Abstract This article seeks to analyze the Jesuit rhetoric in the work Historia de los trivmphos de nuestra santa fee entre gentes las más bárbaras y fieras del nueuo orbe, written by the Cordovan Andrés Pérez de Ribas and published in 1645, highlighting the issues related to the survival of idolatry and the influence of the devil on the Indians who inhabited the northern missions. Although the chronicle of this Jesuit has been analyzed from different historiographical perspectives, we intend to trace those relevant testimonies that describe the conception that the members of the Ignatian society held about those practices and local conceptions of the world contrary to the Christian faith, highlighting the importance and the role that the missionary writing took for the conformation and diffusion of these narratives. In this sense, it is proposed to focus on the so-called “Jesuit knowledge”, emphasizing the rhetorical corpus related to the apologetic purposes of the conversion of the gentiles. To achieve the proposed objective, the article is divided into the following sections: the establishment of the Jesuit missions in the province of Sinaloa, the life and trajectory of the Jesuit Pérez de Ribas, and the rhetoric of “evil” present in his written work.

Resumen El presente artículo busca analizar la retórica jesuítica en la obra Historia de los trivmphos de nuestra santa fee entre gentes las más bárbaras y fieras del nueuo orbe, escrita por el cordobés Andrés Pérez de Ribas, publicada en 1645, para destacar los temas referentes a la pervivencia de la idolatría y a la influencia del demonio sobre los indios que habitaban las misiones norteñas. Si bien esta crónica ha sido analizada desde distintas perspectivas historiográficas, se pretende rastrear aquellos testimonios relevantes que describen la concepción que los miembros de la sociedad ignaciana mantenían sobre aquellas prácticas y cosmovisiones locales contrarias a la fe cristiana, a fin de resaltar la importancia y el papel que la escritura misionera tomó para la conformación y la difusión de estas narrativas. En este sentido, se propone colocar la mirada en los denominados “saberes jesuíticos”, con énfasis en el corpus retórico relacionado con los propósitos apologéticos de la conversión de los gentiles. Para lograr el objetivo planteado, el artículo se divide en los siguientes apartados: el establecimiento de las misiones jesuitas en la provincia de Sinaloa, la vida y trayectoria del jesuita Pérez de Ribas y la retórica del “mal” presente en su obra escrita.

Thiophosphonates, a class of the organophosphate compounds, are of pharmaceutical and agricultural significance. Albeit their broad scope for peaceful uses, they may also be precursors and markers to toxic chemicals, such as the nerve agent VX and other V-series agents, leading to their inclusion into the Annex on Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Considering that they are related to chemical warfare agents and the position of our laboratory as an Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Designated Laboratory for analysis of authentic environmental samples, this study aims to contribute to the understanding of the synthesis of thiophosphonates through O,O ’-diethyl methylphosphonate conversion to O,O ’-diethyl methylphosphonothioate using Lawesson’s reagent, exploring different conditions previously reported by the literature, in order to further build a compound library for CWC verification purposes. Synthesis of the compounds has been carried out in sealed, pressure tubes, adding novelty to the present study. Reactions were followed by gas chromatography and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and principal component analysis was employed to understand the intricate factors influencing thiophosphonate synthesis yield as duration, temperature and solvent. The research aims to reinforce or challenge existing scientific knowledge, providing insights into parameters related to phosphonate thionation using Lawesson’s reagent, contributing to a deeper understanding of this chemical reaction. Thiophosphonates significance uses chemicals Vseries V series CWC. . (CWC) OPCW (OPCW samples OO O diethyl Lawessons Lawesson s reagent literature purposes sealed tubes P resonance duration solvent knowledge reaction (CWC

The reactivity and steric hindrance of optically active tertiary alcohols limit the development of more direct enantioselective methodologies for their synthesis, such as kinetic resolution (KR). In this work, we optimized the reaction conditions of an enzymatic KR of two tertiary benzyl bicyclic alcohols using readily available reagents and biocatalyst. Studies were conducted with 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol and 1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-1-ol as substrates and commercial lipase A from Candida antarctica (CAL-A) as biocatalyst for the enantioselective transesterification of these racemic tertiary alcohols. After varying the reaction parameters, such as acyl donor, solvent, and enzyme/substrate ratio, the (R)-esters were obtained with high conversions (44-45%) and excellent enantiomeric excess (96-99%) in only 4-5 h, to our knowledge being the best result for KR of the evaluated tertiary alcohols in terms of reaction rate, conversion, and enantioselectivity reported so far. synthesis KR. . (KR) work 1methyl1,2,3,4tetrahydronaphthalen1ol 1methyl1234tetrahydronaphthalen1ol methyltetrahydronaphthalenol 1 methyl 1,2,3,4 tetrahydronaphthalen ol 2 3 4 1methyl2,3dihydro1 1methyl23dihydro1 methyldihydro 2,3 dihydro 1-methyl-2,3-dihydro- Hinden1ol Hindenol H inden CALA CAL (CAL-A parameters donor solvent enzymesubstrate enzyme substrate ratio Resters R esters 4445% 4445 44 45% 45 (44-45% 9699% 9699 96 99% 99 (96-99% 5 4- h rate conversion far (KR 1methyl1 4tetrahydronaphthalen1ol 1234 1,2,3, 1methyl2 3dihydro1 1methyl2,3dihydro 1methyl23dihydro 23 2, 1-methyl-2,3-dihydro Hinden 444 (44-45 969 9 (96-99 1methyl tetrahydronaphthalenol 123 1,2,3 3dihydro (44-4 (96-9 12 1,2, (44- (96- 1,2 (44 (96 1, (4 (9 (

ABSTRACT Among the impurities that are harmful to the energy conversion of biogas generated in landfills is hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The present study compared the efficiency of H2S removal with the use of granular activated carbon (GAC) of two commercial brands, Norit GAC and Pelegrini GAC, and with the use of granular iron oxide from mineral residues. The tests were conducted on a laboratory scale, in a glass column, filled with filtering material, applying an inlet flow of gas and monitoring the outlet concentration. The best removal efficiencies occurred with the use of Norit GAC, which presented longer rupture times. Wet gas tests were also carried out, in which rupture and equilibrium times increased with the use of Norit GAC, while with the use of Pelegrini GAC the same adsorptive behavior was not observed. Tests with iron oxide showed low potential for H2S removal due to reduced specific surface values, although it provided removal of the contaminant. Knowledge of the saturation time and adsorption equilibrium data is essential for a better understanding and planning of adsorption systems, in addition to the conduction of studies on the influence of external factors and variations in initial concentration. H2S. HS . H S (H2S) (GAC brands residues scale column material concentration out observed values contaminant systems (H2S

RESUMO Dentre as impurezas prejudiciais à conversão energética do biogás gerado em aterros sanitários, encontra-se o sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S). Este trabalho comparou a eficiência de remoção de H2S com o uso de carvão ativado granular (CAG) de duas marcas comerciais, CAG Norit e CAG Pelegrini, e com o uso de óxido de ferro granular proveniente de resíduos minerais. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em escala laboratorial, em coluna de vidro, preenchida com material filtrante, aplicando-se fluxo de entrada de gás e monitorando-se a concentração de saída. As melhores eficiências de remoção ocorreram com o uso do CAG Norit, que apresentou maiores tempos de ruptura. Também foram realizados ensaios com gás úmido, em que os tempos de ruptura e de equilíbrio aumentaram com o uso do CAG Norit, enquanto com o uso de CAG Pelegrini não se visualizou o mesmo comportamento adsortivo. Os ensaios com óxido de ferro mostraram baixo potencial de remoção de H2S, devido aos valores reduzidos de superfície específica, embora tenham proporcionado a remoção do contaminante. O conhecimento sobre dados de equilíbrio é fundamental para melhor entendimento e planejamento de sistemas de adsorção, além da inclusão de estudos de influência de fatores externos e de variações de concentração inicial. sanitários encontrase encontra H2S. HS . H S (H2S) (CAG comerciais minerais laboratorial vidro filtrante aplicandose aplicando monitorandose monitorando saída úmido adsortivo específica contaminante adsorção inicial (H2S

Abstract As in many areas of knowledge, rapid prototyping technology or additive manufacturing, popularly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, has been gaining ground in medicine in recent years, with different applications. Numerous are the benefits of this science in orthopedic surgery, by allowing the conversion of imaging tests into 3D models. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to describe a practical step-by-step for the printing of parts from patient imaging. This is a methodological study, considering preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with orthopedic deformities. Initially, the digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) examination should be imported into the 3D reconstruction software of anatomical structures for the segmentation and conversion process to the stereolithography (STL) format. The next step is to import the STL file into the 3D modeling software, which allows you to work freely by manipulating the 3D mesh. The 3D models were printed additively on the GTMax3D Core A3v2 fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology printer. knowledge manufacturing threedimensional three dimensional D (3D years applications surgery Therefore stepbystep CT (CT deformities Initially DICOM (DICOM (STL format mesh GTMaxD GTMax Av A v A3v FDM (FDM printer

Resumo Assim como em diversas áreas do conhecimento, a tecnologia de prototipagem rápida ou manufatura aditiva, conhecida popularmente como impressão tridimensional (3D), vem ganhando espaço na medicina nos últimos anos, com diferentes aplicações. Inúmeros são os benefícios desta ciência na cirurgia ortopédica, ao permitir a conversão de exames de imagem em modelos tridimensionais. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo é descrever um passo-a-passo prático para a impressão de peças a partir de exames de imagem de pacientes. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico, considerando exames de tomografia computadorizada (TC) pré-operatórios de pacientes portadores de deformidades ortopédicas. Inicialmente, o exame em formato digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM, na sigla em inglês) deve ser importado para o software de reconstrução tridimensional de estruturas anatômicas para o processo de segmentação e de conversão para o formato stereolithography (STL, na sigla em inglês). A próxima etapa é a importação do arquivo STL para o software de modelagem 3D, o qual permite trabalhar de forma livre manipulando a malha 3D. Finalizado o processo de edição, deve-se transferir o arquivo para o software fatiador para realizar as configurações de impressão e para salvar o arquivo em formato G-code para a materialização do objeto na impressora. Os modelos 3D foram impressos de forma aditiva, na impressora de tecnologia fused deposition modeling (FDM, na sigla em inglês) GTMax3D Core A3v2. conhecimento aditiva D , (3D) anos aplicações ortopédica tridimensionais disso passoapasso passo Tratase Trata se metodológico TC (TC préoperatórios pré operatórios ortopédicas Inicialmente DICOM, DICOM (DICOM inglês STL, (STL inglês. . edição devese Gcode G code FDM, FDM (FDM GTMaxD GTMax A3v2 Av v (3D A3v

ABSTRACT Promoting inclusive and effective governance in regional estuaries offers an encompassing challenge within the scope of Policy analysis and its interactions within socioecological research. The integrated approach for both theoretical elements has not easily been improved, despite the increase in analytical frameworks in this theme. The Paranaguá Bay Zone (PBZ) in the state of Paraná, Brazil, is composed of a few cities, several large, protected areas, and traditional communities. On the one hand, the intensification of real estate pressures in a low demographic region is creating a wave of value conversion regarding the trends of the coastal gentrification phenomenon, notwithstanding the lower degree of intensity when compared to other Brazilian estuaries. On the other hand, it shows a lack of political representation and institutional action at the subnational level. This asymmetrical process is strongly related to historical land development and the controversial process of implementing protected areas and zoning tools. Promoting the economic rise of the territory has affected traditional communities and conservation management, requiring permanent improvement in the ability for community mobilization and juridical vigilance in the face of impacts related to such pressure. In the meantime, scholars have considered knowledge building, which brings up assessment issues on how the decision-making process has been operated and what gaps and asymmetries can be revealed for further resilience analyses. This study is an effort to approach the performance of participative governance of the estuary and is restricted to a preliminary assessment of the participative management committees designed by legislation under area-based attributions. This study is not aimed at exploring the belief systems of different social groups/stakeholders. Results have a great emphasis on methodological building and testing, which revealed the importance of imposing an inventory and hierarchy model on the multiple committees of governance and their sectorization across adjacent areas. Results also underline variables of interest and pilot indicators in the subject under analysis. Preliminary results point to the need for overcoming methodological challenges, and findings that are useful as first evidence in the comprehension of the low performance by different committees, which often operate without any regular, systematic, integrated, transparent, legitimate, and permanent agenda of Policy activities for the PBZ fisheries territory. Qualitative data and institutional memoirs should be available and categorized in government programs, whereas research efforts that look to better recognize the idiosyncrasies of community realities under the pressures of non-transparent economic drivers are much needed. improved theme (PBZ Paraná Brazil cities large hand phenomenon level tools pressure meantime decisionmaking decision making analyses areabased area based attributions groupsstakeholders groups stakeholders groups/stakeholders testing challenges regular systematic transparent legitimate programs nontransparent non needed

Resumo Modelagem dos processos de negócio possui um papel fundamental na representação do fluxo de atividades realizadas por uma organização. Este fluxo é registrado de forma clara, a partir de informações e conhecimento fornecidos pelos envolvidos no processo. Como resultado, os processos modelados podem ser compartilhados, possibilitando a institucionalização desse conhecimento. Para tornar tomadas de decisão mais eficientes e fidedignas, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um método de conversão capaz de extrair informações de modelos de processos de negócio, descritos com a notação Business Process Model and Notation, registrando-as em grafos de conhecimento semânticos, com uso da ontologia Business Process Model and Notation 1.1 Ontology. Portanto, propõe-se a construção de uma base de conhecimento formalmente estruturada a partir dos modelos, a fim de viabilizar consultas precisas e extração de indicadores. Para tal, a metodologia utilizada compreende uma revisão da literatura, seguida da elaboração do método de conversão proposto e da validação do mesmo por meio de um estudo empírico. Analisando os resultados, pode-se afirmar que o método obteve sucesso na conversão do modelo do processo na base de conhecimento subjacente, e esta, por sua vez, permitiu a extração automática de indicadores para auxiliar às tomadas de decisão por parte dos gestores envolvidos. organização clara resultado compartilhados fidedignas registrandoas registrando as semânticos 11 1 1. Ontology Portanto propõese propõe se tal literatura empírico resultados podese pode subjacente esta vez

Abstract Business process modeling plays a key role in representing the flow of activities carried out by an organization. This flow is clearly recorded, based on information and knowledge provided by those involved in the process. As a result, the modeled processes can be shared, enabling the institutionalization of this knowledge. In order to make decision-making more efficient and reliable, this work aims to propose a conversion method capable of extracting information from business process models, described with the Business Process Model and Notation notation, registering them in graphs of semantic knowledge, using the Business Process Model and Notation 1.1 Ontology. Therefore, it is proposed the construction of a knowledge base formally structured from the models, in order to enable precise consultations and extraction of indicators. To this end, the methodology used comprises a literature review, followed by the elaboration of the proposed conversion method and its validation through an empirical study. Analyzing the results, it can be stated that the method was successful in converting the process model into the underlying knowledge base, and this, in turn, allowed the automatic extraction of indicators to assist decision-making by the managers involved. organization recorded result shared decisionmaking decision making reliable models notation 11 1 1. Ontology Therefore end review study results turn

Resumo Este artigo visa verificar o modo como as transformações por conversão contribuem para os diferentes registros de representação semiótica – língua materna; registro algébrico; registro numérico; registro fracionário; em porcentagem; em decimal – nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem de objetos matemáticos. O ponto de partida constituiu-se por meio da elaboração e do desenvolvimento de sequências de atividades compostas mediante situações-problema da realidade dos discentes, levantando discussões no âmbito da Educação Financeira Crítica. Para a análise de dados, fundamentou-se na teoria dos Registros de Representação Semiótica. Os resultados demonstram lacunas na aprendizagem dos estudantes ao realizarem alguns procedimentos de cálculo e sua comunicação escrita. Ademais, possibilitam inferir que, ao alinhar a Educação Financeira ao ensino de Matemática, tem-se a oportunidade de criar condições favoráveis para que os discentes construam conhecimentos de Matemática em benefício à construção/formação de cidadãos críticos, autônomos e que sejam capazes de reagir às contradições sociais. materna algébrico numérico fracionário porcentagem matemáticos constituiuse constituiu se situaçõesproblema situações problema Crítica dados fundamentouse fundamentou Semiótica escrita Ademais temse tem construçãoformação construção formação críticos sociais

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo verificar cómo las transformaciones de conversión contribuyen a los diferentes registros de representación semiótica (lengua materna, registro algebraico, registro numérico, registro fraccionario, porcentaje, decimal), en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de objetos matemáticos. El punto de partida se constituyó a través de la elaboración y desarrollo de secuencias de actividades compuestas a partir de situaciones problemáticas de la realidad de los estudiantes, planteando discusiones en el ámbito de la Educación Financiera Crítica. Para el análisis de los datos se basó en la teoría de Registros de Representación Semiótica (TRRS). Los resultados demuestran vacíos en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes al realizar algunos procedimientos de cálculo y en su comunicación escrita. Nos permiten inferir que al alinear la Educación Financiera con la enseñanza de las Matemáticas existe la oportunidad de crear condiciones favorables para que los estudiantes construyan conocimientos Matemáticos en beneficio de la construcción/formación de ciudadanos críticos, autónomos y capaces de reaccionar ante las contradicciones sociales. lengua materna algebraico numérico fraccionario porcentaje decimal, decimal , decimal) matemáticos Crítica TRRS. TRRS . (TRRS) escrita construcciónformación construcción formación críticos sociales (TRRS

Abstract This article aims to examine how transformations through conversion contribute to the different semiotic representation registers—mother tongue, algebraic register, numerical register, fractional register, percentage, and decimal—in the processes of teaching and learning mathematical objects. The starting point involved the design and development of activity sequences based on problem situations from the students’ reality, sparking discussions within the scope of Critical Financial Education. Data analysis was grounded in the Theory of Semiotic Representation Registers. The results reveal gaps in students’ learning when performing certain calculation procedures and in their written communication. Furthermore, the findings suggest that aligning Financial Education with Mathematics teaching creates favorable conditions for students to construct mathematical knowledge, fostering the development of critical, autonomous citizens capable of responding to social contradictions. registersmother registers mother tongue register percentage decimalin decimal objects reality Registers communication Furthermore knowledge critical contradictions

BACKGROUND: A well-performing health information system (HIS) provides timely, complete, accurate and easily retrievable data. However, HIS in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Ethiopia, is highly complex and influenced by pressures from donors, politics and technical factors. Hence, these countries experience persistent challenges in producing quality data and difficulties using health management information system (HMIS) data from their HISs OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate how HMIS was perceived and utilised in HIV and AIDS monitoring in Ethiopia, and views regarding the influence of determinants on the use of HMIS METHOD: A qualitative evaluative case study using focus group discussions with data producers and users was conducted in selected health facility in Addis Ababa. A purposive critical case sampling was used to recruit participants RESULTS: Key findings revealed that HIV and AIDS-specific indicators, information and communication technology (ICT) and other related resources were critical barriers to the successful use of the HMIS. Participants believed these technical issues impacted the quality of data adversely and, subsequently, the conversion of that data to information and using it to monitor the HIV and AIDS programme's performance CONCLUSION: Technical factors affected all strategic decisions taken by the organisation. The health facilities did not process information as expected. However, staff performed the HMIS tasks with the tools available as they tried to make sense of data CONTRIBUTION: This study contributed to the body of knowledge by identifying the technical factors on data quality and use of HMIS for HIV and AIDS monitoring

In his 1840 translation of the Gospel of Luke from English into Setswana, Robert Moffat transfers Western numerals, geographic words and biblical names to Setswana. In this article, it is argued that in this translation, we see the beginning of the colonisation of Setswana. Furthermore, it is argued that in this translation, Moffat used epistemic privilege and the performance of power to facilitate the process of epistemicide on the linguistic heritage of Batswana and its indigenous knowledge system through an act of colonisation. CONTRIBUTION: The article applies an intersection of theoretical lenses, namely decoloniality and the Foucauldian notion of power, as its frames of reference in analysing the 1840 English-Setswana Gospel of Luke.

This article examined the concept and notability of mimetic desire in Augustine's autobiographical work Confessiones. Mimetic desire is based primarily on the knowledge that there is a Perfect Being, viz. God, ideal forms (in Platonic idiom), which may be known and imitated by humans. Mimesis demonstrates that humans have a natural capacity and tendency to imitate and possess what others have. Despite this, in popular culture, mimesis has the connotation of feyness and is discouraged in place of inventiveness. The culture and spirit of our day promote originality and inventiveness without an understanding of the human nature and its inherent mimetic desires. The concept of mimetic desire is rooted in Rene Girard's theory of anthropology but can be traced back as far as Plato's Republic. Therefore, this interdisciplinary concept has been explored through Augustine's narratological composition of Confessiones. The introspective tone and cultural forming narratives that make up Confessiones were succinctly examined in the context of mimetic theory. The triangular structure of mimetic desire was further explored to gain a better understanding of how Augustine relied on mimesis in his conversion to Christianity. The choice of imitating authentic models led to Augustine's moral renewal, and likewise such implications are relevant to modern-day Christians. Moreover, this article aims to promote the concept of mimesis as an ideal practise concerning human nature and conditioning, towards a virtuous and morally acceptable society. The results of this article underline the importance of narrative theory and friendship in developing positive cultures through mimesis. Through contrasting Augustine's earlier Manichaean life and his later Christian life, an illustration of mimetic desire can be drawn, and for Augustine, this could only mean Christ. CONTRIBUTION: This article contributes to the ongoing interdisciplinary studies of ontology, anthropology, theology, and sociology. By interpreting or reading Augustine's Confessiones through the lens of mimetic desire, this article offers an alternative perspective on Augustine's natural theology and virtue ethics. It further presents the conceptual framework of mimesis on Christian and Platonist praxis of the ideal forms. Moreover, the article of the narratological composition of Confessiones expounds the importance of interpersonal relationships in our spiritual growth. The triangular structure of mimesis was further expounded in the context of interior life, viz. interior homo [inner man] as the ultimate model.

Resumen El maíz de calidad proteínica (MCP) combina la calidad proteínica de la mutante opaco-2 (o2) con un endospermo vítreo. Estas características han permitido a los programas de mejoramiento alrededor del mundo producir genotipos MCP que ayudan a aliviar la malnutrición de la gente en países en desarrollo de África, Asia y América Latina con una dieta basada en cereales. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de estos materiales ha sido poco eficiente debido al limitado conocimiento acerca de las bases moleculares de la conversión del endospermo suave o2 en un fenotipo vítreo en MCP. Esta conversión se ha asociado con el incremento en cuerpos proteínicos pequeños ricos en γ-zeína de 27 kDa, la síntesis de almidón con una mayor proporción de amilosa y ramificaciones de amilopectina cortas-intermedias que favorece la compactación de los gránulos de almidón, así como alteraciones en la envoltura de los amiloplastos que favorece la interacción entre gránulos de almidón y cuerpos proteínicos. Estudios adicionales sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la modificación del endospermo en MCP contribuirán a producir materiales con buenas características agronómicas y buena calidad proteínica.

Abstract Quality protein maize (QPM) combines the protein quality of the opaque-2 (o2) mutant with a vitreous endosperm. These characteristics have allowed breeding programs worldwide to produce QPM genotypes that help alleviate malnutrition of people in developing countries from Africa, Asia and Latin America with a cereal-based diet. However, the development of these materials has been inefficient due to the limited knowledge about the molecular basis of the soft o2 endosperm conversion into a vitreous phenotype in QPM. This conversion has been associated with an increase in small protein bodies rich in 27 kDa γ-zein, the synthesis of starch with a higher proportion of amylose and short-intermediate amylopectin chain branches that favors the compaction of the starch granules, as well as alterations in the amyloplast envelope that favors the interaction between starch granules and protein bodies. Additional studies about the mechanisms involved in the modification of the endosperm in QPM will contribute to produce materials with good agronomic characteristics and protein quality.

Rural landscapes in South Africa experience high conversion rates due to intense land use; however, the changes are site specific and depend on the socio-economic and political history of the area. Land cover change (LCC) was assessed in response to socio-economic and political factors in uThukela Municipal District, KwaZulu-Natal, using Landsat imagery from 1984 to 2014, while making comparisons to other studies in South Africa. Socio-economic/political data were used to gain insights into the observed LCC patterns. Land cover was classified using a random forest classifier, and accuracies ranging from 87% to 92% were achieved. Systematic and intensity analysis methods were used to describe patterns, rates, and transitions of LCC in Imbabazane (ILM) and Okhahlamba (OLM) local municipalities. The results showed a reduced rate of change intensity from 3.4% to 0.9% in ILM and from 3.1% to 1.1% in OLM between 1984 and 2014. Grassland was persistent, covering over 70% in both local municipalities between 1984 and 2014. Although persistent, grassland experienced respective losses of 3.7% and 14.3% in both observation periods in ILM and of 10.2% and 13.3% in OLM. During the analysis period, settlements and cropland gained actively in both local municipalities. The changes represent a degree of population, local authority, and people's perception as influencers of land use and LCC. It is therefore argued that socioeconomic and political changes can potentially influence land use and LCC; however, natural ecosystems can persist under those conditions, and this requires more research efforts. SIGNIFICANCE: This study contributes towards a growing knowledge and understanding of land cover change studies in marginalised landscapes in South Africa. The findings enforce the notion that natural vegetation systems can be altered by human-induced land use such as expansion of settlement and commercial agricultural. We show that in recent times there has been a decline in the overall rate of land cover conversion, and a high persistence of grassland amid global change, although the quality of the vegetation needs further research. We argue that the changes observed in marginalised landscapes are potentially driven by socio-economic and political dynamics

Abstract: The expansion towards the inner hinterlands, in Brazil, during the second half of the 17th century, was marked by the settlement of villages and the constitution of alliances to ensure the safety of the commercial access to the route cattle raisers followed from Bahia to Piauí. Religious orders were entrusted with the task of organizing the villages, disciplining the souls, and supplying workforce to the advance inwards the hinterlands. The Jesuit priests were responsible for managing the Kiriri, and, to tend to the requests, linguistic studies were carried out to systematize and standardize the local languages and thus make both the communication and intended conversion possible. This paper intends to analyze the communication networks among the missionaries during the conversion of the Kiriri, in addition to identifying the interests, practices and learning methods of the linguistic knowledge, and the diffusion and circulation networks of that knowledge. Abstract hinterlands Brazil th century Piauí souls Kiriri requests possible interests knowledge

Resumo: A expansão para os sertões de dentro, no Brasil, na segunda metade do século XVII, foi marcada pela edificação de aldeamentos e constituição de alianças, para garantir segurança no acesso comercial às rotas dos criadores de gado que seguiam da Bahia ao Piauí. Ordens religiosas foram incumbidas de organizar as aldeias, disciplinar as almas e fornecer mão de obra nas entradas para o sertão. Coube aos padres da Companhia de Jesus a administração dos Kiriri e, visando atender às solicitações, foram realizados estudos linguísticos para sistematizar e normatizar as línguas locais e tornar possível a comunicação e a pretendida conversão. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as redes de comunicação entre missionários durante a conversão dos Kiriri. Por meio dos escritos do padre Ludovico Vicenzo Mamiani Della Rovere, em cotejo com outras fontes, buscam-se identificar os interesses, práticas e métodos de apreensão dos saberes linguísticos, as redes de difusão e a circulação do conhecimento. Resumo dentro Brasil XVII alianças Piauí aldeias sertão solicitações Rovere fontes buscamse buscam se interesses conhecimento

Abstract Background and Aims: Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) combines advantages of endoscopy and laparoscopy in order to resect upper gastrointestinal lesions. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of LECS in patients with EGJ (esophagogastric junction), gastric and duodenal lesions, as well as to compare LECS with pure endoscopic and pure laparoscopic procedures. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge were searched. Efficacy (R0, recurrence) and safety (conversion rate, procedure and hospitalization time, adverse events, mortality) outcomes were extracted and pooled (odds ratio or mean difference) using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed with Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and heterogeneity by Cochran’s Q test and I2 . Subgroup analysis according to location was performed. Results: This meta-analysis included 24 studies/1,336 patients (all retrospective cohorts). No significant differences were found between LECS and preexisting techniques (endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)/laparoscopy) regarding any outcomes. However, there was a trend to shorter hospitalization time, longer procedure duration, and fewer adverse events in LECS versus Laparoscopy and ESD. R0 tended to be higher in the LECS group. Hospitalization time was significantly shorter in gastric versus EGJ lesions (mean 7.3 vs. 13.7 days, 95% CI: 6.6-7.9 vs. 8.9-19.3). There were no significant differences in conversion rate, adverse events, or mean procedural time according to location. There was a trend to higher conversion rate and longer procedure durations in EGJ and higher rate of adverse events in duodenal lesions. Conclusion: LECS is a valid, safe, and effective treatment option in patients with EGJ, gastric, and duo-denal lesions, although existing studies are retrospective and prone to selection bias. Prospective studies are needed to assess if LECS is superior to established techniques. Key Messages: LECS is safe and effective in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal lesions, but there is no evidence of superiority over established techniques.

Resumo Introdução e objetivos: A Cirurgia cooperativa laparoscópica e endoscópica (LECS) combina vantagens da endoscopia e laparoscopia na resseção de lesões gastrointestinais superiores. O nosso objetivo é avaliar a eficácia e segurança da LECS em pacientes com lesões na junção esofagogástrica (EGJ), estômago e duodeno, e comparar a LECS com procedimentos puramente endoscópicos e laparoscópicos. Métodos: PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Knowledge foram pesquisadas. Dados sobre eficácia (R0, recorrência) e segurança (taxa de conversão, duração do procedimento e hospitalização, recorrência, eventos adversos, mortalidade) foram colhidos e agrupados (odds ratio ou média das diferenças), usando modelo de efeitos randomizados. Qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada pela Escala Newcastle-Ottawa e heterogeneidade pelos testes Q da Cochran e I2. Foi realizada análise de subgrupos, consoante a localização. Resultados: Esta meta-análise incluiu 24 estudos/1336 pacientes (todos coortes retrospetivos). Não encontramos diferenças significativas entre LECS e as técnicas pré-existentes (Dis-seção endoscópica da submucosa (ESD)/Laparoscopia) em nenhum aspeto. Porém, encontramos uma tendência para hospitalização mais curta, procedimentos mais longos e menos efeitos adversos na LECS versus Laparoscopia e ESD. R0 tende a ser maior no grupo LECS. Hospitalização foi significativamente menor em lesões gástricas versus EGJ (média 7.3 vs. 13.7 dias, 95% CI: 6.6-7.9 vs. 8.9-19.3). Não encontramos diferenças significativas na taxa de conversão, eventos adversos nem tempo médio de procedimento. Porém encontramos uma tendência para taxas de conversão maiores e procedimentos mais lon-gos na EGJ e maior taxa de eventos adversos no duodeno. Conclusão: LECS é um tratamento válido, seguro e eficaz em pacientes com lesões na EGJ, estômago e duodeno, apesar dos estudos retrospetivos existentes estarem propensos a viés de seleção. São necessários estudos prospetivos para avaliar a superioridade da LECS face às técnicas existentes. Mensagens-chave: LECS é um tratamento seguro e eficaz para lesões gastrointestinais superiores, mas sem evidência de superioridade face às técnicas existentes.