Resumen Este artículo introduce un recurso didáctico diseñado para mejorar la enseñanza y evaluación del electromagnetismo, enfocándose específicamente en el concepto de campos eléctricos. A través de un flujo de trabajo que integra R Markdown y LaTeX, se facilita la creación de problemas variados con valores aleatorios. Esta herramienta es especialmente útil para generar materiales de práctica y exámenes, permitiendo evaluar de manera efectiva el entendimiento de los estudiantes en diversas situaciones físicas. La generación automática de documentos PDF listos para ser utilizados en entornos educativos muestra la versatilidad y eficiencia del recurso. Capaz de cubrir temas desde el campo eléctrico generado por cargas puntuales hasta el movimiento de un electrón en un campo uniforme, este recurso es adecuado para cursos de electromagnetismo a nivel universitario intermedio. Su implementación no solo ahorra tiempo a los docentes en la preparación de material, sino que también enriquece el proceso de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, ofreciéndoles recursos para una preparación sólida.

Abstract This article introduces an educational resource designed to enhance the teaching and assessment of electromagnetism, focusing specifically on the concept of electric fields. Through a workflow that integrates R Markdown and LaTeX, it facilitates the creation of varied problems with random values. This tool is particularly useful for generating practice materials and exams, allowing for effective assessment of students' understanding in various physical situations. The automatic generation of PDF documents ready for use in educational settings demonstrates the resource's versatility and efficiency. Capable of covering topics from the electric field generated by point charges to the motion of an electron in a uniform field, this resource is suitable for intermediate-level university electromagnetism courses. Its implementation not only saves teachers time in material preparation but also enriches the learning process for students, providing them with resources for a solid preparation.

Abstract Gums are polysaccharides, proteins, and minerals that occur naturally in seed coverings and as exudative resinous substance from woody plants. It is reported to have antibacterial, anticancer, blood sugar regulation, and immune system boosting properties. However, the presence of toxic metals in gum is caused for caution as these metals can be harmful if taken in high quantities. The purpose of this study was to determine the amounts of toxic metals in gums collected from the local market, as many consumers tend to use them daily for incense or food ingredients. Gum samples were extracted from several parts of 10 selected medicinal plants (bark, sap, root, latex, leaf glue, and gum). Two fractions of each sample were produced using nitric acid (NHO3), followed by hydrochloric acid (HCl) at first and then hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The presence of toxic metals in the solutions was determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP OES). The results showed that most of the elements were detected in high concentrations in Commiphora myrrha (Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) followed by Benzoin resin (Jawi Oud) and Paeonia officinalis. The most prevalent elements detected in all of the herbal gums were potassium (K) and iron (Fe). Fortunately, the sampled herbal gums were found to be within the WHO/FAO permitted range. This study may provide insights about the safety of the selected gums to be used for food applications. Further in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies should be performed to identify the safe dose. polysaccharides proteins antibacterial anticancer regulation properties However quantities market ingredients 1 bark, bark (bark sap root latex glue gum. . gum) NHO3, NHO3 NHO , (NHO3) HCl (HCl H2O2. H2O2 HO H O (H2O2) ICP OES. OES OES) Cd, Cd (Cd Cu Fe K Mn Ni Pb Zn Jawi Oud officinalis (K Fe. (Fe) Fortunately WHOFAO WHO FAO range applications dose (NHO3 H2O (H2O2 (Fe (NHO (H2O

Resumo As gomas são polissacarídeos, proteínas e minerais que ocorrem naturalmente nas cascas de sementes e como substância resinosa exsudativa de plantas lenhosas. Possuem propriedades antibacterianas, anticancerígenas, reguladoras de açúcar no sangue e do reforço do sistema imunológico. No entanto, a presença de metais tóxicos na goma é motivo de cautela, pois esses metais podem ser prejudiciais se ingeridos em grandes quantidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as quantidades de metais tóxicos nas gomas coletadas no mercado local, já que muitos consumidores tendem a utilizá-las diariamente para incenso ou ingredientes alimentares. Amostras de goma foram extraídas de diversas partes de 10 plantas medicinais selecionadas (casca, seiva, raiz, látex, cola de folhas e goma). Duas frações de cada amostra foram produzidas utilizando ácido nítrico (NHO3), seguido primeiro de ácido clorídrico (HCl) e depois de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). A presença de metais tóxicos nas soluções foi determinada utilizando um Espectrômetro de Emissão Atômica com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP OES). Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos elementos foi detectada em altas concentrações em Commiphora myrrha (Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn) seguida pela resina de benjoim (Jawi Oud) e Paeonia officinalis. Os elementos mais prevalentes detectados em todas as gomas vegetais foram o potássio (K) e o ferro (Fe). Felizmente, descobriu-se que as gomas herbáceas amostradas estavam dentro da faixa permitida pela OMS/FAO. Este estudo pode fornecer insights sobre a segurança das gomas selecionadas para uso em aplicações alimentícias. Devem ser realizados mais estudos de toxicidade in vitro e in vivo para identificar a dose segura. polissacarídeos lenhosas antibacterianas anticancerígenas imunológico entanto cautela local utilizálas utilizá las alimentares 1 casca, casca (casca seiva raiz látex goma. . goma) NHO3, NHO3 NHO , (NHO3) HCl (HCl H2O2. H2O2 HO H (H2O2) ICP OES. OES OES) Cd, Cd (Cd Cu Fe K Mn Ni Zn Jawi Oud officinalis (K Fe. (Fe) Felizmente descobriuse descobriu OMSFAO OMS FAO OMS/FAO alimentícias segura (NHO3 H2O (H2O2 (Fe (NHO (H2O

Abstract The three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) has been a victim of disorderly human interventions, leading to an increase in accidents and diseases for the species. This study aimed to provide a description of the coronary arteries and to high light the histopathological findings in the sloth’s heart. This information should be beneficial for medical clinics dealing with these species. Eighteen B. variegatus specimens were dissected after natural death. Fifteen of them, comprising five adult males, nine adult females, and one juvenile, were fixed with formaldehyde and preserved in saline solution. In two males and one female, red-coloured latex was injected through the left common carotid artery to make the coronary arteries more visible. In the female, blue-coloured latex was also injected through the right external jugular vein to aid in arterial identification. The chests were opened to evaluate and extract the heart for a detailed description of the coronary arteries. For histopathological analysis, histological slides were prepared from four hearts collected from four animals (three adults and one juvenile). Arterial analyses revealed that sloths possess two coronary arteries: one on the right and one on the left side, each of which supplies blood to their respective surfaces. The heart is composed of the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium, similar to mammals in general. However, necrosis of endocardial tissue and cardiac muscle fbres, as well as myxomatous degeneration of valves and thrombi in vascular lumens, were observed. These necrotic events, more extensive in nature, are related to infarctions, while the more subtle ones may be associated with stressful situations experienced by the individuals. threetoed three toed Bradypus interventions species s B death them females juvenile solution female redcoloured red coloured visible bluecoloured blue identification analysis juvenile. . juvenile) side surfaces endocardium myocardium epicardium general However fbres lumens observed events nature infarctions individuals

Resumo A preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus) tem sido vítima das investidas antrópicas desordenadas, o que tem elevado o número de acidentes e doenças para a espécie. Propôs-se com esse estudo, realizar uma descrição das artérias coronárias, assim como apontar os achados histopatológicos do coração do bicho-preguiça, a fim de favorecer o diagnóstico por imagem, semiologia e clínica médica das espécies. Foram dissecados 18 exemplares de B. variegatus obtidos após morte natural. Quinze deles, sendo 5 machos e 9 fêmeas adultas e 1 jovem, foram fixados com formaldeído e conservados em solução salina. Em 2 machos e 1 fêmea, foi injetado, a partir da artéria carótida comum esquerda, látex corado em vermelho, para tornar as coronárias mais evidentes. Na fêmea também foi injetado através da veia jugular externa direita, látex corado em azul, para evitar equívoco na identificação arterial. Os animais tiveram o tórax aberto a fim de avaliar e retirar o coração para descrição detalhada das artérias coronárias. Para análise histopatológica, foram confeccionadas lâminas histológicas oriundas de corações coletados de 4 animais (3 adultos e 1 jovem). Com base nas análises arteriais, as preguiças possuem duas coronárias: uma a direita e uma a esquerda, que irrigam suas respectivas faces. O coração é composto por endocárdio, miocárdio e epicárdio, semelhante aos mamíferos em geral. Todavia, observou-se necroses endocárdicas, de fibras musculares cardíacas, além de degenerações mixomatosas de válvulas e trombos no lúmen vascular. Esses eventos necróticos, mais extensos, estão relacionados a infartos, enquanto os mais discretos podem ser associados a situações de estresse vivenciadas pelos espécimes. preguiçacomum preguiça Bradypus desordenadas espécie Propôsse Propôs se estudo bichopreguiça, bichopreguiça bicho preguiça, bicho-preguiça imagem espécies B natural deles jovem salina esquerda vermelho evidentes azul arterial histopatológica 3 ( jovem. . jovem) arteriais faces endocárdio epicárdio geral Todavia observouse observou endocárdicas cardíacas vascular necróticos extensos infartos espécimes

Resumo Ensaios pré-clínicos demonstraram que uma biomembrana composta de álcool polivinílico a 1%, contendo proteínas de látex (10%) obtidas da planta medicinal Calotropis procera (Aiton) era biocompatível e estimulava a cicatrização de feridas incisionais e excisionais em modelos murinos, e aspectos mecanísticos foram estabelecidos. No estudo atual, foi investigada a eficácia da biomembrana (BioMemCpLP) em promover a cicatrização de úlceras crônicas em pacientes acometidos de hanseníase. O estudo foi iniciado com 28 voluntários. Cinco foram excluídos, posteriormente, por diferentes desconformidades. Úlceras de 15 pacientes foram tratadas continuamente com BioMemCpLP durante 56 dias. Outros cinco pacientes foram tratados apenas com sulfadiazina de prata e mais três pacientes receberam curativos simples de hidrocoloide com alta capacidade de absorção. Em todos os casos, os curativos foram renovados três vezes por semana e as úlceras foram avaliadas semanalmente quanto à contração e ao progresso da cicatrização, durante 56 dias. A extensão da área cicatrizada, nas úlceras tratadas com BioMemCpLP, foi maior do que nos dois grupos controles. Aproximadamente 88% das úlceras tratadas com BioMemCpLP foram totalmente curadas, antes do dia 56 de tratamento, contra 6% em ambos os grupos de controle. Esse resultado não foi correlacionado com idade/sexo, tempo de lesão ou localização das úlceras, deformidade ou se o paciente alcançou ou não a cura da hanseníase. Os resultados mostraram que a BioMemCpLP foi benéfica no tratamento de úlceras sofridas por pacientes com hanseníase, sem efeitos colaterais perceptíveis. préclínicos pré clínicos 1 1% 10% 10 (10% Aiton (Aiton murinos estabelecidos atual (BioMemCpLP hanseníase 2 voluntários excluídos posteriormente desconformidades 5 dias absorção casos cicatrizada controles 88 curadas 6 controle idadesexo idade sexo idade/sexo perceptíveis (10 8 (1 (

Abstract Pre-clinical assays demonstrated that a 1% polyvinyl alcohol biomembrane containing latex proteins (10%) from the medicinal plant Calotropis procera was biocompatible and stimulated healing of incisional and excisional wounds in murine models, and the mechanistic aspects were established. The efficacy of the biomembrane (BioMemCpLP) to promote healing of chronic ulcers in leprosy patients was investigated. The study started with 28 volunteers. Five were excluded later due to different disconformities. Ulcers from 15 patients were continuously treated with BioMemCpLP for 56 days. Five patients were treated only with silver sulfadiazine and three patients received plain hydrocolloid wound dressings with high absorption capacity. In all cases, wound dressings were renewed three times a week for 56 days and ulcers were evaluated weekly for contraction and healing progress. The extent of the healed area in the ulcers treated with BioMemCpLP was greater than in the control groups. Approximately 88% of ulcers treated with BioMemCpLP were fully healed before day 56, against 6% in both control groups. This result was not correlated with age/gender, duration or location of ulcers, deformity or whether or not the patient was cured of leprosy. The results showed that BioMemCpLP was beneficial for treatment of ulcers suffered by leprosy patients without noticeable side effects. Preclinical Pre clinical 1 10% 10 (10% models established (BioMemCpLP investigated 2 volunteers disconformities 5 capacity cases progress groups 88 6 agegender age gender age/gender effects (10 8 (1 (

The approach to geometric optics content is often challenging for high school and higher education teachers, as they face difficulties in demonstrating optical phenomena due to experimental limitations, alongside the subject’s complexity. In this context, the present study addressed the topic of spherical lenses through the construction and study of two simple converging biconvex lenses, one thick and spherical-shaped (ball lens), made from flat-bottomed balloons, and another with adjustable focus, whose surface was made from latex, both using water as the propagation medium. The objective of the study was to analyze the behavior of light incident on the lenses and explore their notable points, such as focal distance, image formation, and the relationship between object and image distances. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the behavior of the manufactured lenses aligns with the theoretical principles of geometric optics. Real and inverted images were obtained in accordance with the literature, and the relationship between object and image distances from the lens was verified. Thus, it is concluded that lenses constructed from readily available materials can serve as effective tools for teaching geometric optics, enabling experimental investigation of important concepts in this branch of physics and simulation of real optical systems. teachers limitations subjects subject s complexity context sphericalshaped shaped ball lens, , lens) flatbottomed flat bottomed balloons focus latex medium points distance formation literature verified Thus systems

A abordagem do conteúdo de óptica geométrica costuma ser desafiadora para os professores do ensino médio e superior, pois, além da complexidade do assunto, eles enfrentam dificuldades para a demonstração dos fenômenos ópticos, devido às limitações experimentais encontradas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho abordou o conteúdo de lentes esféricas por meio da construção e do estudo de duas lentes biconvexas simples, uma espessa de formato esférico (lente-bola), feita com balões de fundo chato, e outra com foco ajustável, cuja superfície foi produzida com látex, ambas utilizando água como meio de propagação. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o comportamento da luz ao incidir nas lentes e explorar seus pontos notáveis, como a distância focal, a formação de imagens e a relação entre as distâncias do objeto e da imagem. A partir dos resultados encontrados, verificou-se que o comportamento das lentes produzidas está de acordo com os princípios teóricos da óptica geométrica. Imagens reais e invertidas foram obtidas de acordo com a literatura e a relação entre as distâncias do objeto e da imagem à lente foi verificada. Dessa forma, conclui-se que as lentes construídas com materiais de fácil acesso podem ser ferramentas eficazes para o ensino de óptica geométrica, permitindo a investigação experimental de conceitos importantes desse ramo da física e a simulação de sistemas ópticos reais. superior pois assunto encontradas contexto simples lentebola, lentebola bola , (lente-bola) chato ajustável látex propagação notáveis focal encontrados verificouse verificou se verificada forma concluise conclui (lente-bola

Interface areas shared by humans, domestic and wild animals may serve as high transmission contexts for Toxoplasma gondii. However, knowledge about the epidemiology of T. gondii in such areas is currently limited. The present study assessed the seroprevalence of T. gondii in different hosts from Mpumalanga, South Africa. Furthermore, we investigated the local knowledge and related practices about T. gondii by conducting a questionnaire study in the community. Blood samples were obtained and analysed for T. gondii antibodies using a commercial multispecies latex agglutination kit. The seroprevalence detected in humans (n = 160; patients showing signs of acute febrile illness), cats (n = 9), chickens (n = 336) and goats (n = 358) was 8.8%, 0.0%, 4.2% and 11.2%, respectively. Seroprevalence in impalas (n = 97), kudus (n = 55), wild dogs (n = 54), wildebeests (n = 43), warthogs (n = 97) and zebras (n = 68) was calculated at 5.2%, 7.3%, 100.0%, 20.9%, 13.4% and 9.1%, respectively. The questionnaire revealed that 63.0% of household owners were subsistence farmers, and 35.9% were pet owners. A high level of female participation was found (75.3%) when compared to male participation (24.7%). The results show a low circulation of T. gondii in the domestic cycle and suggest the presence of possible bridges between the wildlife cycle and the surrounding domestic cycle. CONTRIBUTION: The study contributes to identifying transmission patterns and risk factors of T. gondii within human and animal populations. This topic fits within the scope of the journal presenting original research in veterinary science, with the focus on wild and domestic populations on the African continent on a topic of universal importance.

ABSTRACT A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify the resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus colonizing the oral cavity of patients. Sampling was carried out with sterile swabs. Mannitol-positive colonies were cultured on blood agar, identifying S. aureus by conventional biochemical tests that included positive results for catalase, coagulase, DNAse and latex agglutination test for S. aureus. The resistance to 11 antibiotics was tested. Forty-three subjects were included; 83.7% presented oral pathologies, and 6.9% had a history of hospitalization, 18.6% mentioned having used antibiotics in the last three months. S. aureus was isolated in 3 patients; the 3 isolates presented resistance to penicillin, while 2 of the three isolates were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin was also present in one patient. Two of the cases presented resistance to various drugs and didn´t report any risk factors.

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio transversal para identificar el perfil de resistenia de S. aureus que se encuentra colonizando la cavidad bucal de los pacientes. La toma de muestras se realizó con hisopos estériles. Se cultivaron colonias positivas a manitol en agar sangre, identificándose S. aureus mediante pruebas bioquímicas convencionales que incluyeron resultados positivos para catalasa, coagulasa, ADNasa y aglutinación en látex para S. aureus. Se probó la resistencia a 11 antibióticos. Se incluyeron cuarenta y tres sujetos; el 83,7% presentó patología bucal y el 6,9% tenía antecedentes de hospitalización, el 18,6% mencionó haber utilizado antibióticos en los últimos tres meses. Se aisló S. aureus en 3 pacientes; los 3 aislados presentaron resistencia a penicilina, mientras que 2 de los tres aislados fueron resistentes a oxacilina y cefoxitina. Un paciente también presentó resistencia a eritromicina y clindamicina. Dos de los casos presentaron resistencia a diversos fármacos, sin haber reportado factores de riesgo.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives: Latex allergy is recognized as a widespread health problem that assumed serious proportions in the 1990s. Although preventive measures have markedly decreased its incidence, recent studies have shown that it remains an important health problem in certain population groups, particularly in developing countries. This work aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current status of occupational latex allergies. We summarize various aspects of this condition, such as prevalence, risk groups, latex allergens, the diagnostic approach, prevention, and treatment. Methodology: A bibliographic review was carried out in January 2023 in the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Evidence-based Medicine, Canadian Medical Association, Practice Guidelines and National Guideline Clearinghouse. Content: Repeated exposure to latex in an occupational context can lead to worker sensitivity, with a significant clinical and socio-economic impact. We summarize various aspects of this condition, such as prevalence, risk groups, latex allergens, the diagnostic approach, prevention and treatment. Discussion and Conclusions: The history of latex allergies has demonstrated that potent allergens such as Natural Rubber Latex proteins can cause rapid immunoglobulin-E-mediated sensitization and clinical allergies, reaching serious proportions in highly exposed individuals. Occupational exposure has a decisive influence on the allergen sensitivity profile, with important clinical and therapeutic consequences. The effectiveness of secondary prevention measures is limited. Thus, it is essential to implement early primary prevention measures in individuals belonging to risk groups, to avoid or minimize exposure to latex allergens.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos: A alergia ao látex foi reconhecida como um problema de saúde generalizado, assumindo proporções graves nos anos 90. Apesar das medidas preventivas diminuírem de forma acentuada a sua incidência, estudos mais recentes revelaram que continua a ser um importante problema de saúde em grupos populacionais selecionados, denominados de risco e em determinados países, sobretudo aqueles em desenvolvimento porque persistem desafios relacionados à prevenção e à conscientização. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão foi fornecer uma compilação abrangente do estado atual das alergias profissionais ao látex. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma Revisão Bibliográfica, em janeiro de 2023, nas bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Evidence based Medicine, Canadian Medical Association, Practice Guidelines e National Guideline Clearinghouse. Conteúdo: A exposição repetida ao látex em contexto ocupacional, pode levar à sensibilização dos trabalhadores com impacto clínico e socioeconómico importante. Aqui, resumem-se vários aspetos relacionados com a alergia ao látex, desde prevalência, grupos de risco, alergénios do látex, abordagem diagnóstica, prevenção e tratamento. Discussão e Conclusões: A história da alergia ao látex demonstrou que existem alergénios potentes, como as proteínas do látex natural, que podem causar uma rápida sensibilização mediada por imunoglobulina E e alergia clínica, atingindo proporções graves em populações altamente expostas. A exposição ocupacional, influencia de modo determinante o perfil de sensibilização alergénica, com importantes consequências clínicas e terapêuticas. A eficácia das medidas de prevenção secundária parece ser limitada, pelo que é fundamental a instituição precoce de medidas de prevenção primária nos indivíduos pertencentes a grupos de risco, no sentido de evitar ou minimizar a exposição a alergénios do látex.

Resumen Las plantaciones de caucho natural del Bajo Cauca antioqueño requieren una alta intensidad de sangría. Esto genera un mayor costo de la mano de obra y sobreexplotación, razón por la que se evaluaron parámetros fisiológicos y de producción en árboles de caucho del clon FX3864, los cuales fueron sometidos a distintas frecuencias de sangría y estimulación química en el Nordeste de Antioquia, Colombia. Se comparó la producción de látex y el contenido de sacarosa, fósforo inorgánico, tioles y sólidos totales en plantas estimuladas con etefón al 2.5 % y sometidas a tres frecuencias de sangría (cada dos, tres y cuatro días). La mayor producción de látex se alcanzó en árboles estimulados y sangrados cada cuatro días (170.99 mL.d-1 por árbol), sin indicios de sobreexplotación para esta frecuencia. La estimulación y la disminución de la intensidad de sangría del árbol de caucho aumentan el rendimiento sin alteraciones metabólicas significativas.

Abstract The natural rubber plantations of Bajo Cauca (Antioquia) require a high tapping intensity. This generates a higher cost of labor and overexploitation. This is why physiological and production parameters were evaluated in rubber trees clone FX3864, which were subjected to different tapping frequencies and chemical stimulation in Northeast of Antioquia, Colombia. The latex yield and the contents of sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiols, and total solids content were compared in rubber trees stimulated with 2.5% ethephon and subjected to three tapping frequencies (every two, three, and four days). The highest latex production was reached in trees stimulated and tapped every four days (170.99 mL.d-1 per tree), without indications of overexploitation for this frequency. Stimulation and the reduction of tapping intensity in rubber trees increase the yields without significant metabolic alterations.

Resumen Se presenta la investigación para el desarrollo de una fórmula de una pintura de uso interior para techos de chapa de zinc. Las propiedades que se desarrollaron y optimizaron fueron: aislación térmica, capacidad anticondensante y propiedades ignífugas. Se utilizó como base de formulación un recubrimiento al látex ignífugo y se ensayaron tres tipos de rellenos, microesferas huecas de vidrio, microesferas huecas de cerámica y perlita expandida. Se evaluó el coeficiente de transferencia térmica de los distintos recubrimientos, la capacidad de absorción de agua y la transmisión térmica de llama. De los resultados, se determinó que la formulación de mejor desempeño, tanto en aislación térmica como en capacidad de absorción de agua, fue la que contenía perlita expandida. En cuanto a la transmisión térmica por acción de la llama, no se observó diferencia significativa entre las distintas cargas utilizadas.

Abstract A formula of a paint for interior use for roofing sheet zinc was optimized. The properties developed and optimizedwere thermal insulation, anticondensation capacity and fire-retardant properties. A fire-retardant latex coating was used as the formulation base and three types of fillers were investigated: hollow glass microspheres, hollow ceramic microspheres and expanded perlite. The thermal transfer coefficient of the different coatings, the water absorption capacity and the thermal flame transmission were evaluated. From the results, it was determined that the formulation with the best performance, both in thermal insulation and in water absorption capacity, was the one that contained expanded perlite. Regarding the thermal transmission due to the action of the flame, no significant difference was observed between the different loads used.

Abstract In this research, the papain enzyme was obtained from the latex of three species of the Vasconcellea genus, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii and V. pubescens, species native to the Amazon region in Peru. The extracted latex was conditioned with sodium acetate buffer, EDTA and sodium bisulfite solution. The purification was carried out adapting the method of Andrade (2011), ammonium sulfate was used for precipitation; 96° ethanol in two stages for dilution; the pH was regulated at 6.0 and 8.0 with NaOH 0.1 N, it was centrifuged in three stages; frozen at -65 °C for 12 hours; and lyophilized from 24 to 36 hours with a vacuum of 0.1 to 0.6 mbar and a collector temperature of -84 to -85 ° C, finally it was packed in dark bottles. Using the milk coagulation method (Balls and Hoover) the enzymatic activity (AE) was determined, the three species obtained higher values of AE at pH 6.0 than at pH 8.0; V. chachapoyensis presented a higher significant average of EA (240.97 Upe), followed by V. pubescens (195.80 Upe) and V. heilbornii (112.45 Upe), it was also significantly higher than commercial papain (208.14 Upe). V. pubescens had higher proteolytic activity than the other species.

Resumen En esta investigación se obtuvo la enzima papaína a partir de látex de tres especies del género Vasconcellea, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii y V. pubescens, especies nativas de la región Amazonas en Perú. El látex extraído se acondiciono con buffer acetato de sodio, EDTA y solución de bisulfito de sodio. La purificación se realizó adaptando el método de Andrade (2011), se utilizó sulfato de amonio para la precipitación; etanol de 96° en dos etapas para la dilución; se regulo el pH a 6.0 y 8.0 con NaOH 0.1 N, se centrifugo en tres etapas; se congelo a -65 °C por 12 horas; y liofilizo de 24 a 36 horas con vacío de 0.1 a 0.6 mbar y temperatura de colector de -84 a -85 ° C, finalmente se envaso en frascos oscuros. Utilizando el método de coagulación de leche (Balls and Hoover) se determinó la actividad enzimática (AE), las tres especies obtuvieron mayores valores de AE a pH 6.0 que a pH 8.0; la V. chachapoyensis presento mayor promedio significativo de AE (240.97 Upe), seguido de V. pubescens (195.80 Upe) y V. heilbornii (112.45 Upe), también fue significativamente superior a la papaína comercial (208.14 Upe). La V. pubescens tuvo mayor actividad proteolítica que las otras especies.

Resumen Antecedentes: Castilla elastica, árbol conocido desde la época prehispánica por su producción de látex, emblemática para México; la eminente deforestación es una amenaza para su supervivencia en México y Tabasco. Preguntas: ¿En qué condiciones ecológicas se distribuye C. elastica en México? ¿En cuántas áreas de ocupación se localiza? Especie de estudio: Castilla elastica Cerv. Sitio y años de estudio: República Mexicana y estado de Tabasco, México. Enero-diciembre 2019. Métodos: Se obtuvieron registros de diferentes fuentes virtuales y en herbarios, así como de visitas de campo en Tabasco. Los puntos de distribución se georreferenciaron, los datos se convirtieron al formato “shapefile” mediante el programa QGis 3.16.6. Las Áreas de Ocupación (AO) se calcularon de acuerdo con el método Cartográfico por Conglomerados. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 615 datos. Se constató que la especie se distribuye generalmente en las zonas tropicales de México, principalmente en Chiapas, su intervalo altitudinal es de 0-1,660 m. Está asociada a 11 unidades de suelo, a ecosistemas selváticos y agroecosistemas. El total de AO consistió en 43 conglomerados y 20 satélites que se ubicaron principalmente en el Golfo de México. Conclusiones: Históricamente C. elastica tiene una distribución en ambas vertientes de México, prefiere climas cálidos (A), de transición A(C) y suelos Leptosols. Se obtuvieron registros actuales para Tabasco, donde se encuentra particularmente en cacaotales. El AO de mayor superficie corresponde a Campeche, Yucatán y Quintana Roo que coincide con la zona del Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano, este trabajo aporta datos sobre sus preferencias ecológicas que servirán para su conservación sustentable.

Abstract Background: Castilla elastica is a tree known since pre-Hispanic times for its latex production. It is an emblematic species for Mexico, imminent deforestation is a threat for its survival in Mexico and Tabasco. Questions: In which ecological conditions is C. elastica distributed in Mexico? In how many areas of occupancy is it located? Studied species: Castilla elastica Cerv. Study site and dates: The Mexico and the state of Tabasco, january-december 2019. Methods: Records were obtained from different virtual sources and in herbaria, also field visits in Tabasco. The distribution points were geo-referenced, were converted to the shapefile format through the QGis 3.16.16 program. The areas of occupancy (AOO) were calculated according to the Cartographic method by conglomerates. Results: 615 records were obtained. It was found that the species is generally distributed in tropical areas of Mexico, mostly identified in Chiapas; its altitudinal range goes from 0-1,660 m. Associated with 11 soil units, forest ecosystems and agro-ecosystems. The total of the AOO consisted of 43 conglomerates and 20 satellites, which were located mainly in the Gulf of Mexico. Conclusions: Historically, C. elastica has a distribution on both sides in Mexico, prefers warm climates (A), de transition A(C) and Leptosol soils. Current records were established for Tabasco where it is found particularly in cocoa-plantations. The AO with the largest surface corresponds to Campeche, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo, coincides with the area of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor; this work provides data on their ecological predilections that will serve for their sustainable conservation.

Resumo Produtos derivados de plantas podem auxiliar no processo de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas. Foi demonstrado que o látex de Hancornia speciosa apresenta atividades angiogênicas, osteogênicas, antiinflamatórias e antioxidantes. Então, este biomaterial pode contribuir para o processo de cicatrização de feridas. No entanto, produtos naturais em contato com a pele podem causar dermatites. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial alérgico e irritante do látex da fração soro de H. speciosa por meio de ensaios in vitro. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o látex da fração do soro de H. speciosa possui um potencial pouco irritante e não é citotóxico nem alergênico para células humanas. Além disso, foi identificado uma notável baixa quantidade de proteínas neste material em comparação ao látex de Hevea brasiliensis. Esse resultado poderia explicar o potencial não alergênico do látex da fração soro de H. speciosa, pois as proteínas presentes no látex são as principais responsáveis pela alergia. Este biomaterial pode ser utilizado como fonte não alergênica para desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos.

Abstract Plant-derived products can assist in the healing process of dermal wounds. It has been demonstrated that Hancornia speciosa latex present angiogenic, osteogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Then, it could contribute to the wound healing process. However, natural products in contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the allergic and irritant potential of H. speciosa serum fraction latex using in vitro assays. The obtained results showed that the H. speciosa serum fraction latex has a slightly irritant potential and is not cytotoxic neither allergenic for human cells. Moreover, we identified a remarkable low amount of proteins in this material in comparison to Hevea brasiliensis latex. This result could explain the non-allergenic potential of H. speciosa serum fraction latex because proteins present in latex are the main responsible for allergy. This biomaterial could be used as a non-allergenic source for development of new medicines.

Abstract The aim of this study was to carry out phytochemical prospecting and evaluate the larvicidal activity of Himatanthus drasticus latex extracts against Aedes aegypti. The extracts were obtained by maceration from 5 g of latex powder concentrated separately in 100 mL of methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane solvents. The concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm of each extract were tested in triplicate with a solution of pyriproxyfen as the positive control and distilled water and dimethylsulfoxide as the negative control. The phytochemical prospection of the methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, catechins, chalcones, aurones, leucoanthocyanidins, and condensed tannins. The insecticidal bioactivity was most significant for the methanolic extract. The methanolic extract lethal concentrations (LC) of 50 and 90% were 190.76 and 464.74 ppm, respectively. After 48 hours of exposure, the extracts using methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane at their highest concentrations (500 ppm) caused larval mortality of 100, 73.33, and 66.67%, respectively. These extracts also promoted changes in the external morphology of the larvae, such as damage to the anal papillae, darkening of the body, and reduction in the number of bristles. The methanolic extract showed greater expressivity for morphological changes. The latex of H. drasticus has larvicidal activity against third-stade larvae of A. aegypti and it is more significant when obtained through maceration in methanol. The methanolic extract of H. drasticus latex contains phenolic compounds with insecticidal activity against A. aegypti larvae. 10 methanol acetate solvents 200 300 400 anthocyanins anthocyanidins catechins chalcones aurones leucoanthocyanidins tannins LC (LC 90 19076 190 76 190.7 46474 464 74 464.7 respectively 4 exposure (50 7333 73 33 73.33 6667 66 67 66.67% papillae body bristles H thirdstade third stade A 1 20 30 40 9 1907 19 7 190. 4647 46 464. (5 733 3 73.3 666 6 66.67 2 ( 73. 66.6 66.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a prospecção fitoquímica e avaliar a atividade larvicida de extratos de látex de Himatanthus drasticus contra A. aegypti. Os extratos foram obtidos por maceração de 5 g de látex em pó concentrado separadamente em 100 mL dos solventes metanol, acetato de etila e hexano. As concentrações de 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 ppm de cada extrato foram testadas em triplicata com uma solução de piriproxifeno como controle positivo e água destilada e dimetilsulfóxido como controle negativo. A prospecção fitoquímica do extrato metanólico mostrou a presença de compostos fenólicos, como antocianinas, antocianidinas, catequinas, chalconas, auronas, leucoantocianidinas e taninos condensados. A bioatividade inseticida foi mais significativa para o extrato metanólico. As concentrações letais (CL) do extrato metanólico de 50 e 90% foram 190,76 e 464,74 ppm, respectivamente. Após 48 horas de exposição, os extratos utilizando metanol, acetato de etila e hexano em suas maiores concentrações (500 ppm) causaram mortalidade larval de 100, 73,33 e 66,67%, respectivamente. Esses extratos também promoveram alterações na morfologia externa das larvas, como danos às papilas anais, escurecimento do corpo e redução do número de cerdas. O extrato metanólico apresentou maior expressividade para alterações morfológicas. O látex de H. drasticus possui atividade larvicida contra larvas de terceiro estádio de A. aegypti e é mais significativa quando obtido por maceração em metanol. O extrato metanólico do látex de H. drasticus contém compostos fenólicos com atividade inseticida contra larvas de A. aegypti. 10 metanol 200 300 40 negativo antocianinas antocianidinas catequinas chalconas auronas condensados CL (CL 90 19076 190 76 190,7 46474 464 74 464,7 respectivamente 4 exposição (50 7333 73 33 73,3 6667 66 67 66,67% anais cerdas morfológicas H 1 20 30 9 1907 19 7 190, 4647 46 464, (5 733 3 73, 666 6 66,67 2 ( 66,6 66,

ABSTRACT In recent years, the incidence of pediatric septic arthritis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae has been quite low. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV10 is the available vaccine included in the Bulgarian national immunization program. PCV10 reduces the incidence of invasive diseases, but non-vaccinal serotypes like 19A, the etiologic agent of the case of septic arthritis reported herein in a 3-year-old boy. The synovial fluid was positive for S. pneumoniae. The patient was treated with vancomycin during hospitalization and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was recommended for at-home treatment. The isolate was subjected to latex agglutination, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR detection for macrolide-resistance genes, and MLST. The strain revealed ST695 and a genotype previously associated with vaccine serotype 4. The incidence of pneumococcal infections caused by capsule-switching events and non-PCV10 serotypes is expected to increase. years low PCV PCV1 program diseases nonvaccinal non vaccinal 19A A 3yearold yearold 3 year old boy S trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole athome at home treatment agglutination testing macrolideresistance macrolide resistance genes MLST ST ST69 4 capsuleswitching capsule switching nonPCV10 nonPCV non-PCV1 increase ST6 nonPCV1 non-PCV