Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Hierdie artikel ondersoek twee aspekte wat die outentiekheid van 'n plaaslike regering raak, naamlik die antesedente en die gevolglikheid daarvan. 'n Begripsraamwerk en 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg van "plaaslike regering" is as teoretiese lense vir die ondersoek gebruik. Wat die antesedente van plaaslike regering betref (magtiging, inwoners, natuurlike en fisiese ligging, samewerkende regerings, en vermoëns), het Orania nie as gevolg van magtigende maatreëls soos die Grondwet en voortspruitende wetgewing ontstaan nie, maar as gevolg van 'n kultuurgemeenskap se strewe en gevolglike aankoop van 'n stuk grond. Anders as die inwoners van munisipaliteite in die res van Suid-Afrika het Orania se inwoners verblyfreg verkry op grond van hul onderskrywing van Orania se ontstaansredes. Die eiesoortige fisiese ligging van Orania is doelbewus deur die grondleggers gekies en is bepalend vir die voorsiening van energie, water en ander infrastruktuur-verwante dienste deur Orania Dorpsraad. Die dorpsadministrasie blyk voorts oor voldoende fondse, raadslede en amptenare te beskik om sy funksies uit te voer en sodoende 'n tuiste vir sy gemeenskap te skep. Wat die gevolglikheid van plaaslike regering betref (lewensgehalte, demokratiese en verantwoordelike regering, volhoubare dienslewering, maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en veilige en gesonde omgewing) blyk die Orania inwonersgemeenskap goeie lewensgehalte te ervaar. Hulle blyk deurlopend betrokke te wees by verskeie gemeenskapsorganisasies, 'n demokratiese en verant-woordingspligtige Orania Verteenwoordigende Raad (OVR) en dorpsadministrasie. Voorts ontvang hulle volhoubare munisipale dienslewering, ervaar maatskaplike en ekonomiese ontwikkeling en leef in 'n veilige en gesonde omgewing. 'n Outentieke plaaslike regering blyk een te wees wat goed geïntegreer is met sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, voortdurend ongemaklik is met die hede, en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer. Orania is klaarblyklik só 'n plaaslike regering.

Local government is distinguished from other spheres of government based on its unique institutional characteristics, the local nature of its governmental functions, and the territorial delineation of its local jurisdiction. Despite being localised, local governments often fail to meet the specific needs of their residents. The implication is that they are not authentic local governments. This article examines two aspects that have an impact on the authenticity of a local government: the necessary conditions (antecedents) for and the consequences of an authentic local government. These aspects are considered through a case study of Orania as a non-typical instance of a South African local government. A conceptual framework and a social ontology of care are used as theoretical lenses to analyse and understand the antecedents and consequences of a local government. In the preceding article, it was reported that the case of Orania does indeed align with the characteristics associated with the concept of "local government". The antecedents of local government have been shown to be authorisation, residents, natural and physical location, cooperative governments, and capabilities. It appears that Orania did not originate due to authorising measures such as the Constitution and subsequent legislation. Instead, it came about because of a cultural community's aspirations and the subsequent acquisition of a piece of land while obtaining legal authorisation at a later stage by means of an order of the High Court. The residents of Orania do not seem to be accidental inhabitants; but are residents based on their alignment with Orania's founding principles. The unique physical location of Orania was deliberately chosen and plays a crucial role in the provision of energy, water, and other infrastructure-related services by the Orania Town Council and administration. The Town Council and its administration appear to have sufficient funds, competent and ethical council members and officials to carry out its functions and create a home for its community. Regarding the consequences of local government, the Orania community seems to experience a good quality of life while actively engaging in various community organisations, participating in the democratic election of an accountable Orania Representative Council (OVR) and Town Council, receiving sustainable municipal services, and witnessing social and economic development. Additionally, they enjoy a safe and healthy environment. An authentic local government is thus one that is integrally connected to its local community and the surrounding world. It continually grapples with present challenges and genuinely cares for its community and the world it inhabits. Orania, therefore, appears to embody the characteristics of a local government.

RESUMEN Introducción: el traumatismo craneoencefálico muestra una alta prevalencia, representa un problema de salud pública y ocasiona un número importante de muertes violentas. Objetivo: caracterizar la mortalidad de los pacientes por traumatismo craneoencefálico en el Departamento de Medicina Legal de Villa Clara. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo, descriptiva, transversal, en el Departamento de Medicina Legal del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico “Arnaldo Milián Castro” de Villa Clara en el período comprendido de enero de 2021 a diciembre de 2022. Se utilizaron los métodos histórico e inductivo deductivo, el análisis documental de historias clínicas, las actas de necropsia, de observación y el estadístico. Resultados: las edades jóvenes son las más afectadas, predominó el sexo masculino, la etiología más frecuente es la accidental vinculada a los hechos del tránsito, las lesiones que predominan son la fractura lineal (83,3%) y la hemorragia subaracnoidea (66,7%), el traumatismo craneoencefálico moderado es el más representativo (52,1%) y como causas directas de muerte hubo predominio del edema cerebral (71,9%) y de la hemorragia subaracnoidea (12,5%). Conclusiones: las edades jóvenes y el sexo masculino son los más vulnerables. La etiología médico-legal accidental relacionada con los accidentes de tránsito es la más representativa. La lesión más frecuente es la fractura lineal. Predominó el traumatismo craneoencefálico moderado. La casusa directa de muerte que más prevalece es el edema cerebral.

ABSTRACT Introduction: traumatic brain injury shows a high prevalence, represents a public health problem and causes a significant number of violent deaths. Objective: to characterize the mortality of patients due to traumatic brain injury in the Department of Legal Medicine of Villa Clara. Methods: a descriptive, transversal, developmental research was carried out in the Department of Legal Medicine of the “Arnaldo Milián Castro” Clinical Surgical University Hospital of Villa Clara in the period from January 2021 to December 2022. Historical methods were used. and inductive deductive, documentary analysis of medical records, autopsy records, observation and statistics. Results: young ages are the most affected, the male sex predominated, the most frequent etiology is accidental linked to traffic events, the predominant injuries are linear fracture (83.3%) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (66.3%). 7%), moderate head trauma is the most representative (52.1%) and as direct causes of death there was a predominance of cerebral edema (71.9%) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (12.5%). Conclusions: young ages and the male sex are the most vulnerable. The accidental medico-legal etiology related to traffic accidents is the most representative. The most common injury is the linear fracture. Moderate head trauma predominated. The most prevalent direct cause of death is cerebral edema.

Abstract This article is based on a representative and randomly selected sample of 396 individual criminal decisions from the Federal Supreme Court, issued between January 1, 2020, and June 22, 2021, related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We tracked the petitions, the type of imprisonment, the date of judgment, the type of legal action, and the outcomes of these requests. Subsequently, we conducted a qualitative analysis of the arguments employed by the Court in reaching its decisions. The main objective of the study is to understand how the Court ruled on requests for release from incarceration and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in the judicial reasoning. The findings indicate that the pandemic had no relevant impact on the Court’s decision-making process. Dismissals on procedural grounds prevailed, allowing the court to avoid ruling on the merits of a claim. On the other hand, when the merits were analyzed, the pandemic was not treated as a sufficient argument for releasing a prisoner. Additionally, during the pandemic, CNJ’s Recommendation No. 62 and ADPF No. 347 had no argumentative prominence in the few decisions that granted requests for release. This research reinforces the diagnosis that the pandemic has not changed how the Judiciary deals with imprisonment. This finding contributes to understand the challenges in tackling mass incarceration in Brazil. 39 1 2020 22 2021 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 petitions imprisonment judgment action Subsequently Covid19 Covid Covid-1 reasoning Courts s decisionmaking decision making process prevailed claim hand analyzed prisoner Additionally CNJs CNJ No 6 34 Brazil 3 202 2 COVID1 COVID- Covid1 Covid- 20

Resumo Este artigo é baseado em uma amostra representativa e aleatória de 396 decisões monocráticas penais do Supremo Tribunal Federal, proferidas entre 01/01/2020 e 22/06/2021, que mencionam a pandemia de Covid-19. Foram mapeados os pedidos, o tipo de prisão, a data de julgamento, o tipo de ação e o resultado dos pedidos. Em seguida, foi feita uma análise qualitativa dos argumentos utilizados pela Corte para decidir. O objetivo principal do estudo é compreender como a Corte julgou pedidos de desencarceramento e o peso da pandemia de Covid-19 na argumentação judicial. Os dados indicam que a pandemia não teve impacto relevante na forma de decidir do STF em casos de prisão. Prevaleceram os indeferimentos de pedidos de soltura, com significativa mobilização argumentativa de óbices processuais, permitindo que a Corte não se posicionasse sobre questões de mérito. Por outro lado, quando o mérito foi analisado, a pandemia não foi tratada como argumento suficiente para desencarcerar. Ademais, a pandemia, a Recomendação 62 do CNJ e a ADPF 347 não tiveram grande destaque argumentativo nas poucas decisões que concederam pedidos de desencarceramento. A pesquisa reforça o diagnóstico de que a pandemia não mudou o modo como o Judiciário lida com a prisão. Esse achado de pesquisa contribui para a compreensão dos obstáculos para o enfrentamento do superencarceramento no Brasil. 39 Federal 01012020 01 2020 01/01/202 22062021 22 06 2021 22/06/2021 Covid19. Covid19 Covid 19. 19 prisão julgamento seguida Covid-1 judicial soltura processuais lado analisado desencarcerar Ademais 6 34 Brasil 3 0101202 0 202 01/01/20 2206202 2 22/06/202 Covid1 1 Covid- 010120 20 01/01/2 220620 22/06/20 01012 01/01/ 22062 22/06/2 0101 01/01 2206 22/06/ 010 01/0 220 22/06 01/ 22/0 22/

Resumo O presente artigo é resultado de uma análise comparada entre as diversas espécies de sistemas eleitorais, com o fim de estabelecer as bases para uma justiça eleitoral. São estudadas as principais características de sistemas eleitorais, no que diz respeito às suas funções normativas, executivas e jurisdicionais, bem como a independência e autonomia entre elas; à sua alocação em uma das três esferas de poder estatal; ao recrutamento, à carreira e às prerrogativas dos membros que a integram; e aos princípios fundamentais e diretrizes que orientam suas decisões. O objeto da pesquisa contempla direitos nacionais representativos de sistemas jurídicos de influência do common law e do civil law e, com lastro em normas internacionais, a justiça eleitoral é situada como uma instituição indispensável para a salvaguarda de direitos fundamentais, sob a ótica dos direitos humanos. De modo qualitativo, com suporte legislativo e doutrinário, enseja-se uma exposição e a reflexão sobre as conformações da justiça eleitoral, seus estândares mínimos e o papel que ela desempenha na manutenção de uma democracia. eleitorais normativas jurisdicionais elas estatal recrutamento integram decisões internacionais humanos qualitativo doutrinário ensejase enseja se democracia

Abstract This article is the result of a comparative analysis of the various types of electoral systems, with the aim of establishing the foundations of electoral justice. The main characteristics of electoral systems are studied in terms of their normative, executive and adjudicative functions, as well the independence and autonomy among them; the allocation of such functions to one of the three spheres of state power; the recruitment, career and prerogatives of their members; and the main principles and guidelines orienting their decisions. The research is focused on national rights representative of legal systems influenced by common law and civil law. Based on international norms, electoral justice is contextualized as an indispensable mechanism of safeguarding fundamental rights from a human rights perspective. With a qualitative approach, supported by legislation and legal doctrine, the paper presents and reflects on the forms of electoral justice, its minimum standards, and the role played by such justice in the maintenance of a democracy. The research is focused on the subject of national rights representative of legal systems influenced by common law and civil law; with support from international norms, electoral justice is contextualized as an indispensable institution to safeguard fundamental rights from the perspective of human rights. In a qualitative approach, with support from legislative and doctrinal texts, the article provides an exposition and reflection on the forms of electoral justice, the minimum standards and the role played by such justice in maintaining a democracy. normative them power recruitment members decisions norms approach doctrine democracy texts

Resumo Introdução: A onicomadese é o descolamento da placa ungueal a partir da prega proximal da unha. Esta alteração ungueal autolimitada foi descrita como uma complicação tardia da doença mão-pé-boca, uma infeção viral comum em crianças. Descrição do caso: Criança do sexo feminino de quatro anos, acompanhada pelo pai (representante legal), recorreu a consulta aberta (CA) com um quadro de febre alta, vesículas e pústulas na mucosa oral, língua, períneo, palmas e plantas das mãos e pés. Foi feito o diagnóstico de doença mão-pé-boca. Após três semanas recorre novamente a CA, com resolução completa do quadro viral, mas com alterações ungueais compatíveis com onicomadese. Comentário: A onicomadese secundária à doença mão-pé-boca é uma manifestação relativamente incomum, mas que causa bastante ansiedade aos pais. O reconhecimento desta associação permite orientar os pais sobre a situação transitória e benigna que pode surgir com esta infeção viral, evitando ansiedade, sobreutilização dos cuidados de saúde e tratamentos desnecessários.

Abstract Introduction: Onychomadesis is the detachment of the nail plate from the proximal crease of the nail. This self-limited nail change has been described as a late complication of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, a common viral infection in children. Case description: A 4-year-old female child, accompanied by her father (legal representative), presented to an urgent appointment with high fever, vesicles, and pustules on the oral mucosa, tongue, perineum, palms, and soles of the hands and feet. The diagnosis of hand-foot-mouth disease was made. After three weeks, she returned to another appointment, with complete resolution of the viral picture, but with nail changes consistent with onychomadesis. Comment: Onychomadesis secondary to hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a relatively uncommon manifestation, but one that causes considerable anxiety to parents. Recognition of this association makes it possible to guide parents on the transient and benign situation that can arise with this viral infection, avoiding anxiety, overuse of health care, and unnecessary treatments.

ABSTRACT The Serra da Bodoquena National Park is an important protected area that promotes the conservation of a threatened ecosystem, the Dry Forest. It comprises two major fragments of predominantly Seasonally Dry Forest vegetation. The two fragments are under different protection schemes because they are considered different biomes. The southern fragment is considered part of the Atlantic Forest biome, and is thus protected by the Atlantic Forest Law, while the northern one is considered part of the Cerrado biome and is protected by the Native Vegetation Protection Law of Brazil (2012). This difference affects management and threatens the conservation of the National Park. The Native Vegetation Protection Law is more permissive, thus increasing the conflicts between the park and surroundings in the northern fragment. We used floristic composition to provide a more accurate definition for the two fragments with regard to their phytogeographical domain. Our results identified high floristic similarity between the fragments, indicating the same vegetation type for both. Among the 202 plant species identified in this study, 76% belong to the Atlantic Forest biome. This relatively high proportion indicates that the predominant vegetation and species composition of the National Park is typical of the Atlantic Forest. The occurrence of fragments of the Atlantic Forest, with a representative number of species of its flora outside the area of application of the law of the Atlantic Forest, defined by Decree No. 6.660 / 2008, indicates the need to elaborate or adapt the law to protect these fragments. ecosystem biomes 2012. 2012 . (2012) permissive domain both 20 study 76 No 6660 6 660 6.66 2008 201 (2012 2 7 666 66 6.6 200 (201 6. (20 (2 (

Abstract The National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is recognized worldwide as a successful public food and nutritional security policy, but many Brazilian municipalities have demonstrated difficulties in meeting the minimum purchases from family farming (AF) established in Law No. 11,947/2009. Among the possible constraints are municipal state capabilities, although empirical inferential studies are still lacking. Given this, this study aimed to understand the relationships between local state capabilities and AF purchases in the PNAE, using as a response variable the percentage of resources used by municipalities in direct AF purchases and, as explanatory variables, representative of technical- administrative, political-relational and local context. As an analysis technique, t-tests for the difference between means, Chi-square test and quantile regression were used. The results confirm the existence of a significant difference between the level of capacity of municipalities that, in 2019, met the legal minimum for acquisitions and those that failed to reach this target. The influence of state technical-administrative and political-relational capabilities on the percentage of purchases made was also revealed, corroborating the importance of considering these elements in analytical models and in the management of public policies implemented in this context. PNAE (PNAE policy (AF No 119472009 11 947 2009 11,947/2009 lacking variables technical administrative politicalrelational political relational context technique ttests t tests means Chisquare Chi square 2019 target technicaladministrative revealed 11947200 1 94 200 11,947/200 201 1194720 9 20 11,947/20 119472 2 11,947/2 11947 11,947/ 1194 11,947 119 11,94 11,9 11,

Resumo O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) é reconhecido mundialmente como uma bem-sucedida política pública de segurança alimentar e nutricional, porém muitos municípios brasileiros têm demonstrado dificuldades em cumprir o mínimo de compras da agricultura familiar (AF) estabelecido na Lei nº 11.947/2009. Entre os possíveis condicionantes estão as capacidades estatais municipais, embora ainda faltem estudos empíricos inferenciais. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo compreender as relações entre capacidades estatais locais e compras da AF no PNAE, utilizando como variável de resposta o percentual de recursos empregados pelos municípios em compras diretas da AF e, como explicativas, variáveis representativas das capacidades técnico-administrativa, político-relacional e do contexto local. Como técnica de análise foram utilizados testes t de diferença entre médias, teste Qui-quadrado e regressão quantílica. Os resultados confirmam a existência de uma diferença significante entre o nível de capacidade dos municípios que, em 2019, cumpriram o mínimo legal de aquisições e aqueles que falharam no alcance dessa meta. Revelou-se, ainda, a influência das capacidades estatais técnico-administrativas e político-relacionais no percentual de compras efetuado, corroborando a importância de se considerar esses elementos nos modelos analíticos e na gestão de políticas públicas implementadas nesse contexto. PNAE (PNAE bemsucedida bem sucedida nutricional (AF 119472009 11 947 2009 11.947/2009 municipais inferenciais disso explicativas técnicoadministrativa, técnicoadministrativa técnico administrativa, administrativa técnico-administrativa políticorelacional político relacional local médias Quiquadrado Qui quadrado quantílica 2019 meta Revelouse, Revelouse Revelou se, Revelou-se técnicoadministrativas administrativas políticorelacionais relacionais efetuado 11947200 1 94 200 11.947/200 201 1194720 9 20 11.947/20 119472 2 11.947/2 11947 11.947/ 1194 11.947 119 11.94 11.9 11.

Abstract: This article discusses the requirements for the production of the digital representative in the contexts of scanning for preservation and scanning for replacement. To elucidate the procedures for each of the situations based on research into legal, directive, and standardizing standards, an analysis of the requirements and technological tools used in the respective document digitization situations was carried out. The research methodology used has a qualitative, bibliographic, and documentary approach, allowing us to relate the main ones identified and propose new considerations regarding the production of the digital representative. As a result, it was found that the preservation scanning process presents robust attributes capable of guaranteeing the security of the scanning procedure, the resolution, and the quality of the digital image of the digital representative. In relation to replacement digitization, it was found that the legislative decree does not comply with archival principles and the publication of a directive and another guide were beneficial to the procedure. It was concluded that the aspects of preservation scanning and replacement scanning together guarantee the digital representative the best quality of the captured image, the necessary resolution for each type of document, the minimum necessary metadata, and secure storage, based on parameters well delimited. Therefore, sharing the space and technological resources made available for digitization would contribute to the standardization of requirements, necessary metadata, and the insertion of the digital representative in the institution's virtual environment, interoperating with natively digital documents, in management and information systems. digital archival preservation. Abstract legal standards out qualitative bibliographic approach result procedure metadata storage delimited Therefore institutions institution s environment documents systems

Resumo: Esse artigo discute os requisitos para a produção do representante digital nos contextos da digitalização para preservação e da digitalização para substituição. Com o objetivo de elucidar os procedimentos para cada uma das situações a partir da pesquisa nas normas legais, diretivas e padronizadoras, foi realizada a análise dos requisitos e das ferramentas tecnológicas utilizadas nas respectivas situações da digitalização documental. A metodologia de pesquisa empregada possui uma abordagem qualitativa, bibliográfica e documental, permitindo relacionar os principais identificados e propor novas considerações acerca da produção do representante digital. Como resultado, foi constatado que o processo de digitalização de preservação, apresenta atributos robustos capazes de garantir a segurança do procedimento de digitalização, a resolução e a qualidade da imagem digital do representante digital. Em relação à digitalização de substituição, foi verificado que o decreto legislativo não atende os princípios arquivísticos e a publicação de uma norma diretiva e outra orientadora foram benéficas para o procedimento. Concluiu-se que os aspectos da digitalização de preservação e da digitalização de substituição em conjunto, garantem ao representante digital a melhor qualidade da imagem capturada, a resolução necessária para cada tipo documental, os metadados mínimos necessários e o armazenamento seguro, a partir de parâmetros bem delimitados. Logo, o compartilhamento do espaço e dos recursos tecnológicos disponibilizados para a digitalização, contribuiria para a padronização de requisitos, de metadados necessários, e a inserção do representante digital no ambiente virtual da instituição, interoperando com documentos nato digitais, em sistemas de gerenciamento e de preservação arquivística digital. Resumo legais padronizadoras documental qualitativa resultado Concluiuse Concluiu se conjunto capturada seguro delimitados Logo instituição digitais

In June 2022, the United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict expressed that the ongoing use and recruitment of children in armed conflict globally warrants "international concern". Notwithstanding the existence of proscriptive norms in terms of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL), international legal violations are nevertheless committed by states and non-state actors. A systematic analysis of the respective normative systems identifies a lacuna between specific provisions thereof. Consequently, violations are committed in armed conflicts for the purposes of IHRL but not IHL, it is contended that this inconsistency in the law perpetuates ongoing child soldiering. It is further contended that this inconsistency establishes a genus of children who are legally unprotected as they fall between the cracks of international law. Based on progressive jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, an approach which will bridge the lacuna between these norms is proposed. Contrary to the view of the International Committee of the Red Cross and with due consideration for the lex specialis principle, it is proposed that the IHL and IHRL instruments should apply in a complementary fashion, as opposed to the separate legal regimes under which they have developed.

ABSTRACT The present work will address the possibility of substitutive health consent in cases of people in situation of guardianship, to ascertain whether the legal representative of the person with disabilities would be allowed to decide also on existential aspects. Therefore, an analysis of free and informed consent will be made as materialization of respect for the patient’s autonomy, and their validity requirements, especially regarding capacity. The changes promoted by the Statute of Persons with Disabilities to promote the inclusion and autonomy of persons with disabilities, especially regarding the limits of guardianship, will also be analyzed. guardianship aspects Therefore patients patient s requirements capacity analyzed

RESUMO O presente trabalho aborda a possibilidade de consentimento substitutivo no âmbito da saúde em casos de pessoas em situação de curatela, para averiguar se seria permitido ao representante legal da pessoa com deficiência decidir também sobre aspectos existenciais. Para tanto, apresenta-se uma análise do consentimento livre e esclarecido como materialização do respeito à autonomia do paciente, e dos seus requisitos de validade, especialmente no que se refere à capacidade. São analisadas, também, as alterações promovidas pelo Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência para promover a inclusão e a autonomia da pessoa com deficiência, especialmente no que se refere aos limites da curatela. curatela existenciais tanto apresentase apresenta paciente validade capacidade analisadas

Resumen En este artículo se examina el despliegue del poder empresarial en Chile en el espacio concreto del Centro de Estudios Públicos (CEP). Según datos del año 2021, son 79 las empresas, personas jurídicas y personas naturales que aportaron una donación anual a esta institución. Esta cifra de donantes motiva el objetivo principal de este artículo: analizar la estructura de poder corporativo que se teje alrededor de este think tank y de las empresas que lo financian. Para ello, se responden dos preguntas fundamentales: ¿cuáles son las empresas centrales en la red corporativa de los financiadores del CEP? y ¿cuáles son los directores y consejeros más representativos de esta red corporativa de los financiadores del CEP? Metodológicamente se ha utilizado el análisis de redes sociales que permite identificar cómo se organizan las redes corporativas cuando las empresas comparten directorios y consejeros (interlocking directorates). En este marco, se discute el liderazgo de los grupos económicos Angelini, Matte y Luksic en la red corporativa tejida alrededor de este think tank; además, se demuestra cómo hasta 40 consejeros directivos del CEP ocupan cargos en empresas que lo financian. Por último, se concluye que la estructuración reticular del poder de los grupos económicos en Chile ha traído consecuencias relacionadas con la resiliencia del neoliberalismo en el país.

Abstract This article examines the deployment of business power in Chile in a specific space - namely, the think tank Centro de Estudios Públicos (CEP). According to data from the year 2021, there are 79 companies, legal entities, and individuals that made an annual donation to the institution. This number of donors motivates the main objective of this article: to analyze the corporate power structure that is articulated between this think tank and the companies that finance it. To this end, two fundamental questions are answered: which are the core companies in the corporate network of CEP funders and which are the most representative directors and board members of this corporate network of CEP funders? Regarding the methodology, social network analysis has been used to identify how corporate networks are organized when companies share directors and advisors (interlocking directorates). The leadership of economic groups like Angelini, Matte, and Luksic in the corporate network shows how these relations are intertwined. In addition, it exhibits how 40 directors of the CEP held positions in companies that provide economic stimulus to the think tank. Finally, it is concluded about the reticular structure of the power of productive elites in Chile and their consequences related to the resilience of neoliberalism in this country.

ABSTRACT This article delves into the analysis of the criminal liability of the hospital legal representative in relation to the failure to apply the prioritized emergency code activation manual (EP) in the context of health services in Ecuador. It highlights the impact of overload in health services and its direct consequence on the timely provision of care to patients in emergency situations. The academic-educational approach of the article aims to provide an enriching understanding of this complex topic. It highlights the urgent need to clarify both the legal responsibility of the health personnel who refer patients in prioritized emergencies, as well as that of the hospital's legal representative, who is faced with the difficult task of receiving these patients without the appropriate resources to address their clinical conditions. Through an informed and contextual analysis, relevant constitutional and legal aspects are addressed, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the scope of this responsibility. In addition, practical experiences and court cases are incorporated to enrich the understanding of the guarantor role that the hospital legal representative assumes in these challenging circumstances.

RESUMEN Este artículo se adentra en el análisis de la responsabilidad penal del representante legal hospitalario en relación con la omisión de aplicar el manual de activación de código de emergencia priorizada (EP) en el contexto de los servicios de salud en Ecuador. Se resalta el impacto de la sobrecarga en los servicios de salud y su consecuencia directa en la prestación oportuna de atención a pacientes en situaciones de emergencia. El enfoque académico educativo del artículo se orienta a brindar un entendimiento enriquecedor sobre este complejo tema. Se subraya la urgente necesidad de esclarecer tanto la responsabilidad legal del personal de salud que remite a pacientes en emergencias priorizadas, como la del representante legal del hospital, quien se enfrenta a la difícil tarea de recibir a estos pacientes sin los recursos idóneos para abordar sus condiciones clínicas. A través de un análisis informado y contextual, se abordan aspectos constitucionales y legales pertinentes, lo que proporciona un marco integral para comprender el alcance de esta responsabilidad. Además, se incorporan experiencias prácticas y casos judiciales que enriquecen la comprensión del rol de garante que el representante legal hospitalario asume en estas circunstancias desafiantes.

Resumen Sin lugar a dudas, el evento de mayor importancia en los Estados o países, viene a ser el momento (o proceso) constituyente, es decir, aquel instante (si se nos permite la expresión) jurídico y político en que se instituye el mandato democrático en una sociedad que pretende asociarse, de modo que, de ahí en más, la misma sea ordenada y organizada de cierta manera, lo cual, por cierto, se efectúa con la dación de una Constitución -por lo general- o su reforma, etc., por virtud del poder político que se confía a ciertos órganos representativos o derivativos del ejercicio de éste último (como es el caso del Tribunal Constitucional); por tanto, este espacio de estudio pretende, de una parte, reflexionar grosso modo sobre dicho momento y si este debe ser entendido como una obra concluida o por concluir o en constante cambio; y, por otro lado, cavilar sobre el órgano encargado de controlar ambos sentidos de comprensión sobre tal momento, a partir de un estudio un tanto distendido de sus roles o funciones modernos. Ello, a propósito del actual momento constituyente en que se encuentra la hermana república de Chile. Siendo así, se revisará la normativa constitucional pertinente a la temática y vigente de Chile (y de alguna otra experiencia comparada que sirva de muestra), así como de la tendencia actual de la doctrina.

Abstract Without a doubt, the most important event in States or countries is the constituent moment (or process), that is, that legal and political moment (if we may use the expression) in which the democratic mandate is instituted. in a society that intends to associate, so that, from then on, it is ordered and organized in a certain way, which, by the way, is carried out with the giving of a Constitution - generally - or its reform, etc. ., by virtue of the political power that is entrusted to certain representative bodies or bodies derived from the exercise of the latter (as is the case of the Constitutional Court); Therefore, this study space aims, on the one hand, to reflect roughly on said moment and whether it should be understood as a completed work or a work to be completed or in constant change; and, on the other hand, reflect on the body in charge of controlling both senses of understanding of that moment, based on a somewhat relaxed study of its modern roles or functions. This, regarding the current constituent moment in which the sister republic of Chile finds itself. Thus, the constitutional regulations pertinent to the topic and in force in Chile (and some other comparative experience that serves as a sample) will be reviewed, as well as the current trend of the doctrine.

RESUMEN El objetivo radica en analizar las competencias de las juntas cantonales de protección de derechos en la tutela del adulto mayor en la provincia de Tungurahua, aspecto justificado en la necesidad de atenderles eficazmente. Entre los materiales y métodos empleados, se recurrió al diseño de estudio cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo, de campo, no experimental, transeccional, aplicando como técnica de recolección de información el cuestionario tipo Likert con alternativas múltiples en 15 funcionarios de las Juntas Cantonales de la provincia de Tungurahua; además de la validez de expertos y confiabilidad Alfa Crombach resultante en 0.95, y el análisis de los datos con estadística descriptiva. Como resultados se exponen las fallas persistentes de equipo multidisciplinario y de trabajo para la atención de usuarios; donde los tipos de maltrato más representativos son psicológico, emocional, familiar, por descuido o abandono. Mientras que las medidas aplicadas en los procedimientos de protección, manifiestan prevalencia en la vigilancia de medidas asegurativas y restitución de derechos; cuyos procedimientos aplicados se realizan con procesos propios del sistema legal ecuatoriano. Se concluye que la falta de competencias adecuadas y convenientes para la atención del adulto mayor, entorpecen la actuación de los operadores de justicia, resaltando la inadecuada asistencia social en las instituciones públicas.

ABSTRACT The aim is to analyze the competencies of the cantonal boards for the protection of rights in the protection of the elderly in the province of Tungurahua, an aspect justified by the need to attend them effectively. Among the materials and methods used, we resorted to a quali-quantitative, descriptive, field, non-experimental, transectional study design, applying a Likert-type questionnaire with multiple alternatives to 15 officials of the Cantonal Boards of the province of Tungurahua; in addition to the validity of experts and reliability Alpha Crombach resulting in 0.95, and the analysis of the data with descriptive statistics. The results show the persistent failures of the multidisciplinary team and work for the attention of users; where the most representative types of mistreatment are psychological, emotional, family, neglect or abandonment. While the measures applied in the protection procedures show prevalence in the monitoring of insurance measures and restitution of rights; whose procedures are applied with processes typical of the Ecuadorian legal system. It is concluded that the lack of adequate and appropriate competencies for the care of the elderly, hinder the performance of justice operators, highlighting the inadequate social assistance in public institutions.