ABSTRACT This article focuses on the discussion of the results obtained with non-invasive image and spectroscopic analyzes (to determine chemical elements and compounds) on the six paintings by the German artist, naturalized Italian, Massimo Campigli, that belong to the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo (MAC USP). Aspects of the artist’s trajectory, the plastic solutions of the artworks, along with the analyzes made with the spectroscopic techniques of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and the imaging techniques of visible photography (VIS), raking light (RAK), transmitted light (TRANS), visible ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), infrared reflectography (IRR), and radiography (RAD) offer important information on the artist and on his work. These non-invasive analyzes were carried out in the museum itself with portable equipment from the Laboratory of Archaeometry and Applied Sciences to Cultural Heritage (LACAPC) of the Physics Institute (IF) of USP. Overall, the results obtained corroborate with Campigli’s testimonies about his artistic practice, as well as those of people who saw him working in his studio. His palette choice, composed by natural and synthetic pigments, mostly whites and paints with earthy tones, and his creative steps of creating and recreating the paintings, reusing canvases many times, were proven to be true with the analytical investigations. noninvasive non invasive compounds Italian Campigli MAC USP . USP) artists s trajectory artworks Xray X ray EDXRF, EDXRF ED XRF , (ED-XRF) Raman FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) VIS, VIS (VIS) RAK, RAK (RAK) TRANS, TRANS (TRANS) UVF, UVF (UVF) IRR, IRR (IRR) RAD (RAD work LACAPC (LACAPC IF (IF Overall Campiglis practice studio choice pigments tones times investigations (ED-XRF (FTIR (VIS (RAK (TRANS (UVF (IRR

RESUMO O presente artigo discute os resultados obtidos com as análises de imagens e espectroscópicas (para determinação dos elementos e compostos químicos) não invasivas realizadas em seis pinturas do artista alemão, naturalizado italiano, Massimo Campigli pertencentes ao acervo do Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo (MAC USP). Os aspectos da trajetória do artista, as soluções plásticas das obras somadas às análises feitas com técnicas espectroscópicas de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (FRX-DE), Raman, e infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), e com técnicas de imageamento como fotografia sob luz visível (VIS), luz rasante (RAS), luz transmitida (TRANS), fluorescência visível induzida por radiação ultravioleta (UV-VIS), reflectografia de infravermelho (RIV) e radiografia (RAD) fornecem importantes informações sobre o artista e sua obra. As técnicas analíticas não invasivas foram realizadas no próprio museu e com equipamentos portáteis do Laboratório de Arqueometria e Ciências Aplicadas ao Patrimônio Cultural (LACAPC) do Instituto de Física (IF) da USP. No geral, os resultados obtidos corroboram com os testemunhos de Campigli sobre o seu fazer artístico, assim como daqueles que o viram trabalhando no ateliê. A sua escolha de paleta, composta por pigmentos naturais e sintéticos, na sua maior parte brancos e tintas com tonalidades terrosas, e suas etapas produtivas de criar e recriar as pinturas, muitas vezes reutilizando telas, foram comprovadas através das investigações analíticas. para químicos alemão italiano MAC USP . USP) FRXDE, FRXDE FRX DE , (FRX-DE) Raman FTIR, FTIR (FTIR) VIS, VIS (VIS) RAS, RAS (RAS) TRANS, TRANS (TRANS) UVVIS, UVVIS UV (UV-VIS) RIV (RIV RAD (RAD obra LACAPC (LACAPC IF (IF geral artístico ateliê paleta sintéticos terrosas telas (FRX-DE (FTIR (VIS (RAS (TRANS (UV-VIS

Electromagnetic waves play a crucial role in various technological applications in our daily lives, ranging from telecommunications to issues related to global warming and healthcare. Therefore, the inclusion of experimental, expository, and playful educational products on this subject cannot be neglected in formal education. This study introduces the development of an experimental and interactive educational product (EP) designed to elucidate the relationship between color and visible light, as well as the luminescent phenomenon exhibited by certain materials when exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UV). The EP is cost-effective and accessible, comprising a dark box equipped with red, green, blue, and UV lamps. These lamps can be turned on individually or collectively, influencing the perceived color of an object based on the illuminating light’s color. Thus, the EP serves as a valuable resource for studying the theory of colors. The inclusion of a UV light source allows for the observation of luminescent properties in objects exposed to it, a feature commonly portrayed in crime movies and TV series. Photoluminescent substances are present in various materials, including sulfite paper and laundry detergent. Consequently, this EP emerges as an effective tool for introducing quantum mechanics concepts in the classroom. lives healthcare Therefore expository education (EP UV. . (UV) costeffective cost accessible red green blue collectively lights s Thus colors it series detergent Consequently classroom (UV

As ondas eletromagnéticas estão presentes em diversas aplicações tecnológicas do cotidiano, desde telecomunicações até questões relacionadas ao aquecimento global e cuidados com a saúde. Assim, a inclusão de produtos educacionais experimentais, expositivos e lúdicos sobre este assunto não pode ser negligenciada no ensino formal. O presente trabalho apresenta a construção de um produto educacional (PE) experimental e interativo que apresenta a dependência da cor em relação à luz visível, assim como o fenômeno da luminescência em alguns materiais quando expostos à radiação ultravioleta. Trata-se de uma câmara escura equipada com lâmpadas nas cores, vermelha, verde e azul, além de uma fonte ultravioleta (UV). O dispositivo foi construído utilizando materiais acessíveis e de baixo custo. As lâmpadas podem ser ligadas independentemente ou em conjunto, e a percepção da cor do objeto dependerá das cores da luz que o ilumina. Portanto, o PE pode ser empregado no estudo da teoria das cores. A inclusão da fonte UV permite a observação da luminescência de objetos quando expostos a ela, fenômeno frequentemente retrato em filmes e séries policiais. Essas substâncias fotoluminescentes estão presentes em diversos materiais, como papel sulfite e sabão em pó. cotidiano saúde Assim experimentais formal (PE visível Tratase Trata se vermelha azul UV. . (UV) custo conjunto ilumina Portanto ela policiais pó (UV

Abstract Objective To evaluate a fixed UV-C light emitting device for its antimicrobial effectiveness in the disinfection of distinct surfaces and its antifungal effectiveness on air quality in the hospital environment. Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted in a hospital inpatient unit, in which a six-stage air Biosampler (Andersen®) was used for air analysis. In the evaluation of surfaces, three suspensions of microorganisms (Acinetobacter sp. multidrug-resistant, Escherichia coli, and KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae) were used to contaminate the environment. In both evaluations, pre- (control) and post-activation of UV-C light (test) collections were made. Results In the air evaluation, an important reduction was observed in the colony count after irradiation with UV-C light, and pathogenic or toxigenic fungi were not found in either of the two moments. Regarding the disinfection of surfaces, no bacterial growth was observed after the application of UV-C light, showing 100% bacterial inactivation under the tested conditions. Conclusion The use of fixed UV-C light emission technology was effective and can be considered a promising intervention for hospital surface disinfection protocols. UVC UV C environment quasiexperimental quasi experimental unit sixstage six stage Andersen® Andersen (Andersen® analysis Acinetobacter sp multidrugresistant, multidrugresistant multidrug resistant, resistant multidrug-resistant coli KPCproducing KPC producing pneumoniae evaluations pre control (control postactivation post activation test (test made moments 100 conditions protocols (Andersen 10 1

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia antimicrobiana de um dispositivo fixo emissor de luz UV-C na desinfecção de diferentes superfícies do ambiente hospitalar e sua eficácia antifúngica na qualidade do ar. Métodos Estudo quase-experimental realizado em uma unidade de internação hospitalar, que utilizou o Bioamostrador de ar Andersen® de seis estágios para análise do ar; e na avaliação das superfícies, utilizaram-se três suspensões de microrganismos (Acinetobacter sp. MDR, Escherichia coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae produtora de KPC) para contaminar o ambiente. Para ambos foram feitas coletas pré (controle) e pós-acionamento da luz UV-C (teste). Resultados Na avaliação do ar houve uma redução importante da contagem de colônias após a luz UV-C e não foram encontrados fungos patogênicos ou toxigênicos em nenhum dos dois momentos. Em relação à desinfecção das superfícies, nenhum crescimento bacteriano foi observado após a intervenção da luz, demonstrando 100% de inativação bacteriana nas condições testadas. Conclusão A utilização da tecnologia com emissão de luz UV-C fixa foi eficaz e pode ser considerada uma intervenção promissora para protocolos de desinfecção de superfícies hospitalares. UVC UV C quaseexperimental quase experimental Andersen utilizaramse utilizaram se Acinetobacter sp MDR KPC controle (controle pósacionamento pós acionamento teste. teste . (teste) momentos 100 testadas hospitalares (teste 10 1

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la eficacia antimicrobiana de un dispositivo fijo emisor de luz UV-C para la desinfección de diferentes superficies del ambiente hospitalario y su eficacia antifúngica en la calidad del aire. Métodos Estudio cuasi experimental realizado en una unidad de internación hospitalaria, en que se utilizó el biomuestreador de aire Andersen® de seis etapas para el análisis del aire. En el análisis de las superficies, se utilizaron tres suspensiones de microorganismos (Acinetobacter sp. MDR, Escherichia coli y Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de KPC) para contaminar el ambiente. En ambos se tomó una muestra antes (control) y después de accionar la luz UV-C (prueba). Resultados En el análisis del aire hubo una reducción importante del recuento de colonias después de la luz UV-C y no se encontraron hongos patógenos ni toxigénicos en ninguno de los dos momentos. Con relación a la desinfección de las superficies, no se observó ningún crecimiento bacteriano después de la intervención de la luz, lo que demuestra un 100 % de inactivación bacteriana en las condiciones analizadas. Conclusión El uso de la tecnología con emisión de luz UV-C fija fue eficaz y puede ser considerada una intervención prometedora para protocolos de desinfección de superficies hospitalarias. UVC UV C hospitalaria Andersen Acinetobacter sp MDR KPC control (control prueba. prueba . (prueba) momentos 10 analizadas hospitalarias (prueba 1

Abstract The systematic articulation of water resources involves the use of technical and management instruments capable of minimizing environmental impacts with optimization of available capital and constitution of sewage treatment plants (STPs) to seek greater efficiency in the removal of contaminants, including microbiological ones, and enhance the quality of the water to be released into the receiving bodies. In systems where tertiary treatment is present, disinfection methods such as chlorination and UV radiation are commonly used as a final polishing of the effluent, and the monitoring of their effectiveness in disinfection is extremely important to avoid unnecessary expenses. Thus, this research sought to analyze the efficiency of disinfection of effluent samples from an STP of the sanitation system in the municipality of Indaial-SC using ozonation methods and the process combined with UVC-light-emitting diode (LED) radiation, on a bench scale, in batches. The determination of treatment efficiency was carried out by quantifying colony-forming units (CFU), and variables such as pH (5, 7, and 9) and application time (10, 20, and 30 min) formed the configuration of the analysis. The optimal disinfection point was reached within 20 min of the process, regardless of the disinfection method. In 10 min time, whenever the combined application was used, it showed improvement in efficiency at all pHs, most notably in alkaline medium. The application of UV radiation through LED is a recent technology and, therefore, has aroused interest in research worldwide. STPs (STPs contaminants ones bodies present expenses Thus IndaialSC Indaial SC UVClightemitting UVC light emitting (LED scale batches colonyforming colony forming CFU, CFU , (CFU) 5, 5 (5 7 9 10, (10 3 analysis 2 method 1 pHs medium therefore worldwide (CFU ( (1

Resumo A articulação sistemática de recursos hídricos envolve a utilização de instrumentos técnicos e de gestão capazes de minimizar impactos ambientais com otimização do capital disponível. As estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) são constituídas buscando a maior eficiência na remoção de contaminantes, incluindo microbiológicos, potencializando a qualidade da água a ser lançada nos corpos receptores. Em sistemas em que o tratamento terciário está presente, métodos de desinfecção como cloração e radiação ultravioleta (UV) são comumente utilizados como polimento final do efluente, e o acompanhamento da sua efetividade na desinfecção é extremamente importante para evitar gastos desnecessários. Desse modo, esta pesquisa buscou analisar a eficiência em desinfecção de amostras de efluente de uma ETE do sistema de saneamento do município de Indaial (SC), utilizando os métodos de ozonização e o processo combinado com a radiação UVC-LED, em escala de bancada, em batelada. A determinação da eficiência dos tratamentos foi realizada pela quantificação de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC), e as variáveis pH (5, 7 e 9) e tempo de aplicação (10, 20 e 30 min) formaram a configuração da análise. O ponto ótimo de desinfecção foi atingido em 20 minutos de processo, independentemente do método de desinfecção. Em tempo 10 min, sempre que a aplicação combinada foi utilizada, apresentou melhora na eficiência em todos os pHs, mais notoriamente em meio alcalino. A aplicação da radiação UV por meio de diodos emissores de luz (LED) é uma tecnologia recente e, por isso, vem despertando interesse em pesquisas mundiais. disponível (ETE contaminantes microbiológicos receptores presente (UV desnecessários modo SC, SC , (SC) UVCLED, UVCLED UVC LED, LED UVC-LED bancada batelada UFC, UFC (UFC) 5, 5 (5 9 10, (10 2 3 min análise 1 utilizada pHs alcalino (LED isso mundiais (SC (UFC ( (1

RESUMEN La cavidad oral alberga una gran cantidad de microorganismos que son potenciales patógenos, como el Citomegalovirus, Virus de la Hepatitis B (VHB), Virus de la Hepatitis C, Virus del Herpes simple tipos 1 y 2, Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana, Mycobacterium tuberculosis y actualmente con la aparición del SARS COV-2 causante del covid-19, la comunidad odontológica debe tomar medidas más estrictas en sus protocolos de protección contra enfermedades. Para evaluar su eficacia germicida se aplicó la luz ultravioleta con distintos tiempos de exposición sobre las impresiones dentales de alginato, inmediatamente después de haber tomado la impresión, que al entrar en contacto con la cavidad oral del paciente está contaminada.Obteniendo como resultado una disminución en tamaño y cantidad de las colonias bacterianas en la mayoría de las muestras en las que se aplicó la luz UV LED a los 10 y 15 minutos de exposición.. Lo anterior, confirma su capacidad germicida gracias a su espectro ultravioleta de 245 nm que afecta la cadena de ADN y ARN de los microorganismos ya que es la longitud de onda de máxima absorción de su molécula, eliminando su capacidad reproductiva y de supervivencia. Las ventajas que ofrece como: su pequeño tamaño, fácil de manipular e instalar, que no requiere de un constante mantenimiento, bajo costo de adquisición; su luz de alta intensidad constante que no genera ningún aumento en la temperatura,lo hacen un excelente auxiliar desinfectante que puede incorporarse a las clínicas dentales.

ABSTRACT The oral cavity houses a large number of microorganisms that are potential pathogens, such as cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus, mycobacterium tuberculosis and currently with the appearance of the SARS COV-2 that causes covid-19, the dental community must take stricter measures in its protection protocols against diseases. To evaluate its germicidal efficacy, ultraviolet light was applied with different exposure times on the alginate dental impressions, immediately after having taken the impression, which when it came into contact with the oral cavity of the patient is contaminated. As a result, a decrease in size and quantity of the bacterial colonies was observed in most of the samples in which the UV LED light was applied at 10 and 15 minutes of exposure. Some samples showed less bacterial growth even after 5 minutes of exposure. All this confirms its germicidal capacity thanks to its 245 nm ultraviolet spectrum that affects the DNA and RNA chain of microorganisms since it is the wavelength of maximum absorption of its molecule, eliminating its reproductive and survival capacity. The advantages it offers such as its small size, easy to handle and install, that it does not require constant maintenance, low acquisition cost; its constant high intensity light that does not generate any increase in temperature, makes it an excellent disinfectant auxiliary that can be incorporated into dental clinics.

Resumo Neste artigo, dois pré-tratamentos foram aplicados ao soro de queijo bruto para aumentar sua biodegradabilidade na aplicação de um reator anaeróbio. A primeira etapa consistiu na coagulação/floculação utilizando sementes de Carica papaya como biocoagulante, e a segunda etapa foi o estudo dos processos Fenton e foto-Fenton. O soro foi coletado em uma fábrica de laticínios e caracterizado quanto a parâmetros físico-químicos para verificar o potencial poluidor (demanda química de oxigênio — DQO 55,96 g L−1 e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio — DBO de 21,51 g L−1). O processo de coagulação/floculação promoveu a remoção de nível alto de turbidez (94–96%). Após testes preliminares das reações Fenton no soro coagulado, houve a aplicação do delineamento de composto central, da função desejabilidade e da superfície de resposta para obter as condições ótimas de operação (tempo reacional: 90 min, H2O2: 1,95 M e razão H2O2/Fe2+: 55), resultando em 66,4 e 62,6% de remoção de DQO e TOC, respectivamente. A avaliação cinética da reação foto-Fenton nas condições otimizadas revelou o potencial da minimização da concentração de ferro (razão H2O2/Fe2+: 65) e do tempo reacional (60 min) para atingir 70,1% de remoção de DQO sob irradiação de luz ultravioleta visível (UV-vis). Após aplicação dos processos de coagulação/floculação e foto-Fenton, um aumento da biodegradabilidade foi alcançado (DBO5/DQO > 0,4), possibilitando a aplicação do processo biológico. O tratamento batelada em reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo de fluxo ascendente (UASB) promoveu 86–88% de remoção de DQO a partir do 24º dia de operação. O processo de tratamento híbrido proposto eliminou entre 96 e 98% da DQO total. artigo prétratamentos pré tratamentos coagulaçãofloculação coagulação floculação biocoagulante fotoFenton. fotoFenton foto Fenton. físicoquímicos físico químicos 5596 55 55,9 L1 L 1 L− 2151 21 51 21,5 L−1. . L−1) 94–96%. 9496 94–96% 94 (94–96%) coagulado central 9 min H2O2 HO H 195 95 1,9 H2O2/Fe2+ H2O2Fe2 HOFe Fe2 Fe 55, , 55) 664 66 4 66, 626 62 6 62,6 TOC respectivamente 65 60 (6 701 70 70,1 UVvis. UVvis UV vis (UV-vis) fotoFenton, Fenton, DBO5/DQO DBO5DQO DBODQO DBO5 0,4, 04 0,4 0 0,4) biológico UASB (UASB 8688 86 88 86–88 º 98 total 559 5 215 2 21, 949 94–96 (94–96% H2O 19 1, H2O2/Fe2 H2O2Fe 62, ( 7 70, (UV-vis 0, 868 8 86–8 94–9 (94–96 H2O2/Fe 86– 94– (94–9 (94– (94 (9

Abstract In this paper, a couple of pretreatments were applied to raw cheese whey to increase its biodegradability in an anaerobic reactor. The first stage consisted of coagulation/flocculation using Carica papaya seeds as a biocoagulant, and the second stage was a study of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. The cheese whey was collected from a dairy industry plant and characterized according to physicochemical parameters to check the pollution potential (chemical oxygen demand — COD of 55.96 g L−1 and biochemical oxygen demand — BOD of 21.51 g L−1). The coagulation/flocculation process provided high turbidity removal (94–96%). After preliminary experiments with Fenton reactions in coagulated whey, a central composite design, a desirability function and a response surface were applied to obtain the optimal operating conditions (reaction time: 90 min, H2O2: 1.95 M; H2O2/Fe2+ ratio: 55) resulting in 66.4 and 62.6% of COD and TOC removals, respectively. The kinetic evaluation of photo-Fenton reaction under optimal conditions revealed the potential minimization of iron (H2O2/Fe2+ ratio: 65) and reaction time (60 min) to achieve 70.1% of COD removal under visible ultraviolet light irradiation (UV/vis). After applying the coagulation/flocculation and photo-Fenton processes, an increase in biodegradability was achieved (BOD5/COD > 0.4), allowing the application of the biological process. The batch treatment in a UASB reactor achieved 86–88% COD removal from the 24th day of operation. The proposed hybrid process eliminated between 96–98% of total COD. paper coagulationflocculation coagulation flocculation biocoagulant photoFenton photo processes chemical 5596 55 96 55.9 L1 L 1 L− 2151 21 51 21.5 L−1. . L−1) 94–96%. 9496 94–96% 94 (94–96%) design 9 min H2O2 HO H O 195 95 1.9 M H2O2Fe2 HOFe Fe2 Fe H2O2/Fe2 ratio 664 66 4 66. 626 62 6 62.6 removals respectively (H2O2/Fe2 65 60 (6 701 70 70.1 UV/vis. UVvis UV/vis UV vis (UV/vis) BOD5/COD BOD5COD BODCOD BOD5 0.4, 04 0.4 , 0 0.4) 8688 86 88 86–88 th operation 9698 98 96–98 559 5 55. 215 2 21. 949 94–96 (94–96% H2O 19 1. H2O2Fe H2O2/Fe 62. (H2O2/Fe ( 7 70. (UV/vis 0. 868 8 86–8 969 96–9 94–9 (94–96 86– 96– 94– (94–9 (94– (94 (9

RESUMEN Debido al calentamiento global, las zonas altas de los trópicos han ganado importancia para la siembra de los frutales. El clima en estas áreas se caracteriza principalmente por tener bajas temperaturas y mayor radiación solar. Mediante una revisión de literatura sistemática en cuatro bases de datos bibliográficas se encontraron 22 estudios que determinaron la calidad de los frutos evaluada en mínimo dos altitudes. A mayor altitud el desarrollo del fruto se prolongó y en la mayoría de los casos, se encontró un mayor peso fresco y tamaño, sin embargo, la firmeza del fruto disminuyó. La intensidad del color del fruto aumentó debido a la mayor radiación en zonas altas. En la mayoría de los casos, los sólidos solubles totales de frutos jugosos se incrementaron con la altitud, probablemente, por el aumento de la fotosíntesis debido a la mayor radiación solar, mientras que la acidez total no mostró una tendencia clara con el incremento de la elevación. Con la altitud ascendente aumentó el contenido de los antioxidantes (principalmente compuestos fenólicos) en los frutos y, especialmente, en su epidermis, como reacción al aumento de luz ultravioleta (UV). Dentro de los desórdenes fisiológicos en los frutos se destacan los golpes de sol y los daños por bajas temperaturas. Las especies y variedades reaccionan de forma diferente a las condiciones de las zonas altas, dependiendo de su origen, y si las condiciones climáticas están dentro de las óptimas para este frutal. No se detectan efectos positivos sobre la calidad del fruto cuando la altitud está en el límite o por encima del rango recomendado para la especie frutal.

ABSTRACT Due to global warming, the highlands of the tropics have become more important for planting fruit trees. The climate at high altitudes is mainly characterized by decreased temperatures and increased solar radiation. A systematic literature review using four bibliographic databases revealed 22 studies that determined fruit quality at two altitudes. With increasing altitude, duration of fruit development was prolonged, and, in most cases, higher fresh weights and sizes were found; however, fruit firmness decreased. The intensity of the fruit color increased because of greater radiation in high areas. Mostly, the total soluble solids of the fleshy fruits augmented with altitude, probably because of an increase in photosynthesis with higher solar radiation. The total acidity did not show a clear trend with increasing elevations. At higher altitudes, the content of antioxidants (mainly phenolics) increased in the fruits, especially in the epidermis as a reaction to the increasing ultraviolet (UV) light. Physiological disorders in the fruits included sunburn and damage caused by low temperatures. Different species and varieties react differently to the conditions of highlands, depending on their origin and whether climatic conditions are optimal for a specific fruit tree. There are no positive effects on fruit quality when altitude is at the limit or above the recommended range for the fruit species.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia da luz ultravioleta na redução da carga bacteriana de cascas de ovos e o impacto na eclosão e na mortalidade embrionária observando-se a idade das matrizes (38, 42 e 48 semanas). Os ovos foram submetidos a diferentes períodos de exposição (cinco, sete e nove minutos) à luz UV (UV-C) com comprimento de onda de 254nm. Os controles foram ovos desinfetados com paraformaldeído (5,3g/m³) e ovos não desinfetados (NC). Após a desinfecção, os ovos foram colocados em sacos plásticos estéreis contendo 20mL de solução salina peptonada (0,1% m:v) e massageados por um (1) minuto para descolamento das bactérias. Alíquotas dessa solução foram incubadas em meio para crescimento bacteriano por 48 horas a 37ºC e contagem de UFC. Para avaliar os efeitos da desinfecção, ovos previamente desinfetados por UV-C (nove minutos) e ovos com paraformaldeído e NC foram submetidos à ovoscopia entre os dias 10 e 13 de incubação e ao final do período de incubação, para avaliação da mortalidade embrionária. A distribuição da eclodibilidade foi realizada a cada oito horas. A exposição à luz UV-C de 25nm de nove minutos desinfetou os ovos férteis e coincidiu com a eficácia do paraformaldeído.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ultraviolet light in reducing bacterial load of eggshells and the impact of experimental disinfection on hatching, embryo mortality, and time-borne distribution using broiler breeder hens of different ages (38, 42, and 48 weeks old). Fertile eggs were subjected to different exposure periods (5, 7, and 9 minutes) of UV light (UV-C) with a 254 nm wavelength. For controls, eggs disinfected with paraformaldehyde (5.3 g/m3) and eggs not disinfected (NC). After subjection to disinfection protocols, the eggs were placed into sterile plastic bags containing 20 mL of peptone saline solution (0.1% m:v) and massaged for 1 minute to release the bacterial load. Aliquots of this solution were incubated in specific medium for bacterial growth for 48 hours at 37ºC for subsequent CFU counts. To evaluate the effects of disinfection on production, eggs previously disinfected by UV-C (9 min) and paraformaldehyde and NC eggs were candled between incubation days 10 and 13 and at the end of the incubation period to assess embryonic mortality. Hatchability distribution was performed every 8 hours. The 9 minutes 254nm UV-C light exposure was able to disinfect viable eggs and matched the effectiveness of the paraformaldehyde technique.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the photoprotective activity of a cream with lyophilized aqueous extract of maca (LEM) against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the skin of mice. Materials and methods: An experimental study was carried out on 35 BALB/c mice. Treatment was applied topically on the dorsum of the animals, which were subsequently irradiated with ultraviolet B rays, and then we measured the thickness in microns (μm) of histological samples of the skin of the mice. Seven groups were assigned, divided into non-irradiated: Blank (G1) and irradiated with UV light: no treatment (G2); with commercial sunscreen with sun protection factor (SPF) 30 (G3); cream (placebo) (G4); LEM at 15% in water (G5); LEM cream at 5% (G6); and LEM cream at 15% (G7). In vitro SPF was determined using the Mansur method. Absorbance readings were taken in an ultraviolet- visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS) and SPFs were determined for the following formulations: LEM cream at 5%, benzophenone-4 (BZF-4) and commercial sunscreen SPF 30. Results: Mouse skin thickness in microns (μm) was 27.28 in G2; 18.31 in G3; 27.33 in G4; 19.51 in G5 and 18.04 in G6. There was no significant difference between the group not exposed to radiation (G1) and the 15% LEM cream group (G7), both had the lowest thicknesses (12.76 and 14.20 μm, respectively). The SPF of LEM cream at 15% was 5.480 ± 0.020. Conclusions: The formulation with LEM cream showed photoprotective activity against UV irradiation, alkaloids were the phytochemical components mostly found and the formulation was compatible with the active principle (LEM).

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad fotoprotectora de una crema con extracto acuoso liofilizado de maca (ELM) frente a la irradiación ultravioleta (UV) en la piel de ratones. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental en 35ratones BALB/c. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados por vía tópica en el dorso de los animales y posteriormente irradiados con rayos ultravioleta B, para luego medir el grosor en micras (µm) de muestras histológicas de la piel de los ratones. Se asignaron siete grupos divididos en no irradiado: blanco (G1) e irradiados con luz UV: sin tratamiento (G2); con protector solar comercial con factor de protección solar (FPS) 30 (G3); crema (placebo) (G4); ELM al 15% en agua (G5); ELM al 5% en crema (G6); y ELM al 15% en crema (G7). Se determinó el FPS in vitro, mediante el método de Mansur. Se realizaron las lecturas de las absorbancias en un espectrofotómetro ultravioleta-visible (UV-VIS) y se determinaron los FPS para las siguientes formulaciones: ELM al 5% en crema, benzofenona-4 (BZF-4) y bloqueador solar comercial FPS 30. Resultados: El grosor de piel de ratón en micras (µm) fue de 27,28 en G2; 18,31 en G3; 27,33 en G4; 19,51 en G5 y 18,04 en G6; no hubo diferencia significativa entre el grupo no expuesto a la radiación (G1) y el grupo ELM al 15% en crema (G7), ambos presentaron los menores grosores (12,76 y 14,20 µm, respectivamente). El FPS de ELM al 15% en crema fue 5,480 ± 0,020. Conclusiones: La formulación con ELM en crema presentó actividad fotoprotectora frente a la irradiación UV, los alcaloides fueron los componentes fitoquímicos mayormente encontrados y la formulación fue compatible con el activo (ELM).

ABSTRACT: Human teeth experience visible fluorescence when subjected to ultraviolet radiation, which varies in color as the tooth ages. Objective: The present study sought to develop a simple clinical protocol using digital photography and computational analysis to determine the difference in visible fluorescence induced by ultraviolet radiation (FVIUV) in anterior teeth of patients of different age groups. Materials and Methods: 35 participants from five age groups were recruited. 70 upper central incisors were photographed using UV light as the illumination source. Each image obtained was analyzed with ImageJ computer software to obtain the color coordinates in CIELab space for the entire crown. The data obtained was analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc statistical tests. Results: Visible fluorescence magnitudes were obtained in the three dimensions of the CIELab color space in the complete crown. This FVIUV was registered in the spectrum of the blue-green color for all age groups, which presented differences in saturation and luminosity according to age group. Conclusions: The protocol applied in this study allowed the quantification of dental FVIUV in different age groups.

RESUMEN: Los dientes humanos experimentan fluorescencia visible al ser sometidos a radiación ultravioleta, la cual varía de color a medida que el diente envejece. Objetivo: el presente estudio buscó desarrollar un protocolo clínico sencillo usando fotografía digital y análisis computacional para determinar la fluorescencia visible inducida por radiación ultravioleta (FVIUV) en dientes anteriores de pacientes de distintos grupos etarios. Materiales y Métodos: 35 participantes de 5 grupos etarios fueron reclutados. 70 incisivos centrales superiores fueron fotografiados utilizando como fuente de iluminación luz UV. Cada imagen obtenida fue analizada con el software computacional ImageJ para obtener las coordenadas de color en el espacio CIELab para la corona completa. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante las pruebas estadísticas de ANOVA y post-hoc de Tukey HSD. Resultados: Se obtuvieron las magnitudes de FVIUV en las tres dimensiones del espacio de color CIELab en la corona completa. Esta FVIUV se manifestó en el espectro del color verdeazulado para todos los grupos etarios, los cuales presentaron diferencias de saturación y luminosidad según tramo etario. Conclusiones: El protocolo aplicado en presente estudio permitió la cuantificación de la FVIUV dentaria en distintos grupos etarios.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the photoprotective activity of a cream with lyophilized aqueous extract of maca (LEM) against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the skin of mice. Materials and methods: An experimental study was carried out on 35 BALB/c mice. Treatment was applied topically on the dorsum of the animals, which were subsequently irradiated with ultraviolet B rays, and then we measured the thickness in microns (μm) of histological samples of the skin of the mice. Seven groups were assigned, divided into non-irradiated: Blank (G1) and irradiated with UV light: no treatment (G2); with commercial sunscreen with sun protection factor (SPF) 30 (G3); cream (placebo) (G4); LEM at 15% in water (G5); LEM cream at 5% (G6); and LEM cream at 15% (G7). In vitro SPF was determined using the Mansur method. Absorbance readings were taken in an ultraviolet- visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS) and SPFs were determined for the following formulations: LEM cream at 5%, benzophenone-4 (BZF-4) and commercial sunscreen SPF 30. Results: Mouse skin thickness in microns (μm) was 27.28 in G2; 18.31 in G3; 27.33 in G4; 19.51 in G5 and 18.04 in G6. There was no significant difference between the group not exposed to radiation (G1) and the 15% LEM cream group (G7), both had the lowest thicknesses (12.76 and 14.20 μm, respectively). The SPF of LEM cream at 15% was 5.480 ± 0.020. Conclusions: The formulation with LEM cream showed photoprotective activity against UV irradiation, alkaloids were the phytochemical components mostly found and the formulation was compatible with the active principle (LEM).

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad fotoprotectora de una crema con extracto acuoso liofilizado de maca (ELM) frente a la irradiación ultravioleta (UV) en la piel de ratones. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio experimental en 35ratones BALB/c. Los tratamientos fueron aplicados por vía tópica en el dorso de los animales y posteriormente irradiados con rayos ultravioleta B, para luego medir el grosor en micras (µm) de muestras histológicas de la piel de los ratones. Se asignaron siete grupos divididos en no irradiado: blanco (G1) e irradiados con luz UV: sin tratamiento (G2); con protector solar comercial con factor de protección solar (FPS) 30 (G3); crema (placebo) (G4); ELM al 15% en agua (G5); ELM al 5% en crema (G6); y ELM al 15% en crema (G7). Se determinó el FPS in vitro, mediante el método de Mansur. Se realizaron las lecturas de las absorbancias en un espectrofotómetro ultravioleta-visible (UV-VIS) y se determinaron los FPS para las siguientes formulaciones: ELM al 5% en crema, benzofenona-4 (BZF-4) y bloqueador solar comercial FPS 30. Resultados: El grosor de piel de ratón en micras (µm) fue de 27,28 en G2; 18,31 en G3; 27,33 en G4; 19,51 en G5 y 18,04 en G6; no hubo diferencia significativa entre el grupo no expuesto a la radiación (G1) y el grupo ELM al 15% en crema (G7), ambos presentaron los menores grosores (12,76 y 14,20 µm, respectivamente). El FPS de ELM al 15% en crema fue 5,480 ± 0,020. Conclusiones: La formulación con ELM en crema presentó actividad fotoprotectora frente a la irradiación UV, los alcaloides fueron los componentes fitoquímicos mayormente encontrados y la formulación fue compatible con el activo (ELM).

RESUMEN La biocorrosión es un fenómeno que afecta en gran medida La integridad de Los materiales utilizados en La industria del Petróleo. Diferentes tipos de biocidas son utilizados actualmente para el control de bacterias en aguas industriales, sin embargo, presentan una serie de inconvenientes, tales como: resistencia microbiana a dichos compuestos químicos y posible afectación de La biodiversidad por eventual contaminación de aguas naturales. Existen otras alternativas para la eliminación o el control de microorganismos entre las cuales está el uso de la radiación ultravioleta tipo C. No obstante, el uso de estos sistemas de eliminación de microorganismos se ve afectado por la calidad del agua y su eficiencia puede ser mejorada utilizando diodos tipo LED de menor consumo energético y mayor versatilidad en la exposición a altas temperaturas. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de dicha radiación como estrategia en el control y/o eliminación de bacterias asociadas a procesos de corrosión y agriamiento (BSR y BPA). Usando aguas de inyección y un sistema dinámico con variación del flujo se evaluaron diferentes tiempos de exposición del agua a la luz UV-C (1-20 minutos). Se obtuvieron eficiencias entre 99-100% en la eliminación de bacterias BSR y BPA medidas por dos técnicas diferentes, usando medios de cultivo selectivos para estas poblaciones microbianas y usando qPCR para detectar un gen específico de la población BSR.

ABSTRACT Biocorrosion is a phenomenon that strongly affects the integrity of the materials used in the oil and gas industry. Different types of biocides are currently used to control bacteria in industrial water; however, they have disadvantages such as microbial resistance to these chemical compounds and possible impact on biodiversity due to eventual contamination of natural water. There are several alternatives for the elimination or control of bacteria, among which one is the use of type C ultraviolet (UV-C) radiation. Nevertheless, the use of these micro-organism removal systems could be affected by water quality and its efficiency can be improved by using LED diodes of lower energy consumption and greater versatility in exposure to high temperatures. This work was aimed to evaluate the use of such radiation as a strategy for the control and/or elimination of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), and acid producing bacteria (APB) present in both corrosion and souring processes. For this purpose, injection water from oil and gas industry and a dynamic system which flow variation enabled the evaluation of different water exposure times to UV-C light (120 minutes) were used. Efficiencies ranging between 99-100% were achieved in the elimination of SRB and APB from produced water measured by two different techniques, selective culture media for these microbial populations, and qPCR detecting a specific gene from the SRB population.

Resumo A preocupação com a qualidade da água para consumo humano tem sido alvo de grandes organizações e pesquisadores, visto que o processo de desinfecção, etapa de grande importância nas estações de tratamento de água, não tem alcançado o seu devido propósito. Isso se deve aos frequentes relatos na ineficiência da dose de inativação de bactérias pelo uso do cloro, que é o mais utilizado no Brasil, além da formação de subprodutos como trihalometanos e ácidos haloacéticos que são considerados tóxicos a saúde humana. O método de desinfecção por radiação ultravioleta (UV) tem sido amplamente explorado, devido à sua eficiência em inativar uma grande variedade de patógenos, além da ausência da formação de subprodutos. O processo combinado cloro+UV como agentes desinfetantes químicos e físicos, respectivamente, torna-os complementares e essenciais quando se busca a segurança da água para consumo humano. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar estatisticamente o desempenho dos agentes desinfetantes, cloro e radiação UV, separadamente e em conjunto, por meio da inativação das bactérias, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, após 48 horas incubadas, após terem recebido os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o cloro e a UV obtiveram a mesma significância de 100% de inativação das bactérias e que, dentro do tempo determinado de 48 horas após os tratamentos, as bactérias não mostraram reativação. Desta forma, o estudo realizado permitiu a consolidação da boa perspectiva de aplicação da radiação UV como complemento aos sistemas baseados no uso do cloro, com especial enfoque para sistemas e abastecimento de água residenciais.

Abstract The quality of water for human consumption has been a concern for large organizations and researchers, since the disinfection process, a step of great importance in water treatment plants, has not achieved its proper purpose. There have been frequent reports of the ineffectiveness of bacteria inactivation by the use of chlorine, which is the most used in Brazil, and also due to the formation of by-products such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids that are considered toxic to human health. The method of disinfection by ultraviolet radiation (UV) has been widely explored, due to its effectiveness in inactivating a wide variety of pathogens, in addition to the absence of by-product formation. The combined chlorine+UV process as chemical and physical disinfectants, respectively, is complementary and essential when looking for the safety of water for human consumption. The objective of this research was to statistically analyze the performance of disinfectants, chlorine and UV radiation, both separately and together, by inactivating the bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and then incubating for 48 hours after having received the treatments. The statistical method showed that chlorine and UV obtained the same significance of 100% bacteria inactivation, and that within the determined time of 48 hours after the treatments the bacteria did not show reactivation. Thus, the study affirmed the usefulness of applying UV radiation as a complement to systems that use chlorine, with a special focus on residential water systems and supply.

Abstract: Introduction: The main role of Vitamin D is to regulate calcium metabolism, whose main source is vitamin D3 ob tained mostly from the action of ultraviolet (UV) light on the skin. Objective: To evaluate the seaso nal differences in the concentrations of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25OHVitD3), parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and calcium in school-age children. Subjects and Method: The concentrations of 25OHVitD3, PTH, ALP, and calcium were measured in children from Santiago, Chile (latitude -33.4372), aged 5 to 8 years, without Vitamin D supplementation, in different seasons of the year. VitD status was defined as sufficient with concentrations of 25OHVitD3 >20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), insufficient 12-20 ng/mL (30-50 nmol/L) and deficient <12 ng/mL (30 nmol/L) based on the recommendations of the expert group of the “Global Consensus for the Prevention and Mana gement of Nutritional Rickets”. Results: 133 children participated (89 preterms under or equal to 32 weeks), 41 during summer, 28 in fall, 35 in winter, and 29 in spring. The difference of means between summer and winter was 9.6 ng/mL for 25OHVitD3 (p <0.0001), -11.1 pg/mL for PTH (p <0.0001), and -47.5 IU/mL for ALP (p= 0.01). There were no differences in calcium concentrations. In sum mer, 97.6% of the subjects were classified with sufficiency status (> 20 ng/mL), which decreased significantly in winter to 54.3% (p <0.0001). Conclusions: In winter, 25OHVitD3 concentrations decreased in approximately half of the children, which was associated with an increase in PTH and ALP, and normal calcium concentrations. According to our results, children may need VitD supple mentation during fall and winter.

Resumen: Introducción: El principal rol de la vitamina D es la regulación del metabolismo del calcio, cuya principal fuen te es la vitamina D3 que se obtiene principalmente por la acción de la luz ultravioleta (UV) en la piel. Objetivo: Evaluar las diferencias estacionales en las concentraciones de 25-hidroxi-vitamina D3 (25OHVitD3), hormona paratiroidea (PTH), fosfatasa alcalina (FA) y calcio en niños en edad esco lar. Sujetos y Método: Se midieron las concentraciones de 25OHVitD3, PTH, FA y calcio en niños de 5 a 8 años, sin suplementación de Vitamina D, reclutados en Santiago de Chile (latitud -33.4372) en distintas estaciones del año. El estatus de VitD fue definido como suficiente con concentraciones de 25OHVitD3 > 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), insuficiente 12-20 ng/mL (30-50 nmol/L) y deficiente < 12 ng/ mL (30 nmol/L) en base a las recomendaciones del grupo de expertos del “Consenso Global para la Prevención y Manejo del Raquitismo Nutricional”. Resultados: En total participaron 133 niños (89 prematuros menor o igual a 32 semanas), 41 durante el verano, 28 en otoño, 35 en invierno y 29 en primavera. La diferencia de las medias entre el verano y el invierno fue de 9,6 ng/mL para 25OHVitD3 (p < 0,0001), -11,1 pg/mL para PTH (p < 0,0001) y -47,5 UI/mL para FA (p = 0,01). En las concentraciones de calcio no se observaron diferencias. El 97,6% de los sujetos fueron clasificados con estatus de suficiencia (> 20 ng/mL) en verano, lo que disminuyó significativamente en invierno (54,3%, p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: Las concentraciones de 25OHVitD3 disminuyeron en aproximadamente la mitad de los niños durante el invierno, lo que se vio acompañado de un aumento de la PTH y FA, asociado a concentraciones normales de calcio. De acuerdo a nuestros resultados, la suplementación con VitD en niños podría ser necesaria durante otoño e invierno.

Resumen El efecto que tiene la radiación solar sobre la morfología, biomasa y distintos compuestos químicos presentes en las plantas es de interés para la seguridad alimentaria frente al cambio climático. Este estudio tiene como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento del efecto de radiación infrarroja (IR) y ultravioleta (UV-A, UV-B) sobre la concentración de ácido oxálico, la biomasa y morfología en Oxalis triangularis (Oxalidaceae). Para esto, la especie fue expuesta a luz visible con radiación IR, UV-A o UV-B por separado y se estableció un grupo de control expuesto únicamente a luz visible. Cinco semanas después se contabilizó el número de hojas, se observaron los cambios morfológicos, se obtuvo el peso fresco y seco de las hojas y rizomas de cada espécimen, y la cuantificación de ácido oxálico se realizó por espectrofotometría UV/Visible. Los resultados mostraron que la biomasa, altura y número de hojas aumenta con la exposición a la radiación infrarroja, mientras que no se determinaron diferencias significativas en estos parámetros con la radiación UV-A. Con la radiación UV-B se observó despigmentación en los foliolos, un cierto brillo en los mismos por aumento probable de las ceras y una disminución en la altura del peciolo. Respecto a la concentración de ácido oxálico no se observaron diferencias significativas con los diferentes tratamientos, aunque se observa una tendencia a disminuir con IR y aumentar con UV-B. Estos hallazgos podrían tener implicaciones en plantas que contengan ácido oxálico por su valor nutricional, por esta razón se debe continuar con más estudios.

Abstract In the face of climate change, the effect of solar radiation on morphology, biomass and different chemical compounds present in plants is of interest for food security. The present study seeks to contribute to knowledge of the effect of infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV-A, UV-B) radiation on oxalic acid concentration, biomass and morphology in Oxalis triangularis (Oxalidaceae). The species was exposed to visible light with IR, UV-A or UV-B radiation separately and a control group exposed only to visible light was established. Five weeks later, the number of leaves was counted and morphological changes were observed. Also, fresh and dry weights of leaves and rhizomes were obtained from each specimen, and the quantification of oxalic acid was performed using UV/Visible spectrophotometry. The results show that biomass, height and number of leaves increase with exposure to infrared radiation, while no significant differences in these parameters are found with UVA radiation. With UVB radiation, a depigmentation of the leaflet and a certain glossiness of the leaflets due to a probable increase in waxes and a decrease in petiole height were observed. With respect to oxalic acid concentration, no significant differences were observed with the different treatments, although a tendency to decrease with IR and increase with UVB was seen. These findings may have implications for the nutritional value of plants containing oxalic acid, for this reason further studies are needed.