Resumen La nueva estructura de la migración internacional en el siglo XXI hace que los gobiernos locales se enfrenten a muchos desafíos. Las restricciones legales, las limitaciones presupuestarias y los determinantes sociales y estructurales juegan un papel en la respuesta de las ciudades a la migración internacional. Los municipios utilizan diferentes estrategias tanto para desarrollar respuestas a la inmigración como para hacer frente a las llamadas restricciones. Si bien la cooperación y la colaboración con organizaciones no gubernamentales son las vías preferidas por los municipios, en este estudio estas estrategias se analizan en el contexto de la búsqueda de foros. Se analiza el papel de la Asociación de Solidaridad con Inmigrantes (Göçmendd), apoyada por la Municipalidad de Şişli, y el de la Asociación de Asistencia y Solidaridad para Refugiados y Solicitantes de Asilo (Mülteciler), establecida por la Municipalidad de Sultanbeyli, ambas organizaciones representativas en los acuerdos de gobernanza migratoria de Estambul.

Abstract The new structure of international migration in the 21st century forces local governments to cope with a range of challenges. Legal restrictions, budget constraints, and social and structural determinants all play a role in cities’ response to international migration. Municipalities use an array of strategies to develop responses to immigration and cope with restrictions. While cooperation and collaboration with non-governmental organizations are the strategies of choice for municipalities, in this study, these strategies are analyzed within the context of venue shopping. The role of the Migrant Solidarity Association (Göçmendd), supported by Şişli Municipality, and the Refugee and Asylum Seekers Assistance and Solidarity Association (Mülteciler), established by Sultanbeyli Municipality, are analyzed. Both organizations are representatives in the Istanbul migration governance arrangements.

Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

RESUMO A partir do exercício narrativo, este artigo examina o conceito de desigualdades em saúde, sua relação com os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) e os desafios da operacionalização do princípio da Agenda 2030 de ‘Não deixar ninguém para trás’ (Leaving No One Behind - LNOB). Também são destacadas as implicações desses debates para a implementação dos ODS, direcionadas para grupos populacionais vulnerabilizados em territorialidades locais e sua efetiva participação nesse processo. Por fim, apresenta a Atenção Primária à Saúde, dentro do contexto brasileiro, enquanto estratégia de atenção integral à saúde que se concentra na prevenção, na promoção e na reabilitação dos usuários, podendo contribuir para a abordagem local do LNOB e para a criação de territórios sustentáveis e saudáveis. Já se está na metade do período acertado para o prazo final da agenda, e os desafios são muitos. É necessário urgência em sua implementação, o que exige planejamento nacional, investimento na capacidade do setor público e infraestrutura digital, capacitação dos governos locais e melhorarias no monitoramento e revisão dos ODS. Inclui, ainda, a importância de enfrentar os desafios emergentes e preencher as lacunas existentes na arquitetura internacional relacionada com os ODS desde 2015. narrativo (ODS 203 Não trás Leaving LNOB. . LNOB) processo fim Saúde brasileiro prevenção usuários saudáveis agenda muitos nacional digital Inclui ainda 2015 20 201 2

ABSTRACT Based on the narrative exercise, this article examines the concept of health inequalities, its relationship with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and challenges in operationalizing the 2030 Agenda principle of ‘Leaving No One Behind’ (LNOB). The implications of these debates for the implementation of the SDGs aimed at vulnerable population groups in local territories and their effective participation in this process are also highlighted. Finally, it presents Primary Health Care, in the Brazilian context, as a fundamental health care strategy that focuses on prevention, promotion and rehabilitation of users, and can contribute to the local LNOB approach and the creation of sustainable and healthy territories. We are halfway through the scheduled deadline for the agenda, and the challenges are many. Urgency is needed in its implementation, which requires national planning, investment in public sector capacity and digital infrastructure, capacity building of local governments and improvements in monitoring and reviewing the SDGs. It also includes the importance of facing emerging challenges and filling existing gaps in the international architecture related to the SDGs since 2015. exercise inequalities (SDGs 203 Leaving Behind LNOB. . (LNOB) highlighted Finally Care context prevention users agenda many planning infrastructure 2015 20 (LNOB 201 2

Abstract Social participation in the management of local development is vital for its success and sustainability. The involvement of all local actors in their own development is a maxim for the government and Cuban society today. In view of this challenge, the objective of this research is to design a methodological guide for the application of participatory budgeting as a tool for participation in the management of local development in Cuba, based on the "Por tu Barrio" experience of La Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana. For this purpose, the following methods were used: historical-logical and systemic-structural, from a mixed methodological perspective. Based on the systematization and evaluation of the exercise, a methodology composed of five fundamental stages was proposed: preparation, organization, development, evaluation and feedback, and the lessons learned were determined, highlighting that the participatory budget should be developed in articulation with the rest of the public management instruments, that the municipal government should set itself up as a leader and that the neighborhood identity, the socio-demographic characteristics and the culture of participation condition the model. The relationship of the tool with the Municipal Development Strategies was also analyzed, showing the singular elements in the Cuban context for its socialization and replication. This research, due to its scope and object, constitutes a scientific novelty and an important reference, not only for studies on the subject, but also for local governments that determine the implementation of participatory budgeting in Cuba.

Resumo A participação social na gestão do desenvolvimento local é vital para seu sucesso e sustentabilidade. O envolvimento de todos os atores locais em seu próprio desenvolvimento é uma máxima do governo e da sociedade cubana atual. Diante desse desafio, o objetivo desta pesquisa é elaborar um guia metodológico para a aplicação do orçamento participativo como ferramenta de participação na gestão do desenvolvimento local em Cuba, com base na experiência do "Por tu Barrio" do Escritório do Historiador da Cidade de Havana. Para isso, foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: histórico-lógico e sistêmico-estrutural, a partir de uma perspectiva metodológica mista. Com base na sistematização e avaliação do exercício, foi proposta uma metodologia composta por cinco etapas fundamentais: preparação, organização, desenvolvimento, avaliação e feedback, e foram determinadas as lições aprendidas, destacando que o orçamento participativo deve ser desenvolvido em coordenação com o restante dos instrumentos de gestão pública, que o governo municipal deve ser o líder e que a identidade do bairro, as características sociodemográficas e a cultura de participação condicionam o modelo. Também foi analisada a relação entre a ferramenta e as Estratégias de Desenvolvimento Municipal, mostrando os elementos únicos do contexto cubano para sua socialização e replicação. Esta pesquisa, por seu alcance e objeto, constitui uma novidade científica e uma referência importante, não só para os estudos sobre o tema, mas também para os governos locais que determinam a implementação do orçamento participativo em Cuba.

Resumen La participación social en la gestión del desarrollo local es vital para lograr su éxito y sostenibilidad. Que todos los actores locales se involucren en su propio desarrollo constituye una máxima para el gobierno y la sociedad cubana actual. Ante este desafío, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo: diseñar una guía metodológica para la aplicación del presupuesto participativo como herramienta de participación en la gestión del desarrollo local en Cuba, a partir de la experiencia "Por tu Barrio" de la Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana. Para ello se utilizaron los métodos: histórico-lógico y sistémico estructural, desde una perspectiva metodológica mixta. A partir de la sistematización y evaluación del ejercicio, se propuso una metodología compuesta por cinco etapas fundamentales: preparación, organización, desarrollo, evaluación y retroalimentación y se determinaron las lecciones aprendidas, resaltando que el presupuesto participativo debe desarrollarse en articulación con el resto de los instrumentos de gestión pública, que el gobierno municipal debe erigirse como líder y que la identidad barrial, las características sociodemográficas y la cultura de participación condicionan el modelo. También se analizó la relación de la herramienta con las Estrategias de Desarrollo Municipal, mostrando los elementos singulares en el contexto cubano para su socialización y réplica. Esta investigación, por su alcance y objeto, constituye una novedad científica y un importante referente, no solo para los estudios sobre el tema, sino también para los gobiernos locales que determinen la implementación del presupuesto participativo en Cuba.

Abstract This article analyzes the design and implementation of local migration policies in the Province of Buenos Aires during the period 2019-2023. It questions which municipalities are advancing in this field of action and why, the characteristics of their interventions, and the conditioning factors that affect the different modalities with which they incorporate and treat the issue in their agendas. The originality of this contribution lies in its addressing a topic that is relatively underdeveloped in the field of migration studies, such as migration policies at the subnational level, and in providing an analytical framework to advance in future intermunicipal comparative studies on such policies.

Resumen El artículo analiza el diseño e implementación de políticas migratorias locales en la provincia de Buenos Aires durante 2019-2023. Se interroga sobre cuáles son los municipios que avanzan en este campo de actuación, las características de sus intervenciones, y los condicionantes que afectan las distintas modalidades con que incorporan y dan tratamiento al tema en sus agendas. La originalidad de la contribución radica en atender una temática de escaso desarrollo relativo en el campo de los estudios sobre movilidad humana, como es el de las políticas migratorias de nivel subnacional; y en proporcionar un marco analítico para avanzar en futuros estudios comparativos intermunicipales sobre tales políticas.

Abstract During the office of Luis Mier y Terán, the public spaces of Oaxaca City began to be populated by sculptures representing local heroes. The figure of Benito Juárez García was the first to be eternalized in bronze. The aim of this paper is to investigate the political moment in 1885 when the sculpture was made by Miguel Noreña, the symbols found in the pedestal, the place the sculpture occupied as part of the public space in the Oaxacan capital, the controversy triggered by its relocation to Guelatao in 1895, the significance it acquired in its new spot and the new sculpture of Juárez, later placed in the southern city. The study of this case allows us to approach monument as another element deployed by governments, in this case, the government of Oaxaca, in my opinion, to secularize public spaces but also to construct a collective discourse about the history of the region through local heroes, a process that was occurring in other Latin American countries as well.

Resumen Durante el gobierno de Luis Mier y Terán, la ciudad de Oaxaca comenzó a vestir sus espacios públicos con esculturas que representaban a héroes locales. Benito Juárez García fue la primera figura eternizada en bronce. Los objetivos de este artículo son abordar el momento político en el cual se realizó la escultura del Benemérito elaborada por Miguel Noreña en 1885, los símbolos de su pedestal, el lugar que ocupó dentro del espacio público de la capital oaxaqueña, la controversia que se generó por su traslado a Guelatao en 1895, la respuesta que los habitantes dieron a la estatua y la nueva escultura de Juárez que se erigió en la ciudad sureña. El estudio de este caso permite acercarnos a la escultura como otro elemento desplegado por los gobiernos, en este caso el de Oaxaca, en mi opinión, para secularizar los espacios públicos, pero también para construir un discurso colectivo de la historia de la entidad a través de héroes locales, proceso que se estaba dando en otros países de América Latina.

Resumen El objetivo fue estimar el impacto que tendrán los precios de garantía y de mercado del maíz blanco sobre el impuesto predial rústico para el 2023. Se utilizaron datos del Sistema de Información Agropecuaria y Pesquera (SIAP, 2022). El método utilizado es el deductivo y la investigación es de tipo explicativa y descriptiva. Los resultados indican que otorgar precios de garantía solo a productores de hasta 15 hectáreas y, excluir a los que sembraron más allá de esa superficie, afectará la recaudación. Entre los hallazgos se tiene la importancia de la siembra de maíz blanco para financiar obras públicas en comunidades rurales. Su originalidad radica relacionar la producción del maíz con el principal impuesto local de los gobiernos municipales: el predial. Por limitaciones no se pudo tener acceso al mecanismo de recaudación descentralizado, a partir de junio del presente año, para administrar dicho tributo.

Abstract The objective was to estimate the impact that the guarantee and market prices of white corn will have on the rustic property tax for 2023. Data from the Agricultural and Fisheries Information System (SIAP, 2022) were used. The method used is deductive and the research is explanatory and descriptive. The results indicate that granting guaranteed prices to producers of up to 15 hectares and excluding those who sowed beyond that area, will affect the collection. Among the findings is the importance of planting white corn to finance public works in rural communities. Its originality lies in the studied relationship production of corn with the main local tax of municipal governments: the predial. Due to limitations, it was impossible to have access to the decentralized collection mechanism, as of June of this year, to administer said tax.

Abstract: In 2015, the 2030 Agenda came into effect, establishing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This replaced the millennium agenda and goals of 2000, given the global challenges and new problems, and the need for a sustainability focus. The 2030 agenda comprises 17 objectives, and this paper focuses on goal 16, which centers around the creation and consolidation of strong and efficient institutions that promote access to justice, peace, and sustainability. Specifically, it addresses Target 16.6, linked to active transparency and access to information. Mexico is one of the countries committed to achieving the SDGs, and this commitment extends beyond the national government to include the states and municipalities. The state of Oaxaca aligned its development plan with the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs, as did the municipalities. Therefore, transparency and access to information are not just a legal obligation but also a commitment to the consolidation of the rule of law, starting from the closest level of government to society. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to describe how the municipalities of the state of Oaxaca have fulfilled SDG 16 and Target 16.6 of the 2030 Agenda, related to transparent institutions. Therefore, the objective of this work is to describe how municipalities in the state of Oaxaca have fulfilled SDG 16 and target 16.6 of the 2030 Agenda, regarding institutional transparency. It is concluded that, in this initial stage, municipalities have achieved varying levels of active transparency through the internet and that they can become more transparent by evolving towards focused and collaborative transparency.

Resumen: En 2015, entró en vigor la Agenda 2030, en la cual se establecieron los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Esto reemplazó a la agenda y los objetivos del milenio de 2000, debido a los nuevos desafíos y problemas mundiales, así como a la necesidad de un enfoque sostenible. La Agenda 2030 consta de 17 objetivos, y este trabajo se centra en el objetivo número 16, el cual se enfoca en la creación y consolidación de instituciones fuertes y eficientes que promuevan el acceso a la justicia, la paz y la sostenibilidad. En particular, se aborda la meta 16.6, relacionada con la transparencia activa y el acceso a la información. México es uno de los países que se comprometió a cumplir con los ODS, y no solo el gobierno nacional, sino también las entidades federativas y los municipios asumieron dicho compromiso. El estado de Oaxaca alineó su plan de desarrollo con la Agenda 2030 y los ODS, al igual que los municipios. De esta manera, la transparencia y el acceso a la Información no son solo una obligación legal, sino también un compromiso para consolidar un Estado de derecho que se inicie desde el ámbito de gobierno más cercano a la sociedad. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es describir cómo los municipios del estado de Oaxaca han cumplido con el ODS 16 y la meta 16.6 de la Agenda 2030, en relación con la transparencia institucional. Se concluye que en esta etapa inicial los municipios han cumplido, aunque de manera desigual la transparencia activa a través de Internet, y que se puede ser más transparente si se evoluciona a la transparencia focalizada y colaborativa.

Resumen: Se destaca la importancia de la simplificación administrativa como estrategia esencial para optimizar los procesos burocráticos. Este artículo de revisión se enfoca en analizar la simplificación administrativa en gobiernos locales a través de una revisión bibliográfica que selecciona 19 artículos publicados entre 2018 y 2022 en bases de datos como Scielo, Scopus, Latindex y Google Scholar, cumpliendo con criterios de inclusión específicos. El análisis contextual consideró los artículos desarrollados en contextos municipales, seleccionando un total de 19 artículos que cumplían con los requisitos de inclusión. La revisión de la literatura sobre simplificación administrativa en gobiernos locales destaca la importancia de liderazgos efectivos, modernización de herramientas y atención a las necesidades ciudadanas para lograr una administración eficiente. A pesar de esfuerzos en la simplificación, persisten deficiencias, especialmente en áreas remotas, generando insatisfacción. La gestión eficiente de recursos humanos y la planificación de la participación ciudadana son clave.

Abstract: The importance of administrative simplification as an essential strategy to optimize bureaucratic processes is highlighted. This review article focuses on analyzing administrative simplification in local governments through a literature review selecting 19 articles published between 2018 and 2022 in databases such as Scielo, Scopus, Latindex and Google Scholar, meeting specific inclusion criteria. The contextual analysis considered articles developed in municipal contexts, selecting a total of 19 articles that met the inclusion requirements. The review of the literature on administrative simplification in local governments highlights the importance of effective leadership, modernization of tools and attention to citizen needs to achieve an efficient administration. Despite simplification efforts, deficiencies persist, especially in remote areas, generating dissatisfaction. Efficient management of human resources and planning for citizen participation are key.

Abstract Accessibility for people with disabilities in rural tourism destinations has been an underestimated and under-researched topic. The objective is to investigate accessibility in rural tourism destinations for people with disabilities. The methodology consists of a descriptive quantitative study through surveys. The results show moderate accessibility in general in the tourist destination studied, although variability was identified in the quality of accessibility, especially in adapted facilities. Likewise, a moderate impact of inclusive tourism on local economic development and on the perception of rural communities as accessible tourism destinations was observed. Collaboration be-tween local governments, non-profit organizations, tourism businesses and local communities was considered moderate. The conclusions are directed to the necessary improvement in the uniformity and quality of adapted facilities to ensure a positive and equitable experience for all people. In addition, the potential of inclusive tourism to generate sustainable economic benefits and promote local economic development is highlighted.

Resumen La accesibilidad para personas con discapacidad en destinos turísticos rurales ha sido un tema subestimado y poco investigado. El objetivo es investigar la accesibilidad en destinos turísticos rurales para personas con discapacidades. La metodología consiste en un estudio cuantitativo descriptivo mediante encuestas. Los resultados muestran una accesibilidad moderada en general en el destino turístico estudiado, aunque se identificó variabilidad en la calidad de la accesibilidad, especialmente en las instalaciones adaptadas. Asimismo, se observó un impacto moderado del turismo inclusivo en el desarrollo económico local y en la percepción de las comunidades rurales como destinos turísticos accesibles. La colaboración entre gobiernos locales, organizaciones sin fines de lucro, empresas turísticas y comunidades locales se consideró moderada. Las conclusiones son dirigidas a la necesaria mejora de la uniformidad y calidad de las instalaciones adaptadas para garantizar una experiencia positiva y equitativa para todas las personas. Además, se destaca el potencial del turismo inclusivo para generar beneficios económicos sostenibles y promover el desarrollo económico local.

ABSTRACT In contrast to the Entre Ríos press' local spread following 1871, during the governments of General Urquiza, Entre Ríos journalism reached national circulation, experiencing a rapid expansion and becoming the second province with the most newspapers. This work reviews this journalistic genesis and explores the implications of three of its characteristics, not yet fully developed by the state of the art: 1) the state nature of its initial development and its sui generis transition towards journalism in private hands, which framed their predominant discourses, decision processes and rules of the game; 2) the subordination of the editors to the provincial political-military command; 3) the use of changing newspaper names as part of the centralized strategy of political-military use of the press.

RESUMEN En contraste con el alcance local de la prensa entrerriana posterior a 1871, durante los gobiernos del general Urquiza el periodismo entrerriano llegó a circular a nivel nacional, y vivió una rápida expansión llegando a ser la segunda provincia con más periódicos. En este trabajo se repasa esa génesis periodística y se explora las implicancias de tres de sus características, no desarrolladas plenamente aún por el estado del arte: 1) el carácter estatal de su desarrollo inicial y su transición sui generis hacia un periodismo en manos privadas, que enmarcaron sus discursos predominantes, procesos de decisión y reglas de juego; 2) la subordinación de los redactores al mando político-militar provincial; 3) el uso del cambio de nombres de periódicos como parte de la estrategia centralizada de uso político-militar de la prensa.

RESUME Contrairement à la portée locale de la presse d'Entre Ríos après l'année 1871, durant les gouvernements du Général Urquiza, le journalisme d'Entre Rios a réussi à s'étendre au niveau national, se développant rapidement au point de devenir la deuxième province comptant le plus de journaux. Dans ce travail, les origines du journalisme dans cette région sont examinées, ainsi que l'incidence de trois de ses caractéristiques qui n'ont pas encore été pleinement développées par l'état de l'art : 1.) Le caractère public de son développement initial et sa transition sui generis vers un journalisme entre les mains du secteur privé, qui a encadré ses discours prédominants, processus décisionnels et règles du jeu ; 2.) La subordination des rédacteurs à l'autorité politique de la province ; 3.) L'utilisation du changement de noms de journaux comme partie intégrante de la stratégie centralisée de l'usage politique-militaire de la presse.

RESUMO Em contraste com o alcance local da imprensa de Entre Ríos depois de 1871, durante os governos do General Urquiza, o jornalismo de Entre Ríos passou a circular nacionalmente e experimentou rápida expansão, tornando-se a segunda província com mais jornais. Este trabalho analisa esta génese jornalística e explora as implicações de três das suas características, ainda não totalmente desenvolvidas pelo estado da arte: 1) a natureza estatal do seu desenvolvimento inicial e a sua transição sui generis para o jornalismo em mãos privadas, que moldou a sua discursos predominantes, processos de decisão e regras do jogo; 2) a subordinação dos editores ao comando político-militar provincial; 3) a utilização da mudança de nomes de jornais como parte da estratégia centralizada de uso político-militar da imprensa.

Abstract. The objective of this work is identify the factors that hinder access to higher education institutions for indigenous youth in Michoacán. To achieve this, we do a documentary analysis with a hermeneutic approach focused on the treatment of information available on official government sites, as well as in specialized texts on the subject. The attention and coverage of higher level educational services is recently included in the mandatory schooling scheme of the Mexican State (May 2019), contained in X section of the 3rd article of the Constitution, but it remains at the discretion of the authorities to ensure access and permanence, an issue that remains unaddressed in the political agendas of state and local governments, which undermines the right to education of the indigenous people of Michoacán.

Resumen. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar los factores que obstaculizan el acceso a las instituciones de educación superior de los jóvenes indígenas de Michoacán. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un análisis documental con enfoque hermenéutico centrado en el tratamiento de la información disponible en sitios oficiales gubernamentales, así como en textos especializados en el tema. La atención y cobertura de los servicios educativos de nivel superior es de reciente inclusión en el esquema de escolarización obligatoria del Estado mexicano (mayo de 2019), contenido en la fracción X del artículo 3º constitucional, pero queda a discreción de las autoridades asegurar el acceso y la permanencia, asunto que sigue sin atenderse en las agendas políticas de los gobiernos estatales y locales, lo que lacera el derecho a la educación de los indígenas de Michoacán.

Resumen: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los efectos de la consolidación de la corrupción en las políticas públicas municipales en México. Lo anterior se realiza a partir del marco analítico Corruption Consolidation Framework (CCF) (Meza y Pérez-Chiqués, 2020), del cual se definen tres dimensiones: 1) estructura administrativa, 2) transparencia, y 3) controles y contrapesos. La investigación analiza 255 municipios mexicanos a partir de un diseño met odológico cuantitativo que puntualiza la observación comparativa en realidades subnacionales disímiles. Para ello, se crea una base de datos cuya información se obtiene de fuentes primarias y secundarias, como encuestas, repositorios institucionales y censos administrativos, a fin de elaborar diversos índices y medidas objetivas de la realidad municipal. Con ello, se obtiene un análisis robusto que permite concluir con los diversos efectos de la consolidación de corrupción en la calidad de las políticas públicas que caracterizan a los tipos de sistemas políticos subnacionales del país.

Abstract: The general objective of the research is to determine the effects of the consolidation of corruption in municipal public policies in Mexico. This is done based on the Corruption Consolidation Framework (CCF) analytical framework (Meza and Pérez-Chiqués, 2020), which defines three dimensions: 1) administrative structure, 2) transparency, 3) checks and balances. The research observes 255 municipalities based on a quantitative methodological design that points out the comparative observation in dissimilar municipal realities. For this, a database is created whose information is obtained from various sources, such as surveys, institutional repositories and administrative censuses, allowing the development of various indices and objective measures of the municipal reality. With this, a robust analysis is obtained that allows us to conclude with the various effects of the consolidation of corruption on the quality of public policies that characterize the types of subnational political systems.

Resumo A finalidade desse artigo é caracterizar as práticas de participação da cidadania recentes em Costa Rica. Presentam-se os resultados de duas pesquisas que tinham os objetivos de identificar as práticas de participação da cidadania enquadrada no modelo de governo aberto no governo central, e como o vínculo com a cidadania foi feito com o apoio de ferramentas quantitativas; para a análise dos governos locais usou-se uma metodologia qualitativa, além da participação ativa nos espaços municipais como as atividades de prestação de contas dirigidas pela prefeitura nos cantões Heredia e Turrialba. O marco referencial utilizado incluiu as teorias vinculadas à gestão do modelo de governo aberto e a participação da cidadania. A conclusão principal foi que, mesmo com a implementação de vários mecanismos para fornecer a participação da cidadania para tomar decisões, o modelo ainda não está muito avançado e é necessário fortalecer as metodologias, os canais e os recursos. JEL: H83 Administração pública.

Resumen El propósito del presente artículo es caracterizar las prácticas de participación ciudadana que se han venido desarrollando en Costa Rica. Se muestran los resultados de dos investigaciones cuyos objetivos son identificar las prácticas de participación ciudadana en el marco del modelo de gobierno abierto en el gobierno central, y sobre cómo se estructura el vínculo con la ciudadanía desde las municipalidades, respectivamente. Para el primer caso, se definió una metodología cualitativa con el apoyo de herramientas cuantitativas; para el análisis de los gobiernos locales se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, así como la participación activa en espacios municipales tales como las actividades de rendición de cuentas gestionadas por la alcaldía en los cantones de Heredia y Turrialba. El marco de referencia utilizado fueron las teorías vinculadas a la gestión del modelo de gobierno abierto y la participación ciudadana. Como conclusión principal se extrae que aún y cuando se han venido implementando diversos mecanismos para dar participación a la ciudadanía en la toma de decisiones, el modelo aún es incipiente y es necesario fortalecer tanto las metodologías como los canales y los recursos. JEL: H83 Administración pública.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to define the practices of citizen participation in development in Costa Rica. The results of two research projects are shown; the objectives of these were, respectively, to identify the practices of citizen participation within the framework of the open government model of the central government, and how the link of citizens and the municipalities is structured. For the first case, a qualitative methodology was used, along with quantitative tools; for the analysis of local governments, a qualitative methodology was used along with active participation in municipality-based spaces such as accountability activities managed by the Mayor's office in the cantons Heredia and Turrialba. The framework used was theory related to the administration model of open government and citizen participation. As its main conclusion, it has been determined that even though and with the implementation of various mechanisms for citizen participation in decision-making, the model is still poor and it is thus necessary to strengthen methodologies, channels and resources. JEL: H83 Public Administration.