Abstract Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a fossil fuel widely used in residential, commercial, and industrial applications. LPG systems must be designed and sized under minimum safety standards, which are established in national and international regulations. An LPG system is composed of fuel storage containers, pipelines, valves, meters, consumption equipment, and protection and safety elements. These must be sized and selected to withstand the action of the fuel gas and the working conditions to which they will be subjected. This document presents a review of the most important points to consider in the design and sizing of an LPG system based on the most representative international regulations.

Resumen El gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) es un combustible de origen fósil ampliamente utilizado en aplicaciones residenciales, comerciales e industriales. Los sistemas de GLP deben diseñarse y dimensionarse bajo estándares mínimos de seguridad, los cuales son establecidos en normativas nacionales e internacionales. Un sistema de GLP está conformado por recipientes de almacenamiento del combustible, tuberías, válvulas, medidores, equipos de consumo y elementos de protección y seguridad. Estos deben ser dimensionados y seleccionados para soportar la acción del gas combustible y las condiciones de trabajo a las que serán sometidos. En este documento se presenta una revisión de los puntos más importantes a tener en cuenta en el diseño y dimensionamientos de un sistema de GLP a partir de las normativas más representativas a nivel internacional.

Abstract: Corn drying reduces the moisture content present in the grain to levels that allow safe storage. This process requires a large amount of energy, which is why, if not applied correctly, it can affect the quality of the product to be dried, in addition to representing important costs in the operation of the drying plants. The objective of this research is to analyze the corn drying systems used in Canton Quevedo, Province of Los Ríos. In order to achieve the objective, field visits were made to the area under study, considering factors related to the technology used and the corn harvesting period, as well as, characteristics of the coastal region of Ecuador. It was determined that stationary or fixed bed drying is the drying system widely used for corn drying, which uses subsidized liquefied petroleum gas as fuel for its operation. The moisture content of the corn received at the drying plants is above 30% in the two harvesting periods of the product, a situation that has an impact on processing times and product quality. The fuel demand for drying an average mass of product of 60.2 tons, between the first harvest period, March - June, and the second period, September - November, presents a difference of 300.77 kg of LPG in relation to the first harvest, being the moisture content a key factor to take into account.

Resumen: El secado del maíz permite reducir el contenido de humedad presente en el grano a niveles que permitan un almacenamiento seguro. El objetivo de esta investigación permite analizar los sistemas de secado de maíz empleados en el Cantón Quevedo, Provincia de Los Ríos. Para alcanzar nuestro objetivo se realizaron visitas de campo en la zona objeto de estudio, por lo que se consideraron factores relacionados con la tecnología empleada y período de cosecha de maíz, características de la región costera del Ecuador. Se determinó que el secado estacionario o de lecho fijo es el sistema de secado ampliamente empleado para el secado de maíz, el cual emplea como combustible el gas licuado de petróleo subsidiado para su funcionamiento. La humedad de recibo de maíz en las plantas de secado presenta niveles de humedad por encima del 30 %, en los dos periodos de cosecha del producto, situación que repercute en los tiempos de proceso y en la calidad del producto. La demanda de combustible para secar una masa promedio de producto, 60,2 Ton, entre el primer período de cosecha que va de Marzo - Junio, y el segundo período, Septiembre - Noviembre, presenta una diferencia de 300,77 Kg de GLP con relación a la primera cosecha, siendo la humedad de recibo un factor clave a tomar en cuenta.

BACKGROUND Leishmania tarentolae is a non-pathogenic species found in lizards representing an important model for Leishmania biology. However, several aspects of this Sauroleishmania remain unknown to explain its low level of virulence. OBJECTIVES We reported several aspects of L. tarentolae biology including glycoconjugates, proteolytic activities and metabolome composition in comparison to pathogenic species (Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major). METHODS Parasites were cultured for extraction and purification of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), immunofluorescence probing with anti-gp63 and resistance against complement. Parasite extracts were also tested for proteases activity and metabolome composition. FINDINGS Leishmania tarentolae does not express LPG on its surface. It expresses gp63 at lower levels compared to pathogenic species and, is highly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis. This species also lacks intracellular/extracellular activities of proteolytic enzymes. It has metabolic differences with pathogenic species, exhibiting a lower abundance of metabolites including ABC transporters, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and steroids, TCA cycle, glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism and pentose-phosphate pathways. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The non-pathogenic phenotype of L. tarentolae is associated with alterations in several biochemical and molecular features. This reinforces the need of comparative studies between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of virulence during host-parasite interactions. nonpathogenic non However L glycoconjugates amazonensis braziliensis major. major . major) LPG, , (LPG) antigp63 antigp anti gp anti-gp6 complement surface gp6 complementmediated mediated lysis intracellularextracellular intracellular extracellular enzymes transporters steroids cycle glycineserinethreonine glycine serine threonine glyoxylatedicarboxylate glyoxylate dicarboxylate pentosephosphate pentose phosphate pathways features hostparasite host parasite interactions (LPG antigp6 anti-gp

Abstract This work presents the development of a refractive index sensing methodology for measuring carbon dioxide concentrations, considering the effect of temperature environment. We propose and demonstrate, using simulations, the use of tapered and coated Long Period Gratings as a way to enhance the refractive index sensitivity. In addition, artificial neural networks were used to improve the estimation of carbon dioxide concentration, considering the crosssensitivity effect with temperature. concentrations environment demonstrate simulations sensitivity addition concentration

Resumen: Los complejos industriales que manejan productos peligrosos con características inflamables, han sido causa de grandes desgracias al generar explosiones repentinas, ya sea por fallas mecánicas o por negligencia humana. El Complejo Gasífero de Monteverde (CGM), ubicado en la provincia de Santa Elena en Ecuador, representa un riesgo potencial al albergar cerca de 105.000 m3 de gases precursores como Propano (PPN), Butano (BTN) y GLP como producto terminado.Por este motivo, se ha realizado un análisis de la amenaza potencial a la que la población se encuentra expuesta en caso de la explosión de uno de los tanques con los diferentes productos que contienen, para esto se consideró a las comunas mas cercanas al CGM que son Monteverde y Jambelí. Se utilizaron herramientas como el método Probit propuesto por TNO (The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research), y el software ALOHA de la EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA), cuyas combinaciones permitieron estimar el radio de influencia, los cuales se dividieron en zonas según al grado de impacto en la comunidad. Los resultados demostraron que la comunidad de Monteverde, pese a encontrarse a más de 1 km del CGM, se encuentra dentro de la zona roja o de alta influencia que corresponde a 2000 metros, para los tanques de propano y butano. En ésta área, una persona podría tener quemaduras fatales de tercer grado. Los cálculos se han realizado en condiciones ideales, por lo que se recomienda revisar las atenuaciones generadas por elevaciones naturales del terreno o la dirección del viento en estudios posteriores.

Abstract: The industrial complexes that handle dangerous products with flammable characteristics have been the cause of great misfortunes when sudden explosions are generated, either due to mechanical failures or human negligence. The Monteverde Gas Complex (MGC), located in the province of Santa Elena in Ecuador, represents a potential risk by housing close to 105,000 m3 of precursor gases such as Propane (PPN), Butane (BTN), and LPG finished product. Therefore, an analysis of the potential threat to which the population is exposed in case of the explosion of one of the tanks with the different products they contain has been carried out, considering the closest communes to the MGC, which are Monteverde and Jambelí. Tools such as the Probit method proposed by TNO (The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research), and the ALOHA software of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA) were used, whose combinations allowed estimating the radius of influence, which were divided into zones according to the degree of impact on the community. The results demonstrated that the community of Monteverde, despite being more than 1 km away from the CGM, is within the red zone or high influence radius that corresponds to 2000 meters for propane and butane tanks. Whitin this area, a person could have fatal third-degree burns. The calculations have been performed under ideal conditions, so it is recommended to review the attenuations generated by natural elevations of the terrain or the direction of the wind in further studies.

ABSTRACT For the past few years, the energy demand has been raised progressively all over the world. Numerous extensive studies have been conducted to reduce the rate of emission in diverse alternative fuels. However, currently numerous investigations have been undertaken to diminish the harmful impact of the exhaustion of gas emissions from the utilization of diesel, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), and gasoline fuels. Hence, a novel triple fuel system (i.e. petrol, diesel, and LPG) is proposed based on three different analyses, namely energy, exergy, and emission at diverse load (kg) conditions. Nonetheless, the validations of each method are performed by single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines at optimized conditions. Moreover, the analyses are performed at a constant speed rate of 1500rpm, with six diverse engine loads (kg) of about (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 13.50 kg). Various measurable factors such as emission rate, heat transfer rate, and cylinder pressure are determined to estimate the steady state condition. Finally, various parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas analysis are performed and compared with single fuel, dual fuel, and the proposed triple fuel modes to determine the efficiency of the system.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, la demanda de energía ha aumentado progresivamente en todo el mundo. Se han realizado numerosos estudios exhaustivos para reducir la tasa de emisiones de diversos combustibles alternativos. Sin embargo, en la situación actual, se están llevando a cabo numerosas investigaciones para disminuir los efectos nocivos del de las emisiones de gases procedentes de la utilización de combustibles como, el diésel, el gas licuado de petróleo (GLP) y la gasolina. A partir de ello, se propone un novedoso sistema de combustible triple (es decir, gasolina, gasóleo y GLP) basado en tres análisis diferentes; energía, exergía y emisiones para diferentes condiciones de carga (kg). Las validaciones de cada método se realizan con motores diésel monocilíndricos de cuatro tiempos en condiciones optimizadas. Además, los análisis se realizan a una velocidad constante de 1.500 rpm con seis cargas diferentes (kg) del motor de aproximadamente (2,5, 5, 7,5, 10, 12,5 y 13,50 kg). Se determinan varios factores medibles, como la tasa de emisión, la tasa de transferencia de calor y la presión del cilindro, para estimar la condición de estado estacionario. Por último, se realizan y comparan varios parámetros, como la eficiencia térmica de frenado, el consumo específico de combustible y el análisis de los gases de escape, con los modos de combustible único, combustible doble y combustible triple propuestos para determinar la eficiencia del sistema.

SIGNIFICANCE: In early 2022, we analysed the benefits of switching the fuel for the Ankerlig peaking plant from diesel to LPG (liquified petroleum gas or 'bottled' gas) to reduce cost, improve greenhouse gas emissions and provide for the long-term needs of the South African electricity grid. That analysis was published in May 2022 (Clark et al. J Energy South Afr. 2022;33(2):15-23). With increased load shedding and the higher cost of diesel fuel, this recommended fuel change has become even more relevant. In this commentary, we summarise the conclusions from that paper and related studies and update the results to reflect the latest situation within the country.

RESUMEN El biogás es una importante fuente de energía renovable que contribuye a reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles y ofrece soluciones sostenibles para la gestión de residuos orgánicos. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios y aplicaciones de las tecnologías para desarrollar la digestión anaerobia en zonas productoras de cacao en la provincia de Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia energética del biogás obtenido a partir de la digestión anaerobia de la cáscara de cacao, mediante la evaluación de los parámetros físico-químicos del proceso y del contenido de metano (CH4) en el producto final. El biogás producido reveló características similares a otros estudios reportados en la literatura, con una razón de 39,5 L biogás kg-1 de residuos orgánicos y una concentración promedio de metano en el biogás de 58,77%. La producción equivalente de CH4, de 23,21L CH4 kg-1 de residuos orgánicos. Los cálculos de energía equivalente mostraron que el biogás producido anualmente puede sustituir 131 cilindros de GLP o 25,67 MWh de energía eléctrica. Estos resultados indican la viabilidad del uso de residuos de cosechas de cacao, como sustrato para la producción de biogás en las zonas de cultivo y como alternativa para la correcta gestión de los residuos orgánicos generados por estas actividades agrícolas.

ABSTRACT Biogas is an important renewable energy source that contributes to reducing dependence on fossil fuels and offers sustainable on fossil fuels and offers sustainable solutions for organic waste management. organic waste management. However, there are few studies and applications of anaerobic digestion anaerobic digestion in cocoa-producing areas in the province of Cotopaxi. in the province of Cotopaxi, Ecuador. The objective of this research is to the energy efficiency of the biogas obtained from the anaerobic digestion of cocoa anaerobic digestion of cocoa shells, by evaluating the physicochemical parameters of the process. the physicochemical parameters of the process and the methane (CH4) content in the final product. content in the final product. The biogas produced revealed similar characteristics to other studies reported in the literature, with a ratio of 39.5 L biogas kg-1 of organic waste and an average methane concentration in the biogas of 58.77%. 58,77%. The equivalent CH4 production of 23.21L CH4 kg-1 of organic waste. Equivalent energy calculations showed that the biogas produced annually calculations showed that the biogas produced annually can replace 131 cylinders of LPG cylinders or 25.67 MWh of electrical energy. These results indicate the feasibility of These results indicate the feasibility of using cocoa crop residues as a substrate for biogas production in the growing areas. biogas production in the cultivation areas and as an alternative for the proper management of organic waste organic waste generated by these agricultural activities.

resumo: As edificações são compostas por vários sistemas, cada um com projetos e normas específicas para garantir que as construções sejam seguras e viáveis. Muitos edifícios residenciais, comerciais e industriais possuem sistemas com centrais de gás, as quais devem ser submetidas à rigorosos critérios de segurança para evitar acidentes. Além dos mecanismos de segurança fornecidos pelos fabricantes, os projetistas dessas centrais de gás devem considerar outros dispositivos para reduzir o risco de explosão e mitigar os efeitos danosos da explosão. As explosões são fenômenos físico-químicos que se caracterizam pela expansão súbita de um material e, consequentemente, liberação de energia. Quando ocorre uma explosão acidental, muitos danos são causados pela onda de choque e fragmentos. No caso de vasos sob pressão, pode ocorrer a explosão mecânica e a compreensão dos efeitos desse evento é essencial para o desenvolvimento de projetos mais confiáveis e seguro para as edificações e seus usuários. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo dos efeitos da explosão de tanques de gás. Neste estudo, é utilizada uma ferramenta computacional baseada em fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD); o Autodyn. Esse software permite a modelagem de cenários complexos de explosão e a avaliação de parâmetros de ondas de choque. Para cada modelo numérico, são avaliados os níveis de sobrepressão no exterior e no interior. Os resultados indicaram como se deu a distribuição das sobrepressões da onda em diversos cenários e partir deles foi possível traçar estimativas de dano. resumo viáveis residenciais acidentes fabricantes físicoquímicos físico químicos consequentemente energia acidental fragmentos pressão usuários CFD (CFD) Autodyn numérico interior dano (CFD

abstract: Buildings are composed of several systems, each with specific designs and regulations to ensure that constructions are safe and viable. Many residential, commercial, and industrial buildings have systems with gas central storage, which must be subjected to strict safety criteria to avoid accidents. In addition to the safety mechanisms provided by manufacturers, designers of these gas central storage must consider other devices to reduce explosion risk and mitigate the damaging blast effects. Explosions are physical-chemical phenomena that are characterized by the sudden expansion of a material and, consequently, energy release. When an accidental explosion occurs, much damage is caused by the shock wave and fragments. In the case of pressure vessels, a mechanical explosion can occur. Studying this explosion is essential to developing a more reliable, safe design for surrounding buildings and its users. This work aims to study the effects of gas tank explosions. In this study, the Autodyn computational tool based on fluid dynamics (CFD) is used. This software allows the modeling of complex explosion scenarios and the evaluation of blast wave parameters. For each numerical model, the overpressure levels outdoors and indoors are evaluated. The results indicated how the wave overpressures are distributed in different scenarios, and from them, it was possible to analyze the damaging levels. abstract viable residential commercial accidents manufacturers physicalchemical physical chemical consequently release occurs fragments vessels occur reliable users explosions CFD (CFD used parameters model evaluated them

Resumen: La finca “La Cordillera” presentó instalaciones eléctricas con caídas de voltaje, bajo factor de potencia, ausencia de estudios lumínicos e inexistencia del diagrama unifilar. La investigación buscó evaluar la eficiencia de la industria ganadera para mejorar los indicadores de desempeño energético. Primero se identificó el portador más representativo entre la electricidad, GLP o gasolina a través del diagrama de Pareto, seguido del comportamiento del consumo eléctrico durante el período 2018 - 2020, de igual forma la auditoría energética efectuada mediante el analizador de redes, pinza amperimétrica, luxómetro, resaltó el uso ineficiente de la energía eléctrica como lumínica. El sistema de iluminación LED a base de sensores de presencia empleó 15 lámparas, a fin de cumplir los criterios primordiales de la calidad lumínica, economizar anualmente 124,60 kW∙h, además de llegar a valores del VEEI de 1,04 W/(m2∙lx), igualmente; la compensación reactiva fija accionada por contactor permitió incrementar el FP de 0,76 a 0,976, a la vez, disminuyó la cargabilidad del transformador monofásico en 21,66%, así, los IDEn fueron mejorados al obtener resultados de 9.470 kW∙h/año, 0,0517 kW∙h/L, 1.815,435 kg CO2/año. El cambio de tarifa residencial a comercial sin demanda alcanzó el ahorro monetario anual de 220,44 USD. Finalmente, el análisis económico reflejó la rentabilidad del proyecto pues el valor actual neto fue de 51,34 USD, la tasa interna de retorno de 8,38% mayor que el tipo de interés del 7,48% y relación beneficio/costo de 1,04.

Abstract: The “La Cordillera” farm had electrical installations with voltage drops, low power factor, lack of lighting studies and non-existence single-line diagram. The research sought to evaluate the efficiency of the livestock industry to improve energy performance indicators. First, the most representative carrier was identified between electricity, LPG or gasoline through the Pareto diagram, followed by the behavior of electricity consumption during the period 2018 - 2020, likewise the energy audit carried out through the network analyzer, amperimetric clamp, luxmeter, highlighted the inefficient use of electrical energy as lighting. The LED lighting system based on presence sensors used 15 lamps, in order to meet the primary criteria of light quality, save 124.60 kW∙h annually, in addition to reaching VEEI values of 1.04 W/(m2∙lx), likewise; the contactor-driven fixed reactive compensation allowed increasing the PF from 0.76 to 0.976, at the same time, it decreased the loadability of the single-phase transformer by 21.66%, thus, the IDEn were improved by obtaining results of 9,470 kW∙h/yr, 0.0517 kW∙h/L, 1,815.435 kg CO2/yr. The change from residential to non-demand commercial tariff achieved the annual monetary savings of 220.44 USD. Finally, the economic analysis reflected the profitability of the project as the net present value was 51.34 USD, internal rate return of 8.38% higher than the interest rate of 7.48% and benefit/cost ratio of 1.04.

ABSTRACT In the present work, the compression system of combine 2 of the “Hermanos Díaz” Refinery was evaluated using the Aspen Hysys V 8.8 Process Simulator. Three (3) variants of technological modification of the current Compression System were simulated with the aim of reducing power consumption and increasing the flow of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) at the top of the Stabilizing Tower T-104. It was determined as a technological modification to implement the Compression System in three stages with intercooling up to 850 kPa. With this system, energy savings of 6,15% were achieved and energy consumption decreased in kW / h by 4%. The LPG flow through the top of the T-104 was increased by 76,71% and the LPG yield in the Crude Blend 30 by 2,4%. The quality indices of the LPG obtained were improved, being within the parameters regulated for its commercialization.

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se evaluó el sistema de compresión de la combinada 2 de la Refinería “Hermanos Díaz” empleando el simulador de Procesos Aspen Hysys V 8.8. Se simularon tres (3) variantes de modificación tecnológica del Sistema de Compresión actual con el objetivo de disminuir el consumo de potencia y aumentar el flujo de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) en el tope de la Torre Estabilizadora T-104. Se determinó como modificación tecnológica a implementar el Sistema de Compresión en tres etapas con interenfriamiento hasta 850 kPa. Con este sistema se logró un ahorro energético de 6,15 % y disminuir el consumo energético en kW /h en un 4%. Se aumentó el flujo de GLP por el tope de la T-104 en un 76,71% y el rendimiento de GLP en el Crudo Blend 30 en un 2,4 %. Se mejoraron los índices de calidad del GLP obtenido encontrándose dentro de los parámetros normados para su comercialización.

The teaching-learning proposal described in this work intends to mobilize skills and competencies through an experiment that generates practices experienced by students. The operation of didactic columns of ethanol distillation and rectification as a pedagogical tool increases the possibility of learning since the student will perceive the process as analogous to the industrial one using all his sense organs. According to thinkers Piaget, Vygotsky, Morin, Charlot, and Freire, teaching through teamwork, manual operation of equipment, and application in the production environment, aims at a strongly generating action of learning, with the potential to mitigate students' frustration, encompassing beyond the technical training human and social training. The sugar-energy agribusiness is a sector that increasingly needs professionals with specialized training. The construction of the aforementioned didactic deviceis is proposed, then, from tuna cans, copper tubes, pressure cookers, PVC pipes, brass connections, check valves, digital thermometers, analog pressure gauges, water pump, epoxy glue, thermal insulation, silicone hoses, shelf to support columns and accessories, LPG gas stove, among other components. The intention was to build the didactic distillation column as similar as possible to the classic industrial distillers, with their heat exchangers, regenerators, andoirs, in addition to the internal components of the columns such as spillways, dams, and bubblers. The distiller's operating manual, its technological limitations, and examples of activities in a didactic sequence are additional tools that help in the incorporation of skills and competencies inherent to the industrial process.

La propuesta de enseñanza-aprendizaje descrita en este trabajo pretende movilizar habilidades y competencias a través de un experimento que genera prácticas vivenciadas por los estudiantes. El funcionamiento de columnas didácticas de destilación y rectificación de etanol como herramienta pedagógica aumenta la posibilidad de aprendizaje, ya que el estudiante percibirá el proceso análogo al industrial utilizando todos sus órganos de los sentidos. Según los pensadores Piaget, Vygotsky, Morin, Charlot y Freire, la enseñanza a través del trabajo en equipo, la operación manual de equipos y la aplicación en el ambiente productivo, apunta a una acción fuertemente generadora de aprendizaje, con el potencial de mitigar la frustración de los estudiantes, abarcando más allá de lo técnico. formación formación humana y social. La agroindustria sucroenergética es un sector que cada vez necesita más profesionales con formación técnica específica. Se propone, entonces, la construcción del mencionado dispositivo didáctico, a partir de latas de atún, tubos de cobre, ollas a presión, tuberías de PVC, conexiones de latón, válvulas de retención, termómetros digitales, manómetros analógicos, bomba de agua, pegamento epoxi, aislante térmico, silicona. mangueras, repisa para soporte de columnas y accesorios, estufa de gas LPG, entre otros componentes. La intención era construir la columna de destilación didáctica lo más parecida posible a los destiladores industriales clásicos, con sus intercambiadores de calor, regeneradores, depósitos, etc., además de los componentes internos de las columnas como aliviaderos, presas y burbujeadores. El manual de operación de la destilería, sus limitaciones tecnológicas y ejemplos de actividades en una secuencia didáctica, son herramientas adicionales que ayudan en la incorporación de habilidades y competencias inherentes al proceso industrial.

A proposta de ensino-aprendizagem descrita nesse trabalho pretende mobilizar habilidades e competências por meio de experimento gerador de práticas vivenciadas pelos estudantes. A operação de colunas didáticas de destilação e retificação de etanol como ferramenta pedagógica, aumenta a possibilidade de aprendizado, já que o estudante perceberá o processo análogo ao industrial usando todos os seus órgãos do sentido. Segundo os pensadores Piaget, Vygotsky, Morin, Charlot e Freire, o ensino através do trabalho em equipe, operação manual de equipamentos e aplicação no meio produtivo, objetiva uma ação fortemente geradora de aprendizado, com potencial mitigador da frustração dos estudantes, englobando além da formação técnica a formação humana e social. A agroindústria sucroenergética é um setor que necessita cada vez mais de profissionais com formação técnica específica. É proposta, então, a construção do aparelho didático supracitado, a partir de latas de atum, tubos de cobre, panelas de pressão, canos de PVC, conexões de latão, válvulas de retenção, termômetros digitais, manômetros analógicos, bomba d’água, cola epóxi, isolantes térmicos, mangueiras de silicone, estante para suporte das colunas e acessórios, fogareiro a gás GLP, entre outros componentes. A pretensão foi construir a coluna de destilação didática o mais semelhante possível dos destiladores clássicos industriai, com seus trocadores de calor, regeneradores, reservatórios, etc, além dos componentes internos das colunas como vertedores, barragens e borbulhadores. O manual de funcionamento do destilador, suas limitações tecnológicas e exemplos de atividades em uma sequência didática, são ferramentas adicionais que ajudam na incorporação de habilidades e competências inerentes ao processo industrial.

SIGNIFICANCE: Energy poverty is the constrained access to modern forms of energy. In South Africa, energy impoverished communities are dependent on a mixture of solid fuels (e.g. wood or coal) and hydrocarbons such as paraffin. These, especially paraffin use, are associated with significant negative health outcomes, particularly burns due to accidental fires and spillages, but also paraffin ingestion, and toxic fume inhalation. The energy-poor furthermore suffer disproportionate long-term social, economic and psychological impacts that entrench their impoverished conditions. There is both international and national recognition of these adverse effects of energy poverty and that the universal access to safe and sustainable energy is crucial for the attainment of health and other global social, economic and well-being goals. South Africa is called on to expedite access to modern energy usage, through the enactment of a substantive policy on the provision of safe, clean and affordable energy for energy-impoverished communities and households.

ABSTRACT Firewood is still a major source of household energy in most parts of the world, including Brazil. This study establishes baseline fuelwood consumption for domestic cooking by rural families in Bahia, Brazil, as part of a socioenvironmental project centered on stove substitution. The project, titled “Fogão do Mar” (Seaside Stove), engaged families in adopting more efficient stoves to replace the traditional open-air, rudimentary models. The study involved household visits and interviews with 103 low-income rural families to estimate firewood consumption for domestic cooking. The results showed that all households have liquid petroleum gas (LPG) stove, but most of the families prefer to use a firewood stove for cooking. The annual per capita consumption of firewood was estimated to be 1,297±952 kg, which is higher than estimate by governmental data (560 kg), as well as other rural regions. Therefore, the consumption of firewood is regionalized. Economic factors are decisive in the choice of fuel for cooking.

The risks of LPG from storage tanks to workers and community in four cities in Chile were assessed. The information from the tanks was obtained from public and private sources, complemented with field work. Tanks with capacities of 2 m3 and 4 m3 were considered. The methodologies for the risk analysis of NTP 937 (2012) and APELL (2015), in addition to the Slab View software to model the spatial and temporal behavior of leaks were applied. As a result, 41 LPG tanks were identified. From the analysis of the application of the NTP 937 (2012) methodology it was obtained that the risk by inhalation in 8 of the 9 jobs evaluated is of a moderate level and that the job with the highest occupational risk corresponds to the domestic worker with a moderate risk and a priority for action class 2. So corrective actions and a more detailed evaluation are probably required. Using the APELL (2015) methodology, it was obtained that in the four cities, LPG leaks would have an effect on workers and the community at a class B and C priority level, in the latter case causing serious injuries and serious complications to workers or persons. Finally, with Slab View it was obtained that there is no risk of intoxication because the exposure times for a concentration of 10000 ppm are less than the 10 min suggested by the AEGL levels (EPA, 2016) and that there are time-distance situations where concentrations of 19000 ppm are reached and that could cause deflagration and an eventual explosion.

Se evaluaron los riesgos de fugas de GLP, desde estanques de almacenamiento, hacia trabajadores y la comunidad en cuatro ciudades en Chile. La información de los estanques fue obtenida desde fuentes públicas y privadas, complementada con trabajo de campo. Se consideraron estanques de 2 m3 y 4 m3. Se aplicaron las metodologías de análisis de riesgo NTP 937 (2012) y APELL (2015), además del software Slab View para modelar el comportamiento espacial y temporal de las fugas. Como resultado se identificaron 41 estanques de GLP. Del análisis de la aplicación la metodología NTP 937 (2012) se obtuvo que el riesgo por inhalación en 8 de los 9 puestos de trabajo evaluados es de nivel moderado y que el puesto de trabajo con mayor riesgo laboral corresponde al trabajador doméstico con un riesgo moderado y una prioridad de acción clase 2, por lo que se necesita probablemente de medidas correctoras y una evaluación más detallada. De la utilización de la metodología APELL (2015) se obtuvo que en las cuatro ciudades las fugas de GLP tendrían un efecto sobre los trabajadores y la comunidad a un nivel de prioridad clase B y C pudiendo en el último caso ocasionarse heridas graves y serias complicaciones a trabajadores o personas. Finalmente, con Slab View se obtuvo que no existe riesgo por intoxicación debido a que los tiempos de exposición para concentración de 10000 ppm son menores a los 10 min sugeridos por los niveles AEGL (EPA, 2016) y que existen situaciones tiempo-distancia en donde se alcanzan concentraciones de 19000 ppm que podrían ocasionar deflagraciones y una eventual explosión.