In the present article, the scientific journey that led to the development of the Nernst equation, a cornerstone in modern electrochemistry, is discussed. The paper not only explores historical achievements but also traces the evolution of scientific ideas and highlights the key figures who laid the conceptual and experimental groundwork for the seminal contributions of Nernst to the understanding of electrochemical systems. In this exploration, particular attention is paid to the examination of the first three articles published by Nernst between 1888 and 1889. These essential works marked the inception of the engagement of Nernst with the Leipzig Physical Chemistry circle, comprising the distinguished quartet: van’t Hoff, Arrhenius, Ostwald, and Nernst himself. Furthermore, the present study examines the intricate relationship between the Nernst equation and the four basic laws of Thermodynamics, all in an approach accessible to undergraduate students. A concise review elucidates the interpretation and significance of these foundational thermodynamic principles and explain how they hold the formulation of the Nernst equation. article electrochemistry discussed systems exploration 188 1889 circle quartet vant van t Hoff Arrhenius Ostwald himself Furthermore Thermodynamics students 18 1

It is well known that during times of social unrest, replacing the constitution is one of the first proposals to emerge, at least in Latin America, as if this constitutional shift could resolve any problem. Constitutional substitution is not a new phenomenon in Latin America; it actually began after the region’s redemocratization. However, it is striking that, despite similar conditions of social unrest, many other countries in the region have not undergone such an encompassing constitutional reform. Our main focus here is to analyze the persistence of constitutions in Latin American countries. We thus ask: What conditions lead democratic countries to keep their constitutions? Using a configurational approach, our preliminary results are promising. Together, four pathways explain why some countries have not replaced their constitutions in democratic contexts, with special emphasis on the number of rights enshrined in these fundamental laws. unrest emerge America problem regions s redemocratization However reform ask approach promising Together contexts laws

Resumen: Este trabajo se basa en el supuesto de que, si bien las propuestas de políticas institucionales para combatir la violencia contra las mujeres han avanzado en Brasil, principalmente debido a las acciones y reflexiones del activismo feminista producidas en el campo de los estudios feministas, existe una brecha en términos de propuestas de políticas efectivamente elaboradas. y los debates producidos por los feminismos negros sobre raza y clase. En ese sentido, a partir del análisis de 36 proyectos de ley de la Cámara de Diputados que se presentaron entre 2011 y 2022 y se convirtieron en normas jurídicas, observaremos los avances y limitaciones desde la perspectiva de los feminismos negros. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar del impacto inequívoco de las agendas feministas en el Poder Legislativo, el conjunto de leyes recientemente redactadas refleja las demandas del feminismo liberal y hegemónico, que tienden a producir una lectura unidimensional de las mujeres, desconsiderando los efectos de las inseparables vínculo entre género, raza y clase. Resumen Brasil elaboradas clase sentido 3 201 202 jurídicas Legislativo hegemónico género 20 2

Resumo: Este trabalho parte do pressuposto de que, embora as propostas políticas institucionais de combate à violência contra mulheres tenham avançado no Brasil, sobretudo devido às ações do ativismo e das reflexões produzidas no campo de estudos feministas, há uma lacuna no que se refere às proposições políticas efetivamente elaboradas e os debates produzidos pelos feminismos negros. Neste sentido, a partir da análise de 36 proposições legislativas da Câmara dos Deputados, que foram apresentadas entre 2011 e 2022 e viraram normas jurídicas, observaremos os avanços e as limitações a partir da perspectiva dos feminismos negros. Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar do inequívoco impacto das pautas feministas no Poder Legislativo, o conjunto de leis recentemente elaboradas reflete as demandas dos feminismos liberal e hegemônico, os quais tendem a produzir uma leitura unidimensional das mulheres, desconsiderando os efeitos da indissociável vinculação entre gênero, raça e classe. Resumo Brasil negros sentido 3 Deputados 201 202 jurídicas Legislativo hegemônico gênero classe 20 2

Abstract: This work is based on the assumption that, although institutional policy proposals to combat violence against women have advanced in Brazil, mainly due to activism actions and reflections produced in the field of feminist studies, there is a gap in terms of propositions effectively crafted policies and the debates produced by black feminisms. In this sense, based on the analysis of 36 proposals of the Chamber of Deputies that were presented between 2011 and 2022 and became legal norms, we will observe the advances and limitations from the perspective of black feminisms. The results show that, despite the unequivocal impact of feminist agendas in the Legislative Branch, the set of recently drafted laws reflects the demands of liberal and hegemonic feminism, which tend to produce a one-dimensional reading of women, disregarding the effects of the inseparable link between gender, race and class. Abstract Brazil studies feminisms sense 3 201 202 norms Branch feminism onedimensional one dimensional gender class 20 2

Resumen Tras los atentados terroristas del 9/11, se han implementado reformas a las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos, lo que ha provocado deportaciones masivas de millones de mexicanos. En este artículo se busca identificar los riesgos y dificultades que particularmente enfrentan los expandilleros que han sido deportados a México tras llevar una conducta delictiva y vivir en las prisiones de Estados Unidos, y que actualmente buscan rehacer su vida en Guadalajara. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una serie de 35 encuestas, de las que se derivaron 31 casos que fueron objeto de estudio de este proyecto. El análisis de los resultados de las encuestas permitió comprender las principales dificultades que enfrentan los homies deportados para encontrar trabajo, reintegrarse a su familia y mantenerse alejados de las drogas y el alcohol.

ABSTRACT After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, reforms to U.S immigration laws have been implemented. This has resulted in massive deportations of millions of Mexicans. This article seeks to identify the risks and difficulties faced by former gang members deported to Mexico after engaging in criminal behavior and living in U.S prisons. And who are currently seeking to rebuild their lives in Guadalajara. For this purpose, a series of 35 surveys was carried out, from which 31 cases were derived that were the object of study of this project. The analysis of the survey results allowed to understand the main difficulties that deported homies face in finding work, reintegrating with their families, and staying away from drugs and alcohol.

Resumen: La investigación, con enfoque epistemológico cuantitativo y el paradigma positivista, tiene como objetivo definir la relación entre el marco regulatorio del sector financiero ecuatoriano y las condiciones de financiamiento a las pymes. Esta fue de tipo descriptivo-correlacional, permitiendo realizar un análisis descriptivo y factorial de variables vinculadas al conocimiento y aplicación de leyes y códigos regulatorios de 54 oficiales de crédito del sector bancario de El Oro, Ecuador. Se identificaron dos dimensiones: una relacionada con el marco regulatorio monetario y otra con códigos orgánicos. Las encuestas señalan que las leyes más aplicadas son: Ley General de Instituciones del Sector Financiero y Ley de Compañías. La primera regula la creación, funcionamiento y cierre de instituciones financieras privadas para proteger a la población y asegurar la estabilidad financiera; su cumplimiento es supervisado por la Superintendencia de Bancos. La segunda simplifica el proceso de constitución de empresas, permitiendo diversos tipos de compañías y flexibilidad en su estructura. Las regulaciones bancarias ecuatorianas han experimentado reformas para fortalecer la solidez y transparencia del sistema, como la Ley de Mercado de Valores y la Ley de Instituciones del Sistema de Seguros Privados, que contribuyen a la estabilidad, regulación, protección al consumidor financiero y promoción de la competencia, generando condiciones de financiamiento favorables, que incluyen confianza, tasas de interés competitivas y amplias opciones financieras.

Abstract: The research, with a quantitative epistemological approach and the positivist paradigm, aims to define the relationship between the regulatory framework of the Ecuadorian financial sector and the financing conditions for SMEs. This was of a descriptive-correlational type, allowing a descriptive and factorial analysis of variables linked to the knowledge and application of laws and regulatory codes of 54 credit officers from the banking sector of El Oro, Ecuador. Two dimensions were identified: one related to the monetary regulatory framework and another with organic codes. Surveys indicate that the most applied laws are: General Law of Financial Sector Institutions and Companies Law. The first regulates the creation, operation and closure of private financial institutions to protect the population and ensure financial stability; Its compliance is supervised by the Superintendency of Banks. The second simplifies the business incorporation process, allowing various types of companies and flexibility in their structure. Ecuadorian banking regulations have undergone reforms to strengthen the soundness and transparency of the system, such as the Securities Market Law and the Law of Institutions of the Private Insurance System, which contribute to stability, regulation, financial consumer protection and promotion of competition, generating favorable financing conditions, which include confidence, competitive interest rates and broad financial options.

ABSTRACT This article investigates regional specificities of coronelism in the First Republic based on the historical experience of Goiás. A significant part of Brazilian legal and political historiography adhered to Victor Nunes Leal’s thesis, according to which the republican coronelism, more than an expression of the private power of the coronels, would signify their weakness in a context of increasing state institutionality. The coronels would fight, with all means, to take over the public machine, starting to distribute its benefits to friends and its rigors to enemies. However, investigating the case of Goiás, based on the novel O tronco, by Bernardo Élis, with other documents from the period, Leal’s thesis cannot explain the hypertrophy of the private power of the coronels in northern Goiás, that ignored or forcibly subjugated state power, with its laws, judges, police, etc. In conclusion, coronelism had different expressions in Brazil, which requires the differentiation of its specificities. Goiás Leals Leal s institutionality fight means machine enemies However tronco Élis period laws judges police etc conclusion Brazil

RESUMO Este artigo investiga especificidades regionais do coronelismo da Primeira República a partir da experiência histórica de Goiás. Parte significativa da historiografia jurídica e política brasileira aderiu à tese de Victor Nunes Leal, para a qual o coronelismo republicano, mais do que expressão do poder privado dos coronéis, significaria a fraqueza deles em um contexto de incremento do aparato estatal. Os coronéis lutariam para se empossarem da máquina pública, passando a distribuir os seus benefícios aos amigos e os seus rigores aos inimigos. Porém, investigando o caso goiano a partir do romance O tronco, de Bernardo Élis, junto com outros documentos da época, a tese de Leal não consegue explicar a hipertrofia do poder privado dos coronéis do norte de Goiás, que ignorava ou subjugava à força o poder estatal, com suas leis, juízes, polícia etc. Conclui-se que o coronelismo teve expressões diferentes no Brasil, o que exige a diferenciação de suas especificidades. Goiás republicano estatal pública inimigos Porém tronco Élis época leis juízes etc Concluise Conclui Brasil

Abstract From 2004 to the present, eleven Argentine provinces have had laws on Mandatory Open Simultaneous Primaries (PASO, in Spanish) and have enforced them at least once. Their creation sought to democratize the selection of candidates through mandatory primary elections for political parties and voters. The PASO law has been criticized because political parties come to agreements on single lists of candidates, complying with the mandatory rule but avoiding internal competition. This paper investigates the factors that have influenced the strategies of agreement or dispute within political spaces, based on the measurement of the number of internal lists presented in PASO. To carry out the analysis, an observational study was conducted by examining the strategies of the main political forces in eleven Argentine provinces. Three political-institutional variables were studied: 1) the re-election of the governor, 2) the electoral calendar, and 3) government vs. opposition. The results show that when the governor does not run for re-election and the electoral calendar is split, there are greater chances of internal dispute between more than one list. Likewise, being part of the opposition was not a determining factor for the dispute between two or more internal lists.

Resumen Desde 2004 hasta la actualidad 11 provincias argentinas tuvieron leyes de elecciones primarias, abiertas, simultáneas y obligatorias (PASO) y las aplicaron al menos una vez. Su creación buscó democratizar la selección de candidaturas a partir de incorporar elecciones primarias obligatorias para los partidos políticos y para el electorado. Esta herramienta fue criticada debido a que los partidos políticos priorizaron el acuerdo de listas únicas, cumpliendo con la obligatoriedad de la norma, pero incumpliendo su objetivo principal. En este artículo se indaga en los factores que inciden en las estrategias de acuerdos o disputas en los partidos políticos y sus alianzas a partir de la medición de la cantidad de listas internas presentadas en las PASO. Para llevar a cabo el análisis se realizó un estudio observacional analizando las estrategias de las principales fuerzas partidarias en 11 provincias argentinas. Se estudiaron tres variables políticoinstitucionales: la reelección del gobernador o de la gobernadora; el calendario electoral; y el oficialismo vs. la oposición. Los resultados arrojaron que cuando el gobernador o la gobernadora no compite por la reelección y el calendario electoral provincial se encuentra desdoblado del nacional, son mayores las probabilidades de disputa interna entre más de una lista. Asimismo, formar parte de la oposición no constituye un factor determinante para tener una disputa interna entre dos o más listas en las PASO.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar los desafíos de los delitos informáticos y sus respuestas legales en Ecuador. Para ello el estudio se basó en el método cualitativo con un análisis descriptivo de la bibliografía recopilada, para lo cual se realizó una revisión documental de libros; artículos de revista y la legislación ecuatoriana, sobre los diferentes sucesos acaecidos de delitos informáticos que se comenten en el Ecuador, con un énfasis en los ciberataques; y en cómo se encuentran tipificados los delitos informáticos en las leyes. En conclusión, se establece que el Ecuador no posee una estructura legislativa que respalde la seguridad de la información de los ciudadanos, así mismo, existe falencias en relación a la tipificación del delito informático, así como, el reconocimiento de las diferentes actividades que propenden a este delito y la inexistente promoción de protocolos seguros ante la vulnerabilidad de los usuarios.

Abstract The objective of this work is to analyze the challenges of computer crimes and their legal responses in Ecuador. For this, the study was based on the qualitative method with a descriptive analysis of the collected bibliography, for which a documentary review of books was carried out; magazine articles and Ecuadorian legislation, on the different incidents of computer crimes that are discussed in Ecuador, with an emphasis on cyberattacks; and how computer crimes are classified in the laws. In conclusion, it is established that Ecuador does not have a legislative structure that supports the security of citizens' information, likewise, there are shortcomings in relation to the classification of computer crime, as well as the recognition of the different activities that tend to this crime and the non-existent promotion of safe protocols due to the vulnerability of users.

The incidence of medical negligence claims is well documented in South Africa (SA). Civil and criminal processes are in place to deal with this, and the matter may be reported to the Health Professions Council of SA (HPCSA). There is a school of thought that suggests that these processes do not provide sufficient relief to an affected party. The processes are not always satisfactory; an aggrieved party may wish to know the reasons why a particular error occurred and why a healthcare practitioner acted in a particular manner. In addition to this, they may want to receive a sincere apology. Medical practitioners may also want to communicate with patients or family members of a patient who has passed away as a result of an iatrogenic event, but may be fearful of litigation. This article considers the current position in SA in relation to issuing an apology related to an iatrogenic event, and consults foreign jurisdictions for further guidance on the topic.

INTRODUCTION: The rising prevalence of stroke in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates the exploration of the role of occupational therapy in rehabilitation of stroke. In the southern African country of South Africa, occupational therapy aligns with healthcare policies and laws, and this article presents a review of synthesized evidence of occupational therapy intervention in stroke care and rehabilitation. METHOD: Rapid review methodology was used to develop a research question about cerebrovascular accident - intervention by occupational therapists., The Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases were searched for relevant articles published between 2018 and 2023. Twenty four articles met the inclusion criteria and were analysed according to quantitative and qualitative parameters. RESULTS: Evidence of occupational therapy intervention with post-stroke upper limb impairment was found in 37,5% of articles. Occupational therapy for global improvement in function, cognitive rehabilitation, balance, social participation, work, and leisure comprised 45,8% of articles, and one article each reported evidence for occupational therapy addressing ADL and caregiver interventions. CONCLUSION: Evidence from the past five years reflect diverse occupational therapy interventions with clients with stroke. Gaps in recent evidence remain in relation to context-specific interventions, especially from low- and middle-income countries. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Occupational therapists adopt a holistic approach to stroke rehabilitation, tailoring interventions to address the multifaceted needs and goals of individual stroke survivors. The effectiveness of individualised, occupation-based approaches across various domains are highlighted. • Therapists stay informed and up to date about emerging technologies and evidence-based practice to enhance their effectiveness in stroke rehabilitation. • This review provides evidence of the prevalence of upper limb impairments post-stroke, which will enable therapists to be well-versed in the diverse intervention approaches for upper limb rehabilitation as outlined in the literature reviewed, including technologies like Brain Computer Interface, Mental Practice, Mirror Therapy, and Action Observation Therapy. • Occupational therapy is vital in addressing cognitive impairments in stroke survivors, and practitioners can apply the evidence provided on interventions such as Virtual Reality and computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation that have shown promise in improving cognition and ADL.

ABSTRACT At the end of the 1970s, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) promoted policies to attract investments from the developed capitalist world, aiming for technological transfer and offering a profitable environment in exchange. Although the TNC capital, know-how, and technology have been key factors for Chinese development, the State has planned and regulated those investments, so they can be aligned with an autonomous project of development, avoiding the classic centre-periphery dependency relationship. This paper analysis focuses on the Five-Year Plans, and the regulation policy laws for inward investment. At the end we analyse the FDI data, which allowed us to identify the main changes and distinct phases of the development of FDI and the State policy. 1970s s Peoples People PRC (PRC world exchange capital knowhow, knowhow know how, how know-how centreperiphery centre periphery relationship FiveYear Five Year Plans investment data

RESUMO No final da década de 1970, a República Popular da China (RPC) promoveu políticas de atração de investimentos do mundo capitalista desenvolvido, visando à transferência tecnológica e oferecendo um ambiente lucrativo em troca. Embora o capital, o know-how e a tecnologia das ETN tenham sido fatores fundamentais para o desenvolvimento chinês, o Estado planejou e regulou esses investimentos, de modo que possam ser alinhados a um projeto autônomo de desenvolvimento, evitando a clássica relação de dependência centro-periferia. A análise deste trabalho centra-se nos Planos Quinquenais e nas leis de política de regulação para o investimento interno. Ao final analisamos os dados do IDE, que nos permitiram identificar as principais mudanças e distintas fases do desenvolvimento do IDE e da política de Estado. 1970 RPC (RPC desenvolvido troca capital knowhow know how chinês centroperiferia. centroperiferia centro periferia. periferia centro-periferia centrase centra se interno 197 19 1

Resumen Las escuelas se encargan de la Educación de la sociedad y el sistema jurídico establece las normas en virtud de las cuales se lleva a cabo. Cuando se proponen cambios en la Educación, hay una fuerte probabilidad de que las leyes necesiten ser alteradas. Pero la interacción entre Educación y leyes es esquiva, llena de perplejidades y decepciones. El propósito de este ensayo es explorar las complejidades de esta relación esquiva. cabo alteradas esquiva decepciones

Abstract Schools are charged with the Education of society and the legal system provides the rules under which it takes place. When changes in Education are proposed, there is strong likelihood that laws will need to be altered. But the interaction between Education and laws is elusive, full of perplexities and disappointments. The purpose of this essay is to explore the intricacies of this elusive relationship. place proposed altered disappointments relationship

Resumo Cabe às escolas o papel de educar a sociedade, necessariamente sob um marco legal apropriado. Mas quando mudanças na Educação são consideradas, é altamente provável que esse marco precisará ser alterado. Contudo, as interações da Educação com a lei são confusas, cheias de perplexidades e desapontamentos. O propósito do presente ensaio é explorar os meandros dessa interação prenhe de interrogantes. sociedade apropriado consideradas alterado Contudo confusas desapontamentos interrogantes

RESUMEN En el sector rural, la dimensión de género es importante y emerge como un eje de análisis para interpretar la nueva ruralidad. El género aborda tanto a los varones como a las mujeres, y estos se desenvuelven sobre el actual contexto de cambio climático con variación global del clima de la tierra. Las mujeres y los varones en las zonas rurales de Bolivia tienen muchos roles y oportun idades diferentes en el contexto del desarrollo rural, que no están distribuidos por igual. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue recopilar y analizar información referente a la participación de la mujer en el proceso de desarrollo rural, así como en su perspectiva de género. Se aplicó una metodología que consistió en la recopilación de información secundaria proveniente de artículos científicos, de investigación, de análisis provenientes de revistas científicas indexadas en repositorios internacionales, así como información proveniente de instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales cuyas áreas de acción son inherentes al ámbito agropecuario. De acuerdo con los resultados, a pesar de la incorporación de políticas públicas, normas, leyes, aún se continúa con brechas de género que muestran desigualdad en los Andes de Bolivia, esto principalmente a causa de las costumbres arraigadas que limitan la participación activa de las mujeres rurales.

ABSTRACT In the rural sector, the gender dimension is important and emerges as an axis of analysis to interpret the new rurality. Gender addresses both men and women, and they evolve in the current context of climate change with global variation of the earth's climate. Women and men in rural Bolivia have many different roles and opportunities in the context of rural development, which are not equally distributed. The purpose of this study was to compile and analyze information on women's participation in the rural development process and its gender perspective. A methodological approach was applied that consisted of compiling secondary information from scientific articles, research articles, analyses from scientific journals indexed in international repositories, as well as information from governmental and non-governmental institutions whose areas of action are inherent to the agricultural sector. The results show that despite the incorporation of public policies, norms and laws, there are still gender gaps that show inequality in the Bolivian Andes, mainly due to ingrained customs that limit the active participation of rural women.

Abstract: Since the end of the civic-military dictatorship in Chile, modifications have been made to the regulations governing punitive measures and sanctions that can marginalize students from school. In this research, we aim to examine how have been incorporated into this process expulsion or cancellation of enrollment measures as security policies in Chilean schools. To do this, we reviewed laws, decrees, and policy documents in the field of School Coexistence from the year 2000 to the present. A transition can be observed, from the initial regulations that sought to stop the excesses and abuses permitted by the legislation inherited from the military regime, towards regulations framed within a paradigm of a safe school, which emerged in the context of secondary student mobilizations.

Resumen: Desde el fin de la dictadura cívico-militar en Chile, se han hecho modificaciones a las normativas que regulan las medidas punitivas y las sanciones que pueden marginar a estudiantes de la escuela. En esta investigación, se busca revisar cómo se han instalado en ese proceso las medidas de expulsión o cancelación de matrícula como políticas de seguridad en la escuela en Chile. Para eso, se revisaron leyes, decretos y documentos de políticas en el ámbito de la Convivencia Escolar desde el año 2000 a la actualidad. Se logra apreciar una transición, desde las primeras regulaciones que buscaban detener los excesos y los abusos que permitía la legislación y que eran herencia del régimen militar; hacia regulaciones enmarcadas en un paradigma de la escuela segura, que se instala en el marco de las movilizaciones de estudiantes secundarias/os.

Resumo: Desde o fim da ditadura cívico-militar no Chile, foram feitas modificações nas normativas que regulam as medidas punitivas e as sanções que podem marginalizar estudantes da escola. Nesta pesquisa, busca-se revisar como as medidas de expulsão ou cancelamento de matrícula foram instaladas neste processo como políticas de segurança na escola do Chile. Para isso, foram revisadas leis, decretos e documentos políticos no âmbito da Convivência Escolar desde o ano 2000 até o presente. Pode-se observar uma transição, desde as primeiras regulamentações que buscavam deter os excessos e os abusos permitidos pela legislação e que eram herança do regime militar; em direção a regulamentações enquadradas num paradigma de escola segura, que se instala no contexto das mobilizações de estudantes secundários.