It is well known that during times of social unrest, replacing the constitution is one of the first proposals to emerge, at least in Latin America, as if this constitutional shift could resolve any problem. Constitutional substitution is not a new phenomenon in Latin America; it actually began after the region’s redemocratization. However, it is striking that, despite similar conditions of social unrest, many other countries in the region have not undergone such an encompassing constitutional reform. Our main focus here is to analyze the persistence of constitutions in Latin American countries. We thus ask: What conditions lead democratic countries to keep their constitutions? Using a configurational approach, our preliminary results are promising. Together, four pathways explain why some countries have not replaced their constitutions in democratic contexts, with special emphasis on the number of rights enshrined in these fundamental laws. unrest emerge America problem regions s redemocratization However reform ask approach promising Together contexts laws

In the present article, the scientific journey that led to the development of the Nernst equation, a cornerstone in modern electrochemistry, is discussed. The paper not only explores historical achievements but also traces the evolution of scientific ideas and highlights the key figures who laid the conceptual and experimental groundwork for the seminal contributions of Nernst to the understanding of electrochemical systems. In this exploration, particular attention is paid to the examination of the first three articles published by Nernst between 1888 and 1889. These essential works marked the inception of the engagement of Nernst with the Leipzig Physical Chemistry circle, comprising the distinguished quartet: van’t Hoff, Arrhenius, Ostwald, and Nernst himself. Furthermore, the present study examines the intricate relationship between the Nernst equation and the four basic laws of Thermodynamics, all in an approach accessible to undergraduate students. A concise review elucidates the interpretation and significance of these foundational thermodynamic principles and explain how they hold the formulation of the Nernst equation. article electrochemistry discussed systems exploration 188 1889 circle quartet vant van t Hoff Arrhenius Ostwald himself Furthermore Thermodynamics students 18 1

RESUMO O presente estudo visou investigar a força de atrito durante o processo de separação da batata do solo, bem como os fatores e padrões que influenciam essa força, além de estabelecer um sistema de teste para medir a força de atrito das batatas. Verificou-se que a massa da batata, a velocidade da manivela e a inclinação da peneira têm um impacto significativo na força de atrito ao longo da superfície da peneira. A interação entre a massa da batata e a velocidade da manivela tem o maior impacto na força de atrito ao longo da superfície da peneira. Além disso, sob os mesmos fatores - massa da batata entre 200-400 g, velocidade da manivela em 200 r min-1 e ângulo inclinado da peneira em 14.7°, a força de atrito das batatas ao longo da superfície com o solo é muito maior do que ao longo da superfície sem solo, variando entre 2,32 e 4,85. Verificouse Verificou se disso 200400 400 200-40 g 20 min1 min 1 min- 147 14 7 14.7° 232 2 32 2,3 485 4 85 4,85 20040 40 200-4 14.7 23 3 2, 48 8 4,8 2004 200- 14. 4,

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the friction force on potatoes in the process of potato-soil separation, its influencing factors and laws, and establish a testing system of potato-friction force. It was verified that the potato mass, crank speed, and sieve inclination significantly affected the potato’s friction force along the sieve surface. The interaction of potato mass and crank speed had the greatest effect on the friction force on the potato along the sieve surface. In addition, under the same factors of potato mass of 200~400 g, crank speed of 200 r min-1, and sieve inclination of 14.7°, the friction force of potato along the sieve surface with soil was much greater than that along the sieve surface without soil, ranging between 2.32 and 4.85. potatosoil separation laws potatofriction potatos s addition 200400 400 200~40 g 20 min1, min1 min 1, 1 min-1 147 14 7 14.7° 232 2 32 2.3 485 4 85 4.85 20040 40 200~4 min- 14.7 23 3 2. 48 8 4.8 2004 200~ 14. 4.

Résumé Cet article analyse les conséquences politiques des mouvements sociaux en Argentine, à partir de la demande et de l’implémentation de deux lois : la Loi Micaela, qui impose une formation obligatoire sur les questions de genre pour les agents de l’État ; et la Loi sur les Quartiers Populaires, qui oblige l’État à urbaniser les quartiers pauvres du pays. L’approche adoptée est qualitative, reposant sur des techniques de recherche telles que l’analyse de la documentation officielle, les entretiens approfondis et les consultations auprès d’informateurs clés. Les données recueillies montrent que ces deux lois ont eu un impact significatif tant en termes de nombre de personnes touchées que sur les innovations institutionnelles induites par l’État. Les conclusions de cette étude permettent de comprendre l’action des mouvements sociaux en Argentine à travers la perspective des ‘consequences politiques’, un domaine largement exploré dans les milieux académiques aux États-Unis et au Brésil, mais peu étudié pour le cas argentin. limplémentation l implémentation Micaela lÉtat État Populaires pays Lapproche L approche qualitative lanalyse officielle dinformateurs d informateurs clés lÉtat. État. laction action consequences politiques, , politiques’ ÉtatsUnis États Unis Brésil argentin

Resumo Este artigo analisa as consequências políticas dos movimentos sociais na Argentina, com base na demanda e na implementação de duas leis: a Lei Micaela, que exige treinamento obrigatório em questões de gênero para agentes do Estado; e a Lei dos Bairros Populares, que obriga o Estado a urbanizar os bairros pobres do país. A abordagem é qualitativa, baseada em técnicas de pesquisa como a análise de documentação oficial, entrevistas aprofundadas e consultas a informantes-chave. As evidências coletadas mostram que ambas as leis tiveram um impacto significativo no que diz respeito ao número de pessoas atingidas e às inovações institucionais geradas no Estado. As conclusões deste artigo nos permitem entender as ações dos movimentos sociais na Argentina a partir da literatura de ‘consequências políticas’, amplamente utilizada na academia nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil, mas praticamente inexplorada no caso argentino. Micaela Populares país qualitativa oficial informanteschave. informanteschave informantes chave. chave informantes-chave políticas, , políticas’ Brasil argentino

Resumen El presente artículo analiza las consecuencias políticas de los movimientos sociales de la Argentina, a partir de la demanda e implementación de dos leyes: la Ley Micaela, de formación obligatoria en temáticas de género para agentes estatales; y la Ley de Barrios Populares, que obliga al Estado a urbanizar a las barriadas pobres del país. Se parte de un abordaje cualitativo, basado en técnicas de investigación como el análisis de documentación oficial, las entrevistas en profundidad y las consultas con informantes clave. La evidencia recopilada muestra que ambas leyes tuvieron un significativo impacto tanto en cuanto a la cantidad de personas alcanzadas, como en las innovaciones institucionales generadas en el Estado. Las conclusiones de este trabajo permiten comprender el accionar de los movimientos sociales de Argentina desde la literatura de las ‘consecuencias políticas’, ampliamente utilizada en la academia de los Estados Unidos y del Brasil, pero casi inexplorada para el caso argentino. Micaela estatales Populares país cualitativo oficial clave alcanzadas políticas, , políticas’ Brasil argentino

Abstract This paper analyzes the political consequences of social movements in Argentina, based on the demand for -and the implementation of- two laws: the Micaela Law, which requires mandatory training in gender issues for state agents, and the Law of Popular Slums, which requires the State to urbanize the country’s slums. It follows a qualitative approach, based on research techniques such as the analysis of official documentation, in-depth interviews and consultations with key informants. The evidence gathered shows that both laws had a significant impact both in terms of the number of people reached as well as of the institutional innovations generated in the State. The conclusions of this paper allow us to understand the actions of social movements in Argentina according to the ‘political consequences’ literature, widely used in the academy, both in the United States and in Brazil, but almost unexplored in Argentina. agents Slums countrys country s slums approach documentation indepth depth informants literature academy Brazil

ABSTRACT The quality of fruit can be quickly and accurately assessed using bio-impedance spectroscopy, but no comprehensive studies have been conducted on how the detection conditions affect their bio-electrical properties. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the effects of sample volume, sample temperature, probe depth and probe distance on the bio-electrical properties of apples and uses a controlled bi-variable method to determine the optimal parameter settings, thus providing researchers with reliable references. Two different measurement methods, the spike method and the contact method, are used to measure the electrical properties of apples under various conditions and to compare the results. It is verified that the effects of sample volume, temperature, probe depth, and probe distance on bio-electrical properties follow physical laws when using the spike method. The contact method, however, is prone to errors and is not suitable for large-scale samples. The optimal conditions for the spike method, determined by a bi-variable approach, are sample volume of 20 cm3 (5 × 2 × 2 cm), probe distance of 2.5 cm at 1 kHz and 1 cm at 20 kHz, and probe depth of 1 cm. bioimpedance bio impedance spectroscopy bioelectrical Accordingly temperature bivariable bi variable settings references methods results however largescale large scale samples approach 5 ( cm, , cm) 25 2.

RESUMO A qualidade das frutas pode ser avaliada de forma rápida e precisa usando a espectroscopia de impedância bioelétrica, mas não foram realizados estudos abrangentes sobre como as condições de detecção afetam suas propriedades bioelétricas. Assim, este estudo visa investigar os efeitos do volume da amostra, temperatura da amostra, profundidade da sonda e distância da sonda nas propriedades bioelétricas das maçãs e usar um método de controle bivariável para determinar as configurações ideais dos parâmetros, fornecendo assim referências confiáveis para os pesquisadores. Dois métodos de medição, o método de impulso e o método de contato, foram usados para medir as propriedades elétricas das maçãs sob várias condições e comparar os resultados. Foi verificado que os efeitos do volume da amostra, temperatura, profundidade da sonda e distância da sonda nas propriedades bioelétricas seguem leis físicas ao usar o método de pulso. No entanto, o método de contato é propenso a erros e não é adequado para amostras em grande escala. As condições ideais para o método de impulso, determinadas por uma abordagem bivariável, são volume de amostra de 20 cm3 (5 × 2 × 2 cm), distância da sonda de 2.5 cm a 1 kHz e 1 cm a 20 kHz, e profundidade da sonda de 1 cm. bioelétrica Assim parâmetros pesquisadores medição resultados pulso entanto escala 5 ( cm, , cm) 25 2.

Resumen Tras los atentados terroristas del 9/11, se han implementado reformas a las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos, lo que ha provocado deportaciones masivas de millones de mexicanos. En este artículo se busca identificar los riesgos y dificultades que particularmente enfrentan los expandilleros que han sido deportados a México tras llevar una conducta delictiva y vivir en las prisiones de Estados Unidos, y que actualmente buscan rehacer su vida en Guadalajara. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una serie de 35 encuestas, de las que se derivaron 31 casos que fueron objeto de estudio de este proyecto. El análisis de los resultados de las encuestas permitió comprender las principales dificultades que enfrentan los homies deportados para encontrar trabajo, reintegrarse a su familia y mantenerse alejados de las drogas y el alcohol.

ABSTRACT After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, reforms to U.S immigration laws have been implemented. This has resulted in massive deportations of millions of Mexicans. This article seeks to identify the risks and difficulties faced by former gang members deported to Mexico after engaging in criminal behavior and living in U.S prisons. And who are currently seeking to rebuild their lives in Guadalajara. For this purpose, a series of 35 surveys was carried out, from which 31 cases were derived that were the object of study of this project. The analysis of the survey results allowed to understand the main difficulties that deported homies face in finding work, reintegrating with their families, and staying away from drugs and alcohol.

Resumen: Este trabajo se basa en el supuesto de que, si bien las propuestas de políticas institucionales para combatir la violencia contra las mujeres han avanzado en Brasil, principalmente debido a las acciones y reflexiones del activismo feminista producidas en el campo de los estudios feministas, existe una brecha en términos de propuestas de políticas efectivamente elaboradas. y los debates producidos por los feminismos negros sobre raza y clase. En ese sentido, a partir del análisis de 36 proyectos de ley de la Cámara de Diputados que se presentaron entre 2011 y 2022 y se convirtieron en normas jurídicas, observaremos los avances y limitaciones desde la perspectiva de los feminismos negros. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar del impacto inequívoco de las agendas feministas en el Poder Legislativo, el conjunto de leyes recientemente redactadas refleja las demandas del feminismo liberal y hegemónico, que tienden a producir una lectura unidimensional de las mujeres, desconsiderando los efectos de las inseparables vínculo entre género, raza y clase. Resumen Brasil elaboradas clase sentido 3 201 202 jurídicas Legislativo hegemónico género 20 2

Resumo: Este trabalho parte do pressuposto de que, embora as propostas políticas institucionais de combate à violência contra mulheres tenham avançado no Brasil, sobretudo devido às ações do ativismo e das reflexões produzidas no campo de estudos feministas, há uma lacuna no que se refere às proposições políticas efetivamente elaboradas e os debates produzidos pelos feminismos negros. Neste sentido, a partir da análise de 36 proposições legislativas da Câmara dos Deputados, que foram apresentadas entre 2011 e 2022 e viraram normas jurídicas, observaremos os avanços e as limitações a partir da perspectiva dos feminismos negros. Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar do inequívoco impacto das pautas feministas no Poder Legislativo, o conjunto de leis recentemente elaboradas reflete as demandas dos feminismos liberal e hegemônico, os quais tendem a produzir uma leitura unidimensional das mulheres, desconsiderando os efeitos da indissociável vinculação entre gênero, raça e classe. Resumo Brasil negros sentido 3 Deputados 201 202 jurídicas Legislativo hegemônico gênero classe 20 2

Abstract: This work is based on the assumption that, although institutional policy proposals to combat violence against women have advanced in Brazil, mainly due to activism actions and reflections produced in the field of feminist studies, there is a gap in terms of propositions effectively crafted policies and the debates produced by black feminisms. In this sense, based on the analysis of 36 proposals of the Chamber of Deputies that were presented between 2011 and 2022 and became legal norms, we will observe the advances and limitations from the perspective of black feminisms. The results show that, despite the unequivocal impact of feminist agendas in the Legislative Branch, the set of recently drafted laws reflects the demands of liberal and hegemonic feminism, which tend to produce a one-dimensional reading of women, disregarding the effects of the inseparable link between gender, race and class. Abstract Brazil studies feminisms sense 3 201 202 norms Branch feminism onedimensional one dimensional gender class 20 2

Abstract The study of the practice of sacred music in the cities and towns of the viceroyalty of New Spain has been a subject scarcely dealt by musicologists and historians. This void is increased when trying to glimpse what the development of music and its performers became during the nineteenth century, after the independence. This article presents data related to some important aspects of the musical exercise of the time within the temples. The research finds, after the period of emancipation, a continuity in the practice of sacred music, patent both in the books of office and dating of the brotherhoods as in other documents. It also identifies, after the Reform Laws, a series of ecclesiastical provisions that attempted to remove from the sacred halls theatrical and profane music, as well as the participation of women in singing. Through documents from the parish archives and printed sources of the time, the purpose is to show some lines of development that are important to understand religious musical life in nineteenth-century society.

Resumen El estudio de la práctica de la música sacra en las ciudades y los pueblos del virreinato de la Nueva España ha sido un tema poco trabajado por musicólogos e historiadores. Ese vacío se magnifica al tratar de vislumbrar cuál fue el desarrollo de la música y de sus ejecutantes durante el siglo XIX, después de la independencia. El presente artículo expone datos obtenidos sobre algunos aspectos relevantes del ejercicio musical de la época al interior de los templos. La investigación encuentra, tras el periodo de emancipación, una continuidad en la práctica de la música sacra, patente tanto en los libros de cargo y data de las cofradías como en otros documentos. También identifica, después de las Leyes de Reforma, una serie de disposiciones eclesiásticas que intentaron eliminar de los recintos sagrados la música teatral y profana, así como la participación de las mujeres en el canto. Mediante documentos procedentes de los archivos parroquiales y fuentes impresas de la época, se pretende mostrar algunas líneas de desarrollo que son importantes para entender la vida musical religiosa en la sociedad decimonónica.

Resumo Neste texto, apresenta-se o arquiteto uruguaio Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevidéu, 1894-1985) através das frentes de ação que determinaram sua trajetória. Foi um renomado profissional que presidiu a Sociedade de Arquitetos e o Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. Participou dos Congressos Pan-Americanos de Arquitetos e foi professor da Faculdade de Arquitetura. Escreveu ensaios sobre teoria da arte e estética e também um texto de ficção científica. Foi político, parlamentar representante da União Cívica e autor de diversas leis. Como agente do espaço social católico, dirigiu o jornal El Bien Público, assumiu a revista Tribuna Católica e foi o arquiteto assessor da Cúria de Montevidéu, aconselhando Monsenhor Antonio María Barbieri. O neotomismo de Jacques Maritain e a interpretação do tempo do jesuíta Teilhard de Chardin tiveram uma importante influência em seu pensamento, no contexto de um renovado interesse dos católicos pelo espiritualismo de Henry Bergson. Este artigo descreve e analisa a atividade que Terra Arocena desenvolveu como arquiteto católico. O argumento baseia-se numa metodologia que se refere a um estudo qualitativo de diversas fontes escritas. Baseia-se num estudo detalhado do catolicismo, do qual emerge uma persistente valorização da ruralidade que se insurgiu contra a cidade e coincidiu com uma corrente de pensamento arquitetónico que discutia os valores das grandes cidades. Neste contexto, a função pública permitiu-lhe realizar ações concretas para tornar realidade a instalação de uma cultura agrária no Uruguai, confiando que a solução agrícola poderia resolver os problemas habitacionais, tanto no campo como nos suburbios das cidades.

Resumen En este texto se presenta al arquitecto uruguayo Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevideo, 1894-1985) a través de los frentes de acción que determinaron su trayectoria. Fue un reconocido profesional que presidió la Sociedad de Arquitectos y el Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. Participó de los Congresos Panamericanos de Arquitectos y fue docente en la Facultad de Arquitectura. Escribió ensayos sobre teoría del arte y estética y también una novela de ciencia ficción. Fue político, parlamentario en representación de la Unión Cívica y autor de diversas leyes. Como agente del espacio social católico dirigió el diario El Bien Público, se hizo cargo de la revista Tribuna Católica y fue el arquitecto asesor de la Curia de Montevideo, aconsejando a Monseñor Antonio María Barbieri. El neotomismo de Jacques Maritain y la interpretación del tiempo del jesuita Teilhard de Chardin tuvieron una importante incidencia en su pensamiento, en el marco de un renovado interés de los católicos por el espiritualismo de Henry Bergson. En este artículo se describe y analiza la actividad que Terra Arocena desarrolló como arquitecto católico. El argumento está basado en una metodología que remite a un estudio cualitativo de diversas fuentes escritas. Se sustenta en un pormenorizado estudio del catolicismo, del que emerge una persistente valoración de la ruralidad que se alzó contra la ciudad y coincidió con una corriente de pensamiento arquitectónico que discutía los valores de las grandes urbes. En este marco, la función pública le permitió llevar adelante acciones concretas para hacer realidad la instalación de una cultura agraria en Uruguay, confiando en que la solución granjera podría resolver los problemas de vivienda, tanto en el campo como en los suburbios de las ciudades.

Summary This text presents the uruguayan architect Horacio Terra Arocena (Montevideo, 1894-1985) through the key areas of action that defined his career. He was a renowned professional who presided over the Society of Architects and the Instituto Nacional de Viviendas Económicas. He participated in the Pan American Congresses of Architects and was a teacher at the Faculty of Architecture. He wrote essays on art theory and aesthetics and also a science fiction novel. He was a politician, parliamentarian representing the Civic Union and author of various laws. As an agent of the catholic social space, he directed the newspaper El Bien Público, took charge of the magazine Tribuna Católica, and was the architectural advisor to the Curia of Montevideo, advising Monsignor Antonio María Barbieri. The neo-thomism of Jacques Maritain and the interpretation of time by the jesuit Teilhard de Chardin had a significant influence on his thinking, within the context of a renewed catholic interest in the spiritualism of Henry Bergson. This article describes and analyzes the activity that Terra Arocena developed as a catholic architect. The argument is based on a methodology that refers to a qualitative study of various written sources. It is based on a detailed study of catholicism, from which emerges a persistent appreciation of rurality that rose up against the city and coincided with a current of architectural thought that discussed the values of large cities. In this context, the public function allowed him to carry out concrete actions to make the installation of an agrarian culture a reality in Uruguay, trusting that the farming solution could solve housing problems, both in the countryside and in the cities suburbs.

Abstract: This article examines the concept of distinction developed by George Spencer-Brown in his work "Laws of Form", understood as a triunity between the indicated, the non-indicated, and the boundary. Through an onto-epistemological analysis, the laws and concepts associated with distinction in Spencer-Brown's work and their implications for a more comprehensive understanding of knowledge are explored. It is argued that this notion challenges traditional dichotomous views and allows for rethinking knowledge as a dynamic, situated process open to dialogue with the non-indicated. The article concludes that this approach provides valuable foundations for overcoming fragmented perspectives on knowing.

Resumen: Este artículo examina el concepto de distinción desarrollado por George Spencer-Brown en su obra Laws of Form, entendido como una triunidad entre lo indicado, lo no indicado y la frontera. A través de un análisis onto-epistemológico, se exploran las leyes y conceptos asociados a la distinción en Spencer-Brown y sus implicancias para una comprensión más integral del conocimiento. Se argumenta que esta noción desafía visiones dicotómicas tradicionales y permite repensar el conocimiento como un proceso dinámico, situado y abierto al diálogo con lo no-indicado. El artículo concluye que este enfoque aporta fundamentos valiosos para superar perspectivas fragmentadas sobre el conocer.

Resumen: La investigación, con enfoque epistemológico cuantitativo y el paradigma positivista, tiene como objetivo definir la relación entre el marco regulatorio del sector financiero ecuatoriano y las condiciones de financiamiento a las pymes. Esta fue de tipo descriptivo-correlacional, permitiendo realizar un análisis descriptivo y factorial de variables vinculadas al conocimiento y aplicación de leyes y códigos regulatorios de 54 oficiales de crédito del sector bancario de El Oro, Ecuador. Se identificaron dos dimensiones: una relacionada con el marco regulatorio monetario y otra con códigos orgánicos. Las encuestas señalan que las leyes más aplicadas son: Ley General de Instituciones del Sector Financiero y Ley de Compañías. La primera regula la creación, funcionamiento y cierre de instituciones financieras privadas para proteger a la población y asegurar la estabilidad financiera; su cumplimiento es supervisado por la Superintendencia de Bancos. La segunda simplifica el proceso de constitución de empresas, permitiendo diversos tipos de compañías y flexibilidad en su estructura. Las regulaciones bancarias ecuatorianas han experimentado reformas para fortalecer la solidez y transparencia del sistema, como la Ley de Mercado de Valores y la Ley de Instituciones del Sistema de Seguros Privados, que contribuyen a la estabilidad, regulación, protección al consumidor financiero y promoción de la competencia, generando condiciones de financiamiento favorables, que incluyen confianza, tasas de interés competitivas y amplias opciones financieras.

Abstract: The research, with a quantitative epistemological approach and the positivist paradigm, aims to define the relationship between the regulatory framework of the Ecuadorian financial sector and the financing conditions for SMEs. This was of a descriptive-correlational type, allowing a descriptive and factorial analysis of variables linked to the knowledge and application of laws and regulatory codes of 54 credit officers from the banking sector of El Oro, Ecuador. Two dimensions were identified: one related to the monetary regulatory framework and another with organic codes. Surveys indicate that the most applied laws are: General Law of Financial Sector Institutions and Companies Law. The first regulates the creation, operation and closure of private financial institutions to protect the population and ensure financial stability; Its compliance is supervised by the Superintendency of Banks. The second simplifies the business incorporation process, allowing various types of companies and flexibility in their structure. Ecuadorian banking regulations have undergone reforms to strengthen the soundness and transparency of the system, such as the Securities Market Law and the Law of Institutions of the Private Insurance System, which contribute to stability, regulation, financial consumer protection and promotion of competition, generating favorable financing conditions, which include confidence, competitive interest rates and broad financial options.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma crítica construtiva ao Direito Ecológico, arcabouço que se propõe a superar a subordinação do direito ambiental ao crescimento econômico e à maximização do lucro, desconsiderando a justiça socioecológica e os limites biofísicos planetários. A literatura do Direito Ecológico é criticada por sua abordagem normativista positivista, que falha em analisar o direito como produto de relações de poder e como uma forma social do capitalismo, além de superestimar o potencial do direito de transformar a economia política. O artigo também examina criticamente as deficiências do discurso do decrescimento, um dos fundamentos do Direito Ecológico. Com base no conceito de Direito Insurgente elaborado por Pressburger e Pazello e na literatura sobre a práxis da assessoria jurídica popular no Brasil, o artigo propõe diretrizes para um Direito Ecológico Insurgente. Esta abordagem combina a crítica marxista do direito com contribuições às reflexões estratégicas dos movimentos populares sobre o uso de táticas jurídicas em suas lutas por uma transição ecossocial pós-capitalista. lucro planetários positivista capitalismo política decrescimento Brasil póscapitalista. póscapitalista pós capitalista. capitalista pós-capitalista

Abstract This article provides a constructive critique of Ecological Law, which has been proposed as a framework to overcome Environmental Law’s subordination to economic growth and profit maximization in disregard for socioecological justice and biophysical planetary boundaries. The article critiques Ecological Law literature for its normativist positivist approach, which neglects to analyze law as a product of power relations and as a social form of capitalism, and for overestimating law’s potential to transform the political economy. Additionally, the article addresses the shortcomings of the degrowth discourse, one of the bedrocks of Ecological Law. Finally, drawing on Pressburger and Pazello’s conceptualization of Insurgent Law and literature on the praxis of movement lawyering in Brazil, the article proposes guidelines for an Insurgent Ecological Law. This approach combines Marxist critique of law with contributions to the strategic reflections of popular movements on their use of legal tactics as part of their struggles for a post-capitalist ecosocial transition. Laws s boundaries capitalism laws economy Additionally discourse Finally Pazellos Pazello Brazil postcapitalist post capitalist transition

Resumo Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo los derechos de la Naturaleza en la actualidad constituyen un paradigma contrahegemónico partiendo de una concepción crítica del Derecho que puede ser utilizada en el ámbito del litigio. Tal como ocurrió con la población indígena de Cherán (México) que utilizó de recurso jurídico para obtener el reconocimiento de su autonomía y con ello la gestión de los espacios ambientales. Adoptando el método deductivo y pesquisa bibliográfica, así como el estudio de caso, la presente investigación se divide en tres apartados. Inicialmente, se profundiza en la teoría de los derechos de la Naturaleza como un paradigma contrahegemónico; posteriormente, se focaliza en la esencia del Derecho y su uso político desde una perspectiva marxista, para finalmente, analizar la hipótesis de ese uso político en litigios contrahegemónicos a partir del estudio del caso Cherán. litigio México (México ambientales bibliográfica apartados Inicialmente posteriormente marxista finalmente

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze how the rights of Nature currently constitute a counter-hegemonic paradigm, based on a critical conception of Law, which can be used in the field of litigation. As occurred with the indigenous population of Cherán (Mexico), which used legal recourse to obtain recognition of its autonomy and thus the management of environmental spaces. Adopting the deductive method and the bibliographic research, as well as the case study, this research is divided into three sections. Initially, it delves into the theory of the rights of Nature as a counter-hegemonic paradigm; subsequently, it focuses on Law’s essence and its political use from a Marxist perspective, and finally, it analyzes the hypothesis of this political use in counter-hegemonic litigation based on the study of the Cherán case. counterhegemonic counter hegemonic paradigm Law Mexico, Mexico , (Mexico) spaces sections Initially subsequently Laws s perspective finally (Mexico

Die fokus in hierdie teaterhistoriese bespreking is op die gebruik en voorkoms van black- en brownface op die Afrikaanse verhoog. Twee tydperke word bespreek, naamlik (1) die vroeë Afrikaanse toneel (laat-19de eeu tot vroeë-20ste eeu), asook (2) die 1960's tot laat-1970's. Die vroeë Afrikaanse toneel sluit tot 'n mate aan by die vroeë Engelse toneel in Suid-Afrika wat ook 'n bepaalde rasideologie weerspieël het deur middel van die algemene gebruik van black- en brownface op die Suid-Afrikaanse verhoog van die 19de eeu. Hierdie gebruik het sy oorsprong in die minstreel-tradisie wat via Amerika na Engeland en uiteindelik ook na Suid-Afrika gebring is. Die gebruik word gesien as tekenend van 'n bepaalde rasideologie wat die breër koloniale toneel van die 19de eeu (Amerika, Engeland, Kanada, Australië, Indonesië, en ander lande) onderlê het, naamlik een wat 'n hiërargiese onderskeid tussen die onderskeie rasse gepropageer het waarin swart (en bruin mense) as ondergeskik tot blankes beskou is. Terwyl die gebruik van black- en brownface meestal verdwyn het van die Engelse Suid-Afrikaanse verhoë teen die laat 1940's, vind ons in die 1960's tot laat-1970's die ironiese situasie by die staatsgesteunde streeksrade (veral TRUK, SUKOVS en KRUIK) dat 'n verskeidenheid van rassewette veroorsaak dat blanke akteurs steeds swart/bruin karakters uitbeeld in black- en brownface. Eers met die skrapping van hierdie wette kon swart en bruin akteurs hierdie rolle vertolk en verdwyn die gebruik van black- en brownface ook op Afrikaanse verhoë.

In this discussion the focus is on the use and practice of black- and brownface on the Afrikaans stage. Although there are a few studies available on the use of blackface on the South African English stage, little research has been done on this topic with reference to Afrikaans theatre. Although one can discern a number of similarities between the use of this practice within both early Afrikaans and English theatre in South Africa (19th century), this can be attributed to the fact that all colonial theatre of the period (as noticed by Stephen Gray) was highly racialised. Two periods can be distinguished within the development and establishment of Afrikaans theatre where the practice of black- and brownface is found, namely (1) in early Afrikaans theatre (late 19th and early 20th centuries), and (2) in the period of the 1960s to the late 1970s. In the first period (the establishment of Afrikaans theatre) only white actors were used to portray both white and black/coloured characters on stage and thus made use of burnt cork/ polish/make-up to portray these black/coloured characters. It is, however, clear when one consults both the standard theatre histories (FCL Bosman, LWB Binge, Jill Fletcher), as well as study the early Afrikaans plays themselves (inter alia, Melt Brink, CL Langenhoven, and most Afrikaans plays in the 1940's and 1950's), that such portrayals were linked to a particular racist ideology. The practice of blackface originated in America with the appearance of blackface minstrelsy and was exported via travelling minstrel groups to England, South Africa, and other colonies where it was for a period extremely popular. Although Afrikaans theatre did not produce any minstrel shows as can be found in early English South African entertainment acts, the portrayal of black and brown characters does show a few similarities with blackface minstrelsy characters. These characters are also caricatured (through their names, physical appearance, actions, and utterances), while a clear racial hierarchy is presented in these plays (they are slaves, maids, servants to the white masters and madams). While this type of black- and brownface portrayals disappeared after the 1950's and the portrayal of these characters became more sympathetic from the 1960's with a new generation of Afrikaans playwrights (André P Brink, Bartho Smit, and others) critical of the Nationalist Party's race-based ideology, we find the ironic situation that these portrayals on stage again made use of black- and brownface make-up since various laws prohibited the mixing of races on stage or even within the auditorium. The state-funded Arts Councils (inter alia PACT, PACOFS) had to comply with these laws, although all of them (for example Pieter Fourie at CAPAB) actively agitated against this situation. While many English theatre practitioners simply cut their ties with the Performing Arts Councils and established theatres like The Market Theatre (Johannesburg) and The Space Theatre (Cape Town) which were non-racial, the state-funded theatres continued with these portrayals during the 1970's till the race-based laws were retracted and theatres were open to all races.

Abstract: In this paper we analyze several laws that are framed into the so-called cultural policies of the Province of Chaco (Argentina). We relied primarily on Cultural Studies and related theoretical approaches. Specifically, we are concerned about language that includes a distinctive otherness: the indigenous peoples. We argue that public discourse, which is reflected in a variety of laws, refers to indigenous peoples in terms of radical “othering”. We inquire whether this language, which constantly refers to otherness through exoticization, is a potential threat to the same diversity that it claims to promote. While it emphasizes the existence of “three ethnic groups” in the province, it invisibilizes other groups that do not share the standard stereotypical features of indigenousness. We will focus on two issues: the invisibilization produced by the “othering” and the obsession with registration and patrimonialization of cultural expressions. Based on our solid assumption about the political character of languages, we conclude with a critical review of multiculturalism as a discursive formation in provincial laws that refer to or denote the “culture” of local aboriginal peoples.

Resumen: Inspirados fundamentalmente en los estudios culturales y corrientes teóricas afines, hacemos un recorrido general por algunas leyes que se enmarcan en las llamadas políticas culturales en la provincia de Chaco (Argentina). Nos interesa analizar, puntualmente, el lenguaje que refiere a una forma especial de alteridad: los pueblos indígenas. Entendemos que el discurso estatal que se plasma en diversas leyes refiere a los pueblos originarios desde una perspectiva de la “otrerización” radical. Nos preguntamos si este lenguaje, que refiere a la alteridad siempre desde la exotización, no es una amenaza para la propia diversidad que pretende reivindicar, ya que -mientras destaca la existencia de “tres etnias” en la provincia- invisibiliza otros grupos menos coincidentes con los aspectos estereotipados de lo indígena. Nos centramos en dos tópicos principales: la invisibilización que produce la otrerización y la obsesión por el registro y la patrimonialización. Con la firme convicción del carácter político de los lenguajes, concluimos con una revisión crítica del multiculturalismo como formación discursiva a través de las leyes provinciales que hablan, refieren o denotan a la “cultura” de los pueblos originarios locales.