor apenas e exatamente um momento único (correndo o risco de enviesar por o profissional se ter posicionado aí ou não de forma correta e não considerarmos o risco que outras posturas trariam à mesma tarefa, noutros momentos da Tatuagem e/ ou até com outros Tatuadores) ou, para tentar acautelar tal, consideramos sempre a possibilidade mais gravosa. Como o objetivo era retratar globalmente o setor da Tatuagem (e não um ou outro estúdio em particular), optou-se por abarcar todas as situações e, sendo várias possíveis, considerada sempre a mais gravosa. Para além disso, ainda que estes métodos permitam atenuar alguma subjetividade na avaliação de Riscos, esta não pode ser eliminada totalmente. Em situações de dúvida entre duas hipóteses da escala será possível que um avaliador menos experiente num momento opte por uma e, noutra tarefa equivalente, escolha a outra ou até que tal aconteça repetindo a avaliação exatamente da mesma tarefa, em momentos diferentes. Ainda assim, estes métodos e seus congéneres constituem uma ajuda preciosa na Avaliação de Riscos em Saúde Ocupacional.

ABSTRACT Introduction/ background/ objectives Given that the Tattoo sector is still poorly studied in the context of Occupational Health, the aim of this work was to briefly assess the sector's Ergonomic Risk, special because in complex and/ or extensive/ time-consuming Tattoos, the professional may need to perform his work with forced/ maintained postures and repetitive movements, for prolonged periods and, in some cases, protection measures are not always properly developed. Methodology After listing the main generic tasks in the Tattoo sector, two methods for summary ergonomic analysis were applied: OWAS (Ovaco Working Analysis System) and REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment). Content Due to the OWAS method, it was found that the initial tasks (drawing the pattern on paper or looking for the pattern on the computer and transferring it to decal sheets) obtained the lowest levels of risk (that is, 1); all other tasks considered reached Action Level 2, except for the possibility of the Tattooist having to help the client in the case of syncope/ lipothymia and, in view of the posture/ load bearing, obtained a rating of 4. However, when weighted with the time that each task usually occupies in percentage, in relation to the work shift, the situation has changed, that is, that Action Level 4 disappeared because the Tattoo Artist would be able to put himself and the client, in a few seconds or, at most, a few minutes, in a less forced posture and without load support. In addition, about half of Action Levels 2 went to 1, remaining in that stages the tasks of drawing the pattern to tattoo directly on the skin, injecting pigment, cleaning the excess pigment and applying other chemical agents remaining at the first value, as well as the cleaning/ disinfection/ sterilization of work surfaces and work tools (also including their accommodation). In turn, the REBA methodology gave rise to different results. None of the tasks considered had Action Level 0 and only one had the highest level, that is, 4 (helping the client in case of lipothymia/ syncope). At Action Level 2, the tasks considered were shave, disinfect/ sterilize the skin, transfer the decal sheet, put chemical agents on the skin during the tattoo and clean/ disinfect/ sterilize work surfaces. On the other hand, at Action Level 3, there remains the alternative task of drawing the pattern that will be tattooed directly on the skin, inserting the designs on the decal sheets, preparing the workbench/ work tray, injecting the pigment into the skin, cleaning the skin of the excess pigment and clean/ disinfect/ sterilize/ accommodate the work instruments. Conclusions It was noticed that the OWAS methodology was able to better value the risk, considering the time that this task occupies, when compared to the REBA technique. Overall, the different results would eventually be attenuated if these major tasks were subdivided into subtasks, considering movement by movement; however, this would greatly increase the complexity of these ergonomic assessments, even in low-diversified jobs and with relatively few major tasks. In addition, another condition may have significantly biased the results- or the investigator assess with rigor only and exactly a single moment (running the risk of biasing whether the professional has positioned himself correctly or not and not considering the risk that other postures would bring the same task, in other moments of the Tattoo and/ or even with other Tattoo Artists) or, to try to guard against such, consider the most serious possibility for each task. As the objective was to portray the Tattoo sector globally (and not one or the other studio in particular), it was decided to cover all situations and, being several possible, always considered the most serious. In addition, even though these methods allow some subjectivity to be mitigated in the risk assessment, it cannot be eliminated. In situations of doubt between two hypotheses of the scale, it will be possible for a less experienced evaluator at one time to choose one and, in another equivalent task, choose the other or until this happens by repeating the evaluation of exactly the same task, at different times. Even so, these methods constitute a valuable aid in the Occupational Health Risk Assessment.

Resumen Se presenta una investigación descriptiva, de corte transversal, cuyo propósito es la evaluación de riesgos disergonómicos en pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) en Bogotá, valorando los factores de riesgo a lesiones músculo-esqueléticos y sus niveles de nocividad en tres empresas correspondientes a los sectores metalmecánico, plástico y maderero, evaluando a 76 trabajadores en 48 puestos, aplicando el Cuestionario Nórdico, el método del Laboratiro de Economía y Sociología del Trabajo (LEST) y el método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Se encontró que los factores de riesgo a lesiones músculo esqueléticas comunes y con mayor prevalencia entre las empresas evaluadas son: flexión y lateralización de cuello y tronco, movimientos repetitivos, flexión/extensión de extremidades superiores y cambios bruscos de postura. Se realizó un estudio de correlación de Pearson para verificar la relación entre lo expresado por los trabajadores a través del cuestionario Nórdico y lo obtenido a partir del método REBA.

Abstract A descriptive, cross-sectional investigation is presented, whose purpose is the evaluation of disergonomic risks in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bogotá, assessing the risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries and their levels of harmfulness in three companies corresponding to the metalworking, plastic and timber sectors, evaluating 76 workers in 48 positions; Nordic Questionnaire, Laboratory of Economics and Sociology of Labor method (LEST) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment method (REBA) were applied. It was found that risk factors to common musculoskeletal injuries and with higher prevalence among the companies evaluated are: flexion and lateralization of the neck and trunk, repetitive movements, flexion / extension of upper extremities and sudden changes in posture. A Pearson correlation study was conducted to verify the relationship between what was expressed by the 76 workers through the Nordic questionnaire and that obtained through the REBA method.

Resumen En Costa Rica existen más de 85 empresas dedicadas al transporte público de personas, por lo que existe una cantidad considerable de conductores de autobús que se ven expuestos a vibraciones. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la exposición ocupacional vibraciones en cuerpo entero en los conductores de autobús en el GAM, por medio de la valoración de factores como ubicación del motor, año de fabricación y tipo de suspensión del asiento. Además, se aplicó la metodología REBA para evaluar posturas de trabajo. Se encontraron niveles de exposición diaria a vibraciones entre 0,2690 m/s2 y 0,9010 m/s2 , sobrepasando en la mayoría de los casos el nivel de acción. El año de fabricación y uso de suspensión en el asiento, demostraron ser determinantes de exposición a vibraciones con un 95% de confianza (P= 0,03 y P=0,002), por lo que existe el riesgo de sufrir afecciones a la salud por exposición a vibraciones. Los dolores de espalda y rodillas fueron las dolencias más reportadas, sin embargo, a partir de la evaluación con el método REBA, los niveles de acción calculados fueron de 0 a 1, para un nivel de riesgo entre inapreciable y bajo. Se recomienda la disminución de los tiempos de exposición de los choferes, el mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo de las unidades y el reemplazo por unidades nuevas con motor atrás, cuando sea posible.

Abstract In Costa Rica there are more than 85 bus companies dedicated to public transport of people, so there is a considerable number of bus drivers who are exposed to vibrations. The objective of the study was to determine the occupational exposure to whole body vibration in bus drivers in the GAM, by means of the valuation of factors such as location of the engine, year of manufacture and type of seat suspension. The REBA methodology was also applied to evaluate working positions. Levels of daily exposure to vibrations were found between 0.2690 m/s2 and 0.9010 m/ s2 , exceeding in most cases the action level. The year of manufacture and use of suspension in the seat, proved to be determinants of exposure to vibrations with 95% d. confidence (P = 0.03 and P = 0.002), so there is a risk of suffering health problems. Back and knee pain were the most reported ailments, however, from the evaluation with the REBA method, the action levels calculated were from 0 to 1, for a risk level between negligible and low. It is recommended to reduce the exposure times of the drivers, preventive and corrective maintenance of the units and replacement by new units with a motor behind, when it is possible.

Resumen Introducción: Los desórdenes musculoesqueléticos son la principal causa de ausentismo laboral, debido a factores biomecánicos por posturas mantenidas e inadecuadas. Además, existe una alta prevalencia de morbilidad sentida que afecta las condiciones laborales, por lo que es necesario estudiar dichas condiciones y sus componentes en la población de docentes universitarios, conociendo las posiciones que adoptan y sus características durante su jornada laboral. Materiales y métodos: Se condujo un estudio descriptivo, transversal, que incluyó a 70 docentes universitarios de medio tiempo y tiempo completo, quienes desempeñan funciones administrativas, de clase magistral o clase práctica. Se evaluó la percepción de morbilidad sentida con el Cuestionario Nórdico modificado, y el riesgo biomecánico por medio del método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Se realizó análisis uni, bi y multivariado para las variables del estudio. Resultados: El riesgo biomecánico según el REBA de esta población fue medio para el 64,7 %. Se encontró que 7 de cada 10 docentes reportaron alguna condición de morbilidad, siendo más prevalente en las zonas de cuello, hombro y zona lumbar. Conclusión: El 68,5 % de los docentes universitarios participantes refieren algún tipo de morbilidad sentida (sintomatologia musculoesquelética) y, en el nivel de riesgo biomecánico, se encuentra una mayor proporción en riesgo medio y alto. Esto sugiere que se debe implementar de manera inmediata una intervención en los docentes y en sus puestos de trabajo, con el fin de mejorar su desempeño laboral y su bienestar.

Abstract Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are the principal cause of absenteeism, due to biomechanical factors such as inadequate and static prolonged postures. Also exists a high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms that affect work conditions; based on that is necessary to study these conditions and its components in the university teacher's community, taking care of adopted postures while working. Materials and methods: A descriptive, transversal study was conducted, which involved 70 university teachers with full time and part-time jobs, who perform administrative functions, master classes, or practical classes. The perception of musculoskeletal symptoms was assessed using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the biomechanical risk, using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment method (REBA). The study took place at a university of Medellin (Colombia); researchers used a bi and multivariate analysis for the variables of the study. Results: The biomechanical risk was on medium level for the 64.7 % of this community. Results showed that 7 of 10 professors reported any skeletal muscle symptoms with a prevalence in the neck, shoulder, and lumbar zone. Conclusion: The percentage of teachers who referred to musculoskeletal symptoms was 68,5 %; the level of biomechanical risk has a higher ratio from medium to high, which suggest the necessity of immediately incorporating interventions for teachers and their work stations, which will improve their job performance and wellness.

Resumo Introdução: As desordens musculoesqueléticas são a principal causa de absentismo laboral, devido a fatores biomecánicos por posturas mantidas e inadequadas. Para além disso, existe uma alta prevalência de mor-bidade sentida que afeta as condições laborais, pelo que é necessário estudar ditas condições e seus componentes na população de docentes universitários, conhecendo as posições que adotam e suas características durante seu horário de trabalho. Materiais e métodos: Conduzira-se um estudo descritivo transversal, que incluiu a 70 docentes universitários de tempo parcial e tempo completo, quem desempenham funções administrativas, de aula magistral ou aula prática. Avaliou-se a percepção de morbidade sentida com o Questionário Nórdico modificado, e o risco biomecânico através do método Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). Realizou-se uma análise uni, bi e multivariada para as variáveis do estudo. Resultados: o risco biomecánico segundo o REBA desta população foi meio para o 64,7 %. Encontrou-se que 7 de cada 10 docentes reportaram alguma condição de morbidade sendo mais prevalente nas zonas do pescoço, ombro, e zona lombar. Conclusões: O 68,5 % dos docentes universitários participantes referem algum tipo de morbidade sentida (sintomatologia musculoesquelética) e, no nível de risco biomecánico, se encontra uma maior proporção em risco meio e alto. Isto sugere que se deve implementar de maneira imediata uma intervenção nos docentes e em seus lugares de trabalho, com o objetivo de melhorar seu desempenho laboral e seu bem-estar.

Resumen Introducción: la industria manufacturera mexicana del ramo automotor emplea en promedio 8 millones 850 mil trabajadores al año repartidos en los 32 estados, de los cuales Puebla contribuye con 465106, desarrollando, en un alto porcentaje, la verificación de piezas nuevas como parte de los procesos de manufactura. Esta actividad se apoya en el uso de dispositivos conocidos como fixtures, cuyo equipo y herramienta obliga a los operarios a levantar cargas entre los 10 y los 50 kilogramos, realizando operaciones manuales para la sujeción de piezas, presentándose dolores a nivel lumbar, por lo que es primordial medir los riesgos de lesiones en la espalda de la población en estudio. El objetivo fue identificar y medir los riesgos de lesiones en la espalda de la población en estudio. Materiales y métodos: se analiza el proceso de inspección identificando los factores de riesgo potencial. Se utilizan metodologías y herramientas ergonómicas, tales como Quick Exposure Check (QEC), la ecuación del National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), el método REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment), el sistema de análisis de posturas de trabajo de Ovako (OWAS), entre otras. Resultados: el método QEC muestra que tronco/ espalda y muñeca/mano son las partes más sensibles a la exposición de riesgo, señalando el 18 % de las posturas en un nivel de riesgo 4, con la espalda rotada y flexionada en más del 32 % del tiempo. El peso que conlleva la operación supera los 20 kilogramos en el 71,4%. Conclusión: se utilizan cuatro técnicas ergonómicas para evaluar el riesgo de lesión y se analiza el proceso de inspección de piezas fabricadas.

Abstract Introduction: The Mexican manufacturing sector in the automotive industry employs an average of 8 million 850 thousand workers per year spread across the 32 states, of which Puebla contributes with 465106, developing, in a high percentage, the verification of new parts as part of the manufacture process. This activity is supported by the use of devices known as fixtures, whose equipment and tool forces operators to lift loads between 10 and 50 kilograms by performing manual operations to hold parts, presenting pain at the lumbar level, therefore, it is essential to measure the risks of back injuries in the study population. The objective was to identify and measure the risks of back injuries in the study population. Materials and Methods: The inspection process is analyzed by identifying the potential risk factors. Ergonomic methodologies and instruments are used, such as Quick Exposure Check (QEC), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) equation, the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) method, Ovako's Work Posture Analysis System (OWAS), among others. Results: The QEC method shows that trunk/back and wrist/hand are the most sensitive parts to risk exposure, indicating that 18 % of the postures are rated 4 in the level of risk, with the back rotated and bent in over 32 % of time. The weight of the operation exceeds 20 kilograms in 71.4 %. Conclusion: Four ergonomic techniques are used to assess the risk of injury, the inspection process of manufactured parts is analyzed.

Resumo Introdução: a indústria manufatureira mexicana do ramo automotivo emprega em média 8 milhões 850 mil trabalhadores ao ano repartidos nos 32 estados, dos quais Puebla contribui com 465106 deles, desenvolvendo, em uma alta porcentagem a verificação de peças novas como parte dos processos de manufatura. Esta atividade apoia-se no uso de dispositivos conhecidos como fixtures, cuja equipe e ferramentas abriga aos operários a levantar cargas entre os 10 e 50 quilogramas realizando operações manuais para a fixação de peças, se apresentando dores no nível lombar, pelo que é primordial medir os riscos de lesões nas costas da população em estudo. Materiais e métodos: se analisa o processo de inspeção identificando os fatores de risco potencial. Se utilizam metodologias e ferramentas ergonómicas, tais como Quick Exposure Check (QEC), a equação do National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), o método REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment), o sistema de análise de posturas de trabalho de Ovako (OWAS), entre outras. Resultados: o método QEC mostra que o torso/costas e o pulso/mão são as partes mais sensíveis à exposição de risco, assinalando o 18 % das posturas em um nível de risco 4, com as costas rotadas e curvadas em mais do 32 % do tempo. O peso que leva a operação supera os 20 quilogramas no 71.4 %. Conclusão: utilizam-se quatro técnicas ergonómicas para avaliar o risco de lesão e se analisa o processo de inspeção de peças fabricadas.

Abstract Introduction: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDS) are injuries in the locomotor system that may have an occupational origin. Back, neck, shoulders and the upper extremities are mainly affected, making it one of the major health issues on the workplace with high economic costs. Among health professions, nursing staff is the main affected, regarding the care of the sick. From the prevention services it has been observed an increase of the consultations in connection with musculoskeletal disorders by the nursing staff of the pediatric Intensive Care Unit that could be related to the increase in the demand for care. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of MSDS among the nursing staff of the Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the University Clinical Hospital of Valladolid (Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, HCUV). Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study, which analyzes the musculoskeletal symptoms referred in the last 12 months and identifies the exposure to ergonomic hazards applying the REBA method (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) depending on tasks. Results: Data was obtained from 17 women aged between 25 and 32 years. The 100% of female workers presented musculoskeletal discomfort. The prevalence of MSDS in neck is 94.1%, 64.7% in shoulders, and 88.2% in back lumbar region, 18.8% in the elbow or forearm and 18.8% in wrist or hands. The inferential analysis based on age, occupational category, current position and ergonomic variables does not reveal a statistically significant relationship between the variables. We only were able to find statistical significance between the musculoskeletal discomfort dorsal or lumbar level and length of service of Intensive Care Unit (p=0.051). The REBA method estimated that 11.8% of female workers perform tasks of «high-risk» and that the 88.2% perform tasks of «medium-risk». Conclusions: The results show that there is a high prevalence of MSDS in the nursing staff of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, being both the neck and the dorsal or lumbar area the most affected areas. We have not been able to find a causal relationship between MSDS and factors such as age, occupational category, current position and ergonomic variables.

Resumen Introducción: Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME) son lesiones del aparato locomotor que pueden tener un origen laboral. Afectan principalmente a la espalda, cuello, hombros y extremidades superiores. Es uno de los problemas más importantes de salud en el trabajo con elevados costes económicos. Entre las profesiones sanitarias, la enfermería es la principal afectada, en relación con la manipulación de enfermos. Desde los servicios de prevención se ha objetivado un aumento de las consultas en relación con TME por parte del personal de enfermería de la UCI pediátrica que podría estar relacionado con el aumento de la demanda asistencial. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de TME del personal de enfermería de la UCI Pediátrica y Neonatal (UCIP) del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid (HCUV) durante el primer semestre del año 2016. Metodología: Estudio observacional transversal, en el que se registran los síntomas musculoesqueléticos referidos en los últimos 12 meses previos a la cumplimentación del cuestionario y se identifica la exposición a riesgos ergonómicos mediante la aplicación del método REBA por tareas. Resultados: Se obtuvieron datos de 17 trabajadoras con una edad entre 25 y 32 años. El 100% de trabajadoras ha presentado molestias musculoesqueléticas. La prevalencia de TME de cuello es del 94,1%, en hombros es de 64,7%, en zona dorso lumbar del 88,2%, en codo o antebrazo del 18,8% y en muñeca o manos del 18,8%. El análisis Inferencial en base a la edad, categoría ocupacional, puesto actual y variables ergonómicas no arroja relación significativamente estadística entre las variables. Sólo encontramos significación estadística entre las molestias musculoesqueléticas a nivel dorsal o lumbar y la antigüedad en el servicio de UCI (p=0,051). El método REBA estima que el 11,8% de las trabajadoras realizan tareas de riesgo «ALTO» y el 88,2% realizan tareas de riesgo «MEDIO». Conclusiones: Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que existe una alta prevalencia de TME en el personal de enfermería de la UCIP del HCUV, siendo el cuello y la zona dorsal o lumbar las más afectadas. No hemos podido encontrar una relación causal entre los TME y factores como la edad, categoría ocupacional, puesto actual y variables ergonómicas.

ABSTRACT Objective To establish the risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders in operative workers of a refrigerator manufacturing company in Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive research. A convenience sampling was carried out, consisting of 79 workers. The instruments used were: PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire), BMI (Body Mass Index), Nordic questionnaire and REBA method. Results Of the total population surveyed, 60.8% reported some musculoskeletal symptoms; 48.1% said they had a single body segment affected, 10.1% had 2 segments affected, and 1.3% had 3 or 4 segments involved. The most involved body segment was the thoracolumbar segment, which was related to positions such as assembly operator, veneer operator, injection operator and welder. Conclusion The group of workers in the areas of assembly, veneer, injection and welding is especially exposed to risk factors that increase the likelihood of suffering discomfort and musculoskeletal damage. Moving the upper limbs repeatedly and handling loads manually are some of the ergonomic risks and demands for attention, while psychosocial risks to which this group is exposed include high work rates and short deadlines. In addition, the body mass index is an important factor for the onset of musculoskeletal disorders.

RESUMEN Objetivo Establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a desordenes musculo esqueléticos en trabajadores operativos de una empresa de fabricación de refrigeradores en Barranquilla, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Investigación de tipo transversal descriptivo. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia, constituida por 79 trabajadores. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: PAR-Q (cuestionario de aptitud para la actividad física), IMC (índice de Masa Corporal), cuestionario nórdico y método REBA. Resultados Del total de la población encuestada, se determinó que el 60,8% refirió alguna sintomatologia osteomuscular; el 48,1% manifestó tener afectado un solo segmento corporal, el 10,1% con 2 segmentos y con 3 o 4 segmentos comprometidos un 1,3% respectivamente. El segmento corporal con mayor afectación fue el dorsolumbar relacionado con cargos como operario de armado, operario de enchape, de inyección y soldador. Conclusión El colectivo de trabajadores de las áreas de armado, enchape, inyección y soldadura está especialmente expuesto a factores de riesgo que aumentan la probabilidad de padecer molestias y daños musculoesqueléticos. Los movimientos repetitivos de extremidades superiores y la manipulación manual de cargas destacan entre los riesgos ergonómicos y las exigencias de atención, los altos ritmos de trabajo y los plazos cortos entre los riesgos psicosociales a los que está expuesto este colectivo. Además, que el índice de masa corporal es un factor importante ante la aparición de desórdenes musculo esqueléticos.

RESUMEN Objetivo Establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a desordenes musculo esqueléticos en trabajadores operativos de una empresa de fabricación de refrigeradores en Barranquilla, Colombia. Materiales y Métodos Investigación de tipo transversal descriptivo. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia, constituida por 79 trabajadores. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: PAR-Q (cuestionario de aptitud para la actividad física), IMC (índice de Masa Corporal), cuestionario nórdico y método REBA. Resultados Del total de la población encuestada, se determinó que el 60,8% refirió alguna sintomatologia osteomuscular; el 48,1% manifestó tener afectado un solo segmento corporal, el 10,1% con 2 segmentos y con 3 o 4 segmentos comprometidos un 1,3% respectivamente. El segmento corporal con mayor afectación fue el dorsolumbar relacionado con cargos como operario de armado, operario de enchape, de inyección y soldador. Conclusión El colectivo de trabajadores de las áreas de armado, enchape, inyección y soldadura está especialmente expuesto a factores de riesgo que aumentan la probabilidad de padecer molestias y daños musculoesqueléticos. Los movimientos repetitivos de extremidades superiores y la manipulación manual de cargas destacan entre los riesgos ergonómicos y las exigencias de atención, los altos ritmos de trabajo y los plazos cortos entre los riesgos psicosociales a los que está expuesto este colectivo. Además, que el índice de masa corporal es un factor importante ante la aparición de desórdenes musculo esqueléticos.

ABSTRACT Objective To establish the risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders in operative workers of a refrigerator manufacturing company in Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive research. A convenience sampling was carried out, consisting of 79 workers. The instruments used were: PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire), BMI (Body Mass Index), Nordic questionnaire and REBA method. Results Of the total population surveyed, 60.8% reported some musculoskeletal symptoms; 48.1% said they had a single body segment affected, 10.1% had 2 segments affected, and 1.3% had 3 or 4 segments involved. The most involved body segment was the thoracolumbar segment, which was related to positions such as assembly operator, veneer operator, injection operator and welder. Conclusion The group of workers in the areas of assembly, veneer, injection and welding is especially exposed to risk factors that increase the likelihood of suffering discomfort and musculoskeletal damage. Moving the upper limbs repeatedly and handling loads manually are some of the ergonomic risks and demands for attention, while psychosocial risks to which this group is exposed include high work rates and short deadlines. In addition, the body mass index is an important factor for the onset of musculoskeletal disorders.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes tipos de máquinas adaptadas para as atividades de colheita florestal mecanizada, de forma a quantificar o grau de atendimento aos princípios ergonômicos aplicáveis às máquinas florestais, bem como os riscos ergonômicos aos quais os trabalhadores estão expostos. Foram avaliadas as seguintes máquinas: um feller buncher adaptado em uma pá carregadeira de rodas; um mini skidder acoplado a um trator agrícola; e um carregador florestal adaptado a um trator agrícola; operando nos estados do Paraná e Minas Gerais. As condições biomecânicas do trabalho foram avaliadas através da aplicação de um check-list para avaliação simplificada das condições biomecânicas do posto de trabalho. A avaliação das posturas forçadas foi realizada utilizando o método REBA - "Rapid Entire Body Assessment". Por sua vez, a classificação ergonômica foi através das diretrizes contidas no manual de classificação ergonômica "Ergonomic Guidelines for Forest Machines". Ainda, foram avaliados os fatores ambientais ruído, temperatura e vibração aos quais os operadores destas máquinas estavam expostos. Os resultados apontaram que todas as máquinas avaliadas apresentaram padrões ergonômicos abaixo dos indicados em todos os aspectos avaliados, principalmente relacionados ao acesso e dimensões do posto de trabalho, necessidade de adoção de posturas forçadas durante a jornada de trabalho, e exposição aos fatores ambientais avaliados acima dos limites de tolerância. Conclui-se que as máquinas adaptadas para utilização em processos de colheita florestal tem apresentado importantes lacunas em relação aos aspectos ergonômicos, apresentando elevado e iminente risco de desenvolvimento de doenças ocupacionais em seus operadores.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess different types of machines adapted for mechanized forest harvesting activities in order to quantify the degree of compliance with ergonomic principles applicable to forest machines, as well as the ergonomic risks to which workers are exposed. The following machines were evaluated: a feller buncher adapted into a wheel loader; a mini skidder coupled to an agricultural tractor; and a forest loader adapted to an agricultural tractor; operating in the states of Paraná and Minas Gerais. Biomechanical working conditions were assessed by applying a checklist for simplified assessment of the workplace biomechanical conditions. The forced postures assessment was performed using the REBA - "Rapid Entire Body Assessment" method. In turn, ergonomic classification was through guidelines contained in the ergonomic classification manual "Ergonomic Guidelines for Forest Machines". Moreover, the environmental factors noise, temperature and vibration to which the operators of these machines were exposed were assessed. The results showed all assessed machines had ergonomic standards below those indicated in all assessed aspects, mainly related to access and dimensions of the workplace, need to adopt forced postures during working hours, and exposure to environmental factors assessed above tolerance limits. It is concluded that machines adapted for use in forest harvesting processes have shown significant gaps in relation to ergonomic aspects, presenting high and imminent risk of development of occupational diseases in their operators.

Los trabajadores de las áreas de fundición son expuestos a cargas de trabajo que pueden afectar su salud debido a varios factores, entre los que se destacan el peso que es manipulado, las posturas adoptadas y los recorridos realizados. Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar las posturas y la manipulación de cargas en áreas de fundición en empresas del sur del Brasil. La población estudiada fue de 35 trabajadores que voluntariamente decidieron participar de la investigación. Fue aplicado un cuestionario organizativo, entrevistas, cuestionario nórdico de síntomas osteomusculares, método REBA y método NIOSH. Se destaca que el 74,3% de la muestra estudiada presentó síntomas de molestias y dolores en diferentes partes del cuerpo, siendo la región lumbar la más afectada, así como las muñecas, manos y dedos. Los resultados del método REBA identificaron que el 78,9% de las posturas analizadas poseen niveles de riesgo entre medio y muy alto. De la misma forma, el 100% de los levantamientos de pesos investigados presentaron riesgos de lesiones en la columna y el sistema de músculos y ligamentos.

Foundry workers are exposed to health risks arising from several factors, especially weight handling, adopted postures, and taken routes. This paper aims to evaluate the postures and cargo handling in foundry areas of industries at the south region of Brazil. Data was collected from a population of 35 workers that volunteered to take part in the research. The techniques used include an organizational questionnaire, interviewing, the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, and the REBA and NIOSH methods. It was found that 74.3% of the sample reported symptoms of discomfort and pain in different parts of the body. The lumbar region appeared as the most affected part, as well as wrists, hands and fingers. The REBA method results indicated that 78.9% of analyzed postures are between medium and very high risk levels. Likewise, 100% of shipments surveyed carried risks of injury in the spine and musculoskeletal ligament system.

Introducción: Para la realización de eslingas se demanda alto nivel físico y adopción de diferentes posturas en largas jornadas laborales. Los desórdenes músculo esqueléticos relacionados con el trabajo son comunes, potencialmente discapacitantes y evitables. Objetivos: Proponer un diseño de puesto de trabajo que facilite la tarea de armado de eslingas de cable de acero bajo condiciones ergonómicas para el trabajador, luego identificar las características sociodemográficas, determinar las condiciones de salud de los trabajadores, establecer las dimensiones antropométricas de los trabajadores y del puesto de trabajo y evaluar el riesgo ergonómico del puesto actual. Metodología: Estudio cuali-cuantitativo, transversal descriptivo con dos trabajadores que fabricaban eslingas de cable de acero. Criterios de inclusión: desarrollo de su labor diaria únicamente en área, más de 12 meses trabajando con la empresa. La recolección de datos se hizo a través de videos, entrevistas y fotografías. Para la evaluación del riesgo ergonómico se aplicó el método REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) y la herramienta antropométrica "Dimensiones de Puesto de Trabajo". Este fue validado por expertos. Posteriormente se realizó la propuesta del diseño de puesto de trabajo en AutoCad®. Resultados: La puntuación total de REBA para el grupo A fue 9, del grupo B fue 9, para una puntuación final de 11. Conclusiones: La manipulación del cable de acero es un factor de riesgo mecánico. Para la implementación del puesto de trabajo se debería realizar: definición del modelo de prueba, documentación del proceso productivo, capacitación a los trabajadores, seguimiento permanente y ajustes al proceso.

Introduction: Slings fabrication requires optimal fitness, specific postures adoption and long working shifts among workers. Musculoeskletical disordes related with work are common, potentially disabling and avoidable. Objective: To propose a workstation design that facilitates iron wired-slings fabrication based on ergonomic condition for workers. Besides, to stablish workers' health condition, anthropometrical sizes of workers and workstation and the real ergonomic risk. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional quali-quantitative study with two slings fabrication exclusive workers who have been working in that area for at least a year. Data collection was performed with videos, interviews and pictures. For the evaluation of the biomechanical risk, the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) method was applied; and for the anthropometric evaluation it was used an instrument called Working Station Sizes. Those were validated by experts. Afterwards the proposal of working station design was made in Autocad®. Results: Total scores of REBA assessment for group A and B, were nine with a final score of 11. Conclusion: Handling of iron wires is a mechanical risk factor. For the implementation of the working station, it is need: test model definition, productive process documentation, workers' training, constant following and process adjustments.

La integración de los principios ergonómicos en el diseño de los procesos propios de la ingeniería de fabricación es una práctica cada vez más habitual en las empresas. En este sentido, las lesiones músculo-esqueléticas tiene una repercusión muy importarte en el puesto de trabajo. La evaluación y medición de los factores de riesgo para este tipo de lesiones es un paso importante para conseguir un puesto de trabajo de excelencia. Este trabajo expone los métodos de evaluación postural más utilizados, y la aplicación de los métodos "Rapid Upper Limb Assessment" (RULA) y "Rapid Entire Body Assessment" (REBA) en una empresa del sector metal para evaluación y mejora de un puesto de trabajo, utilizando herramienta de simulación virtual 3D. Los métodos han sido integrados vía programación externa. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos mostrar las ventajas de utilizar estas herramientas, así como de implementar un método de observación adecuado en dicho entorno.

The ergonomic principles integration into manufacturing engineering processes design and development is becoming a common practice in companies. In this regard muscle-skeletal injuries have an important impact in workplaces. The evaluation and measurement of risk factors is an important step towards workplace Excellency. In this work they are described the evaluation methods most commonly used, and it is showed the application of RULA "Rapid Upper Limb Assessment" and REBA "Rapid Entire Body Assessment" methods in a metal sector company with the help of virtual simulation tool in which are integrated both methods via external programming. The entire production process is evaluated and improvements suggested in order to eliminate those ergonomic risks and to improve the production system. It is the objective of this paper to show the advantages of using these tools, as well as to implement an adequate observation method in this field.