Abtract Guillaume de Nogaret was keeper of the seal and master of Capetian politics at the beginning of the fourteenth century. Expert jurist and administrator, he was one of the very first servants of the royal State whose entire sovereignty, against the papacy in particular, he wanted to assert to the point of making it a true mystic. However, the man, who suffers from a dark legend, is little known. Recent investigations, largely unpublished, have focused on his practice of power, but no biography has been dedicated to him from the end of the nineteenth century. The article, of course, does not claim to fill such a gap. Yet, it illustrates the possibility of a biographical seizure, the interest which would be that of such a research, and, beyond the myth, by linking the action of Guillaume de Nogaret in the French South and to the Capetian court, it reveals the main lines of an existence entirely dedicated to royal service and carried, to the point of brutality, by the obsession with the interest of the realm erected, in deeds and in thought, into a mystic then completely new, opening the way to the absolutism.

Résumé Garde du sceau et maître de la politique capétienne au début du xive siècle, Guillaume de Nogaret, juriste et administrateur expert, fut l’un des tout premiers serviteurs de l’État royal dont, contre la papauté notamment, il a voulu affirmer l’entière souveraineté jusqu’à en faire une véritable mystique. Pourtant, l’homme, qui souffre d’une légende noire, est mal connu. De récentes recherches, largement inédites, se sont attachées à sa pratique du pouvoir, mais aucune biographie ne lui a été consacrée depuis la fin du xixe siècle. L’article, bien sûr, n’a pas la prétention de combler un tel manque. Il illustre cependant la possibilité d’une saisie biographique, l’intérêt qui serait sien, et, par-delà le mythe, en liant l’action de Guillaume de Nogaret dans le Midi français et à la cour capétienne, il révèle les lignes de force d’une existence tout entière dédiée au service royal et portée, jusqu’à la brutalité, par l’obsession de l’intérêt du royaume érigé, en actes et en pensée, en une mystique alors tout à fait inédite, ouvrant la voie à l’absolutisme.

Astratto La genesi dottrinale del sebastianismo è spesso riportata completamente all’interno della cultura popolare portoghese: si ritiene che D. João de Castro, inventore della leggenda del re redivivo, avrebbe rimodellato la figura dell’Encuberto assumendola dalle Trovas di Bandarra, calzolaio di Trancoso. In verità, la retorica dell’Encuberto risulta diffusa nella penisola iberica ben prima delle Trovas. D. João stesso ne segnala altri due “preannunci”, nel Vespertilio profetizzato da Arnaldo da Villanova e nel Sol obscuratus dell’Oracolo di Cirillo. Più in generale, l’articolo intende contribuire alla conoscenza della vasta biblioteca profetica e messianica di D. João, e mostrare così che la leggenda di D. Sebastião nasce e si sviluppa alla confluenza di molteplici tradizioni circolanti nell’Occidente europeo a partire dall’Alto Medioevo. allinterno all interno portoghese D Castro redivivo dellEncuberto dell Encuberto Bandarra Trancoso verità preannunci, preannunci , “preannunci” dellOracolo Oracolo Cirillo generale larticolo l articolo nellOccidente nell Occidente dallAlto dall Alto Medioevo “preannunci

Abstract The doctrinal origin of Sebastianism is often ascribed entirely within Portuguese popular culture. It is believed that D. João de Castro, inventor of the legend of the revived king, would have remodeled the figure of the Encuberto by taking it from the Trovas by Bandarra, a shoemaker from Trancoso. In fact, the rhetoric of the Encuberto was widespread in the Iberian Peninsula long before the Trovas. D. João himself points out two other “announcements”, in the Vespertilio prophesied by Arnald of Villanova, and in the Sol obscuratus of the Oracle of Cyrill. More generally, this article intends to contribute to the knowledge of the vast prophetic and messianic library of D. João, and thus to show that the legend of D. Sebastião was born and developed at the confluence of multiple traditions circulating in Western Europe starting from the early Middle Ages. culture D Castro king Bandarra Trancoso fact announcements, announcements , “announcements” Villanova Cyrill generally Ages “announcements

Resumo A gênese doutrinária do sebastianismo é muitas vezes traçada inteiramente na cultura popular portuguesa. Nessa perspectiva, acredita-se que D. João de Castro, inventor da lenda do rei redimido, reformulou a figura do Encuberto retirando-a das Trovas de Bandarra, sapateiro de Trancoso. Na verdade, a retórica do Encuberto está difundida na Península Ibérica muito antes das Trovas. O próprio D. João aponta dois outros "pré-anúncios", no Morcego profetizado por Arnau de Vilanova e no Sol obscuratus do Oráculo de Cirilo. Em termos mais gerais, o artigo pretende contribuir para o conhecimento da vasta biblioteca profética e messiânica de D. João e, assim, mostrar que a lenda de D. Sebastião nasceu e se desenvolveu na confluência de múltiplas tradições que circulavam na Europa Ocidental desde o início da Idade Média. portuguesa perspectiva acreditase acredita D Castro redimido retirandoa retirando Bandarra Trancoso verdade préanúncios, préanúncios pré anúncios , "pré-anúncios" Cirilo gerais assim Média "pré-anúncios

Spatial information presented in environmental impact assessments and their documentation in environmental impact assessment reports is vital for the spatial understanding of proposed infrastructural developments, their environmental impacts, environmental baseline, and the ecological sensitivity of project sites. Such information is crucial for the involvement of different stakeholders in the assessment and mitigation of environmental impacts associated with infrastructure development projects. In this study, the usefulness of spatial information compiled for recent mobile telecommunication projects in Plateau State (Nigeria) is assessed. To achieve this, the environmental impact assessment reports for 70 such projects were examined. The study found that the spatial information provided in the reports was often inadequate or not presented at all. Topographical maps (25%) and architectural illustrations (38%) were used more commonly than photographs (12%) or Google Maps images (12%). There were also weaknesses in the presentation of some of the spatial information including lack of scale, map legend and labels. It is recommended that the availability, types and content of spatial information presented in the environmental impact assessment reports need to increase and be standardised. The spatial representations provided must maximise their visual realism for the end user.

Abstract Athelstan’s reputation and accomplishments as the king credited with being the first to rule over all of England led to his being celebrated in the Middle Ages in art, coinage, romance, travel narratives, and chronicles. In the prose Brut tradition, his depiction is, for the most part, focused on his military accomplishments, with little elaboration. However, the abbreviated Middle English prose Brut preserved in Edinburgh University Library MS 184 and two other manuscripts is unusual in its blending of narrative elements from historical accounts, hagiography, and romance to portray Athelstan as an English hero, and in its telling its 15-century audience where they could still see physical relics of Athelstan’s reign in their own day, giving them the opportunity to be vicariously connected to the storied history of their nation. This article traces sources and traditions this Brut’s compiler most likely drew from and considers what implications this may have for our understanding of this particular manuscript and of the evolution and adaptation of Brut chronicles in the late Middle Ages.

Resumo A fama e os feitos de Athelstan, considerado como o primeiro rei a governar toda a Inglaterra, levaram a que, durante a Idade Média, fosse exaltado na arte, na numismática, no romance, em narrativas de viagem e em crónicas. Na tradição do Brut em prosa, o seu retrato foca-se, maioritariamente, nas suas vitórias militares, de forma pouco elaborada. No entanto, o Brut em prosa abreviado, em inglês medieval, preservado na Biblioteca da Universidade de Edimburgo, MS. 184, e dois outros manuscritos, afastam-se desta linha na medida em que misturam elementos narrativos oriundos de relatos históricos, hagiografia e romance, a fim de retratar Athelstan como um herói inglês, e de o transmitir ao seu público do século XV, que, na altura, ainda podia ver relíquias concretas do reinado de Athelstan, dando-lhe assim uma oportunidade de ligação indireta à história romanceada da sua nação. O presente artigo identifica fontes e tradições nas quais o compilador deste Brut muito provavelmente se baseou e reflete sobre as suas implicações quanto à nossa compreensão deste manuscrito específico e à evolução e adaptação das crónicas de Brut, no final da Idade Média.

Resumen: En este artículo se estudia la infodemia en México, surgida a consecuencia de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Durante el primer confinamiento de 2020, mientras que el pánico y los disturbios en contra de las instituciones gubernamentales se desplazaban por el Centro, el Sur y el Sureste del país, nacía la leyenda del hombre lobo. Con el objetivo de explicar el doble influjo de la pandemia y la infodemia en las condiciones de vida y la atmósfera mental, la investigación se basa en las obras de Marc Bloch y Carlo Ginzburg, sobre los rumores, las noticias falsas, lo falso y lo ficticio, al igual que en evidencias de las redes sociales y la prensa nacional e internacional. Debido a lo anterior, se considera que las noticias falsas y los rumores en seres fantásticos y sobrenaturales, son una clave de acceso a la conciencia colectiva y a un estado social

Abstract: This article studies the infodemic in Mexico, which arose as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. During the first lockdown of 2020, as panic and riots against government institutions spread through the center, south and southeast of the country, the legend of the werewolf was born. To explain the twofold influence of the pandemic and the infodemic on living conditions and the collective mindset, the research draws on the work of Marc Bloch and Carlo Ginzburg on rumors, fake news, the false and the fictitious, as well as evidence from social networks and the national and international press. The article concludes that fake news and rumors about fantastic and supernatural beings are the key to accessing the collective consciousness and the state of society.

Resumen La investigación busca determinar las implicaciones de la memoria oral de la ciudad de Mira de la provincia del Carchi, Ecuador, en su sociedad actual. Se emplea un enfoque cualitativo, etnográfico al dialogar y convivir con la comunidad, con dos grupos de informantes, los usuarios del Programa de Apoyo para el Adulto Mayor, para conocer los aspectos originarios sobre la memoria oral de las leyendas de Mira y de un segundo grupo comprendido por estudiantes de los años superiores de los dos colegios de la ciudad, para tener el enfoque de la generación actual y poder contrastar dos puntos de vista. Como resultado, se observa que la nueva generación está al tanto de su memoria oral y con ello de sus leyendas y tradiciones, que en esencia no han cambiado con el pasar del tiempo; dichos coloquiales, costumbres, hábitos y comportamientos que fueron iniciados por generaciones anteriores. Se determina que es importante mantener viva la tradición y memoria, misma que se considera parte esencial de la sociedad mireña actual y una manera de proyectarse a un futuro inminente lleno de cambios permanentes. Se concluye que se puede determinar un punto inicial para generar nuevas alternativas de conservación y difusión de la memoria oral de un pueblo.

Abstract The research seeks to determine the implications of the oral memory of the city of Mira in the province of Carchi, Ecuador, in its current society. A qualitative, ethnographic approach is used to dialogue and coexist with the community, with two groups of informants, the users of the Support Program for the Elderly, to know the original aspects about the oral memory of the legends of Mira and a second group comprised by students of the superior years of the two schools of the city, to have the approach of the current generation and to be able to contrast two points of view. As a result, it is observed that the new generation is aware of its oral memory and with it its legends and traditions, which in essence have not changed over time; colloquial sayings, customs, habits and behaviors that were initiated by previous generations. It is determined that it is important to keep tradition and memory alive, which is considered an essential part of the current Mireño society and a way to project itself into an imminent future full of permanent changes. It is concluded that it is possible to determine an initial point to generate new alternatives for the conservation and diffusion of the oral memory of a town.

Resumo Em O ensaio e seu tema (2001), César Aira sintetiza os fundamentos do ensaio na escolha temática, tanto que, se fosse o certo - arrisca - “se escreveria sozinho” (AIRA, 2001, p. 9). A afirmação é uma boutade, mais uma na lista utópica da arte que se faria, mas mesmo assim, ou por isso mesmo, o que poderia significar? A partir daqui, tentar-se-á articular um passeio pelos ensaios biográficos que César Aira escreveu sobre Osvaldo Lamborghini (“Prólogo” a Novelas y Cuentos de Ediciones del Serbal, 1988) e Alejandra Pizarnik (Alejandra Pizarnik, Beatriz Viterbo, 1998, e Alejandra Pizarnik, 1936-1972, Ediciones Omega, 2001) sob a hipótese de que, ao fazê-lo, não só executa o dispositivo borgeano de reativação da literatura argentina, cujo modelo se encontra em Evaristo Carriego (1930), de Borges, mas também institui um “ato de justiça” em relação à lenda negra que os cercava. Na medida em que o “mito pessoal” - ou “fábula de estilo” - opera uma neutralização dessa lenda, uma “mediação” entre a vida e a literatura, Aira parece executar leitores e exegetas crédulos, biógrafos ladinos, todos eles cristalizadores e perpetuadores de uma imagem equivocada pactuada por uma hermenêutica inocente, como que assumindo o perfil atenuado de um defensor que maneja argumentos biográfico-literários e recorre, sem preconceitos, à memória de amigos que desde o início souberam-se póstumos. 2001 , (2001) temática sozinho AIRA, AIRA (AIRA p 9. 9 . 9) boutade faria assim significar daqui tentarseá tentar á Prólogo (“Prólogo Serbal 1988 Viterbo 1998 19361972, 19361972 1936 1972, 1972 1936-1972 Omega fazêlo, fazêlo fazê lo, lo fazê-lo argentina 1930, 1930 (1930) Borges ato justiça cercava mito pessoal fábula estilo mediação “mediação crédulos ladinos inocente biográficoliterários biográfico literários recorre preconceitos souberamse souberam póstumos 200 (2001 198 199 1936197 193 197 1936-197 (1930 20 (200 19 193619 1936-19 (193 2 (20 1 19361 1936-1 (19 (2 1936- (1 (

Abstract In El ensayo y su tema (2001), César Aira asserts that the essence of the essay lies in the thematic choice, so much so that, if it were the right choice -he dares say- the essay “would write itself”. This statement is a boutade, another whim in the utopian list of art that makes itself but, even so, or for this very reason, what could it possibly mean? Starting from this premise, this paper will attempt to articulate a journey through the biographical essays that César Aira wrote about Osvaldo Lamborghini (“Prólogo” a Novelas y Cuentos. Ediciones del Serbal, 1988) and Alejandra Pizarnik (Alejandra Pizarnik, Beatriz Viterbo, 1998, and Alejandra Pizarnik. 1936- 1972, Ediciones Omega, 2001) under the hypothesis that, in doing so, Aira not only executes the Borgean device of reactivating Argentine literature, whose model he finds in Borges’ Evaristo Carriego (1930), but he also institutes an “act of justice” regarding the black legend that surrounded them. While the “personal myth” -or “fable of style”- neutralizes that legend, or serves as a “mediation” between life and literature, Aira seems to be executing credulous readers and exegetes, ladino biographers, all of them crystallizers and perpetuators of a wrong image agreed upon by an innocent hermeneutics, as if assuming the attenuated profile of a defender who wields biographical-literary arguments and, unprejudiced, turns to the memory of friends who, from the very beginning, knew themselves to be posthumous writers. 2001, 2001 , (2001) say would itself. . itself” boutade reason mean premise Prólogo (“Prólogo Cuentos Serbal 1988 Viterbo 1998 1936 1972 Omega literature Borges 1930, 1930 (1930) act justice personal myth fable style style” mediation “mediation exegetes biographers hermeneutics biographicalliterary literary unprejudiced beginning writers 200 (2001 198 199 193 197 (1930 20 (200 19 (193 2 (20 1 (19 (2 (1 (

Resumen En El ensayo y su tema (2001), César Aira resume lo fundamental del ensayo en la elección temática, tanto que, si fuera cierto -arriesga- “se escribiría solo” (AIRA, 2001, p. 9). La afirmación es una boutade, una más en la lista utópica del arte que se haría solo, pero, aun así, o por esto mismo, ¿qué podría querer decir? A partir de aquí, se intentará articular un recorrido por los ensayos biográficos que César Aira escribió sobre Osvaldo Lamborghini (“Prólogo” a Novelas y Cuentos de Ediciones del Serbal, 1988) y Alejandra Pizarnik (Alejandra Pizarnik, Beatriz Viterbo, 1998, y Alejandra Pizarnik. 1936- 1972, Ediciones Omega, 2001) bajo la hipótesis de que, al hacerlo, no sólo ejecuta el dispositivo borgeano de reactivación de la literatura argentina cuyo modelo encuentra en el Evaristo Carriego (1930) de Borges, sino, además, instituye un “acto de justicia” respecto de la leyenda negra que los rodeó. En la medida en que el “mito personal” -o “fábula del estilo”- opera una neutralización de esa leyenda, una “mediación” entre vida y literatura, Aira parece ir ajusticiando a lectores y exégetas crédulos, biógrafos ladinos, todos ellos cristalizadores y perpetuadores de una imagen equivocada convenida por una hermenéutica inocente, como si asumiera el perfil atenuado de un defensor que esgrime argumentos biográfico-literarios y acude, desprejuiciado, al recuerdo de los amigos que desde el comienzo se supieron póstumos. 2001 , (2001) temática arriesga -arriesga solo AIRA, AIRA (AIRA p 9. 9 . 9) boutade pero así mismo qué decir aquí Prólogo (“Prólogo Serbal 1988 Viterbo 1998 1936 1972 Omega hacerlo 1930 (1930 Borges sino además acto justicia rodeó mito personal fábula estilo estilo” mediación “mediación crédulos ladinos inocente biográficoliterarios biográfico literarios acude desprejuiciado póstumos 200 (2001 198 199 193 197 (193 20 (200 19 (19 2 (20 1 (1 (2 (

Resumen: Este artículo se propone indagar sobre la representación de la santidad femenina en Leyenda dorada, de Santiago de la Vorágine, en relación con el cuerpo y sus atributos. Lejos de ser un componente secundario o degradado con respecto a la noción de alma, la corporalidad en general, y la femenina en particular, se configura como lugar de resistencia religioso y, simultáneamente, como aquello que permite la trascendencia en términos espirituales. De esta forma, la centralidad del cuerpo conduce a un tratamiento privilegiado sobre la materialidad y habilita una serie de protecciones destinados a su preservación. Aquí, este mecanismo múltiple y de naturaleza diversa será llamado recubrimiento.

Abstract: This article aims to investigate the representation of female sanctity in The Golden Legend, by Jacobus of Voragine, in relation to the body and its attributes. Far from being a secondary or degraded component in opposition with the soul, corporeality in general, and the feminine in particular, it is configured as a place of religious resistance and, simultaneously, as the element which allows transcendence in spiritual terms. In this way, the centrality of the body leads to a privileged treatment of materiality and enables a series of protections aimed at its preservation. Here, this multiple and diverse mechanism will be called covering.

Resumen Analizando los mitos desde una perspectiva sociológica, desentrañamos algunas peculiaridades que se hallan cimentadas de manera subterránea en la leyenda del Chiru Chiru, uno de los relatos que fortalece el culto a la Virgen del Socavón en Oruro. Realizado el estudio, consideramos que este mito corresponde a una alegoría del retorno de Europa y la posterior muerte del expresidente Belzu a manos de Mariano Melgarejo debido a la filosofía ultramontanista de la época en torno a los presidentes providenciales, en una dimensión sociopolítica según la cual la ciudad de Oruro era belcista en su momento. Entonces, el discurso consolidado refiere al hecho de que el “presidente héroe” del pueblo orureño fue eliminado por uno más del pueblo (el peón caminero reflejado en Melgarejo). De acuerdo al discurso de la leyenda, el Chiru Chiru- Belzu traicionó su pacto con la Virgen y con los que con los que representaba (el pueblo) al atacar a “uno más del pueblo” (quien en este caso, para el discurso de la leyenda, sería Melgarejo); sin embargo, la Virgen lo perdona y lo tran-sustancia para que sea el medio de comunicación entre el pueblo y la Virgen, de esa manera, el ladrón de la historia asume el rol -nuevamente- de ofrenda (capacocha) para fortalecer esta relación y su rol simbólico providencial.

Abstract Analyzing the myths from a sociological perspective, we unravel some peculiarities from within the legend of Chiru Chiru, one of the stories that strengthens the cult of the Virgin of the tunnel in Oruro. After the study, we consider that this corresponds to an allegory of the return of Europe and the subsequent death of former President Belzu at the hands of Mariano Melgarejo due to the ultramontanism philosophy of the time around providential presidents, in a sociopolitical dimension, in which the city of Oruro was a warmonger at the time , then the consolidated discourse refers to the fact that the “hero president” of the Oruro people was eliminated by one more of the people (the road laborer reflected in Melgarejo) according to the legend’s speech, Chiru Chiru-Belzu betrayed his pact with the virgin and obviously with those who represented (the town) when attacking “one more of the town” (which in this case for the speech of the legend would be Melgarejo) however, the Virgin forgives him and transubstantiates him to be the means of communication between the people and the Virgin, in this way, the thief in the story- assumes the role -again- of offering (capacocha) to strengthen this relationship and strengthen its providential symbolic role.

RESUMEN Los mapas de coropletas han sido un desafío para la ciencia cartográfica durante más de medio siglo, sus principales dificultades residen en los niveles de color y las ilusiones ópticas. Muchos problemas cartográficos han ido disminuyendo a medida que avanza la tecnología y hay nuevas formas de representación, como la interacción cartográfica. En este estudio presentamos dos mapas de coropletas, uno interactivo y otro estático, evaluados por las métricas de usabilidad: efectividad, eficiencia y satisfacción. Ambos representan la densidad poblacional de los municipios de Honduras en 8 categorías; se aplicó un cuestionario de seis tareas a dos grupos de 33 participantes. Por lo que la metodología es basada en tareas. Asimismo, se utilizó una técnica de “eyetracking” o de seguimiento ocular para analizar el esfuerzo visual. El mapa interactivo obtuvo los mayores porcentajes en las tres métricas de usabilidad con diferencias significativas, especialmente en relación al desempeño en cuanto a efectividad y eficiencia. La satisfacción en ambos no presenta diferencias significativas. Se concluye que la interacción cartográfica en la leyenda de mapas de coropletas puede desmantelar la norma cartográfica típica de 7 clases de niveles de color.

ABSTRACT Choropleth maps have been a challenge to cartographic science for more than half a century, their main difficulties being color levels and optical illusions. Many cartographic problems have been diminishing as technology advances and there are new forms of representation, such as cartographic interaction. In this study we present two choropleth maps, one interactive and one static, evaluated by usability metrics: effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. Both represent the population density of the municipalities of Honduras in 8 categories; a six-task questionnaire was applied to two groups of 33 participants. An eyetracking technique was also used to analyze visual effort. The interactive map obtained the highest percentages in the three usability metrics with significant differences, especially in relation to performance in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Satisfaction in both does not present significant differences. It is concluded that the cartographic interaction in the choropleth map legend can dismantle the typical cartographic norm of 7 classes of color levels.

Abstract Changes in landscape’s composition and configuration were evaluated using Landsat images from 1985, 2006, and 2020 using The National CORINE Land Cover Legend for Colombia to estimate composition, calculate rates of change, and measure landscape diversity by year. Landscape configuration was analyzed using various Landscape indices. It was found that the forest has increased and recovered between 1985-2020 but has also become more fragmented. The largest remnants were found in the department of Sucre compared to Córdoba. In addition, Pressures on the forest coverage persist, and variations in the distribution of coverages are found each year.

Resumen Se evaluaron los cambios en la composición y configuración del paisaje mediante imágenes Landsat de los años 1985, 2006 y 2020, considerando la Leyenda Nacional Corine Land Cover para Colombia, estimando la composición, calculando las tasas de cambio y la diversidad del paisaje por año. La configuración del paisaje se analizó con diferentes índices de paisaje. Se encontró que el bosque ha aumentado y se ha recuperado en el periodo 1985-2020, pero también se ha fragmentado. Los mayores remanentes se encuentran en el departamento de Sucre con respecto a Córdoba. Además, se observaron variaciones en la distribución de las coberturas por año y presiones persistentes sobre la cobertura de bosque.

ABSTRACT Since its release, Lucíola (1862) has been the subject of analyses that especially address the parallel with La dame aux camélias (Alexandre Dumas, fils) and Paul et Virginie (Bernardin de St-Pierre). However, rarely have the issues therein been treated as a whole, so as to constitute a single coherent narrative. For, despite the erotic language of the initial chapters, the idyllic images or “analogy of innocence” (Frye) end up gradually overlapping in the construction of scenes, dialogues and situations, as well as in the references to the work of St. Pierre, to Atala (Chateaubriand) and to the idylls of Theocritus. Thus, Lucíola undergoes a crucial modification in its mythos, which comes to orbit around the concept of the idyll, not only as locus amoenus (Curtius) but above all in the modern sense attributed to it by Schiller (1800), according to which it is a coming-to-be which is only fully realised in the key of transcendence. Such a reorientation from immanence to transcendence brings it closer to one of the “simple forms” (Jolles), which is the Christian legend. By objectifying good and evil, the legend culminates in the superior character of the saint, whose mythos takes place through the “path that leads to sanctity” (Jolles). Discussing such premises, the article proposes that the criticism of Lucíola revealed a profound misunderstanding of the discursive role of G.M., the worthy lady responsible for publishing the letters delivered to her by Paulo, the heroine’s lover. G.M. understands the construction of the novel as vita and exemplum - something the narrator fails to grasp. release 1862 (1862 Alexandre Dumas fils Bernardin StPierre. StPierre St Pierre . St-Pierre) However whole narrative For chapters analogy innocence Frye (Frye scenes situations Chateaubriand (Chateaubriand Theocritus Thus idyll Curtius (Curtius 1800, 1800 , (1800) comingtobe coming be simple forms Jolles, Jolles (Jolles) evil saint path sanctity Jolles. premises GM G M Paulo heroines heroine s lover G.M grasp 186 (186 St-Pierre 180 (1800 (Jolles 18 (18 (180 1 (1 (

RESUMO Desde seu lançamento, Lucíola (1862) tem sido objeto de análises que abordam especialmente o paralelo com a A dama das camélias (Alexandre Dumas Filho) e Paulo e Virgínia (Bernardin de St-Pierre). Porém, raramente as questões ali presentes foram tratadas em seu conjunto, de modo a constituírem uma narrativa única e coerente. Pois, a despeito da linguagem erótica dos capítulos iniciais, as imagens idílicas ou “analogia da inocência” (Frye) acabam por sobrepor-se gradualmente na construção de cenas, diálogos e situações, assim como nas remissões à obra de St. Pierre, a Atala (Chateaubriand) e aos idílios de Teócrito. Assim, Lucíola sofre uma modificação crucial em seu mythos, que passa a orbitar em torno do conceito de idílio, não apenas enquanto locus amoenus (Curtius) mas sobretudo no sentido moderno atribuído a ele por Schiller (1800), segundo o qual trata-se de um vir-a-ser que só se realiza plenamente na chave da transcendência. Tal reorientação, da imanência à transcendência, aproxima-o de uma das chamadas “formas simples” (Jolles), que é a legenda cristã. Ao objetificar bem e mal, a legenda culmina na personagem qualitativamente superior do santo, cujos mythos se dão através do “trajeto que conduz à santidade” (Jolles). Discutindo tais premissas teóricas, o artigo propõe que a crítica a Lucíola revelou profunda incompreensão quanto ao papel discursivo de G.M., a digna senhora responsável por publicar as cartas a ela entregues por Paulo, o amante da heroína. G.M. compreende a construção do romance enquanto vita e exemplum - algo que o narrador não chega a entender. lançamento 1862 (1862 Alexandre Filho Bernardin StPierre. StPierre St Pierre . St-Pierre) Porém conjunto coerente Pois iniciais analogia inocência Frye (Frye sobreporse sobrepor cenas situações Chateaubriand (Chateaubriand Teócrito Assim idílio Curtius (Curtius 1800, 1800 , (1800) tratase trata viraser vir ser transcendência reorientação aproximao aproxima formas simples Jolles, Jolles (Jolles) cristã mal santo trajeto santidade Jolles. teóricas GM G M heroína G.M entender 186 (186 St-Pierre 180 (1800 (Jolles 18 (18 (180 1 (1 (

Résumé Cet article retrace l’évolution des caractéristiques légendaires de l’une des créatures les plus menaçantes de l’antiquité gréco-romaine : le basilic. Les auteurs examinent tout d’abord la description la plus ancienne du basilic (Nicandre de Colophon) dans laquelle ses caractéristiques extraordinaires sont encore « limitées » (il ne peut en effet tuer avec sa vue, son souffle ou son sifflement). En étudiant les représentations ultérieures de cette créature, on constate qu’elles le dotent de ces nouvelles capacités. Ils essaient de démontrer que diverses corruptions des sources textuelles ont eu lieu lors de la transmission des descriptions du basilic. Avec le temps, les caractéristiques du basilic ont été exagérées et dramatisées. Ayant été importés et adaptés, des topoï préexistants décrivant d’autres créatures dangereuses et leur vénénosité, ont enjolivé les descriptions du basilic. Certaines qualités, qui s’excluaient pourtant mutuellement, ont même été combinées. En raison d’erreurs textuelles dans les sources, certaines caractéristiques (ne correspondant pas à la caractérisation conventionnelle de cette créature) sont apparues, comme par exemple le pouvoir de fendre les rochers. Les auteurs essaient d’établir comment de telles erreurs ont pu se produire. lévolution l évolution lune une lantiquité antiquité grécoromaine gréco romaine dabord d abord Nicandre Colophon il vue sifflement. sifflement . sifflement) créature quelles qu elles capacités temps dramatisées adaptés dautres autres vénénosité qualités sexcluaient s excluaient mutuellement combinées derreurs apparues rochers détablir établir produire

Abstract The article traces the development of the legendary features of one of the most menacing creatures of Graeco-Roman antiquity, i.e., the basilisk. The authors refer to the earliest description (Nicander of Colophon), where the basilisk’s extraordinary features are “limited” (it cannot yet kill with its sight, breath or hiss). Later depictions, however, do endow the creature with these abilities. The authors aim to demonstrate that various corruptions of the source texts have occurred in the transmission of the content. Later the creature’s characteristics were exaggerated and dramatized. The pre-existing topoi depicting other dangerous creatures and their venomousness - after their import and adaptation - have further embellished the basilisk’s description. Some mutually exclusive qualities have even been combined. Due to textual errors some features (ill-fitting to the convention of this creature’s characterisation) have appeared, i.e., the power to crack rocks. The authors try to establish how such mistakes might have happened. GraecoRoman Graeco Roman antiquity ie i e i.e. basilisk Nicander Colophon, Colophon , Colophon) basilisks s limited “limited it sight hiss. hiss . hiss) depictions however abilities content dramatized preexisting pre existing combined illfitting ill fitting characterisation appeared rocks happened i.e

Resumo O artigo traça o desenvolvimento das características lendárias de uma das criaturas mais ameaçadoras da antiguidade greco-romana: o basilisco. Os autores referem-se à descrição mais antiga (Nicandro de Cólofon), na qual as características extraordinárias do basilisco são ‘limitadas’ (ainda não pode matar com sua visão, respiração ou sibilo). Representações posteriores, no entanto, dotam a criatura com essas habilidades. Os autores pretendem demonstrar que várias corrupções dos textos de origem ocorreram na transmissão do conteúdo. Mais tarde, as características da criatura foram exageradas e dramatizadas. Os topoi pré-existentes representando outras criaturas perigosas e sua venenosidade - após a sua incorporação e adaptação - embelezaram ainda mais a descrição do basilisco. Algumas qualidades mutuamente exclusivas foram misturadas. Devido a erros textuais, algumas características (mal adequadas à convenção de caracterização desta criatura) apareceram, por exemplo, o poder de fender pedras. Os autores tentam estabelecer como tais erros podem ter acontecido. grecoromana greco romana greco-romana referemse referem se Nicandro Cólofon, Cólofon , Cólofon) ‘limitadas limitadas visão sibilo. sibilo . sibilo) posteriores entanto habilidades conteúdo tarde dramatizadas préexistentes pré existentes misturadas textuais mal apareceram exemplo pedras acontecido

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Abstract For several years, studies on environmental conflicts have started to focus on the social and territorial effects of these disputes. These works addressing the productivities of conflicts have demonstrated their potential to regard these phenomena as transformation events. Territorial productivities refer to the territorial transformations that emerge from conflicts. These refer to changes in spatial representation and qualification and the creation of new territories, delineation of zones, changes in land use, and control. Here we find a less explored aspect that allows linking both dimensions and considers another modality of territorial productivity, dealing with the interpretation of territorial hallmarks that emerge in the context of conflicts. This study proposes to incorporate the interpretation of territorial hallmarks as a specific type of territorial productivity. To this end, it is essential to consider the contributions of the cultural approach of Geography, observing the materiality, the senses, and the practices articulated around these forms arising from the stakeholders involved in the conflicts. The Discussion section proposes considering territorial hallmarks as modalities and spaces that adopt or confirm meanings as a result of a social process within a given historical context. Territorial hallmarks add clarity to the relationship between the materiality of a form and the allocation of meaning, the creation and maintenance of which involve collective processes linked to a territorial project. This is the starting point for articulating considerations that allow us to focus on the symbolic and political value of hallmarks, spatial practices, and narratives articulated around these forms and that are intertwined with the construction of identities and memorization processes. To deepen the proposal, the article analyzes territorial hallmarks produced during a relevant national and Latin American environmental conflict: the dispute around open-pit mining in Esquel (Chubut, Argentina) since 2002. Two decades later, questions arise as to what territorial hallmarks have been built from collective actions and how they relate to the spatial meanings and practices of the community. These questions were addressed through a methodological design in line with the cultural approach of Geography, which assumes the challenge of accessing the interpretations and meanings, as well as the various opinions and practices of the local urban inhabitants. In this respect, the Methodology section addresses the characteristics of fieldwork in Esquel, based on Lindon's considerations in his proposal of geographical constructivism. In addition to in-depth work considering different secondary sources - academic studies and audiovisual productions, among others - to reconstruct the events and process of the case, fieldwork combined the observation and photographic record of possible territorial hallmarks with non-directive interviews in which the different images of forms sought to favor free association processes and stimulate accounts about spatial practices and meanings. Interviews were conducted in March 2021 with residents of Esquel having different conceptions and degrees of involvement in the environmental conflict. These interviews allowed for evaluating to what extent the forms photographed can be considered territorial hallmarks of the conflict. From this work, the Results section analyzes three territorial hallmarks that emerged from the collective actions in Esquel in opposition to open-pit mining and the way in which these are conceived by the local community. Each has its own characteristics: a "No to the mine" legend written with painted stones on the hill closest to the city, a place that is considered the location of collective actions, and a plaque commemorating the referendum in a central corner facing the building that was once the office of the mining company Meridian Gold. The analysis of these forms from the stories of people involved in different ways in the conflict illustrates various aspects discussed from the conceptualization of territorial hallmarks. Additionally, this analysis aims to show that territorial hallmarks have meanings and carry narratives of the conflicts, sometimes dissimilar or antagonistic according to the perspective of different social stakeholders, but which contribute to sustaining conflicts as a backbone of the territorial project of communities.

Abstract The mangrove represents an ecosystem that marks the transition between terrestrial and marine environments and is considered as an important ecological indicator for the ecosystem services provided. However, even with its ecological importance, this ecosystem suffers human pressures and has been losing area and environmental quality. In Brazil, and particularly in Paranaguá, a number of anthropic uses have caused strong pressures on mangroves. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to assess the degree of anthropization of the urban mangroves in the city of Paranaguá (PR), through the use of very high spatial resolution images, obtained from Remotely Piloted Aircraft in order to support municipal policies for land-use planning. The methodological scope adopted involved the production of maps with the QGIS 3.10 software, from the photointerpretation of orthomosaics obtained through a field campaign. The anthropization classes adopted in the legend were: Household Garbage (i), Debris (construction material) (ii), Untreated domestic effluents (residential) (iii) and Shackle (iv). As results, it was identified 475 points of anthropic pressure on the 22 mangrove patches analyzed. The main class was household garbage, followed respectively by untreated domestic effluents (residential), debris (construction material) and, finally, shackles. The conclusions point out that the use of high-resolution orthomosaics proved to be an important and effective tool in analyzing the anthropization of urban mangroves, highlighting the areas with higher pressure and contributing to a continuous monitoring. The products of this research can help in the elaboration of land-use planning instruments for the municipality, emphasizing the need for the construction of a holistic view in favor of mangrove conservation. provided However importance quality Brazil Therefore PR, PR , (PR) images landuse land 310 3 10 3.1 software campaign were i, i (i) material ii, ii (ii) residential (residential iii (iii iv. iv . (iv) results 47 2 analyzed garbage residential, finally shackles highresolution monitoring municipality conservation (PR 31 1 3. (i (ii (iv 4

Resumo O manguezal é um ecossistema de transição entre os ambientes terrestre e marinho e representa um importante indicador ecológico pelos serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos. No entanto, apesar da relevância ecológica, ainda sofre pressões antrópicas e vem perdendo em extensão e qualidade ambiental. No Brasil e, especificamente, no município de Paranaguá, uma mescla de uso antrópico tem causado pressões significativas sobre os manguezais. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o grau de antropização dos manguezais urbanos do município de Paranaguá (PR), através da utilização de imagens de altíssima resolução espacial, obtidas através de Aeronave Remotamente Pilotada a fim de subsidiar políticas municipais de ordenamento territorial. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a partir de campanhas de campo, foram produzidos mapas com auxílio do software QGIS 3.10, a partir da fotointerpretação de ortomosaicos. A legenda das classes de antropização abrangeu: deposição de lixo domiciliar (i), entulhos (ii), lançamento de efluentes domésticos sem tratamento (iii) e manilhas (iv). Os resultados apontaram um total de 475 pontos de pressão antrópica sobre as 22 manchas de manguezal analisadas. A classe de maior destaque foi a de lixo domiciliar, seguida respectivamente de lançamento de efluentes domésticos sem tratamento, entulhos (material de construção) e, por fim, manilha. Como conclusão, o uso de ortomosaicos de alta resolução mostrou ser uma ferramenta importante e eficaz na análise da antropização dos manguezais urbanos, destacando assim , as áreas com maior pressão e, contribuindo para um monitoramento contínuo. Os produtos desta pesquisa podem auxiliar na elaboração de de instrumentos de ordenamento territorial do município, destacando a necessidade da construção de um olhar holístico em prol da conservação dos manguezais. fornecidos entanto ecológica ambiental especificamente sentido PR, PR (PR) espacial metodológico campo 310 3 10 3.10 abrangeu i, i (i) ii, ii (ii) iii (iii iv. iv . (iv) 47 2 analisadas material manilha conclusão contínuo (PR 31 1 3.1 (i (ii (iv 4 3.