Abstract: Within the context of agricultural ecosystems, understanding the nutritional physiology of insects and their host plant preferences is essential for optimizing pest management strategies and improving crop production. In this study, we conducted an in-depth examination of the nutritional physiology of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the context of different host plants, specifically wheat varieties, in comparison to maize. Our investigation focused on key parameters, including the Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI) of S. frugiperda fed on different wheat varieties including: Dilkash-20, Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17, Subhani-21, Faisalabad-08, and Akbar-19 in comparison to maize (NK-6654). The results revealed that S. frugiperda displayed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher RCR (8.08 g/g/day), RGR (1.50 g/g/day), and ECI (25.1 %) when feeding on maize, followed by Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17 (RCR =7.00 g/g/day, RGR =1.24 g/g/day and ECI =21.4 %) and Akbar-19 (RCR = 6.06 g/g/day, RGR = 1.04 g/g/day and ECI =19.7 %) wheat varieties after 1 week of feeding. The lowest values of all these nutritional parameters were recorded on the Dilkash-20 variety (RCR = 2.98 g/g/day, RGR = 0.38 g/g/day, and ECI = 7.94 %). These findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional interactions between S. frugiperda and the host plants, shedding light on potential implications for pest management strategies and crop patterns.

Resumen: En el contexto de los ecosistemas agrícolas, comprender la fisiología nutricional de los insectos y sus preferencias de plantas hospedantes es fundamental para optimizar las estrategias de manejo de plagas y mejorar la producción de cultivos. En este estudio, llevamos a cabo un examen en profundidad de la fisiología nutricional del gusano cogollero, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en el contexto de diferentes plantas hospedantes, específicamente variedades de trigo, en comparación con el maíz. Nuestra investigación se centró en parámetros clave, incluida la Tasa de consumo relativo (RCR), la Tasa de crecimiento relativo (RGR) y la Eficiencia de conversión de los alimentos ingeridos (ECI) de S. frugiperda alimentada con diferentes variedades de trigo, incluidas: Dilkash-20, Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17, Subhani-21, Faisalabad-08 y Akbar-19 en comparación con el maíz (NK-6654). Los resultados revelaron que S. frugiperda mostró un RCR (8.08 g/g/día), un RGR (1.50 g/g/día) y un ECI (25.1 %) significativamente mayores (P < 0.05) cuando se alimentaba de maíz, seguido por Fakhar-E-Bhakkar-17 (RCR = 7.00 g/g/día, RGR = 1.24 g/g/día y ECI = 21.4 %) y Akbar-19 (RCR = 6.06 g/g/día, RGR = 1.04 g/g/día y ECI = 19.7 %) variedades de trigo después de 1 semana de alimentación. Los valores más bajos de todos estos parámetros nutricionales se registraron en la variedad Dilkash-20 (RCR = 2.98 g/g/día, RGR = 0.38 g/g/día y ECI = 7.94 %). Estos hallazgos ofrecen información valiosa sobre las interacciones nutricionales entre S. frugiperda y las plantas hospedantes, arrojando luz sobre las posibles implicaciones para las estrategias de manejo de plagas y los patrones de cultivo.

Resumen Se informa sobre nuevas asociaciones entre el parasitoide Habrobracon hebetor (Say) y dos géneros de coleópteros plaga de postcosecha en frutos descascarados de Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) y Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) en la provincia de La Rioja. Además, se registró este parasitoide a partir de larvas de Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Se amplía la distribución de H. hebetor para la provincia de La Rioja. Se proporcionan datos sobre porcentajes de parasitoidismo.

Abstract New associations are reported between the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) and two genera of postharvest pest coleopters on shelled fruits of Juglans regia L, Carpophilus Stephens (Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus Ganglbauer (Silvanidae) in the province of La Rioja. Furthermore, this parasitoid was recorded from larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The distribution of H. hebetor is expanded to the province of La Rioja. Data on percentages of parasitoidism are provided.

Resumen El minador sudamericano de la hoja del tomate (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), es una plaga importante del tomate, la papa y otras especies solanáceas de relevancia económica. El manejo de plagas de TLM basado en el uso de insecticidas convencionales puede ser problemático debido a diversas causas, entre ellas, la reducción de los beneficios económicos por los altos costos de los insecticidas, la destrucción de las poblaciones de enemigos naturales, la presencia de residuos de insecticidas en los frutos del tomate y el rápido desarrollo de resistencia a los insecticidas, especialmente cuando se alcanzan niveles elevados de infestación. La búsqueda de compuestos activos menos persistentes beneficiaría a la producción hortícola, así como al medio ambiente y a los consumidores. En el presente estudio, evaluamos la toxicidad de un extracto de hexano en diferentes concentraciones obtenido de frutos frescos del árbol del paraíso Melia azedarach L. (MA), sobre huevos de TLM, larvas de segundo estadio y pupas mediante pruebas de contacto en el laboratorio. Los resultados indicaron que, al aumentar las concentraciones, también aumentaba la mortalidad de huevos, larvas y pupas. El análisis de los datos probit mostró que la CL50 para el extracto de MA en huevos de TLM, larvas del segundo estadio y pupas fueron 948,93, 346,72 y 1,75 μl/ml, respectivamente. Concluimos que este extracto tiene potencial para controlar T. absoluta, pero se deben realizar más estudios ecotoxicológicos para concluir sobre su seguridad en otros organismos y el medio ambiente.

Abstract The South American tomato leaf miner (TLM), Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important pest of tomato, potato and other solanaceous species of economic relevance. Pest management of TLM based on the use of conventional insecticides can be problematic due to various causes, among them, the reduced economical profits from high insecticide costs, the destruction of natural enemies’ populations, the presence of insecticide residues on tomato fruits and the rapid development of insecticide resistance, especially when high levels of infestation are reached. The search for less-persistent active compounds would benefit horticultural production, as well as the environment and consumers. In the current study, we evaluated the toxicity of a hexane extract at different concentrations obtained from the chinaberry tree Melia azedarach L. (MA) fresh fruits, on TLM eggs, 2nd instar larvae and pupae by means of contact tests in the laboratory. Results indicated that with increasing concentrations, mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae also increased. Analysis of probit data showed that LC50 for MA extract in TLM eggs, 2nd instar larvae and pupae were 948.93, 346.72 and 1.75 μl/ml, respectively. We conclude that this extract has potential for controlling T. absoluta but further ecotoxicological studies should be carried out to conclude on its safety in other organisms and the environment.

Abstract The fall armyworm [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith, 1797)] is an invasive and polyphagous insect that infests cereal crops, causing economic losses, and may be led to pose a threat to future the global maize crop in the future. Field trials were conducted to study the negative impacts of S. frugiperda on vegetative growth measurements, yield, and the components of the maize cultivar (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow) in Luxor Governorate, Egypt. S. frugiperda larvae infestation to maize plants was observed in the 3rd week of June and so continued till the harvest in both 2021 and 2022 seasons. S. frugiperda had three peaks of the seasonal activity/season in the untreated (pesticide-free, control) and in the treated main plots by pesticides. Maize vegetative growth attributes (averages of plant height, stem diameter, and the number of green leaves per plant) displayed higher rates of the treated maize plants by insecticides against S. frugiperda. Maize grain, straw, and biological yield (kg/ha) were decreased in the untreated maize plants (insecticides free) than in the treated by insecticides. Concerning maize yield components, the treated plants were to outperform in the average length of a plant stem (cm), stem diameter (cm), and weight of cob (g), as well as, number of rows/cob, number of grains/ cob, number of grains/cob, maize cob grain weight (g) and weight of 1000-grains (g)], in comparison with the untreated plants. Also, the FAW infestation to untreated maize plants was decreased well in all calculated maize growth attributes, i.e., grain yield, and components. Regarding the relationship between variations in a given variable and the changes in S. frugiperda larvae numbers and plant damage percentage, the simple correlation and regression coefficient revealed a highly significant negative relationship in all the parameters tested. The obtained information may help farmers and decision-makers in the management of FAW populations based on an effective plan related to control measures that should be implemented. [FAW J.E JE J E Smith 1797 1797) crops losses S measurements SingleHybrid Single Hybrid 16 Yellow Governorate Egypt rd 202 seasons activityseason activity season pesticidefree, pesticidefree pesticide free, free (pesticide-free pesticides averages height straw kg/ha kgha kg ha (kg/ha cm, cm , (cm) g, g rowscob rows rows/cob grains grainscob grains/cob (g 1000grains 1000 (g)] Also ie i e i.e. percentage tested decisionmakers decision makers implemented 179 1 20 (cm 100 i.e 17 2 10

Resumo A lagarta-do-cartucho [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith, 1797)] é um inseto invasor e polífago que infesta culturas de cereais, responsável por perdas econômicas, representando uma ameaça para a cultura mundial de milho no futuro. Ensaios de campo foram conduzidos para estudar os impactos negativos de S. frugiperda nas medidas de crescimento vegetativo, rendimento e os componentes da cultivar de milho (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow) na província de Luxor, Egito. A infestação de larvas de S. frugiperda nas plantas de milho foi observada na terceira semana de junho e prosseguiu até a colheita nas temporadas de 2021 e 2022. A espécie S. frugiperda teve 3 picos da atividade sazonal nas parcelas não tratadas (sem agrotóxicos e controle) e nas tratadas com agrotóxicos. Os atributos de crescimento vegetativo do milho (médias de altura da planta, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas verdes por planta) apresentaram maiores taxas das plantas de milho tratadas com inseticidas contra S. frugiperda. O grão de milho, a palha e o rendimento biológico (kg/ha) diminuíram nas plantas de milho não tratadas (sem inseticidas) do que nas plantas tratadas com inseticidas. Com relação aos componentes de rendimento do milho, as plantas tratadas tiveram desempenho superior no comprimento médio do caule da planta (cm), diâmetro do caule (cm) e peso da espiga (g), bem como, número de fileiras/espiga, número de grãos/espiga, número de grãos/espiga, peso de grãos de espiga de milho (g) e peso de 1000 grãos (g), em comparação com as plantas não tratadas. Além disso, a infestação de LFM em plantas de milho não tratadas diminuiu consideravelmente em todos os atributos de crescimento do milho calculados, ou seja, rendimento de grãos e componentes. Quanto à relação entre as variações de uma determinada variável e as mudanças no número de larvas de S. frugiperda e na porcentagem de danos às plantas, a correlação simples e o coeficiente de regressão revelaram uma relação negativa e altamente significativa em todos os parâmetros testados. A informação obtida pode ajudar os agricultores e gestores das populações da LFM com base num plano eficaz relacionado às medidas de controle que devem ser implementadas. lagartadocartucho lagarta cartucho FAW [FAW J.E JE J E Smith 1797 1797) cereais econômicas futuro S SingleHybrid Single Hybrid 16 Yellow Luxor Egito 202 2022 sem médias kg/ha kgha kg ha (kg/ha cm, cm , (cm g, g como fileirasespiga fileiras fileiras/espiga grãosespiga grãos/espiga (g 100 disso calculados seja testados implementadas 179 1 20 10 17 2

ABSTRACT: The use of plant resistance acts by intervening in the herbivore-host relationship, through morphological, physical or chemical factors of the plant. This study evaluated the oviposition and foliar consumption of Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) in soybean genotypes, in free- and no-choice tests, correlating them with the factors, density and size of trichomes. The experiments were carried out in laboratory (25 ± 2 °C; RH= 70 ± 10%; photoperiod 14h) using five cultivars (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) and two isolines (PELBR 10-6000 and PELBR 10-6049). The trichomes reported were filiform tectors and claviform multicellular glandular. The density of glandular trichomes, in stages V2 and V5, was higher on BRS 6203 RR and BRS 391, respectively. The higher density of glandular trichomes was observed in V5 and a higher density of tector trichomes in V2. The lowest densities and the smallest sizes of trichomes in V2 and V5 stages was observed on PELBR 10-6049. The size of tector trichomes and the number of eggs did not differ among the cultivars. Foliar consumption was lower for on BMX Icone Ipro and Tec Irga 6070 RR. Trichome density influences the consumption and oviposition behavior of C. includens. ABSTRACT herbivorehost herbivore host relationship morphological Walker 1858 [1858] genotypes free nochoice no choice tests 25 (2 °C C RH 7 10% 10 14h h 391 620 607 106000 6000 10-600 106049. 106049 6049 . 10-6049) V respectively 6049. 10-6049 185 [1858 ( 1 39 62 60 10600 600 10-60 10604 604 10-604 18 [185 3 6 1060 10-6 [18 106 10- [1 [

RESUMO: O uso da resistência de plantas atua intervindo na relação herbívoro-hospedeiro, através de fatores morfológicos, físicos ou químicos da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a oviposição e o consumo foliar de Chrysodeixis includens (Walker [1858]) em genótipos de soja, através de testes com e sem escolha, correlacionando-os com os fatores, densidade e tamanho de tricomas. Os experimentos foram realizados em laboratório (25 ± 2 °C; UR= 70 ± 10%; fotoperíodo 14h) utilizando cinco cultivares (BRS 391, BRS 6203 RR, BMX Valente RR, Tec Irga 6070 RR, BMX Icone Ipro) e duas linhagens (PELBR 10-6000 e PELBR 10-6049). Os tricomas encontrados foram tectores filiformes e glandulares multicelulares claviformes. A densidade de tricomas glandulares nos estágios V2 e V5, foi maior em BRS 6203 RR e BRS 391, respectivamente. A maior densidade de tricomas glandulares foi observada em V5 e a maior densidade de tricomas tectores em V2. As menores densidades e os menores tamanhos de tricomas nos estágios V2 e V5 foram observados em PELBR 10-6049. O tamanho de tricomas tectores e o número de ovos não diferiram entre as cultivares. O consumo foliar foi menor para BMX Icone Ipro e Tec Irga 6070 RR. A densidade de tricomas influência o comportamento de consumo e oviposição de C. includens. RESUMO herbívorohospedeiro, herbívorohospedeiro herbívoro hospedeiro, hospedeiro herbívoro-hospedeiro morfológicos planta Walker 1858 [1858] soja escolha correlacionandoos correlacionando 25 (2 °C C UR 7 10% 10 14h h 391 620 607 106000 6000 10-600 106049. 106049 6049 . 10-6049) claviformes V respectivamente 6049. 10-6049 185 [1858 ( 1 39 62 60 10600 600 10-60 10604 604 10-604 18 [185 3 6 1060 10-6 [18 106 10- [1 [

ABSTRACT: Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of America, and is an important pest of Fabaceae, such as: soybean, peanut, common bean, cowpea, pea, chickpea and kudzu. In soybean, the velvet bean caterpillar is important due to the plant defoliation in their larval stage. This study evaluated soybean cultivars as source of resistance to A. gemmatalis by antixenosis (attractiveness and non-preference for feeding) and antibiosis (biological parameters of the insect). The parameters evaluated were: antixenosis: attractiveness and non-preference, dry mass consumed and attractiveness index and antibiosis: duration of larval and pupal stages, adult longevity, total cycle, larval and pupal weights and larval, pupal and total viability. Considering antixenosis and antibiosis the least suitable cultivars for A. gemmatalis were found to be BRS 8383 IPRO, BRS 1074 IPRO, BRS 1061 IPRO, BRS 7180 IPRO, BRS 9383 IPRO, BRS 8980 IPRO and BRS 1003 IPRO due to high mortality in the larval phase. The cultivars BRS 523 and BRS 543 RR “block technology” suggest displays antixenosis and or antibiosis to A. gemmatalis. These cultivars can be used by soybean producers in combination with other control tactics in soybean IPM. ABSTRACT Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Erebidae America Fabaceae peanut cowpea pea kudzu stage A nonpreference non preference feeding biological insect. insect . insect) nonpreference, preference, stages longevity cycle viability 838 107 106 718 938 898 100 phase 52 54 block technology IPM 83 10 71 93 89 5 8 1 7 9

RESUMO: Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) está distribuída nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais da América, trata-se de importante praga de Fabaceae, como: soja, amendoim, feijão, feijão-caupi, ervilha, grão de bico e kudzu. Na soja, a lagarta-da-soja é importante devido à desfolha da planta em sua fase larval. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar cultivares de soja como fonte de resistência a A. gemmatalis por antixenose (atratividade e não-preferência para alimentação) e antibiose (parâmetros biológicos do inseto). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: antixenose: atratividade e não-preferência, massa seca consumida e índice de atratividade e antibiose: duração dos estágios larval e pupal, longevidade de adultos, ciclo total, peso larval e pupal e viabilidade larval, pupal e total. Na antixenose e antibiose os cultivares menos favoráveis a A. gemmatalis foram: BRS 8383 IPRO, BRS 1074 IPRO, BRS 1061 IPRO, BRS 7180 IPRO, BRS 9383 IPRO, BRS 8980 IPRO e BRS 1003 IPRO devido à alta mortalidade larval. Os cultivares BRS 523 e BRS 543 RR “Tecnologia block” apresentaram antixenose e/ou antibiose a A. gemmatalis. Essas cultivares podem serem utilizadas por produtores de soja em combinação com outras táticas de controle no MIP. RESUMO Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Erebidae América tratase trata se Fabaceae amendoim feijão feijãocaupi, feijãocaupi caupi, caupi feijão-caupi ervilha kudzu lagartadasoja lagarta A nãopreferência não preferência alimentação inseto. inseto . inseto) foram nãopreferência, preferência, adultos total 838 107 106 718 938 898 100 52 54 Tecnologia block eou ou MIP 83 10 71 93 89 5 8 1 7 9

ABSTRACT Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker, 1858) is an economically relevant polyphagous moth, widely distributed in the Neotropics and part of the Spodoptera latifascia (Walker, 1856) species group. In this study, we used extensive sampling from different regions to describe the spatial distribution of S. cosmioides in Brazil and evaluate its variability both from morphological and molecular perspectives. Variable coloration and several morphological similarities were found among S. cosmioides and congeners of the S. latifascia complex, diverging from each 0.5 to 3.5% of mitochondrial DNA. The genetic divergence at the species level of S. cosmioides was 0.5% throughout Brazil, and a geographic structure was absent, including shared haplotypes with S. descoinsi Lalanne-Cassou & Silvain, 1994. Spodoptera cosmioides was found in all six biomes of Brazil, with the highest abundance recorded in the Cerrado, followed by the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, Caatinga, Pantanal, and Pampa. Walker, Walker (Walker 1858 moth 1856 group study S perspectives complex 05 0 5 0. 35 3 3.5 DNA absent LalanneCassou Lalanne Cassou Silvain 1994 Cerrado Amazon Rainforest Caatinga Pantanal Pampa 185 3. 199 18 19 1

ABSTRACT The caterpillar Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) stands out as one of the main defoliating pests of brassicas. To mitigate the damage and reduce the impact on human health and the environment that results from the persistent and indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides, it is crucial to consider the use of botanical insecticides as a fundamental alternative for pest control. The aim was therefore to investigate the stimulus-response of the hydroalcoholic crude extract of Ocimum campechianum and of its dichloromethane (DCM) fraction on A. monuste orseis. Leaf consumption (cm2) of caterpillars exposed to the extract, caterpillar mortality in 24 h, total caterpillar mortality, pupal mortality, pupal period duration, and morphological malformation in adults were evaluated. Feeding the caterpillars for eight days with cabbage impregnated with the crude extract and its DCM fraction resulted in decreased caterpillar feeding, increased larval mortality (90%), lengthening of the pupal period (two days), and an increase in adult deformation (50%). Therefore, the crude extract of O. campechianum and its DCM fraction have potential for use in the alternative control of A. monuste orseis. Godart (Godart Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pieridae brassicas stimulusresponse stimulus response (DCM A cm2 cm (cm2 2 h duration evaluated feeding 90%, 90 90% , (90%) two days, days) 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Therefore O (cm 9 (90% 5 (50% (90 (50 (9 (5 (

RESUMO A lagarta Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), destaca-se como uma das principais pragas desfolhadoras das brássicas. Para mitigar os danos e reduzir os impactos na saúde humana e no meio ambiente, decorrentes do uso persistente e indiscriminado de inseticidas químicos, é crucial considerar a utilização de inseticidas botânicos como uma alternativa fundamental para seu controle. Deste modo, o objetivo foi investigar o estímuloresposta do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de Ocimum campechianum e de sua fração diclorometano (DCM) sobre A. monuste orseis. Avaliou-se o consumo foliar (cm2) das lagartas expostas aos extratos, mortalidade de lagartas em 24 h, mortalidade total de lagartas, mortalidade de pupas, duração do período de pupa e malformação morfológica em adultos. A alimentação das lagartas de oito dias, com a couve impregnada com o extrato bruto e sua fração DCM, resultou em diminuição da alimentação das lagartas, aumento da mortalidade larval (90%), alongamento do período pupal (2 dias) e aumento da deformação em adultos (50%). Portanto, o extrato bruto e sua fração DCM de O. campechianum apresentam potencial para uso no controle alternativo de A. monuste orseis. Godart (Godart Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pieridae, Pieridae , Pieridae) destacase destaca se brássicas ambiente químicos modo (DCM Avaliouse Avaliou cm2 cm (cm2 extratos 2 h pupas dias 90%, 90 90% (90%) ( 50%. 50 50% . (50%) Portanto O (cm 9 (90% 5 (50% (90 (50 (9 (5

ABSTRACT Duponchelia fovealis is an important pest in strawberry crops. In search of an alternative biological control method, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of a diet composed of Ephestia kuehniella or D. fovealis eggs offered to Chrysoperla externa larvae on their subsequent development and survival under controlled conditions. Biological and reproductive parameters of C. externa were assessed. Additionally, the daily predation of D. fovealis eggs by C. externa was analyzed. Finally, a fertility life table was constructed. The egg-to-pupa development time differed significantly between diets. The weights of firstand second-generation male C. externa pupae were significantly higher when fed on D. fovealis eggs. Males tended to live longer on a diet based on D. fovealis eggs, but females presented no significant differences between diets. The oviposition period tended to be longer for C. externa fed on D. fovealis eggs. The time between generations and the net reproductive rate were greater for C. externa fed on D. fovealis eggs. The results showed that D. fovealis eggs are a suitable diet for the development of C. externa. This information is important for developing protocols for the use of C. externa as a biocontrol agent against this pest. crops method D conditions C assessed Additionally analyzed Finally constructed eggtopupa egg pupa diets secondgeneration second generation

RESUMO Duponchelia fovealis é uma praga severa no cultivo do morangueiro. Na busca de uma alternativa de agente de controle biológico, avaliamos o impacto de uma dieta composta por ovos de Ephestia kuehniella ou D. fovealis oferecidas às larvas de Chrysoperla externa em seu subsequente desenvolvimento e sobrevivência, sob condições controladas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros biológicos e reprodutivos de C. externa e a predação diária de ovos de D. fovealis por C. externa. Por fim, foi construída a tabela de vida de fertilidade. A duração do período do ovo à pupa diferiu significativamente entre as dietas. O peso das pupas de C. externa foi significativamente maior quando alimentadas com ovos de D. fovealis para machos de primeira e segunda geração. Os machos tenderam a viver mais tempo com uma dieta baseada em ovos de D. fovealis, mas não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as dietas para as fêmeas. O período de oviposição tendeu a ser mais longo em C. externa alimentada com ovos de D. fovealis. A predação média diária da primeira geração de C. externa foi afetada pela dieta. O tempo entre cada geração e a taxa líquida de reprodução foram maiores para C. externa alimentada com ovos de D. fovealis do que quando alimentada com ovos de E. kuehniella. Nossos resultados comprovaram que os ovos de D. fovealis são uma dieta adequada para o desenvolvimento de C. externa. Esta informação é valiosa no desenvolvimento de protocolos para o uso de C. externa como agente de controle desta praga. morangueiro biológico D sobrevivência controladas C fim fertilidade fêmeas E

Abstract: The Annonaceae family besides its commercial value ( Annona cherimola, , A. macroprophyllata, A. muricata, A. reticulata, A. purpurea , A. squamosa, Annona x atemoya) also produces several active secondary metabolites. Among these metabolites, Annonaceous acetogenins which are exclusive in this family, are reported with insecticidal activity on various species of insects that are crop pests and disease vectors. This review systematizes what is reported in the scientific literature about them: aspects such as the plant species from which the acetogenins come, and the insecticidal potential using the comparative activity index; it also takes into account lethality, morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes, including deterrent and anti-feeding effects. Eighty-five annonaceous acetogenins are documented on thirty species of insects, as well as toxic activities at various stages of development, broad-spectrum, and differential. The studies on Aedes aegypti (Diptera) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera) and the activity of squamocin on fifteen species of insects stand out. Annonaceous acetogenins are toxic at low concentrations, considering evaluation standards and comparison with commercial insecticides, and are active at various stages of insect development. The low proportion of studied species of the Annonaceae means the opportunity to find molecules with this biological potential, and an argument for its conservation. Abstract cherimola A macroprophyllata muricata reticulata squamosa atemoya metabolites vectors them come index lethality morphological physiological changes antifeeding anti feeding effects Eightyfive Eighty five development broadspectrum, broadspectrum broad spectrum, spectrum broad-spectrum differential Diptera (Diptera Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera out concentrations insecticides conservation

Resumo: A família Annonaceae possui espécies frutícolas que, além do valor comercial ( Annona cherimola, A. macroprophyllata, A. muricata, A. reticulata, A. purpurea, A. squamosa e Annona x atemoya), produzem diversos metabólitos especializados muito ativos. Dentre estes, relata-se o grupo das acetogeninas, que são moléculas específicas da família e que apresentam atividade inseticida em várias espécies de insetos, que são pragas de culturas e vetores de doenças. Esta revisão sistematiza o que é relatado na literatura científica sobre acetogeninas: tais como acedas espécies vegetais de onde provêm e seu potencial inseticida referido peloíndice comparativo de atividade; também leva em consideração a letalidade, as alteraçõesmorfológicas,fisiológicas e comportamentais, incluindo efeitos dissuasores eantialimentares. Oitenta e cinco acetogeninas anonáceas estão documentadas com atividades sobre trinta espécies de insetos, com atividades tóxicas em vários estágios de desenvolvimento, comamplo espectro de ação e de modo diferencial. Destacam-se os estudos sobre Aedes aegypti(Diptera) e Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera) e a atividade da acetogenina squamocinasobre quinze espécies de insetos. Acetogeninas anonáceas são tóxicas em baixasconcentrações, considerando padrões de avaliação e comparação com inseticidas comerciais, e são ativas em vários estágios de desenvolvimento do inseto. A baixa proporção de espécies estudadasda família Annonaceae significa a oportunidade de encontrar muito mais moléculas com essepotencial biológico, e um argumento para sua conservação. Resumo cherimola macroprophyllata muricata reticulata purpurea atemoya, atemoya , atemoya) ativos estes relatase relata se insetos doenças letalidade alteraçõesmorfológicasfisiológicas alteraçõesmorfológicas fisiológicas comportamentais eantialimentares diferencial Destacamse Destacam aegyptiDiptera aegypti Diptera aegypti(Diptera Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera baixasconcentrações comerciais inseto biológico conservação

ABSTRACT Understanding aspects of insect ecology is a key component for the applicability of control methods or pest resistance management. For instance, the comprehension of insect dispersal is crucial to determining insect gene flow and the maximum distance between refuge areas in Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) crops. But, for such studies, insects need to be marked prior to release. Seeking to refine the technique of dispersion studies of the genetic material of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), this study aimed to determine the efficiency of water-soluble dyes for the internal marking of S. frugiperda immatures and adults via larval feeding, with emphasis on marking the spermatophore. Rhodamine B, Methylene Blue, Ponceau, Coomassie, and Eosin-Nigrosin were added to the larval artificial diet at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 ppm. Mortality and duration of the larval stage as well as the efficiency of marking internal structures of larvae and adults were evaluated. Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue increased the duration of the larval period, but the former caused higher mortality. The staining of the gut, hemolymph, and imaginal discs, in the larval phase, was observed for Rhodamine B, Methylene Blue, and Coomassie dyes. However, none of the dyes were efficient for marking spermatophores. Thus, the addition of these water-soluble dyes to the larval diet of S. frugiperda can mark internal structures of the larva, but not the adult. Therefore, these dyes have limited application once they may be used only for marking larvae. management instance Bacillus thuringiensis crops But release J.E. JE J E (J.E Smith Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Noctuidae, Noctuidae , Noctuidae) watersoluble water soluble S feeding spermatophore Ponceau EosinNigrosin Eosin Nigrosin 0 100 200 400 600 800 ppm evaluated period mortality gut hemolymph discs phase However spermatophores Thus larva adult Therefore J.E 10 20 40 60 80 1 2 4 6 8

ABSTRACT. Cotesia flavipes parasitizes Diatraea saccharalis, a pest that causes major losses to sugarcane production. The mass production of C. flavipes and its subsequent release onto sugarcane is one form of biological control of D. saccharalis. An essential factor for successfully fighting this pest is the development of host diets that can increase the efficiency of C. flavipes production. Palm oil contains saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated linoleic acid. However, little is known about the effects of palm oil on C. flavipes production in the laboratory. Different concentrations of palm oil were added to the D. saccharalis diet and its nutritional indices were analyzed. Subsequently, the production and sex ratio of C. flavipes were determined. Our results indicated that the addition of higher palm oil concentrations to an artificial diet generated a high relative consumption rate (RCR) in D. saccharalis, and consequently a high relative metabolic rate (RMR), which resulted in a lower production of the parasitoid. In contrast, the lowest palm oil concentration in the artificial diet generated a low RMR and resulted in high-efficiency conversion of ingested food (ECI), enabling D. saccharalis to yield more C. flavipes. This suggests that palm oil influences the quantity of D. saccharalis ingested, which determines the number of C. flavipes that will be generated. In this study, supplementation of a D. saccharalis diet with 0.25% palm oil increased the production of C. flavipes. Therefore, this level of palm oil supplementation can aid in the production of C. flavipes on a laboratory-scale. Further research, including increasing the number of parasitoids, must be performed to mass-produce the augmentative releases of C. flavipes to manage D. saccharalis. ABSTRACT C D acids acid However laboratory analyzed Subsequently determined RCR (RCR RMR, , (RMR) parasitoid contrast highefficiency ECI, ECI (ECI) study 025 0 25 0.25 Therefore laboratoryscale. laboratoryscale scale. scale laboratory-scale research parasitoids massproduce produce (RMR (ECI 02 2 0.2 0.

Resumo A borboleta azul séria, Chilades pandava – Horsfield, 1829 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), é considerada uma das principais pragas de insetos destrutivas para as palmeiras ornamentais Cycas e Zamia. Medidas biológicas e morfológicas foram realizadas em estádios de C. pandava criados em Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae) e Zamia encephalartoides (Zamiaceae). Nos detalhes da descrição, variações não significativas foram registradas entre os dois gêneros de borboleta azul cicadácea nos dados obtidos, mas o adulto masculino era mais densamente azul ou violeta do que o adulto feminino. Com o auxílio do MEV, C. pandava, todos os estágios foram diferenciados por pelos longos e grossos que cobriam todo o corpo. Os caracteres morfométricos a saber, comprimento, largura e venação das asas, comprimento do corpo, asa anterior e posterior, podem servir de guia para a discriminação taxonômica.Os dados mostraram que a duração do ciclo de vida de C. pandava variou entre 20,64 e 21,7 dias. Os períodos de desenvolvimento dos diferentes estágios de C. pandava são ligeiramente maiores em zamia do que em cicas. Essa investigação detectou que uma alta taxa de sobrevivência foi encontrada em palmeiras Cycas (86%) do que a taxa de sobrevivência registrada em palmeiras Zamia (82%). No presente estudo, os caracteres morfométricos descritos podem servir de guia para a discriminação taxonômica dessa praga. Consequentemente, este estudo agregou um conhecimento valioso sobre C. pandava para ter decisões acertadas para a proposta de seu manejo e conservação no Egito.

Abstract The serious blue butterfly, Chilades pandava -Horsfield, 1829- (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is consider one of the main destructive insect pests for ornamental palms Cycas and Zamia. Biological and morphological measurements were carried out of C. pandava stages reared on Cycas revoluta (Cycadaceae) and Zamia encephalartoides (Zamiaceae). In description details, non-significant variations were recorded between the two gender of cycad blue butterfly in the obtained data, but the male adult was more densely blue or violet than female adult. By the aid of SEM, C. pandava all stages were distinct by long and thick hairs covered all the body. The morphometric characters namely, length, width and venation of wings, body length, forewing, hindwing could be as a guide for taxonomic discrimination. The data showed that the life cycle duration of C. pandava was ranged between 20.64 to 21.7 days. The developmental periods of different C. pandava stages are slightly higher on zamia than cycas palms. This investigation detected that a high survival rate was found on Cycas palms (86%) than the survived rate recording on Zamia palms (82%). In the present study, the described morphometric characters could be used as a guide for taxonomic discrimination of this pest. Consequently, this study added a valuable knowledge about C. pandava to have sound decisions for proposal of its management and conservation in Egypt.

ABSTRACT The cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), reduces the productive potential of maize crops and is a difficult pest to manage. A management program using different methods could improve the control of E. lignosellus. Considering the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) in reducing insect pest populations in soil, the objective of this study was to evaluate the virulence of these EPN and adjust their concentration for controlling E. lignosellus larvae under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, the virulence of five EPN populations was tested; then, Heterorhabditis amazonensis MC01 was tested at four concentrations. In the greenhouse, H. amazonensis MC01 was tested at four concentrations and was applied to vessels containing maize plants and six larvae. After five days, mortality was evaluated, and means were compared using Tukey’s test (p-value < 0.05). Heterorhabditis amazonensis MC01 and S. carpocapsae All were equally virulent, reducing the larva population by more than 90%. The concentration of H. amazonensis MC01 that caused the highest mortality of larvae in the laboratory was 182 infective juveniles (IJ) larva-1. In the greenhouse, the nematode was also considered virulent to E. lignosellus since all concentrations tested caused larval mortality greater than 70%. borer Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera Pyralidae, Pyralidae , Pyralidae) manage E (EPN soil conditions then MC MC0 H days evaluated Tukeys Tukey s pvalue p value 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) S 90 90% 18 IJ (IJ larva1. larva1 1. 1 larva-1 70 70% 00 0.0 9 larva- 7 0.