Abstract The birth of the influencers phenomenon within advertising linked to social networks and technology and its necessary regulation by the Law is analyzed. The importance of delimiting and defining when the promotion of a product through these influencers is paid or not is presented and the legal consequences for the free market and consumers thereof.

Resumen Se analiza el nacimiento del fenómeno de los influencers dentro de la publicidad ligada a redes sociales y tecnología y su necesaria regulación por parte del Derecho. Se presenta la importancia de delimitar y definir cuándo la promoción de un producto a través de estos influencers, es pagada o no y las consecuencias jurídicas para el libre mercado y los consumidores de ello.

Resumo Analisa-se o nascimento do fenômeno dos influenciadores na publicidade vinculada às redes sociais e de tecnologia e sua necessária regulamentação pela Lei. A importância de delimitar e definir quando a promoção de um produto por meio desses influenciadores é paga ou não é apresentada e as consequências jurídicas para o mercado livre e seus consumidores.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

The evolution of technology has changed business practices all over the world. Owing to technological and e-commerce developments, businesses can now transact with each other instantaneously across borders. The digitalisation of commerce and other traditional working methods has created a new "digital age" in human history. Digitalisation has taken over many economic activities and industries and is slowly finding its way into the legal system. Several businesses are now concluding commercial transactions and contracts electronically. Electronic signatures have consequently become essential tools for concluding legal agreements and conducting other daily business and legal practices. These new innovations have brought into question the legal validly of these transactions, and in particular the legitimacy and security of electronically signed documents.

Sexual violence against women is an issue of urgency that arises in all cultures locally, nationally, globally and transnationally. This problem has broad dimensions in both the public and private domains, both cases that are reported or not reported to law enforcement. Factually, the trend of this problem has been identified as increasing every year in Maluku, Indonesia. Therefore, the church requires serious attention to prevention and systematic treatment to overcome it. This sensitivity and awareness are a manifestation of the church's sense of calling and responsibility for the restoration of human dignity. The pastoral sermon service model is the church's strategic approach to handling this problem. This research aimed to develop a model of pastoral sermons for victims of sexual violence against women in Maluku. This research focused on identifying and exploring the tragic experiences and impacts of sexual violence against women. Furthermore, a cross-cultural pastoral model was created for victims of violence. CONTRIBUTION: This article provided a new perspective from the post-modern homiletics to approach social issues. This new homiletical approach to dealing with the problem of women's sexual violence is one of the main focuses of 'Women's Theological Studies' in HTS

BACKGROUND: The banking sector provides online banking to offer their customers convenient and easy access to banking services. As most banking services are nowadays performed online, alarming fraudulent activities occur daily. The online banking frauds are increasingly and commonly being experienced globally and are damaging to both banks and customers. OBJECTIVES: The goal of the study was to investigate issues in online fraud detection in the banking sector from South Africa and Spain. METHOD: The study followed the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. Data were collected through the qualitative approach particularly using focus groups and semi-structured interviews. The study followed non-probability sampling since it focussed on a specialised area of online fraud model. In total, the population size consisted of 17 participants, which included fraud technical managers, fraud investigator specialists, fraud technical specialists and data scientists RESULTS: In the South African context, the study established that there is a lack of online fraud experts in the banking sector. The findings reveal that the lack of online fraud expertise may lead to banks having weak detection systems. In the Spanish perspective, the study revealed that there is a lack of law regulation that poses a high risk. CONCLUSION: Given the lack of online fraud experts in the banking sector, banks are urged to acquire and develop online fraud expertise. Online banking technology is developing expeditiously than traditional transactions; therefore, regulations and policies need to be updated regularly to keep up with rapidly evolving technological changes. CONTRIBUTION: Considering the significance of global online banking, the study suggested areas that the banking sector may investigate to develop and enhance online fraud detection models to combat online fraudulent activities.

The pursuit of a cost-effective and green synthetic approach to chemical sensors and their application in the sensing of toxic and harmful substances is a never-ending exercise for scientists and researchers. Preparation of fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) from biomass using water as a solvent and a hydrothermal autoclave to provide the required synthesis temperature offers a cheap and environmentally friendly synthetic approach. Herein, we report a faster, less costly and ecofriendly hydrothermal synthetic approach of carbon dots from Citrullus vulgaris peels as a precursor. The as-prepared carbon dots exhibited hydroxyl, carbonyl and amide functional groups on the surface and an amorphous structure with a particle size distribution of 1.7-3.0 nm. Moreover, the carbon dots displayed intense blue emission fluorescence at 470 nm after excitation at 400 nm. The as-prepared carbon dots demonstrated effective application without further modification towards the selective and sensitive optical recognition of 2-nitrophenol used in the manufacture of explosives. A limit of detection of 2.28x10-7 M was achieved, and no fluorescence quenching was observed in the presence of other nitroaromatic and benzene derivatives indicating excellent selectivity towards 2-nitrophenol. Finally, further studies are required to investigate the potential for the as-prepared carbon dots to monitor nitroaromatic pollutants in real environmental systems. SIGNIFICANCE: • Terrorism is an ever-increasing problem, and law enforcement agencies are continuously searching for and detecting explosives hidden in travel luggage, mail packages, vehicles and aircrafts using sophisticated equipment which are not available in developing countries such as Botswana. • This work unveils a facile and environmentally friendly approach towards the detection of 2-nitrophenol used in the manufacture of explosives by employing highly luminescent C-dots obtained from locally available agricultural waste. • The utilisation of agricultural waste can help advance a sustainable waste management programme and promote a circular economy.

Resumen Con el objetivo de hacer recomendaciones de política pública para regular eficientemente las Finanzas Descentralizadas (DeFi), realizamos un estudio exploratorio que examina el estado del arte, organiza el debate público y analiza las aplicaciones de esta nueva tecnología. Encontramos que DeFi tiene el potencial de aumentar la eficiencia en los mercados financieros, promover la competencia, mejorar el acceso al capital y contribuir al crecimiento económico. Sin embargo, también presenta desafíos sustanciales como la accesibilidad para el usuario, estabilidad del mercado, competencia justa y Estado de Derecho. El crecimiento del mercado de DeFi depende de abordar con éxito las preocupaciones de inversionistas, consumidores y autoridades, sin sobre regular la tecnología hasta el punto de la ineficiencia y el desuso. Teniendo en cuenta las implicaciones para las políticas de competencia y el crecimiento económico, exploramos la aplicabilidad de una regulación integrada y equilibrada, que promete cerrar la brecha entre innovación y regulación. La principal limitación de este estudio está relacionada con la constante evolución de esta tecnología, sin embargo, este documento puede allanar el camino para futuras investigaciones.

Abstract In order to make public policy recommendations to efficiently regulate Decentralized Finance (DeFi), we conducted an exploratory study examining the state of the art, organizing the public debate and analyzing real-world applications of this cutting-edge technology. We found that DeFi has the potential to increase efficiency in financial markets, promote competition, improve access to capital and contribute to economic growth. For all its potential benefits, however, the technology also presents substantial challenges in the form of user accessibility, market stability, fair competition and law enforcement. Growth of the emerging DeFi market depends on successfully addressing the concerns of investors, consumers and authorities without simultaneously regulating the technology into inefficiency and disuse. Taking into account the implications of DeFi for antitrust policies and economic growth, we explore the applicability of a balanced embedded-regulation, which holds promise as a bridge between innovation and regulation. The main limitation of this study is related to the constantly-evolving nature of DeFi technology. Recommendations for its regulation may vary as new evidence becomes available, but this document may pave the way for further research.

The prevalence of technology-embedded products, services, and cities, described colloquially as 'smart' technologies and 'smart' cities, has seen a spate of unprecedented growth in recent years. South Africa (SA) has not been left behind, with smartphones, smart watches, and smart voice-controlled virtual personal assistants such as Amazon's Alexa now frequently used. But while these technologies hold great promise to revolutionise homes, offices and cities, their adoption poses challenges to individual and collective interests and wellbeing. After demonstrating the legal and ethical difficulties brought about by the introduction of these technologies, this article explores whether SA legislation is sufficiently robust to address these challenges. While the current legislative landscape addresses certain crucial difficulties -such as the safeguarding of personal data by the Protection of Personal Information Act No. 4 of 2013 ('POPIA') - it is suggested that the position regulating other aspects of smart technology adoption is, in large part, fragmented and ill-equipped to deal with some of the more pressing legal and ethical questions. Our contention is that, not dissimilar to the issues arising from artificial intelligence-based technological adoption, the extant legislative and regulatory frameworks do not go far enough in addressing the many concerns emerging from recent novel technological design, development, and deployment. Not only do smart technologies give rise to unique challenges, so does their deployment within the Global South and in South Africa, in particular. We suggest that appropriate and effective regulatory reform measures be undertaken in SA to provide better ethical guidance and policy prescriptions buttressed by rigorous regulatory oversight.

Abstract Foreign trade in conventional arms and dual-use material is an activity regulated and controlled by the State, which is essential to prevent undesired diversions and avoid misuse by the recipient of the arms. For this reason, in view of the potential danger involved in the export of arms, States adopt the system of prior licensing to authorize their export. This paper explores the general problems of arms exports, highlighting the implications of this activity for peace, security and the prevention of serious human rights violations, and then examines the normative limits that supranational legislation has imposed on States, specifically the Arms Trade Treaty of 2 April 2013 and the European Union Common Position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 defining common rules governing the control of exports of military technology and equipment. It will also analyze the arms export regime in Spain, the problem of the secrecy of the export file and the implications that this regulation may have for Spanish criminal law, especially for the crime of smuggling or administrative malfeasance of officials. Additionally, the paper raises the need to assess, de lege ferenda, the inclusion of new criminal offenses in the field of ex post control and monitoring once the weapons have arrived at their destination. The avoidance of undesired diversion to criminal groups and the verification of the final use of the weapons are essential duties of the States and the companies of the sector, taking into account the potentially harmful effects of armament on social coexistence and human rights.

Resumen El comercio exterior de armas convencionales y material de doble uso es una actividad regulada y controlada por el Estado, imprescindible para prevenir desvíos indeseados y evitar un uso indebido por parte del destinatario de las armas. Por esta razón, atendiendo a la peligrosidad potencial que comporta la exportación de armamento, los Estados adoptan el sistema de licencia previa para autorizar su exportación. En el presente trabajo se explora la problemática general de la exportación de armas, subrayando las implicaciones que esta actividad comporta para la paz, la seguridad y la prevención de violaciones graves de los derechos humanos, para seguidamente examinar los límites normativos que la legislación supranacional ha impuesto a los Estados, muy en concreto el Tratado de Comercio de Armas, de 2 de abril de 2013, y la Posición Común de la Unión Europea 2008/944/PESC del Consejo, de 8 de diciembre de 2008, por la que se definen las normas comunes que rigen el control de las exportaciones de tecnología y equipos militares. Asimismo, se analizará el régimen de exportación de armas en España, el problema del secreto del expediente de exportación y las implicaciones que esta regulación puede tener para el Derecho Penal español, especialmente para el delito de contrabando o la prevaricación administrativa de funcionarios. Adicionalmente, el trabajo plantea la necesidad de valorar, de lege ferenda, la inclusión de nuevos tipos penales en el ámbito del control y seguimiento ex post una vez las armas han llegado al lugar de destino. La evitación del desvío indeseado hacia grupos criminales y la comprobación del uso final de las armas son deberes irrenunciables de los Estados y de las empresas del sector, teniendo en cuenta el potencial lesivo del armamento en la convivencia social y en los derechos humanos.

RESUMEN Este artículo argumenta que la digitalización (la cual incluye, la automatización de procesos legales) es un medio para cerrar la brecha del acceso a la justicia y mejorar el desempeño operativo a través de herramientas que son escalables, estandarizadas, asíncronas y accesibles. En primer lugar, el artículo proporciona una introducción a la justicia digital y al uso de tecnología en los servicios legales, incluyendo subsecciones específicas sobre los países líderes en justicia digital. El artículo también presenta una propuesta de implementación, usando México y la entrevista de primer contacto del Instituto Federal de la Defensoría Pública (IFDP) como ejemplo posible de automatización de un proceso legal. En consecuencia, la tercera sección ofrece información contextual sobre el acceso a la justicia en México y el IFDP, así como algunas ideas sobre la complejidad de una entrevista de primer contacto y qué elementos se deben tomar en cuenta al automatizar ese proceso (software, bases de datos, lenguaje accesible y diseño). La última sección presenta el prototipo de entrevista, a través del cual los principios e ideas discutidos en las secciones previas son puestos en práctica, demostrando la factibilidad de la propuesta.

ABSTRACT This article argues that digitalization (which includes legal process automation) is a tool for bridging the gap of access to justice and improving operational performance through features that are scalable, standardized, asynchronous and accessible. Firstly, the article provides an introduction to digital justice and technology use in legal services, including subsections about the countries that are leading the way in digital justice. This article also develops an implementation proposal, using Mexico and the first-contact interview of the Federal Institute of Public Defenders (FIPD) as a possible example of legal process automation. Thus, the third section offers background information on access to justice in Mexico and the FIPD, as well as some ideas on the complexities of a first contact interview, and what elements should be taken into account when automating this process (software, databases, plain language and design). The final section presents the interview prototype through which the principles and ideas discussed in the previous sections are put into practice, ultimately demonstrating the feasibility of the proposal.

BACKGROUND. Africa has seen an increase in the number of health research projects being conducted on the continent, particularly clinical trials. Ideally, this should be accompanied by a commensurate improvement in research ethics review capacity to competently provide the much-required research ethics oversight. Unfortunately, this is not the case in many African countries, which are still grappling with weak research ethics oversight capacity, not only at national level but also at institutional level. OBJECTIVES. To describe the proposal by Kenya's national research ethics regulatory authority, the National Commission for Science Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), to build the capacity of its National Scientific and Ethics Committee (NSEC), tasked with providing the required research ethics oversight in the country. METHODS. This is the proposal submitted by NACOSTI to the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership for funding of a project entitled 'Strengthening Research Ethics and Oversight in Kenya' (STReK). It describes the activities involved to strengthen the NSEC to provide the required research ethics in the country, and to build the research ethics capacity of research ethics committees (RECs) it has accredited, through training and mentorship programmes, to enable them to efficiently review research proposals. RESULTS. Proposed activities of the project are presented. Implementation of the activities described is ongoing. CONCLUSION. Lessons learnt in this regard may be of benefit to other research ethics regulatory authorities in resource-constrained countries aiming to strengthen their research ethics oversight capacity.

Transformations in the biological, medical and legal processes of infertility, substantial modifications in family structure and the advancement of methods and techniques of reproductive technology will affect the next step in both legal and medical terms to address the regulation of bioethics and law in Kosovo. There is a need to establish perspectives in both ethical and professional terms, since the Republic of Kosovo is in the process of drafting a Civil Code. Many of these issues have been raised and addressed during the review and evaluation of family law in the context of harmonisation and inclusion of this law in the Civil Code of the Republic of Kosovo. During the several meetings of official members with different interest groups regarding family law, the need has been raised to regulate family law to be included in the Civil Code for motherhood and fatherhood in the case of reproduction with biomedical assistance, as well as for the birth contract as a donation for another person (so-called surrogate motherhood). These bioethical and legal issues indicate the urgent need for legal harmonisation of a multidimensional platform specifically based on the principles of public health and universal human rights.

Abstract The transfer of environmentally sound technologies (EST) poses par¬ticular problems that require an enabling legal framework. The United Nations Organization promotes effective transfer of these technologies; however the role of intellectual property rights must also be considered. The TRIPS Agreement sets minimum standards in the international rules governing intellectual property, including patents, and contains specific obligations that may affect the transfer of clean technologies. It is important to examine how the TRIPS Agreement can achieve the transfer of these technologies. In this regard the Preamble, Objectives and Principles are crucial, as are the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and WTO jurisprudence. Finally for Cuba, a developing country and WTO Member, this topic is very important.

Resumen La transferencia de las tecnologías ecológicamente racionales (TER) se coloca frente a problemas que demandan un marco legal eficaz. Las Naciones Unidas promueven una transferencia efectiva de estas tecnologías pero es importante considerar el papel de los derechos de propiedad intelectual. El Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC establece estándares mínimos a nivel internacional en materia de propiedad intelectual, incluyendo a las patentes. El Acuerdo contiene obligaciones específicas que pueden afectar la transferencia de las tecnologías limpias. Es importante considerar cómo puede el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC lograr la transferencia de estas tecnologías. A este respecto el Preámbulo, los Objetivos y Principios son determinantes, así como la Convención de Viena sobre el Derecho de los Tratados y la jurisprudencia de la OMC. Finalmente para Cuba, país en desarrollo y Miembro de la OMC este tema es de suma importancia.

Section 24 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (85 of 1993) stipulates that all injuries in workshops must be reported. Technology teachers also have a legal duty under common law to report such injuries. Meticulous record keeping of accidents is one of the strategies that can be employed to prevent accidents, thereby creating a safe working environment. This article reports on the findings of an investigation using mixed research methods at 220 technical schools in South Africa that offer Mechanical Technology as a subject. The aim of the study was to quantitatively and qualitatively determine the current state of safety management in workshops in terms of the (lack of) reporting of injuries and of record keeping. The investigation showed that there is still a considerable degree of ignorance among the participating teachers about (adherence to) the prescribed reporting procedures of injuries and their record keeping. In light of this finding, it is recommended that Mechanical Technology teachers should become more aware of their legal obligations and responsibilities regarding the safety of the learners in the workshops. Such in-depth knowledge could also enable them to transform their workshops into safe spaces for their learners.

Artikel 24 van die Wet op Beroepsgesondheid en -veiligheid (85 van 1993) bepaal dat alle beserings in werkwinkels gerapporteer moet word. Tegnologie-onderwysers het ook volgens die gemenereg π regsplig om sulke beserings aan te meld. Sorgvuldige rekordhouding van ongelukke is een van die maniere wat gebruik kan word om ongelukke te voorkom en sodoende π veilige werksomgewing te skep. Hierdie artikel doen verslag oor bevindings van π ondersoek waartydens gebruik gemaak is van gemengde navorsingsmetodes by 220 tegniese skole in Suid-Afrika wat Meganiese Tegnologie as vak aanbied. Die doel van die studie was om die huidige stand van veiligheidsbestuur in werkswinkels in terme van die aanmelding van beserings en die rekordhouding daarvan kwantitatief en kwalitatief te bepaal. Die ondersoek het getoon dat daar nog 'n aansienlike mate van onkunde by die deelnemende onderwysers bestaan oor die voorgeskrewe aanmeldingsprosedures van beserings en die rekordhouding daarvan. In die lig van hierdie bevinding word aanbeveel dat Meganiese Tegnologie-onderwysers groter kennis behoort te dra van hulle wetlike verpligtinge en verantwoordelikhede ten opsigte van die veiligheid van die leerders in die werkswinkels. Sodanige verdiepte kennis behoort hulle ook in staat te stel om hulle werkswinkels te omskep tot geborgenheidsruimtes vir hulle leerders.

Studies have shown that children residing in countries affected by armed conflict are more likely not to attend school as compared to other children. This is the fate of millions of children in Northern Nigeria, where the attacks on educational facilities by Boko Haram terrorists and the general insecurity in the region have resulted in the closing down of thousands of schools in the region by the government at various levels, without viable alternative methods of enabling access to education for the affected children. This serves as the foundation for the question addressed in this article, namely, whether the general insecurity in the region absolved the government of its obligation to ensure access to basic education for children in the region. Through the interrogation of various international, regional and domestic legal instruments and jurisprudence, the article argues that the insecurity in the northern region does not absolve the government of its obligation to provide the enablement for children to access basic education in the region. As a way of recommendation, the article explores the possibility of the government leveraging technology as a method of enabling access to basic education to children in the affected areas.