Abstract The present work focuses on a construction in Spanish, censured by grammarians, which combines the morphology of the analytical or periphrastic passive (ser ‘be’ + participle) with the multifunctional reflexive morpheme se and typically serves to generalize over processes affecting classes of things or groups of individuals (La energía incrementa cuando se es contenida ‘Energy increases when (it is) contained’). Our interest in the genesis of the construction leads us to locate its source in a regular structure of the language, known as the “impersonal reflexive with a passive clause”, wherein se marks the unspecified identity of the patient subject (cuando se es amado…‘when one is loved...’). Viewed from this angle, the “deviant” feature of the construction in study thus resides in the introduction of an explicit subject, which has the effect of erasing the impersonal character of the source and of altering the function of se in ways that will impose a reference to the so-called reflexive passive of Spanish. In the second part of our research, we seek to account for the productivity of the anomalous construction, discovered through our perusal in Google, by calling attention to the instrumental role played by the participle in allowing shifts of perspective between passive actions and resulting states. We discuss some examples to corroborate our hypothesis, highlight the expansion of the construction to non-generic contexts and, as our final task, take on the challenge of having to explain how the anomalous passive comes to be used with intransitive unaccusative verbs, as evidenced in the data of our corpus.

Resumen Este trabajo se centra en una construcción en español, censurada por los gramáticos, que combina la morfología de la pasiva perifrástica (ser + participio) con el multifuncional morfema reflexivo se y típicamente sirve para generalizar sobre procesos que afectan a clases de cosas o grupos de individuos (La energía incrementa cuando se es contenida). El interés por la formación de la construcción nos lleva a situar su origen en una estructura regular del idioma, conocida como “impersonal refleja con oración pasiva”, en la que se marca la indeterminación del sujeto paciente (cuando se es amado…). Desde este punto de vista, la “desviación” que manifiesta la construcción en estudio radica en la introducción de un sujeto explícito, con el efecto de que se borra el carácter impersonal del modelo original y se altera a la vez la función de se, que pasa a relacionarse con la llamada pasiva refleja del español. En la segunda parte de nuestra investigación, nos proponemos arrojar luz sobre la productividad de la construcción anómala, que desplegaron nuestras búsquedas en Google, apuntando al papel instrumental que juega el participio en propiciar cambios de perspectiva entre acciones pasivas y estados resultantes. Analizamos algunos ejemplos que ayudan a corroborar nuestra hipótesis, destacamos la expansión de la construcción a contextos no-genéricos y, finalmente, nos damos a la tarea de explicar cómo la pasiva anómala llega a utilizarse con verbos intransitivos inacusativos, según reflejan los datos recopilados para nuestro estudio.

ABSTRACT Luisa Valenzuela's collection of short stories Cuentos de Hades (1993) retrieves and reinterprets traditional folktales from what some experts call a feminist perspective. Using a Lausbergian approach, this work aims to reveal how, in these stories, elocutio emerges from rhetorical devices such as questions, ellipses, and anaphora, as well as from syntax and grammar. Therefore, this work reveals the technical mechanisms involved in a statement for the opening of the senses, possibility and transformation of the protagonists. This transformation is achieved through the use of language to challenge and transgress conventional gender roles associated with traditional literature.

RESUMEN Cuentos de Hades (1993) de Luisa Valenzuela es un volumen de relatos que recupera y reinterpreta algunos cuentos de la literatura tradicional maravillosa para, de acuerdo con algunos especialistas, situarlos en el marco de una perspectiva feminista. Este artículo tiene el propósito de demostrar, por medio de un acercamiento lausberguiano, cómo funciona la elocutio en estos relatos a partir de recursos retóricos como la pregunta, la elipsis y la anáfora; además, el trabajo revisa los usos sintáctico-gramaticales de la obra. En consecuencia, se exponen los aspectos técnicos que engranan en su conjunto una tesis sobre la apertura de sentidos, la posibilidad y la transformación de las protagonistas a partir de un uso del lenguaje que cuestiona y transgrede los roles femeninos en la literatura tradicional.

RESUMO Contos de Fadas (1993) de Luisa Valenzuela é um volume de relatos que recupera e reinterpreta alguns contos da literatura tradicional maravilhosa para, segundo alguns especialistas, situá-las no marco de uma perspetiva feminista. Este artigo tem como objetivo demonstrar, através de uma abordagem lausbergiana, como funciona a elocutio nessas histórias a partir de recursos retóricos como a pergunta, as elipses e a anáfora, bem como, o trabalho revisa seus usos sintático-gramaticais da obra. Consequentemente, são expostos os aspectos técnicos que articulam uma tese sobre a abertura de sentidos, a possibilidade e a transformação das protagonistas a partir de um uso de linguagem que questiona e transgride os papéis femininos na literatura tradicional.

Abstract: The following article aims to present a methodological proposal for studying the phonological development in children aged 18 to 42 months who are acquiring Mapuzungun in two geographical areas with high linguistic vitality, located in the Biobío (VIII) and La Araucanía (IX) regions. This is achieved through the design and implementation of a longitudinal study, making it the first study on phonological acquisition in Mapuzungun1. The development of this study, and primarily the implementation of this participatory and situated methodology, results in an ongoing reflection by families on their language and the importance of teaching and transmitting it to their children. This sociolinguistic awareness was observed during dialogues, meetings, and support sessions, and it became particularly evident in families from La Araucanía, as the transmission represents a more significant challenge for them.

Resumen: El propósito del siguiente artículo es presentar una propuesta metodológica para investigar el desarrollo fonológico en niños y niñas de 18 a 42 meses de edad que están aprendiendo mapuzungun1 en dos áreas geográficas con una fuerte vitalidad lingüística, ubicadas en las regiones del Biobío (VIII) y La Araucanía (IX). Esto se lleva a cabo a través de la implementación de un estudio a lo largo del tiempo, convirtiéndose en la primera investigación sobre la adquisición fonológica del mapuzungun. La ejecución de esta metodología participativa y contextualizada en el proceso de investigación ha llevado a una reflexión constante por parte de las familias sobre su lengua y la importancia de transmitirla y enseñarla a sus hijos. Esta conciencia sociolingüística se hizo evidente en las conversaciones, reuniones y apoyos, y se observó cómo las familias se involucraron cada vez más en este proceso, especialmente aquellas que provienen de La Araucanía, donde la transmisión representa un desafío significativo.

SIGNIFICANCE: This Invited Commentary discusses how language-in-education policies and practices that embrace multilingualism and multilingual learning can promote epistemic justice, constructing more equitable, just, and ethical conditions for learning. The findings considered are significant in that they illuminate sustained multilingual knowledge-building among peers, showing how these processes enhanced disciplinary learning, legitimated all learners as producers of knowledge, and simultaneously constructed a decolonial ethics of knowing. In so doing, they challenge persistent, colonial linguistic and epistemic hierarchies of value as well as longstanding assumptions about the difficulties and costs of implementing mother-tongue-based multilingual education across the curriculum.

Abstract Objectives: Identify potential barriers, delays, and missed opportunities in the prevention and diagnosis of childhood TB. Methods: Scoping review according to the PRISMA extension. The definitions considered for the selection followed the acronym PCC where the population (P) is children under 18years of age with TB disease, the concept (C) refers to missed opportunities for prevention and diagnosis, and context (C) is defined as a diagnosis of TB disease. The authors searched systematically in the databases; VHL/Lilacs, Medline via PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science, without date or language limitation. Results: Seven studies were included. In developed countries, with low disease burden, the main shortcoming is the delay in diagnosing bacilliferous adults in contact with young children. This problem is concentrated in the portion of the population with socioeconomic vulnerability. In underdeveloped countries, with a high burden of disease, the biggest challenge is tracking children who come into contact with bacilliferous patients. Conclusions: There are still many missed opportunities in the prevention and diagnosis of childhood TB. The positive legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic should be taken advantage of and the encouragement of scientific development in the management of infectious diseases should be taken. Objectives barriers delays Methods extension P (P years C (C databases VHLLilacs VHL Lilacs VHL/Lilacs PubMed Cochrane Scopus Science limitation Results included countries vulnerability patients Conclusions COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 COVID1 1 COVID-

Résumé Cet article met l'accent sur l'utilisation d'œuvres littéraires comme outil d'enseignement des sciences aux enfants. L'intersection de ces deux domaines de connaissance a fait l'objet de discussions par plusieurs auteurs au fil des ans, tels que Filipe (2012), Pinto (2009), Scalfi et Corrêa (2014) et Nascimento (2008). En utilisant une approche qualitative basée sur les rapports des enseignants sur l'utilisation de stratégies visant à promouvoir la culture scientifique parmi leurs élèves, la présente étude vise à discuter des aspects positifs et négatifs de l'utilisation d'œuvres littéraires dans l'enseignement des sciences naturelles. La recherche est de nature qualitative, et la technique d'analyse des données utilisée était l'analyse narrative, issue d'une séance réflexive menée avec quatre enseignants à partir de leurs rapports d'expérience sur l'utilisation de livres de littérature pour enfants pour enseigner les sciences. Selon les opinions des participants, cette combinaison permet le développement de la culture scientifique, en explorant différents aspects de la science, de la technologie et de la société, permettant ainsi une éducation citoyenne pour les enfants. Cependant, il a été constaté que l'utilisation de la littérature présente des faiblesses en termes d'adaptation du contenu scientifique à un langage accessible aux élèves et de difficultés d'intégration curriculaire de certains concepts. Les participants indiquent que le plus grand défi pour explorer le caractère scientifique présent dans la littérature est le fait que les enseignants ne sont pas formés pour développer la diffusion scientifique sous forme de littérature en classe, ce qui souligne la nécessité de moments de formation pour les enseignants afin de réaliser efficacement ce travail dans les écoles.

Resumo Este artigo tem como temática a utilização de obras literárias como ferramenta no ensino de ciências para crianças. A intersecção dessas duas áreas do conhecimento tem sido objeto de discussão por vários autores ao longo dos anos, tais como, Filipe (2012), Pinto (2009), Scalfi e Corrêa (2014) e Nascimento (2008). Utilizando uma abordagem qualitativa baseada em relatos de professores sobre o uso de estratégias para promover a alfabetização científica de seus alunos, o presente estudo tem como objetivo discutir os pontos positivos e negativos do emprego de obras literárias no ensino de Ciências da natureza. A pesquisa é do tipo qualitativa e a técnica de análise de dados utilizada foi a análise de narrativas, oriundas de uma sessão reflexiva feita com quatro professores com base em relatos de experiência sobre o uso de livros paradidáticos de literatura infantil para ensinar Ciências. De acordo com a opinião dos participantes, essa união possibilita desenvolver a alfabetização científica, explorar diferentes aspectos da ciência, tecnologia e sociedade possibilitando assim uma educação cidadã para as crianças. No entanto, foi possível constatar que o uso da literatura apresenta fragilidades em relação a adaptação de conteúdos científicos a uma linguagem acessível ao aluno e dificuldade de integração curricular de alguns conceitos. Os participantes indicam que a maior dificuldade em explorar o caráter científico presente na literatura é o fato dos professores não serem ensinados de como desenvolver a divulgação científica como literatura em sala de aula, ressaltando a necessidade de momentos formativos para que os professores desenvolvam esse trabalho com eficácia na escola.

Resumen El tema de este artículo es el uso de las obras literarias como herramienta en la enseñanza de las ciencias en los niños. La intersección de estas dos áreas de conocimiento ha sido objeto de discusión por varios autores a lo largo de los años, como Filipe (2012), Pinto (2009), Scalfi y Correa (2014) y Nascimento (2008). Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo basado en relatos de profesores sobre el uso de estrategias para promover la alfabetización científica de sus alumnos, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo discutir los puntos positivos y negativos del uso de obras literarias en la enseñanza de las Ciencias Naturales. La investigación es cualitativa y la técnica de análisis de datos utilizada fue el análisis de narrativas, a partir de una sesión reflexiva con cuatro docentes y sus relatos de experiencia sobre el uso de libros paradidácticos de literatura infantil para la enseñanza de las Ciencias. Según la opinión de los participantes, esta unión permite desarrollar la alfabetización científica, explorar diferentes aspectos de la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad, posibilitando así la educación ciudadana en los niños. Sin embargo, fue posible verificar que el uso de la literatura presenta debilidades con relación a la adecuación de los contenidos científicos,hacia un lenguaje accesible para el estudiante y dificultades en la integración curricular de algunos conceptos. Los participantes indican que la mayor dificultad para explorar el carácter científico presente en la literatura, es el hecho de que a los docentes no se les enseña cómo desarrollar la divulgación científica como literatura en el aula, enfatizando la necesidad de momentos formativos para que los docentes desarrollen esta labor con eficacia en la escuela.

Abstract This article focuses on the use of literary works as a tool in teaching science to children. The intersection of these two areas of knowledge has been a subject of discussion by several authors over the years, such as Filipe (2012), Pinto (2009), Scalfi and Corrêa (2014), and Nascimento (2008). Using a qualitative approach based on teachers' reports on the use of strategies to promote scientific literacy among their students, the present study aims to discuss the positive and negative aspects of employing literary works in the teaching of Natural Sciences. The research is qualitative in nature, and the data analysis technique used was narrative analysis, derived from a reflective session conducted with four teachers based on their experiential reports on the use of children's literature books to teach Science. According to the participants' opinions, this combination allows for the development of scientific literacy, exploring different aspects of science, technology, and society, thereby enabling a citizen education for children. However, it was found that the use of literature has weaknesses in terms of adapting scientific content to a language accessible to students and difficulties in curriculum integration of certain concepts. Participants indicate that the greatest challenge in exploring the scientific character present in literature is the fact that teachers are not trained on how to develop scientific outreach as literature in the classroom, emphasizing the need for formative moments for teachers to effectively carry out this work in schools.

Abstract Faced with the imperative to raise awareness to tackle the climate crisis, this article delves into Instagram manifestations of two young Brazilian activists dedicated to climate justice: Txai Suruí, a member of the indigenous youth movement in Rondônia, and Amanda Costa, founder and executive director of the Instituto Perifa Sustentável, selected for their involvement of the United Nations Global Compact Youth Committee. Following the three stages of narrative analysis adopted (event, organisation and conflict), coupled with the theoretical-methodological framework of intersectionality, the findings show that the young women are breaking new ground and promoting discussions surrounding the environment, human rights, citizenship, social participation and climate justice. Using informal and empathetic language, the activists exert pressure on agents (governments, institutions, companies) while establishing a connection with their audiences. As women from the Global South, activists Txai Suruí and Amanda Costa challenge entrenched power dynamics. The findings of the analysis underscore the pivotal role played by these young women in articulating content on the issues. Through advocacy efforts and active engagement on digital social networks, they exhibit a critical and creative approach. Serving as representatives of historically invisible peoples, Txai and Amanda employ narratives of resistance, drawing upon their ancestral heritage in the pursuit of a future with climate justice.

Resumo Diante da necessidade de sensibilização para o enfrentamento da crise do clima, este artigo analisa as articulações no Instagram de duas jovens ativistas brasileiras sobre justiça climática: Txai Suruí, integrante do movimento da juventude indígena de Rondônia, e Amanda Costa, fundadora e diretora executiva do Instituto Perifa Sustentável, selecionadas por integrarem o Comitê Jovem do Pacto Global da Organização das Nações Unidas. Após as três etapas de análise narrativa adotadas (acontecimento, organização e conflito), vinculadas ao arcabouço teórico-metodológico da interseccionalidade, os resultados apontam que as jovens mulheres fissuram novos espaços e promovem discussões sobre meio ambiente, direitos humanos, cidadania, participação social e justiça climática. Com linguagem informal e empática, as ativistas realizam pressão aos agentes (governantes, instituições, empresas) e estabelecem conexão com seus públicos. Como mulheres do Sul Global, as ativistas Txai Suruí e Amanda Costa desafiam polos de poder. Conforme os resultados da análise, foi possível verificar que as jovens exercem espaço de protagonismo na articulação de conteúdos sobre os temas ao promover advocacy e ocupar as redes sociais digitais com foco educativo, de modo crítico e criativo. Representantes de povos historicamente invisibilizados, Txai e Amanda praticam narrativas de resistência ao invocar a ancestralidade na luta por um futuro com justiça climática.

Resumen Introducción: La donación de órganos es un proceso complejo que incluye a los familiares como receptores de los cuidados. Este reto exige que las enfermeras dispongan de las habilidades y competencias necesarias para optimizar su intervención. Una de las soluciones parece estar en mejorar la calidad y eficacia de la comunicación entre profesionales y familiares. Objetivo: Identificar las estrategias utilizadas por las enfermeras en la comunicación con los familiares de las personas sometidas a donación de órganos, con vistas a una comunicación más eficaz. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda se realizó entre diciembre de 2022 y febrero de 2023 en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed y B-ON, a partir de la pregunta de investigación "¿Qué estrategias utilizan los profesionales de enfermería en la comunicación con los familiares de personas en proceso de donación de órganos?". El proceso de búsqueda y selección fue documentado mediante la metodología Prisma por dos revisores independientes. Resultados: Se obtuvieron siete artículos para revisión. Surgen Estrategias de Comunicación como respuesta a una comunicación y aproximación eficaz a las familias de las personas sometidas a donación de órganos. Conclusión: Los enfermeros deben priorizar la continuidad y regularidad en su contacto con las familias. La comunicación debe ser empática, honesta, sincera y transparente, dando seguridad y confianza a la relación terapéutica y permitiendo una mayor implicación. También deben ser conscientes de la multidimensionalidad de la comunicación, buscando el equilibrio y la adecuación de todos los elementos, como el lenguaje verbal y corporal.

Resumo Introdução: A doação de órgãos é um processo complexo, que inclui os familiares como recetores dos cuidados. Este desafio exige aos enfermeiros habilidades e competências que otimizem a sua intervenção. Uma das soluções parece residir na melhoria da qualidade e efetividade da comunicação entre os profissionais e as famílias. Objetivo: Identificar as estratégias utilizadas pelos enfermeiros na comunicação com os familiares de pessoas em processo de doação de órgãos, com vista a uma comunicação mais efetiva. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da Literatura. A pesquisa foi realizada entre os meses de dezembro de 2022 e fevereiro de 2023, nas bases de dados Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed e B-ON, sustentada na questão de investigação “Quais as estratégias utilizadas pelos enfermeiros, na comunicação com os familiares de pessoas em processo de doação de órgãos?”. O processo de pesquisa e seleção foi documentado com recurso à metodologia Prisma, por dois revisores independentes. Resultados: Obtiveram-se sete artigos para revisão. As Estratégias Comunicacionais surgem como resposta a uma comunicação e abordagem eficaz às famílias de pessoas em processo de doação de órgãos. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros devem privilegiar a continuidade e periodicidade no contato com as famílias. A partilha deve ser empática, honesta, sincera e transparente, conferindo segurança e confiança à relação terapêutica, e possibilitando um maior envolvimento. Devem ainda, consciencializar-se da multidimensionalidade da comunicação, procurando um equilíbrio e adequação de todos os elementos, como são exemplo a linguagem verbal e corporal.

Abstract Introduction: Organ donation is a complex process that includes family members as recipients of care. This challenge requires nurses to have the skills and competences to optimize their intervention. One of the solutions seems to lie in improving the quality and effectiveness of communication between professionals and families. Objective: To identify the strategies used by nurses in communicating with the relatives of people undergoing organ donation, with a view to more effective communication. Methods: Systematic literature review. The search was carried out between December 2022 and February 2023 in the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and B-ON databases, based on the research question "What strategies do nurses use when communicating with the relatives of people undergoing organ donation?". The search and selection process were documented using the Prisma methodology by two independent reviewers. Results: Seven articles were retrieved for review. Communication Strategies emerge as a response to effective communication and approach to the families of people undergoing organ donation. Conclusion: Nurses should prioritize continuity and regularity in their contact with families. Sharing should be empathetic, honest, sincere, and transparent, giving security and trust to the therapeutic relationship and enabling greater involvement. They should also be aware of the multidimensionality of communication, seeking a balance and adequacy of all elements, such as verbal and body language.

Abstract COVID-19 has prompted many educational institutions to transition to virtual learning environments. One of the main issues in doing so has been the types of interactions that are possible online. Considering the importance of interaction in second language acquisition, it is relevant to understand how EFL teachers are facing the challenge of fostering interaction in virtual classrooms. The purpose of this study was twofold: First, we explored EFL Chilean university teachers’ use of digital tools in their virtual classrooms to promote interaction. Secondly, we analyzed the obstacles they have faced when promoting interaction. To do this, we conducted a survey and a semi-structured interview with 10 EFL university teachers who have taught in traditional contexts as well as online. Our findings show that although EFL teachers have not had difficulties implementing different digital tools and platforms, interactions among learners are lacking. Students keeping microphones and cameras off has become a variable that reduces the possibility of knowing whether students are paying attention, monitoring their work, and setting up groupwork. An alarming finding was that this issue may increase EFL teachers’ feeling of isolation in the virtual classroom. We suggest universities offer opportunities for teachers to systematize the digital tools they use as well as explicitly discuss how oral interaction is being scaffolded and motivated in the classroom, so that effective teaching practices can be shared and established.

Resumen El COVID-19 ha hecho que muchas instituciones educativas transiten hacia entornos de aprendizaje virtuales. Uno de los principales problemas que ha traído este cambio se relaciona con los tipos de interacciones que se dan en ambientes de aprendizaje en línea. Considerando la importancia de la interacción en la adquisición de una segunda lengua, se hace relevante conocer cómo los profesores de ILE enfrentan el desafío de impulsar interacciones en las clases virtuales. El presente estudio tuvo dos objetivos: primero, exploramos el uso de herramientas digitales por parte de los docentes chilenos universitarios de ILE en sus aulas virtuales para promover la interacción; en segundo lugar, analizamos los obstáculos que han enfrentado para promover la interacción en el aula virtual. Para este fin, realizamos una encuesta y una entrevista semiestructurada a 10 profesores universitarios de inglés, los cuales han enseñado tanto en contextos tradicionales como en línea. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que, aunque los profesores de ILE no han tenido dificultades para implementar diferentes herramientas y plataformas digitales, generar interacciones entre los estudiantes se ha convertido en uno de los principales desafíos. El deseo de los estudiantes de mantener el micrófono y la cámara apagados parece ser una variable que reduce la posibilidad de que los docentes sepan si el estudiante está prestando atención, puedan monitorear su trabajo y logren organizar trabajos grupales. Un hallazgo alarmante fue que este problema puede aumentar la sensación de aislamiento de los profesores de ILE durante la clase. Sugerimos que las universidades ofrezcan oportunidades para que los profesores sistematicen el uso de las herramientas digitales que emplean y discutan explícitamente cómo se está apoyando y motivando la interacción oral en el aula, para que se puedan compartir y establecer prácticas de enseñanza efectivas.

RESUMEN La enseñanza de un nuevo idioma es siempre un reto para los docentes. Especialmente, el inglés requerido en las instituciones de educación presenta una serie de métodos que requiere especial atención y nuevas prácticas por parte de los docentes que imparten la materia para motivar a los estudiantes en su proceso de aprendizaje. En este marco, la pedagogía ofrece una serie de estrategias que pueden aplicarse en el plano práctico que permitan incentivar a los alumnos de tal forma que se sientan entusiasmado por el área. Algunas de esas estrategias son las que se abordan en el presente trabajo de investigación, especialmente el arte escénico. Estas estrategias, que son muy útiles, fomentan habilidades tan esenciales del inglés como son el speaking y el listening; El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la influencia de las emociones a través del arte en el aprendizaje del idioma inglés. Esta investigación es de tipo exploratorio, se aplicó una encuesta dirigida a los estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa «Francisco Pizarro» del cantón Santa Elena, Ecuador. El estudio demuestra que los docentes hacen uso del arte en clases y aporta para el aprendizaje del idioma inglés especialmente en las habilidades de la gramática.

ABSTRACT Teaching a new language is always a challenge for teachers. Especially, the English required in educational institutions presents a series of methods that require special attention and new practices on the part of the teachers who teach the subject to motivate students in their learning process. In this framework, pedagogy offers a series of strategies that can be applied on a practical level that allow students to be encouraged in such a way that they feel enthusiastic about the area. Some of these strategies are those that are addressed in this research work, especially performing arts. These strategies, which are very useful, promote such essential English skills as speaking and listening; The objective of this work was to identify the influence of emotions through art in learning the English language. This research is exploratory, a survey was applied to the students of the “Francisco Pizarro” Educational Unit of the Santa Elena canton, Ecuador. The study shows that teachers use art in classes and contribute to learning the English language, especially in grammar skills.

Resumo A investigação sobre a reflexão na formação inicial de professores é um desafio alinhado aos Objetivos Educacionais de 2030. Isso reflete o seu posicionamento como eixo epistêmico de construção do conhecimento nas Ciências da Educação. No entanto, evidências empíricas corroboram a presença de insuficiências no tratamento didático da reflexão. O objetivo do artigo consiste em: demonstrar o tratamento das situações de aprendizagem apoiadas no modelo de prática reflexiva individual especificado no método R4 de Domingo (2013) e as suas respectivas fases através dos conteúdos da disciplina de Didática da Língua Espanhola no curso de licenciatura em Ensino Primário. A aplicação do registo anedótico e a análise documental permitiram obter evidências sobre a exequibilidade e pertinência da aplicação de situações de aprendizagem. Concluiu-se que a formação de professores em reflexão é prioritária e requer o trabalho metodológico sistemático e intencional de grupos de professores.

Resumo La investigación sobre la reflexión en la formación inicial docente es un desafío congruente con las Metas Educativas 2030. Esto visualiza su posicionamiento como eje epistémico de construcción de conocimientos en las Ciencias de la Educación; sin embargo, la evidencia empírica corrobora la presencia de insuficiencias en el abordaje didáctico de la reflexión. El objetivo del artículo radica en: demostrar el tratamiento de situaciones de aprendizaje sustentadas en el modelo de práctica reflexiva individual concretado en el método R4 de Domingo (2013) y sus respectivas fases mediante contenidos de la asignatura Didáctica de la Lengua Española en la carrera Licenciatura en Educación Primaria. La aplicación del registro anecdótico y el análisis de documentos permitió obtener evidencias sobre la factibilidad y pertinencia de aplicación de situaciones de aprendizaje. Se concluyó que la formación de docentes en reflexión es prioridad y requiere del trabajo metodológico sistémico e intencionado de colectivos de profesores.

Abstract Research on reflection in initial teacher training is a challenge consistent with the 2030 Educational Goals. This visualizes its position as an epistemic axis of knowledge construction in Educational Sciences; however, empirical evidence corroborates the presence of insufficiencies in the didactic approach of reflection. The objective of the article lies in: demonstrating the approach of learning situations based on the model of individual reflective practice specified in the R4 method of Domingo (2013) and its corresponding stages through the contents of the subject Didactics of the Spanish Language in the Bachelor's Degree in Elementary Education. The application of the anecdotal record and the review of documents allowed obtaining evidence on the feasibility and relevance of the application of learning situations. It was concluded that the training of teachers in reflection is a priority and requires the systematic and intentional methodological work of all teachers.

Resumo O uso do inglês é uma necessidade nos dias de hoje. Na educação, desenvolver a competência comunicativa em inglês é um desafio para professores e alunos; mais ainda num ambiente que não seja de sala de aula. O avanço da tecnologia é um aliado neste contexto. Este estudo visa determinar o impacto das ferramentas tecnológicas no domínio da língua inglesa em estudantes universitários. O desenho do projeto foi quase experimental, e a amostra esteve constituída por 62 estudantes: 31 no Grupo de Controle e 31 no Grupo Experimental numa universidade nacional no Peru. Foram aplicados um pré-teste e um pós-teste de competência comunicativa em inglês e um questionário sobre o uso de ferramentas tecnológicas. A média aritmética mostra uma melhoria em pontos 5.13 utilizando as ferramentas tecnológicas, após comparar o pré-teste com o pós-teste. A conclusão é uma melhoria significativa na competência comunicativa em inglês.

Resumen El uso del inglés es una necesidad en la actualidad. En el ámbito educativo, desarrollar la competencia comunicativa en inglés es un reto para docentes y estudiantes; es aún más desafiante en un contexto de educación no presencial. El avance de la tecnología es una aliada en este contexto. Este estudio pretende determinar el impacto de las Herramientas Tecnológicas en la Competencia Comunicativa en inglés en estudiantes universitarios. El diseño fue cuasi-experimental, y la muestra de 62 estudiantes: 31 del Grupo Control y 31 del Grupo Experimental en una universidad nacional del Perú. Se aplicó un pre-test y un post-test respecto a la competencia comunicativa en inglés y un cuestionario sobre el uso de las herramientas tecnológicas. La media aritmética muestra una mejora en 5.13 puntos utilizando las herramientas tecnológicas, tras comparar el pre-test y post-test. Se concluye en una mejora significativa en la competencia comunicativa del inglés.

Abstract The use of English is a necessity today. In education, developing communicative competence in English is a challenge for teachers and students; it is even more challenging in a non-face-to-face education context. The advancement of technology is an ally in this context. This study aims to determine the impact of technological tools on English communicative competence in university students. The design was quasi-experimental, and the sample of 62 students: 31 from the Control Group and 31 from the Experimental Group in a national university in Peru. A pre-test and a post-test on communicative competence in English and a questionnaire on the use of technological tools were applied. The arithmetic mean shows an improvement in 5.13 points using the technological tools, after comparing the pre-test and post-test. It is concluded in a significant improvement in English communicative competence among university students.

Education systems are shaped by various internal and external contextual forces (De Beer, 2017). External contextual trends typically include language, demography, geography, technology, politics, and financial and economic trends. Religion represents one of these external contextual trends that can affect an education system (see Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010; Wolhuter & Van der Walt, 2018). Making use of established metabletic-comparative methodology, this article seeks to highlight the impact of religion as a formative factor of education in the BRICS countries. Religion is treated significantly differently in the education systems of the BRICS member states. In schools in India and China, no religious activities are allowed in accordance with the respective constitutions, while any religious activities may take place in schools in Brazil, Russia and South Africa, provided that the activities comply with particular guidelines. Broadly considered, any religious activities are conducted in primary schools in Brazil, provided that attendance is voluntary. Religion in Brazilian schools is influenced by the strong position of the Roman Catholic faith in Brazilian society, which could potentially be detrimental to minority groups in Brazil (Senefonte, 2018:440). Learners in Russia, according to Russian law, are free to choose for themselves the religious module in which they wish to receive education. Schools in Russia do not, however, always implement this legislation correctly, since a school's resources actually determine which module the learners should take. The manner in which religion is being dealt with, causes unhappiness among learners and parents as they do not really have freedom of choice regarding the religious module in which they wish to receive instruction (Zöllner, 2016). The legislation in China clearly states that no religious activities may take place in public schools, yet the ruling party of China intends to enshrine tenets of atheism in learners in schools (Vickers, 2022; Wang & Froese, 2020). Compared to the other BRICS member states, China has the most officially, constitutionally recognised ethnic groups. In terms of legislation and policy formulations, the ethnic minority groups obtain various benefits in terms of education. The wide variety of ethnic groupings poses various challenges to the government of China as the views of all these groups in the education system have to be taken into account. Various documents, including the South African Schools Act 76 of 1996, and other education policies provide clear guidelines as to how religion ought to be dealt with in South African schools. In South Africa, learners are taught various major deities worldwide. All learners in South Africa are exposed to the concept of religion through the subject Life Orientation (Grades 7-12). Teachers in South Africaface the challenge of respecting all kinds of religions and not preaching their own views on a religion. This challenge of respecting all religions can result in conflict in schools, as learners may feel that they will be discriminated against if one type of religion is singled out, for example during assembly. This underscores the role and value of South African teachers in inculcating citizenship values (see Wolhuter, Janmaat, Van der Walt & Potgieter, 2020). The Government of India faces opposition from minority groups with regard to religion in schools as the socio-political hegemony religion is especially preferred in terms of the drafting of academic textbooks (Traub, 2018). This preferential treatment of a particular religion is contrary to the Indian constitution, as no single religion may be singled out, nor should any religion be discriminated against (Majumdar, 2018). The preference given to a particular religion in textbooks can result in a negative impact on the education system of India. The analysis and interpretation show that there is still a close relationship between religion and education in the BRICS countries. However, all five BRICS member states face different problems regarding religion and each of the five member states also deals with its problems differently. This conclusion is now unpacked in this summary, and in detail defended in the ensuing full text. In terms of dealing with religion, South Africa appears to be more tolerant than Brazil, Russia, India and China, although this tolerance still causes more problems for the South African government, in the sense of opposition from various adherents of a wide variety of faith groupings who would like schools to play a role in strengthening the religious beliefs of their children. Several court cases have been fought in South Africa as schools struggle to accommodate the wishes of all religious groups in South Africa (see Nthontho, 2020). In contrast to forces in all the BRICS countries trying to separate religion and (public) education, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the proto-charter of Human Rights Charters in the contemporary world, Article 26 states that everyone has the right to education, education should be oriented towards the total development of the child's personality, and that parents have a preferential right to decide on the type of education their children should receive. The BRICS member states can learn from each other how to deal with religion in schools, even though none have yet managed to deal satisfactorily with religion in education. The common factor among all five BRICS countries is that religion is used again and again (consciously or unconsciously) to reinforce political or ideological hegemony. It seems that the shortcoming in all these countries is pointing to a lack of recognition of the place and role of religion in the lives of their citizens and that secular-political objectives, notably the forcing of official ideological hegemony, as well as the achievement of national unity above the full recognition of religious freedom, are also stated in the education system and in citizens 'choice of the kind of religious education of their children. As a result, the role of religion in creating a strong moral fibre for a society therefore never seems to come into its own. Moreover, judging by the United Nations Charter's Human Rights provisions on education, educative education (incl. teaching and learning), in accordance with its full scope of semantic value, does not currently come into its own. The same seems to be the case as regards the human right to parental advocacy with respect to religious education. The experience of the BRICS countries in terms of religion-in-education shows that it is sensible and even necessary, for example, along the path of enlarged parental speech in education and school autonomy, to allow more room for religious freedom in education. The BRICS countries are currently being proposed as the leading grouping of the Global South in a new formative world order. Against this background, current trends regarding religion-in-education in these countries therefore probably represent a bold example. However, it should nonetheless be denounced by the academic community and better examples should subsequently be extracted and presented from other national education systems from future research.

'n Onderwysstelsel word deur verskeie samelewingskontekstuele kragte gevorm. Hierdie kontekstuele faktore sluit taal, demografie, geografie, tegnologie, politiek en finansiële en ekonomiese tendense in. Godsdiens is een van die laasgenoemde tendense wat 'n onderwys-stelsel kan beïnvloed. Die BRICS-organisasie bestaan uit Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, Sjina en Suid-Afrika en is 'n supra-nasionale blok wat baie aandag in die openbare sowel as akademiese diskoers oor internasionale politiek en maatskaplike kwessies trek (De Beer, 2017). Godsdiens word wyd geag as 'n omstrede en sensitiewe faktor in onderwysstelsels (sien Van der Walt, Potgieter & Wolhuter, 2010). In hierdie artikel word godsdiens as vormgewende faktor van die onderwysstelsels in die BRICS-lande ondersoek, om die waarde daarvan as 'n aanskouingsles vir Suid-Afrika en ander lande te bepaal. Die BRICS-lidlande is doelbewus vir hierdie navorsing gekies weens die besondere waarde van hierdie lande as vertoonvenster van onderwysstelsels se antwoord op samelewingstendense van die een-en-twintigste eeu. Dokumentontleding is uitgevoer ten opsigte van beleidsdokumente, wetgewing, artikels en staatspublikasies, ten einde inligting in te samel. In die verwerking en interpretasie van inligting is die metableties-vergelykende metode gebruik ten einde beste praktyke ten opsigte van die hantering van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels vanuit die BRICS-lidlande te identifiseer. Die ondersoek het ernstige tekortkominge in al die BRICS-lande se hantering van godsdiens in onderwys aan die lig gebring. Nie een van die lande se beleid of praktyk slaag die toets, soos gemeet aan die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Menseregte nie. Die noodsaak van voortgesette navorsing oor die plek van godsdiens in die onderwysstelsels van die wêreld word ten slotte verduidelik.

The teaching of English First Additional Language (EFAL) in South Africa is gradually changing from the traditional style because of the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts are being made to stimulate learners' interest in learning which include using information communication technology (ICT) in the form of e-learning to enhance understanding. The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was a major challenge as it compelled teachers to engage in online teaching - even those who were never trained in the use of technology. A qualitative research method in the form of semi-structured interviews was used to collect data from 15 EFAL teachers who were purposefully selected on the basis that they used e-learning to supplement their face-to-face teaching. I found that the integration of e-learning to the traditional physical contact style was essential in improving the teaching of EFAL. The majority of participants, however, highlighted that they still encountered challenges related to heavy workload and efforts to complete items listed in the work programme. Inadequate training of teachers on e-learning, a lack of resources and poor connectivity also acted as barriers to the full implementation of blended learning, which considerably improves learners' performance.

Abstract The study analyses the complex employment situation of university graduates in South America, considering factors such as educational quality, labour market demand, specialized skills and technological adaptation. The objective is to analyze the existing literature on the situation of graduates from South American universities between 2019 and 2023. The PRISMA method was used, selecting 30 relevant studies. The criteria included English-language studies focused on the employment situation of South American graduates, excluding other approaches. The search was carried out in ERIC, Scopus and SciELO. The results provided a deeper understanding of graduates’ career paths and promoted skills for their insertion in an ever-changing market. The results of the systematic situation allowed a better understanding of the situation and evolution of professional trajectories, fostering skills in order to benefit the graduates in their insertion into the labour market. It is concluded that the employment situation of graduates is a challenge that needs collaborative action between educational institutions, governments with the establishment of policies that address the changing world of work.

Resumen El estudio analiza la compleja situación laboral de los egresados universitarios en América del Sur, considerando factores como la calidad educativa, la demanda del mercado laboral, habilidades especializadas y adaptación tecnológica. El objetivo es analizar la literatura existente sobre la situación laboral de los egresados de universidades sudamericanas entre 2019 y 2023. Se empleó el método Prisma, seleccionando 30 estudios pertinentes. Los criterios incluyeron estudios en inglés centrados en la situación laboral de egresados sudamericanos, excluyendo otros enfoques. La búsqueda se realizó en Eric, Scopus y Scielo. Los resultados brindaron una comprensión más profunda de las trayectorias profesionales de los egresados y promovieron habilidades para su inserción en un mercado en constante cambio. Los resultados de la situación sistemática permitieron comprender mejor la situación y evolución de las trayectorias profesionales, fomentando habilidades en aras de beneficiar a los egresados en su inserción al mercado laboral. Se concluye que la situación laboral de los egresados fue un desafío que necesitó de una acción colaborativa entre instituciones educativas, gobiernos con el establecimiento de políticas que atendieron el mundo laboral cambiante.