Abstract The NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022) presents various methods to determine the wood's modulus of elasticity, allowing for the adoption of equivalence between the modulus of elasticity in compression (Ec0) and tension (Et0). However, it does not provide a way to estimate the modulus of elasticity in bending (EM0), and such estimates do not consider the variation in anatomical structures among species. Faced with this gap, it is necessary to evaluate whether these equations are valid for different species. This article evaluated the elastic properties of three species: Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), Marupá (Simarouba amara Aubl., Simaroubaceae) and Roxinho (Peltogyne spp., Leguminosae). For this purpose, a non-destructive flexural test was initially conducted, followed by compression and tension tests. Microscopic images were compared to understand the influence of anatomical structures on stiffness properties. The results confirmed the equivalence between Ec0 and Et0. The higher concentration of parenchyma cells in Cumaru and Roxinho is responsible for statistically lower values of EM0 compared to Ec0 and Et0. 71903 7190 3 7190- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2022 woods wood s Ec (Ec0 Et0 Et . (Et0) However EM0, EM , (EM0) species gap Dipteryx odorata, odorata odorata) Simarouba Aubl Aubl. Simaroubaceae Peltogyne spp spp. Leguminosae. Leguminosae Leguminosae) purpose nondestructive non destructive conducted tests 719 202 (Ec (Et0 (EM0 71 20 (Et (EM 7 2

Resumo A NBR 7190-3 (ABNT, 2022) apresenta diferentes métodos para determinar o módulo de elasticidade da madeira, permitindo a adoção de equivalência entre o módulo de elasticidade na compressão (Ec0) e na tração (Et0). Por outro lado, não apresenta uma forma de estimar o módulo de elasticidade na flexão (EM0), e tais estimativas não consideram a variação das estruturas anatômicas das espécies. Diante dessa lacuna, é necessário avaliar se essas equações são válidas para diferentes espécies. O presente artigo avaliou as propriedades elásticas de três espécies: Cumaru (Dipteryxodorata), Marupá (Simarouba amara Aubl., Simaroubaceae) e Roxinho (Peltogyne spp., Leguminosa). Para isso, realizou-se o ensaio não destrutivo de flexão, seguido de ensaios à compressão e à tração. Imagens microscópicas foram comparadas, para compreender a influência das estruturas anatômicas nas propriedades de rigidez. Os resultados confirmaram a equivalência entre Ec0 e Et0. A maior concentração de parênquimas no Cumaru e no Roxinho é responsável pelos valores estatisticamente inferiores de EM0 em relação ao Ec0 e Et0. 71903 7190 3 7190- ABNT, ABNT (ABNT 2022 madeira Ec (Ec0 Et0 Et . (Et0) lado EM0, EM , (EM0) espécies lacuna Dipteryxodorata, Dipteryxodorata (Dipteryxodorata) Simarouba Aubl Aubl. Simaroubaceae Peltogyne spp spp. Leguminosa. Leguminosa Leguminosa) isso realizouse realizou comparadas rigidez 719 202 (Ec (Et0 (EM0 (Dipteryxodorata 71 20 (Et (EM 7 2

RESUMO Trilhas ecológicas são propostas para auxiliar na Educação Ambiental, sobretudo em Unidades de Conservação, promovendo uma educação dinâmica e interação entre os visitantes e a natureza. A Floresta Nacional de Açu é uma Unidade de Conservação na Caatinga, localizada no município de Açu, Rio Grande do Norte. Aqui objetivamos desenvolver uma trilha de Educação Ambiental para visitantes, coletores de sementes, parataxonomistas e pesquisadores. Os indivíduos arbóreos foram marcados com placas de alumínio numeradas, identificadas e georreferenciadas. Foram identificadas 13 espécies de Leguminosae e marcados 34 indivíduos, além de 58 indivíduos pertencentes a 13 famílias distintas. Foram definidas três trilhas: (1) Trilha das Leguminosas; (2) Trilha da Catingueira-cinzenta e (3) trilha de imersão na Caatinga. Essas trilhas foram testadas pelos autores e visitantes nos dias 23-24 julho de 2022. Concluímos que as trilhas se tornam uma importante ferramenta para proporcionar a proteção destes ambientes e uma maior percepção das espécies locais. natureza Caatinga Norte sementes pesquisadores numeradas georreferenciadas 1 3 5 distintas (1 Leguminosas 2 (2 Catingueiracinzenta Catingueira cinzenta (3 2324 23 24 23-2 2022 locais ( 232 23- 202 20

ABSTRACT Ecological trails are proposed to assist in environmental education programs, especially in reserves promoting a dynamic education and interaction with nature. The Floresta Nacional de Açu is a reserve of Caatinga dry forest, located in Açu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Here we aimed to develop an environmental education trail for visitors, seed collectors, parataxonomists and researchers. Adult tree individuals were marked with numbered aluminum tags, identified and georeferenced. Thirteen species of the Leguminosae were identified and 34 individuals were tagged, in addition to 58 individuals belonging to 13 different families. Three trails were defined: (1) Trail of Legumes; (2) Catingueira-cinzenta Trail; and (3) immersion trail in the Caatinga. These trails were tested by the authors and visitors between july 23-24, 2022. We conclude that the trails become an important tool to provide the protection of these environments and to increase perception of the local species. programs nature forest Norte Brazil collectors researchers tags georeferenced 3 tagged 5 1 families defined (1 Legumes 2 (2 Catingueiracinzenta Catingueira cinzenta (3 2324, 2324 23 24, 24 23-24 2022 ( 232 23-2 202 23- 20

Abstract The Monastery of St. Benedict was founded in 1590 and has a very rich historical record comprising both artifacts and written records. Anatomical study of the wood of artifacts allows the species used in each to be identified. It also reveals issues related to patterns of choice and preference of the artists. Many artifacts at the Monastery of St. Benedict were made with wood from the species Dalbergia nigra (Leguminosae), popularly known as jacarandá-da-bahia (Brazilian rosewood). Research was carried out with 36 collected samples of wooden artifacts and seven specimens analyzed in loco, reported in documents as D. nigra and dated from the 17th to the 21st centuries. Macroscopic anatomical analyses of the wood were carried out following standard methods. The results indicated that 65% of the wood samples were of D. nigra. Other woods used in furniture belonged to Cedrela sp., Tachigali sp., Paratecoma peroba, Ocotea sp. and Nectandra sp. The analyzed furniture and integrated goods from the 17th and 20th centuries were mostly made with jacarandá-da-bahia, while those of the 21st century were made with Cedrela sp., corroborating a preference for D. nigra in making ecclesiastical furniture between the 17th and 20th centuries. St 159 records identified artists Leguminosae, Leguminosae , (Leguminosae) jacarandádabahia jacarandá da bahia Brazilian rosewood. rosewood . rosewood) 3 loco D th st methods 65 sp peroba jacarandádabahia, bahia, 15 (Leguminosae 6 1

Resumo O Mosteiro de São Bento foi fundado em 1590, desde a sua fundação conta com um registro histórico composto por artefatos e publicações. Estudar peças em madeira, através da sua anatomia, nos permite saber as espécies empregadas, além dos padrões de escolhas e preferências dos artistas. Muitas peças do Mosteiro de São Bento em seus registros referem Dalbergia nigra como a madeira utilizada em sua confecção. Muitos artefatos do Mosteiro de São Bento foram confeccionados com madeira da espécie Dalbergia nigra (Leguminosae), conhecida popularmente como jacarandá-da-bahia. A pesquisa foi realizada em 36 amostras coletadas de artefatos de madeira e sete exemplares analisados in loco, relatados em documentos como D. nigra e datados do século XVII ao século XXI. As análises anatômicas macroscópicas da madeira foram realizadas seguindo os métodos usuais. Os resultados indicaram que 65% das amostras de madeira eram de D. nigra. Outras madeiras identificadas foram Cedrela sp., Tachigali sp., Paratecoma peroba, Ocotea sp. and Nectandra sp. O mobiliário e bens integrados dos séculos XVII e XX foram confeccionados em sua maioria com jacarandá-da-bahia, enquanto os do século XXI utilizaram outras madeiras. Nossos resultados corroboram outras publicações, que referem D. nigra como a principal escolha para a confecção de mobiliários eclesiásticos nos séculos XVII e XX. 1590 publicações anatomia empregadas artistas Leguminosae, Leguminosae , (Leguminosae) jacarandádabahia. jacarandádabahia jacarandá bahia. bahia jacarandá-da-bahia 3 loco D usuais 65 sp peroba jacarandádabahia, bahia, 159 (Leguminosae 6 15 1

ABSTRACT A taxonomic study of the subfamily Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) in the Engenheiro Ávidos Ecological Park is presented, aiming to contribute to the knowledge of the diversity of the group in Caatinga remnants in Paraíba. Field expeditions were carried out, analysis of specimens collected in the area and complemented by materials deposited in herbaria. As a result, Papilionoideae is represented in the area by 19 species and 12 genera, being Centrosema (DC.) Benth. and Indigofera L. the most representative, with three species each. Indigofera guaranitica Hassl. and Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke are endemic to the Brazilian flora, while Andira inermis (W.Wright) DC. and Indigofera guaranitica are new records for the flora of Paraíba. Characters such as habit, indument, number and shape of leaflets, type of inflorescence, corolla color, type and morphology of fruits, were important for identifying and differentiating the recorded taxa. An identification key, morphological descriptions, distribution comments, taxonomic notes and photographic plates of the species occurring in the area are presented. Leguminosae (Leguminosae presented Paraíba out herbaria result 1 genera DC (DC. Benth L representative each Hassl Allemão (Allemão W.Wright WWright W Wright (W.Wright habit indument leaflets inflorescence color fruits taxa key descriptions comments (DC

RESUMO Apresenta-se um estudo taxonômico da subfamília Papilionoideae (Leguminosae) no Parque Ecológico Engenheiro Ávidos, visando contribuir para o conhecimento da diversidade do grupo em remanescentes de Caatinga na Paraíba. Realizou-se expedições de campo, análise de espécimes coletados na área e complementados por materiais depositados em herbários. Como resultados, Papilionoideae está representada na área por 19 espécies e 12 gêneros, sendo Centrosema (DC.) Benth. e Indigofera L. os mais representativos, com três espécies cada. Indigofera guaranitica Hassl. e Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke são endêmicos da flora brasileira, enquanto Andira inermis (W.Wright) DC. e Indigofera guaranitica são novos registros para a flora da Paraíba. Caracteres como o hábito, indumento, número e forma dos folíolos, tipo de inflorescência, cor da corola, tipo e morfologia dos frutos, foram importantes para identificação e diferenciação dos táxons registrados. Apresenta-se chave de identificação, descrições morfológicas, comentários de distribuição, notas taxonômicas e pranchas fotográficas das espécies ocorrentes na área. Apresentase Apresenta se Leguminosae (Leguminosae Ávidos Paraíba Realizouse Realizou campo herbários resultados 1 gêneros DC (DC. Benth L representativos cada Hassl Allemão (Allemão brasileira W.Wright WWright W Wright (W.Wright hábito indumento folíolos inflorescência corola frutos registrados morfológicas distribuição (DC

ABSTRACT When legumes grow associated with other species, they are capable of increasing the total nutritional value of non-nitrogen fixing species as well as their productiv- ity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biological Nitrogen (N) fixation of Adesmia bicolor (Leguminosae) growing in association with Festuca arundinacea (Gramineae) throughout its life cycle. The trial was carried out at the National University of Río Cuarto. Four treatments were evaluated: A1:F0 (Control I: A. bicolor, pure culture), A1:F1 (A. bicolor and F. arundinacea in similar proportions), A3:F1 (A. bicolor and F. arundinacea, in a ratio of 3 to 1) and A0:F1 (Control II: F. arundinacea, pure culture). During the growth stages, three plots of 0.25 m2 were selected per treatment. Total dry biomass production, number of nodules and N content were determined. In all stages of A. bicolor growth, a greater production of total dry biomass was observed in the A1:F0 pure culture with respect to associates. In F. arundinacea, a greater production of total dry biomass was noted in the pure culture A0:F1 in the vegetative and fruiting stages, while at the flowering stage it was higher in the associated treatments. N content in the two species was higher in the aerial part than in the underground part. The highest N values were recorded in treatment A3:F1. In A. bicolor, the highest production of nodules was detected at the vegetative stage in all treatments. It is concluded that A. bicolor is effective in fixing N both in pure culture and in association. The biomass values of F. arundinacea and N content in both species showed promising results in the association treatments. Further studies should be conducted to understand their behavior.

RESUMEN Las leguminosas al crecer asociadas a otras especies son capaces de incrementar el va- lor nutritivo total de las no fijadoras de Nitrógeno (N) y aumentar su productividad. El objetivo fue evaluar la fijación biológica de N de Adesmia bicolor (Leguminosae) creciendo consociada con Festuca arundinacea (Gramineae) a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. El ensayo se realizó en la Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: A1:F0 (Control I: A. bicolor, cultivo puro), A1:F1 (A. bicolor y F. arundinacea en proporciones similares), A3:F1 (A. bicolor y F. arundinacea en pro- porciones 3 a 1) y A0:F1 (Control II: F. arundinacea, cultivo puro). Durante las fases de crecimiento se seleccionaron tres áreas de superficie de 0,25 m2 por tratamiento, se determinó producción de biomasa seca total, número de nódulos y contenido de N. En A. bicolor se observó una mayor producción de biomasa seca total en el cultivo puro A1:F0 con respecto a los consociados en todas las fases de crecimiento. En F. arundinacea se notó una mayor producción de biomasa seca total en el cultivo puro A0:F1 en etapa vegetativa y de fructificación, mientras que en etapa de floración fue mayor en los tratamientos consociados. El contenido de N en las dos especies fue más elevado en la parte aérea que subterránea. Los valores más altos de N se presentaron en el tratamiento A3:F1. En A. bicolor la mayor producción de nódulos fue, en todos los tratamientos, en etapa vegetativa. Se concluye que A. bicolor es efectiva para fijar N tanto en cultivo puro como consociada. Teniendo en cuenta los valores de biomasa de F. arundinacea y el contenido de N en ambas especies se observaron resultados prometedores en los tratamientos consociados, por lo cual se sugiere continuar con estudios que permitan comprender el comportamiento de esta asociación.

ABSTRACT When legumes grow associated with other species, they are capable of increasing the total nutritional value of non-nitrogen fixing species as well as their productiv- ity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biological Nitrogen (N) fixation of Adesmia bicolor (Leguminosae) growing in association with Festuca arundinacea (Gramineae) throughout its life cycle. The trial was carried out at the National University of Río Cuarto. Four treatments were evaluated: A1:F0 (Control I: A. bicolor, pure culture), A1:F1 (A. bicolor and F. arundinacea in similar proportions), A3:F1 (A. bicolor and F. arundinacea, in a ratio of 3 to 1) and A0:F1 (Control II: F. arundinacea, pure culture). During the growth stages, three plots of 0.25 m2 were selected per treatment. Total dry biomass production, number of nodules and N content were determined. In all stages of A. bicolor growth, a greater production of total dry biomass was observed in the A1:F0 pure culture with respect to associates. In F. arundinacea, a greater production of total dry biomass was noted in the pure culture A0:F1 in the vegetative and fruiting stages, while at the flowering stage it was higher in the associated treatments. N content in the two species was higher in the aerial part than in the underground part. The highest N values were recorded in treatment A3:F1. In A. bicolor, the highest production of nodules was detected at the vegetative stage in all treatments. It is concluded that A. bicolor is effective in fixing N both in pure culture and in association. The biomass values of F. arundinacea and N content in both species showed promising results in the association treatments. Further studies should be conducted to understand their behavior.

RESUMEN Las leguminosas al crecer asociadas a otras especies son capaces de incrementar el va- lor nutritivo total de las no fijadoras de Nitrógeno (N) y aumentar su productividad. El objetivo fue evaluar la fijación biológica de N de Adesmia bicolor (Leguminosae) creciendo consociada con Festuca arundinacea (Gramineae) a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. El ensayo se realizó en la Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: A1:F0 (Control I: A. bicolor, cultivo puro), A1:F1 (A. bicolor y F. arundinacea en proporciones similares), A3:F1 (A. bicolor y F. arundinacea en pro- porciones 3 a 1) y A0:F1 (Control II: F. arundinacea, cultivo puro). Durante las fases de crecimiento se seleccionaron tres áreas de superficie de 0,25 m2 por tratamiento, se determinó producción de biomasa seca total, número de nódulos y contenido de N. En A. bicolor se observó una mayor producción de biomasa seca total en el cultivo puro A1:F0 con respecto a los consociados en todas las fases de crecimiento. En F. arundinacea se notó una mayor producción de biomasa seca total en el cultivo puro A0:F1 en etapa vegetativa y de fructificación, mientras que en etapa de floración fue mayor en los tratamientos consociados. El contenido de N en las dos especies fue más elevado en la parte aérea que subterránea. Los valores más altos de N se presentaron en el tratamiento A3:F1. En A. bicolor la mayor producción de nódulos fue, en todos los tratamientos, en etapa vegetativa. Se concluye que A. bicolor es efectiva para fijar N tanto en cultivo puro como consociada. Teniendo en cuenta los valores de biomasa de F. arundinacea y el contenido de N en ambas especies se observaron resultados prometedores en los tratamientos consociados, por lo cual se sugiere continuar con estudios que permitan comprender el comportamiento de esta asociación.

Resumen: Antecedentes: Centrosema (Fabaceae) es un género de 35-44 especies en el Nuevo Mundo, 10 en México y 9 en la península de Yucatán. La mayoría de las especies tienen hojas trifolioladas y flores bicolores. Las hojas unifolioladas son un carácter poco frecuente que se encuentra en pocas especies; p.ej. C. sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Brandegee, pero las flores monocromáticas, que carecen de guías de néctar, es incluso un estado de carácter más inusual. Varias poblaciones de Centrosema de la península de Yucatán comparten ambos estados de carácter, una combinación que las separa de otras especies del género. Pregunta: ¿Es el Centrosema de hojas unifolioladas, pecíolos alados y flores monocromáticas de la península de Yucatán una especie diferente de la fenéticamente similar C. sagittatum? Especies de estudio: Centrosema (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae). Sitio de estudio y fecha de estudio: Península de Yucatán, México, 2021-2023. Métodos: Se recolectaron especímenes botánicos y se determinaron taxonómicamente mediante el uso de literatura relevante, claves y la consulta de colecciones botánicas. El estado de conservación de la nueva especie se evaluó utilizando la metodología de la UICN. Resultados: Los especímenes colectados representan una especie no descrita que se diferencia de C. sagittatum por las flores cremosas, monocromáticas y más pequeñas. La especie es evaluada como En Peligro (EN). Conclusiones: Se describe una nueva especie, Centrosema flavescens, de la península de Yucatán. Se reconocen once especies de Centrosema en México y nueve en la península de Yucatán. Centrosema sagittatum no crece en la península de Yucatán.

Abstract Background: Centrosema (Fabaceae) includes 35-44 species in the New World, 10 in Mexico, and 9 in the Yucatan Peninsula. Most species have trifoliolate leaves and bicolored flowers. Unifoliolate leaves are an infrequent character that is found in a few species, e.g., C. sagittatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Brandegee, but monochromatic flowers, e.g., lacking nectar guides, is even a more unusual character state. Several populations of a Centrosema from the Yucatan Peninsula share both character states, a combination that sets them apart from other members of the genus. Question: Is the Centrosema with unifoliolate leaves, alate petioles, and monochromatic flowers of the Yucatan Peninsula, a species distinct from the phenetically similar C. sagittatum? Studied species: Centrosema (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae). Study site and dates: Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, 2021-2023. Methods: Botanical specimens were collected and determined taxonomically through the use of relevant literature, keys, and the consulting of botanical collections. The conservation status of the new species was assessed using the IUCN methodology. Results: The specimens collected do represent an undescribed species that differs from Centrosema sagittatum by its smaller, cream-yellow, monochromatic flowers. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN). Conclusions: A new species, Centrosema flavescens from the Yucatan Peninsula is proposed. Eleven species of Centrosema are now recognized in Mexico, nine in the Yucatan Peninsula. C. sagittatum does not occur in the Yucatan Peninsula.

Resumen Antecedentes: El Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna (APFF) Boquerón de Tonalá, posee características climáticas, geológicas y edáficas distintivas, albergando diversos tipos de vegetación. Las leguminosas de la región no han sido inventariadas a detalle en su conjunto. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las especies de leguminosas en el área Natural Protegida del Boquerón de Tonalá, Oaxaca? ¿Existen diferencias en la riqueza de especies por tipo de vegetación? Sitio y años de estudio: Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna (APFF) Boquerón de Tonalá, Oaxaca; junio de 2017 a junio de 2018. Métodos: Se eligieron ocho localidades y 14 sitios correspondientes a las comunidades vegetales dominantes que cubren toda el APFF Boquerón de Tonalá y el gradiente altitudinal. Se cubrieron 58 días de trabajo de campo. Los ejemplares colectados por subfamilia, género y especie fueron contabilizados. Resultados: Se recolectaron 177 ejemplares más sus duplicados, estos corresponden a 85 especies, de 38 géneros de la familia Leguminosae, incluidos en tres subfamilias y del clado Mimosoide que tratamos como separado. El mayor número de géneros y especies encontrados pertenecen a la subfamilia Papilionoideae. Los géneros con mayor número de especies fueron Brongniartia, Mimosa, Senna y Vachellia (antes parte de Acacia). La selva baja caducifolia fue el tipo de vegetación con mayor número de especies y géneros encontrados. Se encontró una especie nueva de Coulteria (subfamilia Caesalpinioideae) en encinares. Conclusiones: La diversidad florística de leguminosas del APFF Boquerón de Tonalá, muestra que deben reforzarse las estrategias de manejo y conservación en el área.

Abstract Background: The Boquerón de Tonalá Flora and Fauna Protection Area (APFF) has distinctive climatic, geological and edaphic characteristics, harbouring diverse types of vegetation. The leguminosae of the area have not been inventoried in detail as a whole. Questions: Which are the legume species in the Boqueron de Tonala Natural Protected Area, Oaxaca? Are there differences in species richness by vegetation type? Study site and dates: Boqueron de Tonala Protection Area (APFF), Oaxaca; June 2017 to June 2018. Methods: Eight localities and 14 sites were chosen corresponding to the dominant plant communities, covering the entire APFF Boqueron de Tonala and the altitudinal gradient. Fifty-eight days of effective field work were covered. Specimens collected by subfamily, genus and species were counted. Results: One hundred and seventy-seven plant specimens were collected plus their duplicates, these correspond to 85 species, from 38 genera, included in three subfamilies and the Mimosoid clade which we treat here as a separate group. The largest number of genera and species found belong to the Papilionoideae subfamily. The genera with the highest number of species are Brongniartia, Mimosa, Senna and Vachellia (formerly part of Acacia). Seasonally, dry tropical forest was the vegetation type with the highest number of species and genera. A new species of the genus Coulteria was found (Caesalpinioideae subfamily) in oak forest. Conclusions: The floristic diversity of legume plants in the APFF Boquerón de Tonalá shows that its management and its conservation strategies should be strengthened in the area.

Abstract Pterodon emarginatus Vogel and P. pubescens (Benth.) Benth. are phylogenetically related trees that compose a clade of sister species abundant in the Brazilian Savanna. Despite their morphological differences, some individuals with intermediate morphological characteristics have been reported, indicating the formation of interspecific hybrids. This study proposed to evaluate the genetic structure and controlled pollination of individuals of P. pubescens and P. emarginatus in areas of sympatry with the presence of putative hybrids. For this purpose, we genotyped seven microsatellite loci from 61 individuals collected from four apparent contact zones between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. Controlled pollination experiments were performed on 4,133 flowers from six trees of P. emarginatus and five of P. pubescens. We observed two genetic clusters (k= 2) that corroborate the divergence between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. The individual genetic assignment showed evidence of natural hybridization between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. The genetic assignment did not fully support the visual description of the diagnoses of individual morphological characteristics. Controlled interspecific pollination generated fruit and seed production, possibly indicating the absence of a reproductive barrier at the pollination and ovule fertilization levels between these species. Our results enlarge the understanding of the diversification process of Pterodon species. P Benth (Benth. Savanna differences reported hybrids purpose 6 4133 4 133 4,13 k= k (k 2 production (Benth 413 13 4,1 41 1 4,

Abstract The seeds of Erythrina americana Mill. are consumed by the bruchid Specularius impressithorax. Hence to evaluate the effect that the beetles can have on the sedes, the percentage of damage to E. americana seeds in the pre-dispersal stage was determined, as well as the accumulated damage during one year caused by S. impressithorax. The germination percentage of healthy and damaged seeds were evaluated. The seeds were collected in the Tulancingo Valley, Hidalgo, Mexico in December 2017. 1,272 seeds had been collected from nine different trees, which remained at least 500 m away from each other. The number of holes were counted in the seeds, that is, the number of bruchids that emerged from each seed (n = 269). The average damage percentage during the pre-dispersal of the seeds was 17.4% and for the post-dispersal stage it was 83.1%. Seeds with a bruchid exit hole germinated in 66.6%. The undamaged seeds presented a germination percentage of 2.2%, because the E. americana seeds present dormancy. The percentage of germination of the seeds with an emergency hole caused by S. impressithorax (66.6%), indicates that when an E. americana seed is consumed by a bruchid, it does not damage the embryo, and emulates a natural scarification process.

Resumen Las semillas de Erythrina americana Mill., son consumidas por el brúquido Specularius impressithorax, por lo que para evaluar el efecto que pueden tener los escarabajos sobre las semillas se determinó el porcentaje de daño en semillas de E. americana en la etapa de pre-dispersión, así como el daño acumulado durante un año causado por S. impressithorax. Se evaluó el porcentaje de germinación de semillas sanas y dañadas. Las semillas se colectaron en el valle de Tulancingo, Hidalgo, México en diciembre de 2017. Se colectaron 1,272 semillas provenientes de nueve árboles diferentes, los cuales se encontraban como mínimo a 500 m de distancia uno de otro. A las semillas se les conto el número de orificios, es decir el número de brúquidos que emergieron de cada semilla (n = 269). El porcentaje de daño promedio durante la pre-dispersión de las semillas fue de 17.4 % y para la etapa post-dispersión fue de 83.1 %. Las semillas con un orificio de salida de un brúquido germinaron en un 66.6 %. Las semillas sin daño presentaron un porcentaje de germinación de 2.2 %, debido a que las semillas de E. americana presentan dormancia. El porcentaje de germinación de las semillas con un orificio de emergencia causado por S. impressithorax (66.6 %), indica que cuando una semilla de E. americana es consumida por un brúquido, éste no daña el embrión, y emula un proceso de escarificación natural.

ABSTRACT In this study, pollen grains of Harleyodendron unifoliolatum, Holocalyx balansae, and Uribea tamarindoides, three monospecific genera with Neotropical distribution belonging to the clade Exostyleae, one of the basal lineages of the family Leguminosae, subfamily Papilionoideae, were analyzed. The palynological material was acetolyzed and analyzed under light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under LM, small and medium-sized pollen grains were observed, which showed a prolate-spheroidal to prolate shape, 3-colporate, microreticulate and reticulate exine, sexine and nexine of equal thickness in Harleyodendron and Holocalyx, while the sexine was thicker than nexine in Uribea. Analysis under SEM showed finely granulate, psilate, and granulate apertural membrane, while the exine ornamentation varied from perforate-microechinate in Harleyodendron, to perforate in Holocalyx, while in Uribea showed an irregular relief and granular projections on the perforate tectum. The pollen morphology of these species is similar to each other, varying in sexine/nexine ratio, apertural membrane, and exine ornamentation. Harleyodendron has a finely granulate apertural membrane, sexine and nexine of equal thickness, and a perforate-microreticulate exine ornamentation, Holocalyx shows a psilated apertural membrane, sexine and nexine of equal thickness, and exine ornamentation perforate, and Uribea has a granulate apertural membrane, sexine thicker than nexine, and exine ornamentation with granular projections.

Abstract With high commercial and environmental value, Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong is a tree species of the family Leguminosae - Mimosoideae, known as tamboril and used for civil construction, timber products, urban afforestation, and reforestation of degraded areas. In order to analyze the response of the species to the composite sewage sludge (LEC) in relation to the commercial substrate (SC), 5 substrate combinations were used: S1 (100% SC); S2 (75% SC + 25% LEC); S3 (50% LEC + 50% SC); S4 (75% LEC + 25% SC) and S5 (100% LEC), each with 4 replicates. These 5 substrate combinations were submitted to 3 irrigation slides: L1 (36 mm/day), L2 (72 mm/day) e L3 (108 mm/day). Biometric parameters (height, diameter, number of leaves), growth speed, dry biomass, Dickson Quality Index, and height/diameter ratio were measured. Based on the values obtained and on the upper averages for all the parameters evaluated, it is recommended to use S5, composed of 100% LEC with L1.

Resumo De grande valor comercial e ambiental, Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong é uma espécie arbórea da família Leguminosae - Mimosoideae, utilizada para produtos madeireiros, arborização urbana e reflorestamento de áreas degradadas. Objetivando-se analisar a resposta da espécie ao lodo de esgoto compostado (LEC) em relação ao substrato comercial (SC), foram utilizadas 5 combinações de substratos: S1 (100 % SC); S2 (75 % SC + 25 % LEC); S3 (50 % LEC + 50 % SC); S4 (75 % LEC + 25 % SC) e S5 (100 % LEC), cada qual com 4 repetições. Essas 5 combinações de substratos foram submetidas a 3 lâminas de irrigação: L1 (36 mm/dia), L2 (72 mm/dia) e L3 (108 mm/dia). Foram mensurados parâmetros biométricos (altura, diâmetro do coleto e número de folhas), velocidade de crescimento, biomassa seca, Índice de Qualidade de Dickson e a relação altura/diâmetro das plântulas. A partir dos valores obtidos, e com base nas médias superiores para todos os parâmetros avaliados, recomenda-se o uso de S5, composto 100 % LEC mediante o uso da L1.

RESUMEN Este estudio presenta una lista actualizada de angiospermas del Área de Protección Ambiental Municipal de Inhamum (APAMI), municipio de Caxias, un área estratégica para el conocimiento de la flora del Cerrado en el Estado de Maranhão, Brasil. Los datos presentados brindan información sobre los taxones más representativos, número de colecciones, fisonomías de ocurrencia, formas de vida, ende-micidad a Brasil, nuevos registros para el Estado y un análisis de similitud florística con otras áreas del Cerrado en este Estado. Se realizaron un total de 16 excursiones de campo desde enero 2018 hasta junio 2019, con recolecciones aleatorias de especímenes fértiles realizadas principalmente en senderos. Encontramos 228 especies de angiospermas distribuidas en 148 géneros y 50 familias. La familia más representativa fue Leguminosae, con 54 especies y 33 géneros. Cyperus (Cyperaceae) fue el género más representativo con siete especies. En total 40 especies son endémicas de Brasil y diez nuevos registros para el estado de Maranhão. El análisis de similitud mostró que la composición de las especies de an-giospermas de IMEPA es más cercana a la de la EPA de Buriti do Meio, otra unidad de conservación ubicada en la misma mesorregión dentro del Estado de Maranhão. No obstante, se registraron valores de similitud bajos, lo que demuestra una riqueza local exclusiva en las áreas analizadas. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la flora del Cerrado del estado de Maranhão, llenando los vacíos de diversidad del Cerrado en el Noreste de Brasil.

ABSTRACT This study presents an updated checklist of angiosperms from the Inhamum Municipal Environmental Protection Area (IMEPA), municipality of Caxias, a strategic area for understanding the Cerrado flora in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. The data presented provides information on the most representative taxa, number of collections, physiognomies of occurrence, life forms, endemicity to Brazil, new records for the State and a floristic similarity analysis with other Cerrado areas in this State. A total of 16 field excursions were carried out from January 2018 to June 2019, with random collections of fertile specimens made mostly on trails. We found 228 species of angiosperms distributed in 148 genera and 50 families. The most representative family was Leguminosae, with 54 species and 33 genera. Cyperus (Cyperaceae) was the most representative genus with seven species. A total of 40 species are endemic to Brazil, and ten are new occurrences for the State of Maranhão. The similarity analysis showed that the composition of angiosperm species from IMEPA is closer to that from the Buriti do Meio Environmental Protection Area, another conservation unit located in the same mesoregion within the State of Maranhão. Nonetheless, low similarity values were recorded, demonstrating an exclusive local richness in the analyzed areas. This study contributed to the knowledge of the Cerrado flora from the State of Maranhão, filling in the Cerrado diversity gaps in Northern Brazil.

Abstract Background The reserve of viable weed seeds present on the soil surface and scattered throughout the soil profile. Objective A glasshouse study was conducted to determine the special abundance of soil seed bank flora in parthenium invaded maize fields in West Gojjam Zone. Methods The soil samples were collected from 90 fields at 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-15 cm soil depth with 10 cm width. Results A total of 121 weed species belonging to 27 families were found in the soil seed banks. The most frequent families were Poaceae (31 species), Asteraceae (21 species) and Leguminosae (9 species). The highest importance value was recorded by Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoides and Echinochloa colona with 19.05, 19.02 and 14.37%, respectively at 0-5 cm soil depth. The highest importance values of 20.39, 20.16 and 16.54% were registered by P. hysterophorus, A. conyzoides and Galiansago parviflora, respectively at 5-10 cm soil depth. Likewise, at 10-15 cm soil depth highest importance value was recorded by A. conyzoides, P. hysterophorus and E. colona with 19.12, 17.30 and 116.13%, respectively. The Shannon diversity index at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm soil depth were 4.46, 4.41 and 4.17, respectively. High similarity (68.10%) was observed between 0-5 and 5-10 and followed by 5-10 and 10-15 cm (60.19%) and 0-5 and 10-15 cm (55.39%). Conclusions These results could help to predict infestation potential and could lead to improved weed management strategies in maize growing areas in the study area.

ABSTRACT Papilionoideae is the most diverse subfamily of Leguminosae, representing approximately 39 % of its species. Although it is particularly species rich and diverse in the Caatinga, the main phytophysiognomy of the semiarid Northeast Region of Brazil, little is known about the pollen morphology of the species that occur there. This study analyzes and describes the pollen morphology of the 27 species of Papilionoideae endemic to the Caatinga. Pollen grains were acetolyzed, mounted on permanent slides, measured, described and photomicrographed using light and scanning electron microscopy (LM and SEM, respectively). The main variable morphological features were pollen grain size, shape, amb, apertural type and exine ornamentation under LM (microreticulate, reticulate, psilate or finely scabrate) and SEM (microreticulate, reticulate, rugulate, granulate, fossulate and perforate). High intergeneric morphological heterogeneity was observed while morphological variation within each genus was subtle. Nonetheless, size, endoaperture shape, fastigium presence/absence and exine ornamentation were found to be important characteristics for the identification of some species.