Abstract: Today, the classification of hate speech in Arabic tweets has garnered significant attention from scholars worldwide. Although numerous classification approaches proposed in response to this interest, two primary challenges persist are reliance on handcrafted features and limited performance rates. This paper addresses the task of identifying Arabic hate speech on Twitter, aiming to deepen insights into the efficacy of novel machine-learning techniques. Specifically, we compare the performance of traditional machine learning-based approaches with state-of-the-art pre-trained language models based on Transfer Learning, as well as deep learning models. Our experiments, conducted on a benchmark dataset using a standard evaluation scenario, reveal several key findings. Firstly, multidialectal pre-trained language models demonstrate superior performance compared to monolingual and multilingual variants. Secondly, fine-tuning the pre-trained large language models significantly enhances the accuracy of hate speech classification in Arabic tweets. Our primary contribution lies in achieving promising results for the corresponding task through the application of multidialectal pre-trained language models trained on Twitter data.

Abstract: A deep neural network is a branch of machine learning that is capable of learning and representing complex patterns from a dataset through interconnected multiple layers of neurons. This capability makes it applicable in various fields, such as natural language processing, image processing, and computer vision. Deep learning models show effective performance but face challenges such as complexity and resource demands. On the other hand, quantum machine learning algorithms offer an alternative with potential efficiency compared to their classical counterparts. This paper proposes a Quantum Recurrent Neural Network (QRNN) for natural language processing tasks, which classify text data such as parts of speech, named entity recognition, and sentiment analysis. The proposed method utilizes parameterized quantum circuits that contain the tunable parameters. Our approach uses amplitude encoding to represent classical data into quantum states, partial measurement for label determination, and ancilla qubits to transfer the information from the current state to the next.

Resumos O reconhecimento, por Lacan, da travessia analítica da carta, que ele utilizou para destacar os modos pelos quais o inconsciente se manifesta, nos leva a examinar suas contribuições, mais especificamente, no campo de uma clínica posta à prova pela transferência e pelo trauma. Com base em duas experiências clínicas, a de Fatah, uma criança muda, e a de M.U., que sofre de uma neurose dita “traumática”, examinaremos as formas de evolução de uma carta que, por meio da transferência, tenta recuperar sua inscrição simbólica. Veremos que esses encontros dão origem à possibilidade de uma rearticulação da carta, que funciona como porta-voz de uma palavra ainda por vir, um traço que envolve a dimensão do Real e do corpo orgânico, em seu diálogo impossível e para sempre inacabado com a linguagem. reconhecimento Lacan manifesta contribuições especificamente trauma clínicas Fatah muda MU M U M.U. traumática, traumática , “traumática” simbólica portavoz porta voz vir orgânico linguagem M.U “traumática

The analytical traversal of the letter, used by Lacan to highlight the ways in which the unconscious manifests itself, leads us to consider its contributions, more specifically, in clinical contexts put to the test by transference and trauma. Based on two clinical experiences, that of Fatah, a mute child, and that of M. U., who suffers from a so-called “traumatic” neurosis, we will look at the ways in which a letter evolves as it attempts to rediscover its symbolic inscription via transference. We will see that these encounters allow the re-articulation of the letter, the latter functioning as a mouthpiece for a word yet to come, a trace that engages the dimension of the Real and the organic body in its impossible and forever unfinished dialogue with language. itself contributions specifically trauma experiences Fatah child M U U. socalled so called traumatic “traumatic neurosis rearticulation re articulation come language

El reconocimiento del recorrido analítico de la carta que Lacan utilizó para poner de relieve las formas en que se manifiesta el inconsciente nos lleva a examinar sus aportes, más específicamente en el campo de una clínica que ponen a prueba la transferencia y el trauma. A partir de dos experiencias clínicas, la de Fatah, un niño mudo, y la de M.U., que padece de una neurosis llamada “traumática”, se examinarán las formas de evolución de una carta que, mediante la transferencia, intenta recuperar su inscripción simbólica. Se observa que estos encuentros dan lugar a la posibilidad de una rearticulación de la carta, que funciona como portavoz de una palabra aún por venir, un trazo que compromete la dimensión de lo real y del cuerpo orgánico, en su diálogo imposible y para siempre inacabado con el lenguaje. aportes trauma clínicas Fatah mudo MU M U M.U. traumática, traumática , “traumática” simbólica venir orgánico lenguaje M.U “traumática

Le constat de la traversée analytique de la lettre, dont Lacan s’est saisi pour mettre en lumière les modalités de manifestation de l’inconscient, incite à nous pencher sur ses apports, plus spécifiquement dans le champ d’une clinique à l’épreuve du trauma et du transfert. C’est à partir de deux experiences cliniques, celle avec Fatah, enfant mutique, et M. U., souffrant d’une névrose dite “traumatique”, que nous aborderons les modalités d’évolution d’une lettre qui, via le transfert, tente de retrouver son inscription symbolique. Nous verrons que de ces rencontres advient la possibilité d’une réarticulation de la lettre, cette dernière fonctionnant comme mise en bouche d’une parole à advenir, une trace qui engage la dimension du réel et du corps organique, dans leur dialogue impossible et à jamais inachevé avec le langage. sest s est linconscient, linconscient l inconscient, inconscient l’inconscient apports dune d lépreuve épreuve transfert Cest C cliniques Fatah mutique M U U. traumatique, traumatique , “traumatique” dévolution évolution symbolique advenir organique langage “traumatique

The Tankwa Karoo forms part of the Nama Karoo Biome, a biologically distinct area and the world's only entirely arid region diversity hotspot. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the preponderance of a specific language of vernacular architecture adds cultural significance to the natural heritage of the Tankwa. The research scope is defined geographically by the limits of the Tankwa Karoo basin, by means of a case study analysis of four sites. Three sites, namely Uintjiesbos, Waaikop and Prambergfontein are located within the Tankwa Karoo National Park and another site, that is Gemsbokfontein is situated on a privately owned farm to the south of the Park. The heritagescape methodology framed the research objective. Dry-packed stone kraals, built by transhumant herders, and later vernacular architecture of adobe and stone with brakdak roofs define a built heritage that provides effective shelter in an arid climate. The study uncovered the intangible cultural heritage embodied in the act of building these structures and concludes this constitutes a living heritage worth preserving in an evolving contemporary society. The craftsmanship of these structures' construction and scheduled maintenance support knowledge of net-zero energy construction methods. The local continuation of this living heritage is at a critical juncture and in need of developmental support. Skills transfer to craftsmen in the Tankwa Karoo is vital for the survival of these structures in the TKNP, currently falling to ruin since they are unoccupied and not maintained. Educational support for the continuation of this living heritage, will reciprocally inform the global body of knowledge for building in dryland environments. The research concludes that the layers of significance of both tangible, natural, and cultural heritage found in the Tankwa Karoo constitutes sufficient criteria for classifying this area as a continuing cultural landscape as defined by the terms of the UNESCO Convention for World Heritage of 1992.

ABSTRACT This article discusses an investigation on orality (e.g., listening and speaking) we developed with undergraduates in LetrasEnglish Course at the Federal University of Pelotas. Our aim is to build an innovative pedagogy for oral practices based on recent theories about language in the digital age. The design and creation of the learning activities are grounded on the studies about literacies, contextual diversity, and multimodality, following the principles of Social Semiotics. From the perspective of the qualitative research paradigm, the analysis reveals that the pedagogy created by us contributes to the construction of knowledge about the fundamental aspects of contemporary language by the undergraduates. The data analyzed point out that the participants were able to transfer what they have learnt to the process of creating multimodal oral texts, focusing on different contexts and purposes, with the integration of digital technologies. e.g., eg e g (e.g. speaking Pelotas age literacies diversity multimodality Semiotics paradigm texts purposes technologies e.g. (e.g e.g

RESUMO Este artigo relata uma investigação sobre oralidade (i.e., escuta e fala) desenvolvida com licenciandos em Letras-Inglês da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Nossa intenção é construir uma pedagogia inovadora para práticas letradas orais fundamentadas em teorias recentes sobre a linguagem da era digital. O design e a criação das atividades de aprendizagem se apoiam nos estudos sobre letramentos, contextos de uso, diversidade e multimodalidade a partir dos preceitos da Semiótica Social. Sob a perspectiva do paradigma da pesquisa qualitativa, a análise revela que a pedagogia criada contribui para a construção de conhecimentos dos aspectos fundamentais da linguagem contemporânea pelos licenciandos. Os dados analisados evidenciam que os participantes foram capazes de transferir o que aprenderam para o processo de criar textos orais multimodais, enfocando contextos e propósitos diferenciados, com a integração das tecnologias digitais. i.e., ie i (i.e. fala LetrasInglês Letras Inglês Pelotas digital letramentos uso Social qualitativa multimodais diferenciados digitais i.e. (i.e i.e

Vertalers werk met konteks en regsvertalingswoordeboeke kan hulpmiddels wees wat sodanige konteks verskaf. Aangesien leksikograwe egter tussen verskillende tipes kontekste onderskei, is dit relevant om te ondersoek watter kontekste benodig word om regsvertalers van hulp te wees. Daar moet ook in ag geneem word dat regsvertaling 'n interdissiplinêre aktiwiteit is wat bevoegdhede en vaardighede rakende die regte, taal en vertaling behels. Voorts behels regsvertaling ook 'n dekoderings-, oordrag- en enkoderingsfase, wat elkeen verskillende tipes kontekste van regsvertalingswoordeboeke vereis. 'n Ondersoek na konteks in regsvertalingswoordeboeke waarin die tale Deens, Engels, Frans, Duits, en Noorweegs, hanteer word, bring aan die lig dat dit nodig mag wees om tussen die konteks van woordeboeke as inligtingshulpmiddels (woordeboeke in konteks) en die konteks wat verband hou met die data wat hulle bevat (konteks in woordeboeke) te onderskei. Om woordeboeke binne konteks te plaas, behels hul formaat, grootte, bestek, inhoud, gebruik en gebruikersgroepe, terwyl die plasing van konteks in woordeboeke die volgende behels: pragmatiese kontekste, sintakties-semantiese kontekste, en gebruikskonteks wat verband hou met die brontaal- sowel as doeltaalitems, insluitende konsepte, terme, kollokasies, frases, vertalingsekwivalente, voorbeeldsinne, woordeboek-interne kruisverwysings, en woordeboek-eksterne kruisverwysings.

Translators work with context and legal translation dictionaries may be tools that provide such context. However, lexicographers distinguish between different types of contexts, so it is relevant to examine which types of contexts are needed to help legal translators, bearing in mind that legal translation is an interdisciplinary activity involving competences and skills relating to law, language, and translation. Furthermore, legal translation involves a decoding, a transfer, and an encoding phase, each requiring different types of contexts from legal translation dictionaries. An examination of context in legal translation dictionaries treating the languages Danish, English, French, German, and Norwegian reveals that it may be necessary to distinguish between the context of dictionaries as information tools (dictionaries in context) and the context relating to the data they contain (context in dictionaries). Placing dictionaries in context concerns their format, size, scope, content, use, and user groups, while placing context in dictionaries concerns pragmatic contexts, syntactic-semantic contexts, and context of use related to source-language as well as target-language items, including concepts, terms, collocations, phrases, translation equivalents, example sentences, dictionary-internal cross-references, and dictionary-external references.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es diferenciar los factores de metalengua, asertividad y discriminación semántico-lexical observados en una traducción realizada por estudiantes de una licenciatura en idiomas, cuyo programa propone dos rutas de aprendizaje diferentes en una universidad estatal. El enfoque mixto inductivo-deductivo que se implementó permitió clasificar los resultados de ejecución de la muestra de manera más amplia y a detalle con respecto a la frecuencia, duración, comportamiento, recursividad y usos de la L1 y la L2, en el proceso de traducción de un extracto narrativo. La población estuvo constituida por 10 sujetos entre los 21 y 35 años, que se encuentran en su último semestre de la licenciatura. Los instrumentos de recolección y análisis de datos fueron: Translog 2.0, una encuesta diagnóstica, la Traducción y Re-Traducción (revisión de traductores expertos en textos especializados), el diccionario-corpus Linguee y una lista de cotejo. La investigación permitió romper con las asociaciones referentes a las comunidades bilingües y el bilingüismo, en vista de ciertos rasgos como las competencias traductoras y lingüísticas diversas. Se concluye que los estudiantes de traducción manejan un rango de vocabulario mucho más especializado, incurren menos en la literalidad de un itinerario de expresiones, sus indicadores de hipercorrección son menores y emplean un mayor número de figuras literarias.

Abstract The objective of this research was to differentiate the factors of metalanguage, translation processes, and translators’ semantic and lexical awareness within translations performed by two groups of students pursuing a bachelor’s degree in languages, whose curricular program encompasses two dissimilar learning focus areas. The implementation of an inductive-deductive mixed approach in this investigation facilitated a broader and more detailed classification of the sample's execution in terms of frequency, duration, behavior, recursion, and the usage of L1 and L2 during the translation of a narrative extract. The study involved 15 participants aged 21 to 35, all in their final semester. The instruments employed for data collection and analysis were Translog 2.0, a diagnostic survey, the Translation and Re-Translation method (a review of expert translators in specialized texts), the corpus-dictionary Linguee, and a list of compliance. The research initially addressed concerns regarding bilingual communities, in view of certain features such as diversity in language domain and translation skills. It is concluded that translation students manage a more specialized range of vocabulary, exhibit less inclination towards literal interpretations of idiomatic expressions, display fewer indicators of hypercorrection, and employ literary figures more extensively.

Resumen: El desarrollo de dispositivos robóticos como los exoesqueletos implica el uso de varios componentes como actuadores y sensores. Estos componentes intercambian información con el dispositivo principal o entre ellos mediante un sistema de comunicación, esto permite la transferencia de datos durante el funcionamiento del dispositivo. Además, un sistema de comunicación con buen desempeño es la base para el correcto funcionamiento del sistema de control. En este contexto, es necesario seleccionar una metodología apropiada para cumplir con las especificaciones de diseño durante el desarrollo del software. Esta investigación presenta el desarrollo del software ALLEX (Autonomous Lower Limb Exoskeleton) CAN (Controller Area Network) software, llamado así porque forma parte del sistema de comunicación del prototipo ALLEX-2 (ALLEX versión 2) y usa el protocolo CAN. El sistema fue creado usando la librería SocketCAN por la gran cantidad de herramientas. C++ fue el lenguaje de programación elegido para el desarrollo de esta solución debido a su bajo tiempo de ejecución. El desempeño de este software se lo compara con las funciones proporcionadas por el fabricante Maxon Motor. Las pruebas experimentales muestran el rendimiento superior del software desarrollado frente al proporcionado por el fabricante.

Abstract: The development of robotic devices like exoskeletons involves using several components, such as actuators and sensors. These components exchange information with the main device or between them using a communication system; this allows data transfer during the device's operation. In addition, a communication system with good performance is the basis for the correct operation of the control system. In this context, selecting an appropriate methodology to meet design specifications during software development is necessary. This research presents the development of ALLEX CAN software, so named because it is part of the communication system of the ALLEX-2 (ALLEX version 2) prototype and uses the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. The system was created using the SocketCAN library as a base, which provides a range of tools to work with CAN interfaces. C++ was the programming language selected to develop this solution for its lower execution time. The performance of this software is compared with the ready-to-use functions provided by the manufacturer Maxon Motor. Experimental tests show the superior performance of our developed software.

Abstract This study analyzes determined plural and bare plural noun phrases in preverbal position with the aim of examining the amount and direction of linguistic interference, if any, and, in turn, understanding how speakers of Spanish as a heritage language (HL) handle interlinguistic differences regarding the (non)genericity feature. The definite article presents interlinguistic differences in Romance and Germanic languages when it modifies plural subjects. In English, there are two different structures to convey a generic reading (Plants are colorful) and a specific one (The plants are colorful), while in Spanish a single structure carries these two possible interpretations (Las plantas son coloridas). This may cause negative interference from one language to the other (Chierchia, 1998; Cuza et al., 2012; Gelman & Raman, 2003; Ionin et al., 2013; Longobardi, 1994; Montrul & Ionin, 2010, 2012; Snape et al., 2013). 162 speakers of Spanish as a HL, who were taking a college-level heritage Spanish-speaking course, completed two translation tasks to analyze the influence of English on Spanish and vice versa. English interference towards the HL was found in sentences with generic readings in all groups, but, it is observed that such transfer decreases as language proficiency increases in the HL. Interference from Spanish to English was also found, but to a lesser degree.

Resumen En esta investigación se analizan los sustantivos plurales determinados y plurales escuetos en sintagmas nominales preverbales con el objetivo de examinar el grado y orientación de interferencia lingüística, si la hay, y, a su vez, entender cómo los hablantes de español como lengua de herencia (LH) manejan las diferencias interlingüísticas con respecto al rasgo de (no)genericidad. El artículo definido presenta diferencias interlingüísticas en lenguas románicas y germánicas cuando modifica sujetos plurales. En inglés, existen dos estructuras distintas para transmitir una lectura genérica (Plants are colorful) y una específica (The plants are colorful), mientras que en español una sola estructura lleva estas dos posibles interpretaciones (Las plantas son coloridas). Esto puede ocasionar interferencia negativa de una lengua a otra (Chierchia, 1998; Cuza et al., 2012; Gelman y Raman, 2003; Ionin et al., 2013; Longobardi, 1994; Montrul e Ionin, 2010, 2012; Snape et al., 2013). 162 hablantes de español como LH, quienes tomaban una clase para hispanohablantes de herencia a nivel universitario, completaron dos tareas de traducción para analizar la influencia del inglés en el español y viceversa. Se encontró interferencia del inglés hacia la LH en oraciones con lecturas genéricas en todos los grupos, mas se observó que dicha transferencia disminuye conforme incrementa la competencia lingüística en la LH. También se encontró interferencia del español al inglés, pero en menor grado.

Abstract This is a study of Interlanguage Pragmatics that investigates the verbal politeness strategies used by Chinese learners of Spanish to refuse an offer, in comparison with two control groups consisting of native speakers of Spanish and Chinese. The aim of the paper is to study the use of pragmatic strategies with respect to different contextual variables (relative power and social distance) and to verify whether there is pragmatic transfer in the refusals elaborated by Chinese learners of Spanish. For data collection, we used a Discourse completion task composed of four situations with different degrees of relative power and social distance for the realization of refusals. As a result of the analysis, discordance in the use of refusal strategies is observed between Chinese learners of Spanish and native speakers of Spanish, thus evidencing the presence of negative pragmatic transfer from the native language to the target language. Moreover, the results also indicate that speakers from the two speech communities share certain strategies for elaborating an offer rejection, e.g., the strategies of “Excuse”, “Expression of regret” and “Negative Capacity/willingness”.

Resumen El presente es un trabajo de pragmática de interlengua que investiga las estrategias de cortesía verbal utilizadas por los aprendientes chinos de español para rechazar una oferta, en comparación con dos grupos de control compuestos por hablantes nativos de español y de chino. El objetivo del trabajo consiste en estudiar el uso de las estrategias pragmáticas con respecto a las distintas variables contextuales (el poder relativo y la distancia social) y comprobar si existe transferencia pragmática en los rechazos elaborados por los aprendientes chinos de español. Para la recolección de los datos, empleamos un cuestionario tipo Discourse completion task constituido por cuatro situaciones con distinto grado de poder relativo y distancia social para el despliegue del rechazo a ofertas. Como resultado del análisis se observan discordancias en la elección y la frecuencia de las estrategias de rechazo entre los aprendientes chinos de español y los hablantes nativos de español, así que se evidencia la presencia de transferencia pragmática negativa de la lengua materna a la lengua meta. Además, los resultados indican también que hablantes de las dos comunidades de habla comparten ciertas estrategias para elaborar un rechazo a una oferta, por ejemplo, las estrategias de “Excusa”, “Disculpa” y “Capacidad/voluntad negativa”.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar cómo se realiza la asistencia a pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico agudo considerando los flujos de asistencia y los elementos restrictivos y facilitadores de la atención en la Red de Atención de Urgencias y Emergencias. Métodos Se trata de un estudio basado en el marco referencial metodológico de la Grounded Theory. Fueron entrevistados 75 profesionales de la salud del Servicio de Atención Móvil de Urgencia, de la Unidad de Pronta Atención y del Hospital Referencia de la ciudad de Salvador, estado de Bahia. Resultados Surgieron 14 categorías y 66 subcategorías que representan el fenómeno estudiado y revelan factores causales de la fragmentación de la red, como falta de camas y recursos, necesidades de mejora del protocolo de atención, burocracia hospitalaria, desconocimiento de la población, a pesar de los esfuerzos de los profesionales en atender ese paciente. La interacción profesional reveló ausencia de un lenguaje único, trabas en las relaciones profesionales, desconocimiento del papel del otro, dificultades para regular al paciente e intercambio de algunos objetivos de la red. Consecuentemente, se produjo la salida del paciente de la línea de cuidado, la atención a pacientes fuera de la ventana terapéutica, la necesidad de aplicación de la “cama de reserva” y una mejor atención cuando el paciente tuvo acceso a la unidad especializada. Los elementos facilitadores también se refieren a compartir objetivos en la red y al esfuerzo de los profesionales para atender al paciente en ventana. Conclusión La fragmentación de la red revela la necesidad de intervenciones gerenciales en el sentido de mejorar y estandarizar la atención para que sea completa y ecuánime. Emergencias Theory 7 Urgencia Salvador Bahia 1 6 recursos hospitalaria población único otro Consecuentemente cuidado terapéutica cama reserva especializada ecuánime

Abstract Objective To analyze how the care of patients with acute ischemic stroke occurs, considering the care flows and the restrictive and facilitating elements of care in the emergency care network. Methods This is a study based on the Grounded Theory methodological framework. We interviewed 75 health professionals from the Brazilian Mobile Emergency Care Service, Emergency Care Unit and reference hospital in the city of Salvador, Bahia. Results A total of 14 categories and 66 subcategories emerged that represented the phenomenon studied, revealing causal factors of network fragmentation such as lack of vacancies and resources, need for improvement in the care protocol, hospital bureaucratization, lack of knowledge by the population, despite the efforts of professionals to meet this patient. Professional interaction revealed the absence of a single language, obstacles in professional relationships, lack of knowledge of the other’s role, difficulty in regulating patients and sharing some goals in the network. Consequently, patients left the care line, care for patients outside the therapeutic window, the need to impose a ‘zero vacancy’, and better care when patients had access to specialized unit. Facilitating elements also concern the sharing of goals in the network and the effort of professionals to attend to window patients. Conclusion The network fragmentation reveals the need for management interventions to improve care, standardizing it and making care comprehensive and equitable. occurs framework 7 Service Salvador Bahia 1 6 studied resources protocol bureaucratization population patient language relationships others other s role Consequently line zero vacancy, vacancy , vacancy’ unit equitable

Resumo Objetivo Analisar como ocorre o atendimento de pacientes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral isquêmico agudo considerando os fluxos assistenciais e os elementos restritivos e facilitadores do atendimento na Rede de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências. Métodos Trata-se de estudo fundamentado no referencial metodológico da Grounded Theory. Foram entrevistados 75 profissionais de saúde do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, da Unidade de Pronto Atendimento e do Hospital Referência na cidade de Salvador, Bahia. Resultados Emergiram 14 categorias e 66 subcategorias que representaram o fenômeno estudado, revelando fatores causais da fragmentação da rede como falta de vaga e de recursos, necessidade de melhoria no protocolo de atendimento, burocratização hospitalar, desconhecimento da população, apesar dos esforços dos profissionais em atender esse paciente. A interação profissional revelou ausência de linguagem única, entraves nas relações profissionais, desconhecimento do papel do outro, dificuldade em regular o paciente e compartilhamento de alguns objetivos na Rede. Consequentemente houve a saída do paciente da Linha de Cuidado, atendimento dos pacientes fora de janela terapêutica, necessidade de imposição da ‘vaga zero’, e um melhor atendimento quando o paciente teve acesso à unidade especializada. Elementos facilitadores dizem respeito também ao compartilhamento de objetivos na rede e ao esforço dos profissionais para atender o paciente em janela. Conclusão A fragmentação da Rede revela necessidade de intervenções gerenciais no sentido de aprimorar o atendimento, padronizando-o e tornando a assistência integral e equânime. Emergências Tratase Trata se Theory 7 Urgência Salvador Bahia 1 6 estudado recursos hospitalar população única outro Cuidado terapêutica zero, zero , zero’ especializada padronizandoo padronizando equânime

ABSTRACT The hypothesis of the linguistic interdependence (Cummins, 1979) proposes that there are certain features that are transferred from the mother tongue (L1) to the second language (L2). The use of this hypothesis is known as 'transfer' and it has been studied mainly in English comprehension, with a focus on reading strategies. Since research related to language transfer has focused mainly on this area, it is of interest to know how transfer has been investigated in writing in recent years, especially considering the epistemic nature of written production and the importance of writing in English in the globalized world. Under this scenario, the objective of this research is to describe the role of transfer from L1 to L2 in current studies that have addressed writing in English. To this end, a systematic review of current articles published in journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) was carried out. The main results reveal that 73 % of the studies are current and 40 % are interested in the rhetorical organization, mainly from Chinese to English. In relation to the methodology, the approach was predominantly quantitative, with a correlative scope and with a non-experimental design. Even though in 73 % of the studies it was possible to identify a transfer from L1 to L2, some methodological problems were found that are necessary to consider in future research to guarantee the internal and external validity of the results.

RESUMEN La hipótesis de la interdependencia lingüística (Cummins, 1979) propone que existen ciertos rasgos que se transfieren desde la lengua materna (L1) hacia la segunda lengua (L2). El empleo de esta hipótesis es conocido como 'transferencia' y se ha estudiado principalmente desde el área de la comprensión en inglés, con un foco en las estrategias de lectura. Dado que las investigaciones en relación con la transferencia lingüística se han enfocado principalmente en esta área, es de interés saber cómo se ha investigado la transferencia en los últimos años en la escritura, especialmente considerando el carácter epistémico de la producción escrita y la importancia de escribir en inglés en el mundo globalizado. En virtud de lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación es describir el rol de la transferencia desde la L1 hacia la L2 en estudios actuales que hayan abordado la escritura en inglés. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de artículos actuales publicados en revistas indexadas en Scopus y Web of Science (WoS). Los resultados principales revelan que el 73 % de los estudios son actuales y el 40 % se interesan en la organización retórica, principalmente del chino al inglés. En relación con la metodología, el enfoque fue predominantemente cuantitativo, con alcance correlativo y con un diseño no experimental. Aun cuando en el 73 % de los estudios se pudo identificar una transferencia desde la L1 hacia la L2, se evidenciaron algunos problemas metodológicos que son necesarios considerar en futuras investigaciones para poder garantizar la validez interna y externa de los resultados.

Sexuality education is fundamental in higher and tertiary education institutions (HTEIs). Evidence suggests that its effective education is through translations into the first language of learners. However, in global and multilingual cultural communities such as HTEIs, the foundations for these translations are still a researchable area. Notably, in HTEIs adolescents, young adults and adults co-exist and therefore, any translations must be toned to balance across these groups. The aim of this study was to establish strategies that could enable sexuality educators to effectively transfer information that is steeped in indigenous language, religious and cultural meaning without precipitating stigma and taboo issues. The study setting was the National University of Science and Technology where a cross section of indigenous cultures, languages and religions co-existed with other global cultures. A University Community-based Participatory Research (CBPR) methodology was administered by the researchers using a Delphi research approach to students and staff. Multilingual, multilayered, multireligious, and multicultural nature of the setting presented serious challenges that compromised the prevention of stigma and taboo issues when dealing with sexuality education. We recommend that the strategy to present sexuality education in indigenous languages to the generality of HTEIs population should, in the first instance, involve systematic identification of appropriate interventions that are religious, cultural, and language-specific. CONTRIBUTION: This research reveals paramount ethical and religious violations that have a potential to precipitate opportunistic sexual relationships that may lead to impediments in capacity building for learners. This research can be utilised by academics on the field of Practical Theology, specifically youth ministry and pastoral care.

Abstract The Three-Body Problem by Cixin Liu (2021) is regarded as one of the most representative works of Chinese science fiction and has achieved phenomenal success internationally. In this work, there are various Chinese realia that make it difficult for readers without related cultural knowledge to read and understand. Therefore, in translation, a series of strategies are needed to transfer these realia into the target language and culture. The present study centers on the realia in the first Portuguese version translated directly from the original Chinese work The Three-Body Problem and aims to identify the main translation strategies that demonstrate the realia’s denotation, connotation, role in text and role in norms in the target text. First, all Chinese realia and their translations are identified and then they are grouped based on the categorization proposed by Nedergaard-Larsen (1993). Through the comparison with the Chinese realia, the Portuguese translation is described and analysed from the perspective of realia translation strategies proposed by Pedersen (2011) and existential model of translation by Loponen (2009). Finally, the frequency of use of translation strategies for each category of realia is described and analyized. The results of the study indicate that the translation is oriented towards the source language and culture and mainly resorts to direct translation, transliteration, specification and addition of notes. By using these strategies, the meanings of realia at the level of denotation, connotation, role in text and role in norms are efficiently transferred from the source text to the target text. ThreeBody Three Body 2021 (2021 internationally understand Therefore realias s denotation connotation First NedergaardLarsen Nedergaard Larsen 1993. 1993 . (1993) 2011 (2011 2009. 2009 (2009) Finally analyized transliteration notes 202 (202 199 (1993 201 (201 200 (2009 20 (20 19 (199 (200 2 (2 1 (19 ( (1

Resumo A O Problema dos Três Corpos de autoria de Cixin Liu (2021) é considerada como uma das obras de ficção científica chinesa mais representantes e alcançou um sucesso fenomenal no plano internacional. Nesta obra, existem diversos realia chineses que dificultam a leitura e compreensão dos leitores sem conhecimentos culturais relacionados. Por isso, na tradução, é precisa uma série de estratégias para transferir esses realia para a língua e a cultura de chegada. O presente estudo toma como objeto de estudo os realia na primeira versão portuguesa feita diretamente da obra original chinesa O Problema dos Três Corpos e tem como objetivo identificar as estratégias principais de tradução desses realia, que concretizam a sua denotação, conotação, função no texto e função nas normas como um todo no texto de chegada. Em primeiro lugar, todos os realia chineses e as suas traduções são identificados e depois são agrupados com base na categorização de Nedergaard-Larsen (1993). Através da comparação com os realia chineses, é descrita e analisada a tradução portuguesa na perspetiva de estratégias de tradução dos realia propostas por Pedersen (2011) e de modelo existencial de tradução por Loponen (2009). Por fim, é descrita e analisada a frequência de utilização de estratégias de tradução de cada categoria de realia. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a tradução é orientada para a língua e cultura de partida e recorre sobretudo à tradução direta, transliteração, especificação e adição da nota. Com essas estratégias, os significados dos realia a nível de denotação, de conotação, de função no texto e de função nas normas sejam eficientemente transferidos do texto de partida para o texto de chegada. 2021 (2021 internacional relacionados isso chegada denotação conotação lugar NedergaardLarsen Nedergaard Larsen 1993. 1993 . (1993) 2011 (2011 2009. 2009 (2009) fim direta transliteração nota 202 (202 199 (1993 201 (201 200 (2009 20 (20 19 (199 (200 2 (2 1 (19 ( (1

Abstrato Introdução A disciplina de enfermagem tem procurado ao longo dos anos basear as intervenções de seu trabalho aplicando teorias específicas à disciplina, como a teoria do cuidado, que fornece a diretriz para transferi-la para as áreas de ação. Objetivo Analisar as evidências científicas disponíveis sobre a aplicação da teoria de Kristen Swanson sobre o cuidado na prática da enfermagem. Metodologia Revisão da literatura sobre a teoria dos cuidados, foi utilizada a metodologia de Cooper, foram consultadas diferentes bases de dados: IMBIOMED, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect, Fundación Index, MEDLINE, ciberINDEX, SciELO, Redalyc, entre outros. Os descritores utilizados foram: enfermagem, cuidados de enfermagem, teoria da enfermagem, em espanhol, inglês e português entre os anos de 2015 e 2019, todos os tipos de literatura foram incluídos, obtendo-se uma amostra de 42 artigos e dissertações. Resultados A maioria dos documentos analisados não capta completamente os processos básicos de cuidados propostos pela Swanson. A teoria provou ser útil na área de cuidados, desenvolvimento de programas de intervenção com recém-nascidos, pacientes cardiopediátricos pós-operatórios, amamentação, cuidados com o puerpério e modificação de atitudes em relação à doação de órgãos. Conclusão A teoria é considerada essencial para a avaliação integral, a adoção de seus fundamentos e conceitos é de grande utilidade, pois favorece a geração de um primeiro espaço de aprendizado, é útil para proporcionar acompanhamento ao paciente e sua família, e oferecer-lhes estratégias de melhoria. É necessária mais intervenção, pesquisa qualitativa e pedagógica.

Abstract Introduction The nursing discipline has sought over the years to base the interventions of its work by applying theories specific to the discipline, such as the theory of care, which provides the guideline to transfer it to the areas of action. Objective To analyze the scientific evidence available on the application of Kristen Swanson's theory of care in nursing practice. Methodology Review of the literature on the theory of care, Cooper's methodology was used, different databases were consulted: IMBIOMED, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect, Fundación Index, MEDLINE, ciberINDEX, SciELO, Redalyc, among others. The descriptors used were: nursing, nursing care, nursing theory, in Spanish, English and Portuguese language between the years 2015 and 2019, all types of literature were included, obtaining a sample of 42 articles and dissertations. Results Most of the documents analyzed do not fully capture the basic processes of care proposed by Swanson. The theory has proven to be useful in the area of care, development of intervention programs with neonates, post-operative heart children patients, breastfeeding, puerperium care and modification of attitudes towards organ donation. Conclusion Theory is considered essential for integral assessment, adopting its foundations and concepts is of great utility, since it favors the generation of a first learning space, it is useful to provide accompaniment to the patient and his family, and to offer them strategies for improvement. More intervention, qualitative and teaching research is required.

Resumen Introducción La disciplina de enfermería ha buscado a lo largo de los años fundamentar las intervenciones de su quehacer aplicando teorías propias de la disciplina, como la teoría de los cuidados, la cual proporciona la pauta trasladarla a las áreas de acción. Objetivo Analizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre la aplicación de la teoría de los cuidados de Kristen Swanson en el quehacer de enfermería. Metodología Revisión de la literatura que aborda la teoría de los cuidados, se utilizó la metodología de Cooper, se consultaron diferentes bases de datos: IMBIOMED, CUIDEN, ScienceDirect, Fundación Index, MEDLINE, ciberINDEX, SciELO, Redalyc, entre otras. Los descriptores empleados fueron: enfermería, atención de enfermería, teoría de enfermería, en idioma español, inglés y portugués entre los años 2015 y 2019, se incluyó todo tipo de literatura, obteniendo una muestra de 42 artículos y disertaciones. Resultados La mayoría de los documentos analizados no plasman por completo los procesos básicos de cuidado que plantea Swanson. La teoría ha demostrado ser útil en el área asistencial, elaboración de programas de intervención con neonatos, pacientes pos-operados de cardiopediatría, lactancia materna, cuidados en el puerperio y modificación de la actitud hacia la donación de órganos. Conclusión La teoría se considera esencial para la valoración integral, adoptar sus fundamentos y conceptos es de gran utilidad, ya que favorece la generación de un primer espacio de aprendizaje, resulta útil para brindar un acompañamiento al paciente y su familia, y ofrecerles estrategias de mejora. Se requiere realizar más investigaciones de intervención, cualitativas y de docencia.