ABSTRACT Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease endemic to Latin American countries, with a high impact in terms of morbidity, mortality and costs for the health system if patients progress to advanced stages. This work aimed to collect data published in publications on autochthonous cases of PCM, from the first cases diagnosed in Paraguay, with a description of the historical context and identifying the pioneers in the diagnosis in Paraguay, following a chronological order, to the most recently reported cases. Methodology: search in national libraries and online databases of PCM cases in Paraguay, published in national historical scientific journals and other sources available in print format, and more recent scientific articles available in electronic format, respectively. Results: 479 cases of PCM were identified in publications between the years 1935 and 2023, corresponding to autochthonous cases and whose diagnoses were made in Paraguayan territory. Dr. Juan Boggino and collaborators were responsible for the first diagnoses in the country. The predominant clinical form was chronic. The average age was 45.78 years. The vast majority of patients diagnosed were from the Eastern Region of the country, predominantly male farmers. Conclusion: PCM is an endemic disease in Paraguay. Since the first cases were diagnosed and until today, patients with a severe and disabling course of the disease have been detected, which demonstrates the need to disseminate its knowledge and expand the early diagnostic capacity at the national level. Due to its clinical pleomorphism and its ability to simulate other diseases, it is important to include PCM as a differential diagnosis for patients who present risk factors for the development of the disease.

RESUMEN La Paracoccidioidomicosis (PCM), es una enfermedad sistémica endémica de países de América Latina, con alto impacto en términos de morbilidad, mortalidad y costos para el sistema de salud si los enfermos progresan a sus estadios avanzados. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo recopilar datos divulgados en publicaciones sobre casos autóctonos de PCM, desde los primeros casos diagnosticados en Paraguay, con una descripción del contexto histórico e identificando a los pioneros en el diagnóstico en Paraguay, siguiendo un orden cronológico, hasta los casos más recientemente informados. Metodología: búsqueda en bibliotecas nacionales y bases de datos online de casos de PCM en Paraguay, publicados en revistas científicas históricas nacionales y otras fuentes disponibles en formato impreso, y artículos científicos más recientes disponibles en formato electrónico, respectivamente. Resultados: Se identificaron 479 casos de PCM en publicaciones entre los años 1935 y 2023, correspondientes a casos autóctonos y cuyos diagnósticos fueron realizados en territorio paraguayo. El Dr. Juan Boggino y colaboradores fueron los responsables de los primeros diagnósticos en el país. La forma clínica predominante fue la crónica. La media de edad de 45,78 años. La gran mayoría de los pacientes diagnosticados fueron oriundos de la Región Oriental del país, predominantemente hombres agricultores. Conclusión: La PCM es una enfermedad endémica del Paraguay, desde los primeros casos diagnosticados y hasta hoy en día, son detectados pacientes con una evolución grave y discapacitante de la enfermedad, lo que demuestra la necesidad de la difusión de su conocimiento y ampliación de la capacidad diagnóstica precoz a nivel nacional. Debido a su pleomorfismo clínico y su capacidad de simular otras enfermedades, es importante incluir a la PCM como diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes que presenten factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de la enfermedad.

Abstract This paper demonstrates the results obtained after the practice of social research that focused academically on the feminist discourse of the contemporary historian Joan W. Scott. This scope could be effective from the study of a historiographical nature operated based on its main scientific texts. The methodological design used responds to the qualitative design of the Social Sciences, with an emphasis on historiographical resources through the implementation of the documentary technique. In its development, a particular set of theoretical contributions of the humanistic, political and territorial order was discovered that allow it to be associated with critical post-structuralist epistemological lines parallel to the different instances of the author's gendered production.

Resumen El presente artículo refleja los resultados obtenidos luego de la práctica de una investigación social que se concentró académicamente en el discurso feminista de la historiadora contemporánea Joan W. Scott. Este alcance pudo ser efectivo a partir del estudio de naturaleza historiográfica operado en función de sus principales textos científicos. El diseño metodológico empleado responde al diseño cualitativo de las Ciencias Sociales, con énfasis en los recursos historiográficos a través de la implementación de la técnica documental. En su desarrollo se descubrió un conjunto particular de contribuciones teóricas del orden humanístico, político y territorial que permiten asociarlo a las líneas epistemológicas criticas posestructuralistas paralelas a las diferentes instancias de producción generizada de la autora.

Abstract: There is an apparent consensus that “corporatism” was one of the dominant aspects of the Mexican political system in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, this term never really corresponded to the conceptual language of the founders of the hegemonic party, who associated the “corporatist state” with fascism and catholicism. This article demonstrates that Mexico’s alleged corporatism had another name and intellectual genealogy. The original reference was to “functional democracy,” a concept invented by José Ingenieros following an analysis of the Soviet revolution. Through a reconstruction of its transnational circulation, this article shows how this concept influenced the discourses of the Latin American left. In Mexico, “functional democracy” became the ideal of many political parties in the 1910s and 20s, until it was consecrated in the statutes of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM).

Resumen: Existe al parecer un consenso en afirmar que el “corporativismo” fue uno de los rasgos dominantes del sistema político mexicano durante el siglo XX. Sin embargo, este término nunca correspondió realmente con el lenguaje conceptual de los fundadores del partido hegemónico, quienes asociaban el “Estado corporativo” con el fascismo y el catolicismo. Este artículo demuestra que el supuesto corporativismo mexicano tuvo otro nombre y otra genealogía intelectual. La referencia matriz fue la “democracia funcional”, concepto inventado por José Ingenieros a partir de un análisis de la revolución soviética. Mediante la reconstrucción de su circulación trasnacional, este trabajo muestra como dicho concepto irrigó los discursos de las izquierdas latinoamericanas. En México, la “democracia funcional” se convirtió en el ideal de los partidos políticos de las décadas de 1910 y 1920 hasta ser consagrada en los estatutos del PRM.

Abstract: Games of chance among the indigenous peoples of Latin America have a long history. Used with a ludic purpose and to make decisions in situations of uncertainty, they are a source of cultural knowledge for the development of statistical reasoning. This study proposes a curricular and teaching development alternative that links cultural knowledge about indigenous people's games of chance and the statistical reasoning expected in the curriculum, in the framework of a pedagogical duo established by a mathematics teacher and a cultural scholar. By means of a content analysis in the modeling of the activities, we studied the assessment of the proposal. The results show that the teachers focus on the equiprobability of the events, leaving aside the complexity of the cultural mathematical artifact, while the cultural scholars estimate the limits and scope of the processes in order to make them coherent with local practices.

Resumen: Los juegos de azar de los pueblos indígenas de Latinoamérica gozan de larga data. Utilizados con un propósito lúdico y para tomar decisiones en situaciones de incerteza, son una fuente de conocimiento cultural para el desarrollo del razonamiento estadístico. Este estudio propone una alternativa de desarrollo curricular y de enseñanza que vincula el conocimiento cultural sobre los juegos de azar de pueblos indígenas y el razonamiento estadístico esperado curricularmente, en el marco de una dupla pedagógica establecida por un profesor de matemática y un sabio cultural. Mediante un análisis del contenido en la modelación de las actividades, estudiamos la valoración de la propuesta. Los resultados muestran que los profesores atienden a la equiprobabilidad de los sucesos dejando de lado la complejidad del artefacto matemático cultural, mientras que los sabios culturales estiman los límites y alcances de los procesos para hacerlos coherentes con las prácticas locales.

Summary: The article discusses, in a long historical period and prioritizing some Latin American countries, the relationships between the processes of elaboration and diffusion of racism; the processes of exclusion and socio-racial oppression, even in post-independence periods of organization of constitutional governments, as coloniality of power; and the democratizing/(dis)democratizing processes present in these interconnections. Through a global history approach and a decolonial perspective, the main objective is to reflect on the practice of racial division in education and demonstrate how, since its origins, the process of school diffusion was (dis) democratizing. As methodological procedures, documentary research in period works stands out, and conceptual dialogues with authors such as Quijano (2005) and Pacheco (2017), in addition to dialogue with education historians.

Resumen: El artículo analiza, en un largo período histórico y priorizando algunos países latinoamericanos, las relaciones entre los contextos de elaboración y difusión del racismo, los procesos de exclusión y opresión socio-racial, incluso en períodos de organización de gobiernos constitucionales posteriores a la independencia, como colonialidad del poder, y los procesos democratizadores/desdemocratizadores presentes en estas interconexiones. A través de un enfoque de historia global y una perspectiva decolonial, el objetivo principal es reflexionar sobre la práctica de la división racial en la educación y demostrar cómo, desde sus orígenes, el proceso de difusión escolar fue desdemocratizante. Como procedimientos metodológicos destacan la investigación documental en obras de época y los diálogos conceptuales con autores como Quijano (2005) y Pacheco (2017), además del diálogo con historiadores de la educación.

Resumo: O artigo discute, numa longa duração histórica e priorizando-se alguns países da América Latina, as relações entre os contextos de elaboração e difusão do racismo, os processos de exclusões e opressão sociorracial, mesmo nos períodos pós-independências de organização dos governos constitucionais, enquanto colonialidade do poder, e os processos democratizantes/desdemocratizantes presentes nessas interconexões. Por meio da abordagem da história global e da perspectiva decolonial, o objetivo principal é refletir sobre a prática da divisão racial da educação e demonstrar como, desde as suas origens, o processo de difusão da escola foi desdemocratizante. Como procedimentos metodológicos, destaca-se a investigação documental em obras de época, e a realização de diálogos conceituais com autores como Quijano (2005) e Pacheco (2017), além da interlocução com historiadores da educação.

RESUMEN El contexto universitario cubano precisa de la disponibilidad de textos actualizados que aborden la línea de pensamiento Martí-Fidel en torno a las clases sociales y a la integración Latinoamericana-Caribeña, para compensar la carencia de la interdisciplinariedad en los contenidos de las asignaturas Historia de América y Cuba acorde a los cambios sociales actuales. Por lo que se propone la elaboración de un material docente para la enseñanza universitaria en Historia de América y Cuba con la finalidad de elevar la preparación política ideológica de los estudiantes. Para el desarrollo de esta investigación y en correspondencia con las características de la misma se aplican diversos métodos y técnicas entre ellos: el análisis - síntesis para establecer los nexos de las relaciones entre el proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje de las asignaturas del currículo base y del optativo. Inductivo - deductivo se aplicó en el análisis de distintas teorías para el cumplimiento de las tareas previstas. El método sistémico desde los fundamentos del materialismo dialéctico e histórico, que permite entrelazar los presupuestos teóricos para la elaboración de un material docente que enriquece la coincidencia en torno a la problemática planteada.

ABSTRACT The Cuban university context requires the availability of updated texts that address the Martí-Fidel line of thought regarding social classes and Latin American-Caribbean integration, to compensate for the lack of interdisciplinarity in the contents of the History of America and Latin American subjects. Cuba according to current social changes. Therefore, the development of teaching material for university teaching in the History of America and Cuba is proposed with the purpose of raising the ideological political preparation of students. For the development of this research and in correspondence with its characteristics, various methods and techniques are applied, including: analysis - synthesis to establish the links of the relationships between the teaching - learning process of the subjects of the base curriculum and the optional. Inductive - deductive was applied in the analysis of different theories for the fulfillment of the planned tasks. The systemic method from the foundations of dialectical and historical materialism, which allows the theoretical assumptions to be intertwined for the development of teaching material that enriches the coincidence around the problem raised.

Abstract: The “Instituto de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez” in México is highly relevant for the history of Latin American cardiology. The relation of many Chilean cardiologists with the Institute is extensively described. Figures and detailed description of two notable murals by the renowned artist Diego Rivera are included.

Resumen: El “Instituto de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez”, de México, ha tenido gran importancia en la cardiología latinoamericana y más allá. Se describe su historia, la de su fundador Ignacio Chávez e incluye la relación de muchos cardiólogos chilenos con el Instituto. Además, contiene 2 figuras de los imponentes murales de Diego Rivera.

ABSTRACT This article aims to study the relationship between the local Church and small communities, based on the reflections of the Latin American Episcopate in the post-council. The methodology used follows the steps of historical description, analysis and systematization of the ecclesiological-pastoral elements of the topic in question. The study is divided into three sections. In the first, the Latin American history of the community renewal is described considering the General Conferences of Medellín, Puebla, Santo Domingo and Aparecida. In the second section, the theology of the local Church is analyzed in light of the Second Vatican Council and the cultural aspects of the Church, rescued by the Conferences mentioned above. In the third section, the intuitions of the Latin American Episcopate are explained regarding the elaboration of a theology of the Latin American local Church, based on the ecclesiastical experiences of small communities. In this theology, aspects of inculturation of the Gospel, synodality, Christian initiation and service to the poorest stand out. Finally, it is stated that small communities contribute largely to the configuration of a theology of the local Church which is genuinely Latin American. postcouncil. postcouncil post council. council post-council description ecclesiologicalpastoral ecclesiological pastoral question sections first Medellín Puebla Aparecida section above Gospel synodality out Finally

RESUMO Este artigo visa aprofundar a relação entre Igreja local e pequenas comunidades, a partir das reflexões do Episcopado Latino-americano no pós-concílio. A metodologia utilizada segue os passos da descrição histórica, análise e sistematização dos elementos eclesiológico-pastorais do tema em questão. O estudo divide-se em três seções. Na primeira, descreve-se o histórico latino-americano de renovação comunitária a partir das Conferências Gerais de Medellín, Puebla, Santo Domingo e Aparecida. Na segunda seção, analisa-se a teologia da Igreja local à luz do Concílio Vaticano II e dos aspectos culturais da Igreja, resgatados pelas Conferências acima citadas. Na terceira, explicita-se as intuições do Episcopado latino-americano relativas à elaboração de uma teologia da Igreja local latino-americana, feita a partir das vivências eclesiais das pequenas comunidades. Nessa teologia, destacam-se os aspectos da inculturação do Evangelho, da sinodalidade, da iniciação cristã e do serviço aos mais pobres. Por fim, afirma-se que as pequenas comunidades contribuem em larga medida para a configuração de uma teologia da Igreja local que seja genuinamente latino-americana. Latinoamericano Latino americano pósconcílio. pósconcílio pós concílio. concílio pós-concílio histórica eclesiológicopastorais eclesiológico pastorais questão dividese divide se seções primeira descrevese descreve latinoamericano latino Medellín Puebla Aparecida seção analisase analisa citadas terceira explicitase explicita latinoamericana, latinoamericana americana, americana latino-americana destacamse destacam Evangelho sinodalidade pobres fim afirmase afirma latinoamericana. americana.

Abstract Introduction: Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in recent years in several Latin American countries (UC ulcerative colitis, CD Crohn’s disease and IC indeterminate colitis). Materials and methods: Describe the epidemiological characteristics of IBD patients who report to the Gastroenterology Department at the Clinical Hospital, 2019 to 2021 period. 44 IBD cases were registered, 2 cases were excluded due to the exclusion criteria. Results: An average age of 38 years old was recorded, 25 women and 17 men. Most didn’t present relevant comorbidities or family history. Consultation frequency due to IBD was 1,92: 81% patients with UC, 14,3% with CD and the remaining 4,7% with IC. The most frequent intestinal manifestations were diarrhea, rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. Among extraintestinal manifestations, the most frequent was primary sclerosing cholangitis. The initial presentation of UC was severe in 44,1% and mild for CD in 33,3%. Recurrence after treatment was 50% (59,5% UC and CD 33,3%) mainly due to medication neglect. Conclusion: IBD is more frequent in younger, female patients; the most frequent type being UC. Most UC patients began the disease gravely. Half of the patients had symptom recurrence generally due to medication neglect.

Resumen: Introducción: La incidencia y la prevalencia de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (EII) se han incrementado en los últimos años en varios países de Latinoamérica (RCU rectocolitis ulcerativa, EC enfermedad de Crohn y CI colitis inespecífica). Materiales y métodos: Describir las características epidemiológicas de los pacientes con EII que consultan en el Departamento de Gastroenterología del Hospital de Clínicas, periodo 2019 a 2021. Se encontraron 44 registros de EII, 2 casos fueron excluidos debido a los criterios de exclusión. Resultados: Se encontró una edad promedio de 38 años, 25 mujeres y 17 varones. La mayor parte no presenta comorbilidades relevantes ni antecedentes familiares. La frecuencia de consultas por EII fue de 1,92: 81% pacientes con RCU, 14,3% con EC y el restante 4,7% con diagnóstico de CI. Las manifestaciones intestinales más frecuentes fueron la diarrea, rectorragia y dolor abdominal. Entre las manifestaciones extraintestinales la más frecuente fue la colangitis esclerosante primaria. La presentación inicial de la RCU fue severa en 44,1% y leve en EC en 33,3%. La recaída luego del tratamiento fue de 50% (RCU 59,5% y EC 33,3%) debido principalmente al abandono de la medicación. Conclusión: la EII es más frecuente en pacientes jóvenes, del sexo femenino; el tipo más frecuente es la RCU. La mayoría de los pacientes con RCU inició la enfermedad de manera grave. En cambio, los pacientes con EC iniciaron de manera leve. La mitad de los pacientes recae en los síntomas en general por abandonar tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Chile has a relatively long history of monitoring and managing large-scale commercial fish stocks. However, many other small-scale fisheries, particularly those operating in estuaries, usually lack basic fisheries and biological information. International experience indicates that a monitoring system designed for large-scale stocks cannot simply be resized to address the complexity, relatively low total economic value, and the large number of actors and supply chains in small-scale fisheries. This article proposes a strategy to monitor data-poor fisheries operating in estuaries. The striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), locally known as "lisa", in the Rapel River, central Chile, was selected to establish a pilot monitoring program for small-scale fish resources. From May 2022 to May 2023, fisheries information, including fleet description, catch and effort data, and fish biological attributes such as length and weight, were collected and described for the first time in the region. Drawing insights from this case study, we propose developing a generic monitoring system tailored specifically for monitoring fish stocks in estuaries. This conceptualization is based on: i) change agents, who are individuals trained to work with both the social and biological dimensions of each coastal fish stock; ii) experienced fisheries scientists outside government agencies; and iii) local fishers’ knowledge to provide constant feedback for adapting temporal and spatial scales for monitoring. This monitoring scheme is cost-effective and can be efficiently replicated in other estuarine fisheries in Chile.

Abstract The role of flour milis and flour in long-distance trade routes in South America is examined. For the Spanish empire, the main focus is on the trans-Pampean route of the Southern Cone of America (Buenos Aires-Mendoza), the Quito-Cuenca-Guayaquil triangle, and the roads of the New Kingdom of Granada, with its connections with Panama and El Callao. For Brazil, the mill on the São Paulo-Santos route is highlighted. It is concluded that the mills contributed to promoting the regional flour trade and, by improving the supply of transporters in ports, inns, and "tambos," they consolidated long-distance trade routes and the exchange of typical regional products.

Resumen Se examina el papel de los molinos harineros y de la harina en las rutas comerciales de larga distancia en América Meridional. Para el imperio español se indaga principalmente la ruta transpampeana del Cono Sur de América (Buenos Aires-Mendoza), el triángulo Quito-Cuenca-Guayaquil, y los caminos del Nuevo Reino de Granada, con sus conexiones con Panamá y El Callao. Para Brasil se destaca el molino de la ruta San Pablo-Santos. Se concluye que los molinos contribuyeron a promover el comercio regional de harina y, al mejorar el abastecimiento de los transportistas en puertos, posadas y "tambos", consolidaron las rutas comerciales de larga distancia y el intercambio de productos típicos regionales.

Abstract During the office of Luis Mier y Terán, the public spaces of Oaxaca City began to be populated by sculptures representing local heroes. The figure of Benito Juárez García was the first to be eternalized in bronze. The aim of this paper is to investigate the political moment in 1885 when the sculpture was made by Miguel Noreña, the symbols found in the pedestal, the place the sculpture occupied as part of the public space in the Oaxacan capital, the controversy triggered by its relocation to Guelatao in 1895, the significance it acquired in its new spot and the new sculpture of Juárez, later placed in the southern city. The study of this case allows us to approach monument as another element deployed by governments, in this case, the government of Oaxaca, in my opinion, to secularize public spaces but also to construct a collective discourse about the history of the region through local heroes, a process that was occurring in other Latin American countries as well.

Resumen Durante el gobierno de Luis Mier y Terán, la ciudad de Oaxaca comenzó a vestir sus espacios públicos con esculturas que representaban a héroes locales. Benito Juárez García fue la primera figura eternizada en bronce. Los objetivos de este artículo son abordar el momento político en el cual se realizó la escultura del Benemérito elaborada por Miguel Noreña en 1885, los símbolos de su pedestal, el lugar que ocupó dentro del espacio público de la capital oaxaqueña, la controversia que se generó por su traslado a Guelatao en 1895, la respuesta que los habitantes dieron a la estatua y la nueva escultura de Juárez que se erigió en la ciudad sureña. El estudio de este caso permite acercarnos a la escultura como otro elemento desplegado por los gobiernos, en este caso el de Oaxaca, en mi opinión, para secularizar los espacios públicos, pero también para construir un discurso colectivo de la historia de la entidad a través de héroes locales, proceso que se estaba dando en otros países de América Latina.

Abstract This article analyzes corruption as a new version of othering. Based on theoretical research, the objective is to investigate the linguistic-discursive dimension of constructing the corrupt other given the neoliberal interests of capital accumulation. First, a study is carried out on the concept of othering, based on the theoretical framework of Spivak (1985) and Said (1995), among others complementary, such as the literature that discusses Latin Americanism. Then, the mechanisms and versions of othering are analyzed, such as the humanitarian, civilizing, Human Rights, degraded land, and development mission, based on studies by Backhouse (2013), Chimni (2003), Costa and Gonçalves (2016; 2011) and Gonçalves (2017; 2015; 2012). Afterward, corruption is studied as a new version of othering, based on Bratsis (2014) and Hindess (2005), among others. Finally, the Lava Jato operation is analyzed as an othering experience in recent Brazilian political history, based on research by Ramina (2020 and 2021), Proner (2019), Romano (2021), Koheler (2015), in addition to other Latin American authors. linguisticdiscursive linguistic discursive accumulation First 1985 (1985 1995, 1995 , (1995) complementary Americanism Then humanitarian civilizing Rights land mission 2013, 2013 (2013) 2003, 2003 (2003) 2016 (2016 2011 2017 (2017 2015 2012. 2012 . 2012) Afterward 2014 (2014 2005, 2005 (2005) Finally history 2020 (202 2021, 2021 2021) 2019, 2019 (2019) (2021) 2015, (2015) authors 198 (198 199 (1995 201 (2013 200 (2003 (201 (2005 202 (20 (2019 (2021 (2015 19 (19 (199 20 (200 (2 1 (1 2 (

Resumo Este artigo analisa a corrupção como uma nova versão de othering. O objetivo é distinguir, com base em pesquisa teórica, a dimensão linguístico-discursiva da construção do outro corrupto, tendo em vista os interesses neoliberais de acumulação de capital. Primeiro é realizado um estudo sobre o conceito de othering, com base no referencial teórico central de Spivak (1985) e Said (1995), além de outros complementares, como a literatura que discute o latino-americanismo. Em seguida, são analisados os mecanismos e as versões do othering, como a missão humanitária, civilizatória, dos Direitos Humanos, da terra degradada e do desenvolvimento, a partir dos estudos de Backhouse (2013), Chimni (2003), Gonçalves (2017; 2015; 2012) e outros. Posteriormente, a corrupção é estudada enquanto nova versão de othering, com base em Bratsis (2014), Hindess (2005), dentre outros. Por fim, é analisada a operação Lava Jato enquanto experiência de othering na história política brasileira recente, com base nas pesquisas de Ramina (2020 e 2021), Proner (2019), Romano (2021), Koheler (2015), dentre outras autoras e autores latino-americanos. distinguir teórica linguísticodiscursiva linguístico discursiva corrupto capital 1985 (1985 1995, 1995 , (1995) complementares latinoamericanismo. latinoamericanismo latino americanismo. americanismo latino-americanismo seguida humanitária civilizatória Humanos desenvolvimento 2013, 2013 (2013) 2003, 2003 (2003) 2017 (2017 2015 2012 Posteriormente 2014, 2014 (2014) 2005, 2005 (2005) fim recente 2020 (202 2021, 2021 2021) 2019, 2019 (2019) (2021) 2015, (2015) latinoamericanos. latinoamericanos americanos. americanos latino-americanos 198 (198 199 (1995 201 (2013 200 (2003 (201 (2014 (2005 202 (20 (2019 (2021 (2015 19 (19 (199 20 (200 (2 1 (1 2 (

Abstract From a global history perspective, the article reveals how the Incas were idealized as bearers of esoteric knowledge since the 16th century, focusing on the case of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616) and his appropriation by the French Martinist Henri Girgois (1833-?) in Argentina in the 19th century. The article demonstrates how this contributed to giving an Americanist orientation to Latin American esotericism that persists to this day. It also shows how the concept of “Western esotericism” emerged

Resumen Desde la perspectiva en historia global, el artículo revela cómo los incas fueron idealizados como portadores de conocimientos esotéricos desde el siglo xvi, focalizándose en el caso de Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616) y su apropiación por el martinista francés Henri Girgois (1833-?) en la Argentina del siglo xix. El artículo demuestra cómo esto contribuyó a dar una orientación americanista al esoterismo latinoamericano que perdura hasta nuestros días. Además, muestra cómo el concepto de “esoterismo occidental” surgió en Buenos Aires como resultado de las relaciones conflictivas de Girgois con los teósofos argentinos y su posterior adhesión al martinismo.

Abstract: Although the importance of Pedro Henríquez Ureña’s Observaciones sobre el español de América (1921) for linguistic geography and linguistic historiography is very well known, this paper maintains that its information is also very relevant to historical dialectology of Latin American varieties of Spanish language. This statement is demonstrated with several examples which increase our knowledge of this subject and whose study in other corpora is very difficult or event impossible.

Resumen: Aunque la importancia de las Observaciones sobre el español de América (1921) de Pedro Henríquez Ureña para la geografía y la historiografía lingüística es bien conocida, el presente artículo sostiene que la información que aparece en sus páginas es también muy relevante para la dialectología histórica de las variedades americanas del español, afirmación que se demuestra con numerosos ejemplos de los distintos niveles lingüísticos que sirven para aumentar nuestro conocimiento sobre esta cuestión y cuyo estudio en otros corpus resulta notablemente complejo o incluso imposible.