Resumen Costa Rica por las características de su territorio, puede ofrecer en su actividad turística, servicios modernos, creativos e innovadores, basados en el conocimiento, que utilizan alta tecnología y/o cuentan con mano de obra calificada. Datos del BCCR, indican que el porcentaje del aporte en la última década de la actividad turística al PIB, fue de aproximadamente 5%, por ello, se presenta una ruta para un desarrollo sostenible e inclusivo, que posibilite empleos de calidad y favorezca una mejor redistribución de la riqueza entre los habitantes de Costa Rica, enmarcada con el compromiso de los ODS, un adecuado control de las variables macroeconómicas del mercado interno e internacional; y con una modificación de la ley general de turismo, con el propósito de que exista un ente rector de la actividad que posibilite una mejor coordinación y gestión de la actividad y su aporte al desarrollo.

Resumo A Costa Rica, devido às características de seu território, pode oferecer em sua atividade turística serviços modernos, criativos e inovadores, baseados no conhecimento, que utilizam alta tecnologia e/ou contam com mão de obra qualificada. Dados do BCCR indicam que a porcentagem da contribuição da atividade turística para o PIB na última década foi de aproximadamente 5%. Portanto, apresenta-se uma rota para um desenvolvimento sustentável e inclusivo, que possibilite empregos de qualidade e favoreça uma melhor redistribuição da riqueza entre os habitantes da Costa Rica, alinhada com o compromisso dos ODS, um controle adequado das variáveis macroeconômicas do mercado interno e internacional; e com uma modificação da lei geral de turismo, com o propósito de existir uma entidade reitora da atividade que permita um melhor coordenação e gestão da atividade e sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento.

Summary Costa Rica, due to the characteristics of its territory, can offer modern, creative and innovative services in its tourism, based on knowledge, that use high technology and/or have qualified labor. Data from the BCCR indicates that, in the last decade, the percentage of tourism contribution to GDP was approximately 5%, therefore, a route is presented for sustainable and inclusive development, which enables quality jobs and promotes better redistribution of wealth among the inhabitants, framed with the commitment to the SDGs, adequate control of the macroeconomic variables of the domestic and international market; and changing the general tourism law, with the aim to have an activity governing body oriented to better coordination and management and its contribution to development.

Abstract: The use of e-commerce to enhance consumer relationships is becoming increasingly important in the information society. The constant development of technologies allows existing platforms to benefit from their characteristics; however, these advancements also bring various legal issues that must be addressed to protect users' interests and rights. Blockchain technology is revolutionizing B2C electronic relations due to its transnational nature, decentralization, guarantee of trust, immutability, and one of its most distinctive functionalities: smart contracts. These agreements are characterized by their automation and self-execution, features that can conflict with existing consumer and user legislation. Additionally, the opportunities provided by Blockchain, such as allowing users to act anonymously, may contradict regulations concerning the determination of international judicial jurisdiction and the applicable law for B2C consumer legal relationships. This work aims to analyze the applicability of smart contracts in e-commerce, particularly for B2C companies, and to study the potential issues they pose for current regulations, in order to determine whether these regulations need to be adapted for these technologies

Resumen: El uso del comercio electrónico para celebrar relaciones de consumo cada vez toma más protagonismo en la sociedad de la información. El constante desarrollo de las tecnologías hace que las plataformas existentes puedan beneficiarse de sus características; sin embargo, también traen consigo diferentes cuestiones jurídicas que deben mitigarse a fin de proteger los intereses y derechos de los usuarios. La tecnología blockchain es una de las tecnologías que viene a revolucionar el ámbito de las relaciones electrónicas B2C gracias a su carácter transnacional, descentralización, garantía de confianza, inmutabilidad y a una de sus funcionalidades más características: los smart contracts. Este tipo de acuerdos se distinguen por su automatización y autoejecución, caracteres que a priori pueden poner en riesgo la legislación existente sobre consumidores y usuarios. Asimismo, las oportunidades que brinda blockchain de cara a que los usuarios puedan actuar de forma irreconocible puede poner en jaque la normativa encargada de determinar la competencia judicial internacional y la ley aplicable a las relaciones jurídicas de consumo B2C. Este trabajo analiza la aplicabilidad de los smart contracts en el ámbito del comercio electrónico, en especial en el de empresas con consumidores (B2C) y estudiar los posibles inconvenientes que generan sobre la normativa existente a fin de analizar si es necesario adaptar la legislación a estas tecnologías

Resumo: A utilização do comércio eletrônico para efetivar relações de consumo assume cada vez mais um papel central na sociedade da informação. O constante desenvolvimento das tecnologias faz com que as plataformas existentes possam beneficiar-se das suas características, no entanto, também trazem consigo diversas questões jurídicas que devem ser mitigadas de forma a proteger os interesses e direitos dos usuários. A tecnologia blockchain é uma das tecnologias que veio revolucionar o campo das relações eletrônicas B2C graças ao seu carácter transnacional, descentralização, garantia de confiança, imutabilidade e uma das suas funcionalidades mais características, os smart contracts. Estes tipos de acordos distinguem-se pela sua automatização e auto-execução, características que, a priori, podem colocar em risco a legislação existente sobre consumidores e usuários. Da mesma forma, as oportunidades que o Blockchain oferece para que os usuários possam agir de forma irreconhecível podem colocar em xeque os regulamentos encarregados de determinar a competência judicial internacional e a lei aplicável às relações jurídicas de consumo B2C. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a aplicabilidade dos smart contracts no campo do comércio eletrônico, especialmente o de empresas com consumidores (B2C) e estudar os possíveis inconvenientes que eles geram sobre a regulamentação existente, a fim de analisar se é necessário adaptar a legislação a estas tecnologias

On 15 May 2024, the National Health Insurance Act No. 20 of 2023 (the Act) was signed into law, and South Africa (SA) officially adopted a national health insurance (NHI) system as part of its efforts to achieve universal healthcare across the country. While NHI has been controversial and much talked about, plenty of how the scheme will operate remains an unknown, and has not been defined within the Act. However, it is evident that, with SA's limited healthcare budget, the NHI scheme is not going to cover everything for everyone. Some decisions will need to be made about what kinds of healthcare and other benefits South Africans can expect to have covered by the scheme - in other words, decisions about what will be included under NHI and what will be excluded. This paper does not aim to discuss the constitutionality or legality of the NHI Act, but focuses only on the issue of how government ought to consider making decisions about what services the NHI covers.

Abstract The federalisation of science and technology in Argentina has gained momentum with the enactment of Law 27.614/2021 and the implementation, since 2022, of a ministerial budgetary program for this purpose. This article seeks to assess the territorial impact of Equipar Ciencia, one of the instruments associated with this funding. For this purpose, we analyse provincial data from the three main phases of allocation (June 2022-June 2023) and discuss the results in light of official statements and technical aspects of this and other science policy instruments. The provincial distribution of Equipar is consistent with a logic of positive discrimination, taking into account inequalities of origin and favouring the approval of a significant part of applications from less developed provinces, as opposed to what happens with scientific projects of the I+D+i Agency or the entry of researchers to CONICET. This dissociation does not facilitate a coherent policy of territorial deconcentration of public investment. Among the different institutional resistances, the federalisation funds and Equipar continue to be managed in a centralised manner.

Resumo A federalização da ciência e a tecnologia na Argentina ganhou impulso com a sanção da Lei 27.614/2021 e a implementação, desde 2022, de um programa orçamentário ministerial para esse fim. Este artigo procura avaliar o impacto territorial do Equipar Ciência, um dos instrumentos associados ao referido financiamento. Para isso, são analisados os dados provinciais das três principais rondas de repasse (junho 2022-junho 2023) e são discutidos os resultados a luz de declarações de agentes públicos bem como aspectos técnicos deste e outros instrumentos da política científica. A distribuição provincial do Equipar enquadra-se numa lógica de discriminação positiva, tendo em conta as desigualdades de origem e favorecendo a aprovação de boa parte dos pedidos de províncias de menor desenvolvimento relativo, ao contrário do que acontece com os projetos científicos da Agência I+D+i ou o ingresso de pesquisadores no CONICET. Esta dissociação não permite uma política consistente de desconcentração territorial do investimento público. Entre as diversas inércias institucionais, os fundos de federalização e o Equipar continuam a ser geridos de forma centralizada.

Resumen La federalización de la ciencia y la tecnología en Argentina ha ganado impulso con la sanción de la ley 27.614/2021 y la instrumentación, desde 2022, de un programa presupuestario ministerial para tal fin. Este artículo busca evaluar el impacto territorial del Equipar Ciencia, uno de los instrumentos asociados a dicho financiamiento. Para ello, se analizan datos provinciales de las tres principales rondas de adjudicación (junio de 2022-junio de 2023) y se discuten los resultados a la luz de declaraciones de funcionarios y aspectos técnicos de este y otros instrumentos de la política científica. La distribución provincial del Equipar se condice con una lógica de discriminación positiva, atendiendo a las desigualdades de origen y favoreciendo la aprobación de buena parte de las solicitudes de provincias de menor desarrollo relativo, lo contrario a lo que ocurre con los proyectos científicos de la Agencia I+D+i o el ingreso de investigadores al CONICET. Esta disociación no permite una política consistente de desconcentración territorial de la inversión pública. Entre las diversas inercias institucionales, los fondos de federalización y el Equipar continúan siendo gestionados de forma centralizada.

Abstract The law must adapt to the social changes that have occurred throughout history. In this regard, human rights have an evolutionary and dynamic nature that allows progress in their recognition in response to the values or ideals of the social context in which we are immersed, marked by globalization and the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT). This scenario motivates the recognition of a fourth generation of human rights that is worthy of international protection. This research aims to present a brief review of the generations of human rights connected to the historical moment when they were established, emphasizing the birth of the fourth generation resulting from the technological revolution we are witnessing. The new digital era has caused substantial changes in our way of working, acquiring goods and services, relating to each other, and, ultimately, living. This unprecedented social change forces us to reflect on the meaning of the relationship between technological development and human beings. The research approach is qualitative, with a reflective and critical method. A documentary review and analysis of norms and doctrine allowed us to discuss the risks we face and the areas where this transformation has been most relevant. Finally, various European regulatory actions are described to guide the necessary legal response, taking advantage of all the technological potential unfolding before us without affecting the protection of human rights. The study confirmed that an adaptation of the legal system must be proposed to ensure the effectiveness of such rights.

Resumen El derecho debe ir adaptándose a los cambios sociales que se producen a lo largo de la historia y, en este contexto, los derechos humanos poseen un carácter evolutivo y dinámico que permite avanzar en su reconocimiento, en atención a los valores o ideales del entorno social en el que nos encontramos, marcado por la globalización y el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). Este escenario motiva el reconocimiento de una cuarta generación de derechos humanos, digna de protección internacional. El propósito de esta investigación es presentar una breve revisión de las generaciones de los derechos humanos, conectadas con el momento histórico en el que se han desarrollado, con acento en el nacimiento de la cuarta generación. La nueva era digital ha provocado cambios sustanciales en nuestra forma de trabajar, de adquirir bienes y servicios, de relacionarnos y, en definitiva, de vivir. Este cambio social sin precedentes nos obliga a reflexionar sobre el sentido de la relación entre el desarrollo tecnológico y el ser humano. El enfoque de la investigación es cualitativo, con un método reflexivo y crítico, mediante la revisión y el análisis documental de normas y doctrina, para analizar los riesgos que enfrentamos y los ámbitos en los que esa transformación ha sido más relevante. Por último, se describen acciones normativas europeas, para orientar la respuesta jurídica necesaria, que posibilite aprovechar todo el potencial tecnológico que se despliega ante nosotros, sin menoscabo en la protección de los derechos humanos. La investigación pudo constatar que debe proponerse una adecuación del ordenamiento jurídico para asegurar la efectividad de tales derechos.

Abstract: The right to health is linked to life and human dignity. Among the instruments to make it effective, the phenomenon of health litigation has become prominent. In Brazil, courts are increasingly faced with the task of rendering verdicts concerning matters related to health. Nowadays, judges have to deal with issues about health policies, technology incorporations, drug supplies, human autonomy, genetics, and biotechnologies, among others. Lawsuit sentences are now to be built upon the resolution of ethical, legal and philosophical questions. Bioethics presents itself as an instrument and method to help solve legal cases involving the right to health. This paper intends to show that bioethics can be applied in verdicts of lawsuits regarding to right to health in Brazil. It highlights that bioethics can be considered a source of law due to its normative dimension, as well as a hermeneutic method. This essay also aims to show the role for bioethics to help interpret the law and solve hard cases within health law and the right to health. Lastly, it aims to justify the presence of bioethics as legal reasoning to be used by judges in the foundation of their verdicts in lawsuits involving the right to health.

Resumo: O direito à saúde está vinculado à dignidade humana. Dentre os instrumentos para efetivá-la, o fenômeno da judicialização da saúde tem se destacado. No Brasil, os tribunais se deparam cada vez mais com a tarefa de julgar processos relacionadas ao direito à saúde. Atualmente, os juízes têm que lidar com questões sobre políticas de saúde, incorporação de tecnologias, fornecimento de medicamentos, autonomia, genética, biotecnologias, entre outros. As sentenças judiciais devem ser construídas com base também na resolução de questões éticas, legais e filosóficas. A bioética apresenta-se como instrumento e método para auxiliar na resolução de casos jurídicos envolvendo o direito à saúde. Este trabalho pretende mostrar que a bioética pode ser aplicada no julgamento de ações judiciais relativas ao direito à saúde no Brasil. Destaca que a bioética pode ser considerada fonte do direito por sua dimensão normativa, bem como método hermenêutico. Este ensaio também visa mostrar o papel da bioética para ajudar a interpretar a lei e resolver casos difíceis dentro do direito sanitário e do direito à saúde. Por fim, visa justificar a presença da bioética como fundamentação jurídica a ser utilizada pelos magistrados na fundamentação de suas sentenças em ações que envolvam o direito à saúde.

Resumen: El derecho a la salud está vinculado a la dignidad humana. Entre los instrumentos para hacerlo efectivo se ha destacado el fenómeno de la judicialización de la salud. En Brasil, los tribunales cada vez más deben decidir sobre asuntos relacionados con el derecho a la salud. Jueces deben tratar temas sobre políticas de salud, biotecnologías, medicamentos, autonomía humana, genética, entre otros. Las sentencias judiciales ahora deben resolver cuestiones éticas, legales y filosóficas. La bioética se presenta como un instrumento y un método para ayudar a resolver los casos legales del derecho a la salud. Este estudio pretende mostrar que la bioética puede ser aplicada en sentencias judiciales sobre casos de derecho a la salud en Brasil. Se destaca que la bioética puede ser considerada una fuente de derecho por su dimensión normativa, así como un método hermenéutico. Este ensayo también tiene como objetivo mostrar el papel de la bioética para ayudar a interpretar el derecho y resolver casos difíciles dentro del derecho a la salud. Por último, pretende justificar la presencia de la bioética como razonamiento jurídico a ser utilizado por los jueces en la fundamentación de sus veredictos en juicios que involucren el derecho a la salud.

Resumo Esta pesquisa situa-se no campo das interações entre Direito e Tecnologia, propondo-se a investigar como garantir o direito social ao trabalho frente às inserções tecnológicas que substituem a mão de obra humana? O objetivo é identificar formas de proteção jurídica ao direito social ao trabalho no atual contexto tecnológico. Emprega-se uma metodologia de abordagem fenomenológica-hermenêutica, método de procedimento monográfico e técnica de pesquisa por documentação indireta. Como resultado, constatou-se a necessidade de uma leitura jurídico-crítica acerca das consequências da tecnologia para as vidas humanas, para o que se impõe a contestação dos discursos de imunização a eventuais aspectos negativos advindos dessa dinâmica, os quais têm contribuído para a invisibilização de elementos centrais ao debate. Concluiu-se que as tecnologias de automação representam uma possibilidade concreta de eliminação de milhões de postos de trabalho humano nos próximos anos, mas que existem inúmeros desafios a serem considerados nesse percurso, já sendo possível perceber, no entanto, um grave quadro de precarização do trabalho estabelecido. Considera-se, todavia, que ordenamento jurídico brasileiro contempla dispositivos constitucionais aptos a conciliar a proteção do direito social ao trabalho e respeito ao princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana com as transformações tecnológicas.

Abstract This research is located in the field of interactions between Law and Technology, proposing to investigate how to guarantee the social right to work in the face of technological insertions that replace human labor? The objective is to identify forms of legal protection of the social right to work in the current technological context. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach, a monographic procedure method and a research technique using indirect documentation are used. As a result, it was found the need for a legal-critical reading about the consequences of technology for human lives, for which it is necessary to challenge the immunization discourses to possible negative aspects arising from this dynamic, which have contributed to the invisibility of central elements to the debate. It was concluded that automation technologies represent a concrete possibility of eliminating millions of human jobs in the coming years, but that there are numerous challenges to be considered in this path, it is already possible to perceive, however, a serious situation of precariousness of the established work. However, it is considered that the Brazilian legal system contemplates constitutional provisions capable of reconciling the protection of the social right to work and respect for the principle of human dignity with technological transformations.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that Artificial Intelligence, developed in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, is an extremely useful tool. However, there are activities that cannot be performed by robots, due to their peculiarities. Judging is a predominantly human activity. It is assumed that robots can be useful for moving processes and preparing decisions on simple and repetitive matters. But they are not endowed with a special consciousness of justice. Therefore, they cannot make decisions in complex situations. The historical-deductive method will be used. Law has evolved into an innovative process since the dawn of civilization. Contemporaneously this march resulted in the adoption of new technologies and Artificial Intelligence. However, the conclusion of the research is that only the human judge will be able to judge with justice. To this end, using the deductive method, theoretical research was carried out in the legal-sociological aspect, focusing on the theory of Eduardo Espínola and Eduardo Espínola Filho regarding the need of the judge to pay attention to the evolution of social life, not being able to remain oblivious to the surrounding reality under penalty of being a slave to a theoretical rigorism with disastrous consequences.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que a Inteligência Artificial, desenvolvida no contexto da Quarta Revolução Industrial (Revolução 4.0), é ferramenta extremamente útil. Porém, existem atividades que, por suas peculiaridades, não podem ser desempenhadas por robôs. Julgar é uma função predominantemente humana. Parte-se da hipótese de que os Robôs podem ser úteis para movimentar os processos, preparando despachos e decisões sobre matérias simples e repetitivas. Mas não são providos de uma especial consciência de justiça; por isso, não podem proferir decisões em situações complexas. O Direito, desde os primórdios da civilização, evoluiu em um processo aberto e inovador. Essa marcha desaguou, contemporaneamente, na adoção das novas tecnologias e da Inteligência Artificial. Todavia, a conclusão da pesquisa é no sentido de que somente o juiz humano - de carne, osso e cérebro - poderá julgar com justiça. Para tanto, a partir do método dedutivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa teórica na vertente jurídico-sociológica, com foco na teoria de Eduardo Espínola e Eduardo Espínola Filho acerca da necessidade do juiz se atentar para a evolução da vida social, não podendo permanecer alheio à realidade circundante sob pena de ser escravo de um rigorismo teórico de funestas consequências.

ABSTRACT Carrying out didactic tasks in education offers students the development of skills in searching for information related to the content of the subject they are studying and solving society's problems. In the research carried out, deficiencies were detected in the orientation of didactic tasks, since the integrated articulation of Information and Communication Technologies in the student's performance of these tasks is still insufficient. The objective of this article is to propose the performance of didactic tasks through the integration of technologies. The methods used were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, document analysis, observation, survey and interview. The final result of this article is a system of didactic tasks through the integration of technologies. It can be concluded that the planned and directed use of the didactic task contributes to the development of audiovisual and communication skills.

RESUMEN La realización de tareas didácticas en la educación, ofrece a los estudiantes el desarrollo de habilidades en la búsqueda de información relacionadas con el contenido de la asignatura que cursa y la solución de problemas de la sociedad. En la investigación realizada, fueron detectadas carencias en la orientación de tareas didácticas, pues es aún insuficiente la articulación integrada de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación a la realización por el estudiante de estas tareas. El objetivo de este artículo, es proponer la realización de tareas didácticas mediante la integración de las tecnologías. Los métodos empleados fueron análisis y síntesis, histórico-lógico, análisis de documentos, observación, encuesta y entrevista. El resultado final de este artículo, es un sistema de tareas didácticas mediante la integración de las tecnologías. Se puede concluir que el uso planificado y dirigido de la tarea didáctica, contribuye al desarrollo de habilidades audiovisuales y de comunicación.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

Abstract The birth of the influencers phenomenon within advertising linked to social networks and technology and its necessary regulation by the Law is analyzed. The importance of delimiting and defining when the promotion of a product through these influencers is paid or not is presented and the legal consequences for the free market and consumers thereof.

Resumen Se analiza el nacimiento del fenómeno de los influencers dentro de la publicidad ligada a redes sociales y tecnología y su necesaria regulación por parte del Derecho. Se presenta la importancia de delimitar y definir cuándo la promoción de un producto a través de estos influencers, es pagada o no y las consecuencias jurídicas para el libre mercado y los consumidores de ello.

Resumo Analisa-se o nascimento do fenômeno dos influenciadores na publicidade vinculada às redes sociais e de tecnologia e sua necessária regulamentação pela Lei. A importância de delimitar e definir quando a promoção de um produto por meio desses influenciadores é paga ou não é apresentada e as consequências jurídicas para o mercado livre e seus consumidores.

Abstract: In the contemporary landscape, two-wheelers have emerged as the predominant mode of transportation, despite their inherent risk due to limited protection. Disturbing data from 2020 reveals a daily toll of 304 lives lost in India in road accidents involving two-wheeler riders without helmets, emphasizing the urgent need for safety measures. Recognizing the crucial role of helmets in mitigating risks, governments have made riding without one a punishable offense, employing manual strategies for enforcement with limitations in speed and weather conditions. In today’s world of advancing technology, we can leverage the power of computer vision and deep learning to tackle this problem. This can eliminate the need for constant human surveillance to be kept on riders and can automate this process, thus enforcing law and order as well as making this process efficient. Our proposed solution utilizes video surveillance and the YOLOv8 deep learning model for automatic helmet detection. The system employs pure machine learning to identify helmet types with minimal computation cost by utilizing various image processing algorithms. Once the helmet-less person is detected, the number plate corresponding to the rider’s motorcycle is also detected and extracted using computer vision techniques. This number plate is then stored in a database thus allowing further intervention to be done in this matter by the authorities to ensure penalties and enforce safety rules properly. The model developed achieves an overall accuracy score of 93.6% on the testing data, thus showcasing good results on diverse datasets.

Resumen: Diariamente somos testigos de los avances de la tecnología. Asistimos al avance de la blockchain y sus aplicaciones, y al crecimiento de la inteligencia artificial. La blockchain tiene muchas aplicaciones potenciales, entre ellas, los contratos inteligentes. Este artículo es un acercamiento a los contratos inteligentes, o smart contracts, se busca destacar cuáles son las dificultades de adaptación que los smart sontracts enfrentan en el derecho uruguayo para prosperar y potenciar su uso, una vez acordado que a ellos les es aplicable el régimen general de contratos. El tratamiento de la materia se ha hecho sin ánimo de exhaustividad y con referencias al contexto actual.

Abstract: Every day, we witness the advancements in technology. We see the progression of blockchain and its applications, as well as the growth of artificial intelligence. Blockchain holds many potential applications, including smart contracts. This article takes a closer look at smart contracts, seeking to highlight the adaptation challenges that smart contracts face within Uruguayan law in order to thrive and enhance their usage, once it's agreed upon that they fall under the general contract regime. The treatment of the subject has been conducted without aiming for exhaustiveness and with references to the current context.

Resumo: Diariamente somos testemunhas dos avanços da tecnologia. Assistimos ao avanço da blockchain e suas aplicações, e ao crescimento da inteligência artificial. O blockchain possui muitas aplicações potenciais, entre elas os contratos inteligentes. Este artigo é uma aproximação aos contratos inteligentes, ou smart contacts, buscando destacar quais são as dificuldades de adaptação que os contratos inteligentes enfrentam no direito uruguaio para prosperar e melhorar a sua utilização, uma vez acordado que a eles é aplicável o regime geral dos contratos. O tratamento do tema foi feito sem a intenção de exaustividade e com referências ao contexto atual.

The evolution of technology has changed business practices all over the world. Owing to technological and e-commerce developments, businesses can now transact with each other instantaneously across borders. The digitalisation of commerce and other traditional working methods has created a new "digital age" in human history. Digitalisation has taken over many economic activities and industries and is slowly finding its way into the legal system. Several businesses are now concluding commercial transactions and contracts electronically. Electronic signatures have consequently become essential tools for concluding legal agreements and conducting other daily business and legal practices. These new innovations have brought into question the legal validly of these transactions, and in particular the legitimacy and security of electronically signed documents.

Resumo: Durante a pandemia, os países latino-americanos sofreram o colapso de seus sistemas de saúde. Isso foi causado pela alta demanda de atendimento aos infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2, que somou-se, em paralelo, ao atendimento de pacientes com outros tipos de doenças. O aumento significativo na demanda por serviços de saúde levou à rápida diminuição dos suprimentos médicos e laboratoriais. A pandemia de COVID-19 acelerou, nos países em desenvolvimento, uma crise sanitária causada principalmente por uma política sistemática e insuficiente de apropriação do conhecimento científico. O atual governo colombiano deve formular uma Lei de Soberania Biotecnológica ou de Biossegurança que garanta a autonomia científica, o que leva à autonomia que garante que a Colômbia seja autossuficiente em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. O governo da Colômbia também deve se concentrar em estabelecer e desenvolver a produção de produtos químicos farmacêuticos, adquirindo ingredientes químicos ativos de outros países. Essa estratégia reduz os custos de produção e o preço final dos medicamentos, além de gerar empregos de alto nível e riqueza para o país. Desta forma, não haveria escassez de medicamentos essenciais, nem estaríamos sujeitos a aumentos excessivos de preços por intermediação comercial. Em conclusão, o manuscrito foca na fracassada soberania biotecnológica na Colômbia. Propomos um modelo de ecossistema latino-americano de Ciência e Tecnologia para alcançar a soberania biotecnológica por meio do financiamento estatal do fortalecimento da pesquisa das universidades, com a participação de empresas privadas e Ministérios da Ciência, Educação, Comércio e Saúde. A autonomia científica é baseada em processos de inovação que fortalecem a autonomia biotecnológica.

Resumen: Durante la pandemia, los países latinoamericanos vieron colapsar sus sistemas de salud. Esto se debió a la alta demanda de atención para las personas contagiadas con SARS-CoV-2 y a la atención de pacientes con otros tipos de enfermedades. El aumento significativo de la demanda de los servicios de salud llevó a la rápida disminución de los suministros médicos y de laboratorio. La pandemia de la COVID-19 intensificó la crisis sanitaria en los países en desarrollo, principalmente por una política sistemática e insuficiente de apropiación del conocimiento científico. Si el actual gobierno colombiano formulara una Ley de Soberanía Biotecnológica o de Bioseguridad por la cual se garantizaría la autonomía científica, esto conduciría a una autonomía de Colombia en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. El Gobierno de Colombia también debería centrarse en fomentar y desarrollar la producción de productos químicos farmacéuticos mediante el abastecimiento de ingredientes químicos activos de otros países. Esta estrategia favorece la reducción de costos de producción y del precio final de los medicamentos, además de generar empleos de alto nivel y riqueza para el país. De esta manera, no habría escasez de medicamentos esenciales, ni alzas excesivas de precios en la intermediación comercial. Pero, la realidad es que hay una débil soberanía biotecnológica en Colombia. En este texto se propone un modelo de ecosistema basado en Ciencia y Tecnología para que Latinoamérica logre la soberanía biotecnológica mediante el financiamiento estatal a la investigación en universidades, con la participación de entidades privadas y Ministerios de Ciencia, Educación, Comercio y Salud. La autonomía científica se basa en procesos de innovación que implican el fortalecimiento de la autonomía biotecnológica.

Abstract: During the pandemic, Latin American countries suffered the collapse of their health systems. This was caused by the high demand for care of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, which was added to the care of patients with other diseases. The significant increase in demand for health services caused medical and laboratory supplies to decline rapidly. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated a health crisis in several developing countries, mainly caused by insufficient systematic policies for integrating scientific knowledge. The current Colombian government must formulate a Biotechnological or Biosecurity Sovereignty Law that guarantees scientific autonomy, ensuring that Colombia is self-sufficient in Science, Technology, and Innovation. Colombian government should also focus on establishing and developing pharmaceutical chemical production by acquiring active chemical ingredients from other countries. This strategy could reduce the production costs and final prices of medicines, as well as generate high-level employment and wealth for the country. In this way, the Colombian government could prevent shortage of essential medicines and excessive price increases by commercial intermediation. In conclusion, the manuscript focuses on the lack of biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia. We propose a model of a Latin American Science and Technology ecosystem to achieve biotechnological sovereignty via state funding of research, strengthening universities, and fostering participation among private companies and Ministries of Science, Education, Trade, and Health. Scientific autonomy based on innovative processes that strengthen biotechnological independence can contribute to the economy by generating gross added value, creating high-quality employment, and facilitating the appropriation and social dissemination of knowledge, and cost reduction.