Resumen Este artículo de reflexión sugiere algunas notas a la crítica que Heidegger hiciera a Kant en su célebre Kant y el problema de la metafísica de 1929. De esta forma, se discuten los alcances de la observación heideggeriana en cuanto a que en la deducción trascendental de su primera crítica, Kant habría retrocedido ante el descubrimiento de la imaginación como fundamento del conocimiento ontológico. Incorporando las recepciones de Zizek, Castoriadis y Martínez Marzoa, se corrobora que el mérito de Heidegger es reconocer que, en la deducción trascendental, Kant habría dudado entre la psicología y la lógica, al no haber visto ninguna tercera alternativa, terminando por descartar su apego a la subjetividad y optando por una versión lógica "al estilo escolástico". Finalmente, se conjetura que el retroceso del filósofo de Konigsberg no fue ante el descubrimiento del fundamento, sino en realidad ante la posibilidad de una interpretación fenomenológica del mundo.

Abstract This reflection article suggests some notes to Heidegger's critique of Kant in his famous Kant and the problem of metaphysics of 1929. The scope of Heidegger's observation is discussed in that in the transcendental deduction of his first critique, Kant would have retreated before the discovery of the imagination as the foundation of ontological knowledge. Incorporating the receptions of Zizek, Castoriadis and Martínez Marzoa, it is corroborated that Heidegger's merit is to recognize that in the transcendental deduction Kant would have hesitated between psychology and logic, having not seen any third alternative, ending up discarding his attachment to subjectivity and opting for a logical version "scholastic style". Finally, it is conjectured that the retreat of the Konigsberg philosopher was not before the discovery of the foundation, but actually in the face of the possibility of a phenomenological interpretation of the world.

Resumo O artigo de reflexão sugere algumas notas à crítica de Heidegger sobre Kant em seu famoso Kante o problema da metafísica de 1929. O escopo da observação de Heidegger é discutido na medida em que na dedução transcendental de sua primeira crítica Kant teria recuado antes da descoberta da imaginação como base do conhecimento ontológico. Incorporando as recepções de Zizek, Castoriadis e Martínez Marzoa, é corroborado que o mérito de Heidegger é reconhecer que na dedução transcendental Kant teria hesitado entre psicologia e lógica, não tendo visto nenhuma terceira alternativa, acabando descartando seu apego à subjetividade e optando por uma versão lógica "estilo escolástico". Finalmente, é suposto que a regressão do filósofo de Konigsberg não foi antes da descoberta da fundação, mas na verdade diante da possibilidade de uma interpretação fenomenológica do mundo.

Research conducted by The Other Foundation has indicated that South Africans view the lives of queer individuals as lifestyle choice (34%), illness (12%), sin (5.10%), results of these individuals' upbringing (3.80%) and/or resulting from the influence of ancestral spirits (3.70%). Advocacy and information about sexual orientation and sexual diversity through literary as characters may be instrumental in possibly changing negative perceptions of queer individuals. This article aims to show how a selected young adult queer novel, and the social messaging that emerges from the text, may be a potentially influential location for creating an awareness and better understanding of queer individuals. The aim of the investigation on which the article is based was to examine the possibility or viability of implementing critical literacy in secondary education systems in the language classroom as an opportunity to address social issues in heteronormative environments. The social messages found in queer texts may be used as entry points to fruitful discourse in language classroom environments. The study followed a qualitative approach with the use of critical hermeneutics as a strategy of inquiry and social constructivism as philosophical worldview. The queer text utilised was Openly Straight (2013) by Bill Konigsberg with the method of data generation being document analysis. The main findings were that queer texts should form part of the language classroom (as learners may read these texts critically and emphatically) and that Bill Konigsberg's Openly Straight contained social messages that can contribute to positive influences on queer- and heterosexual readers.

Resumen. En 1736 L. Euler dio solución al famoso problema de los Siete Puentes de Königsberg, considerando un grafo formado por nodos que representaban las masas de tierra y arcos que representaban los puentes. Este problema es un referente de cómo codificar la información proporcionada de un problema en una estructura más simple y más rica. En el caso de Dinámica de funciones racionales, Shishikura en [5] explora esta idea en el contexto, y enuncia una conexión entre un tipo específico de árbol topológico y un pciclo de anillos de Herman asociados a una función racional. En este trabajo desarrollamos algunos ejemplos de configuraciones realizables por funciones racionales, dos de ellas bosquejadas en [5], y un ejemplo de una configuración no realizable, la cual modificamos para que sea realizable.

Abstract In 1736 L. Euler gave solution to the famous Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem, considerin a graph consisting of nodes representing the landmasses and arcs representing the bridges. This problem is a referent of how to codify the information given of a problem into a simpler and richer structure. In the case of the Dynamics of rational functions, Shishikura in [5] explores this idea in the context of rational functions, and he stated a connection between a certain kind of topological tree with a p-cycle of Herman rings associated to a rational function. In this work we develop some examples of realizable configurations for rational functions, two of them sketched in [5], and an example of a non realizable configuration which we modify in order to be realizable. MSC2010: 37F10, 32H50, 30D05, 32H50.

Resumo Partindo de considerações sobre os escritos precoces que Benjamin dedicou à questão da linguagem - sem descuidar de outros escritos do mesmo período -, pretendemos sugerir a importância que a reflexão de Kant teve para a formulação de seu pensamento linguístico. Nesse sentido, voltamo-nos principalmente para a Segunda Parte da Crítica da Faculdade de Juízo, na qual é desenvolvido e trabalhado o importante conceito de “Zweckmässigkeit” (“conformidade a fins”), sobretudo a partir de uma reflexão sobre a perfeição da natureza, em sua dimensão teleológica. Benjamin retoma esse conceito e - elaborando uma série de imagens sobre a dimensão natural da linguagem, na linha do que propunha um pensador como Humboldt - desenvolve uma filosofia da linguagem a um só tempo natural e teológica. Depois de demonstrar textualmente a existência dessa relação entre a Faculdade do Juízo Teleológica de Kant e a filosofia da linguagem do jovem Benjamin, pretendemos sugerir que este último cede àquilo que o filósofo de Königsberg considerava a ilusão natural da razão, pois, ao postular uma “afinidade meta-histórica entre as línguas”, fundamentada no conceito suprassensível de “die reine Sprache” (“a língua pura”), Benjamin aborda algo que escapa à possibilidade de experiência humana e propõe desdobramentos dogmáticos a partir daí.

Abstract Departing from considerations about the early texts that Benjamin dedicated to the question of language - without neglecting other texts of this period -, we intend to suggest the importance that Kant’s reflection had to the formulation of his linguistic thought. In this sense, we turn mainly to the Second Part of The Critique of Judgment, in which the important concept of “Zweckmässigkeit” (“adequacy of purpose”) is developed, especially reflecting on nature’s perfection, in its teleological dimension. Benjamin reviews this concept and - elaborating a series of images about the natural dimension of language, in line with the propositions of a thinker like Humboldt - develops a philosophy of language at the same time natural and theological. After having demonstrated textually the existence of this relation between the Teleological Faculty of Judgment in Kant and the philosophy of language in the young Benjamin, we intend to suggest that this one gives in to what the philosopher of Königsberg considered the natural illusion of reason, because, in postulating a “metahistorical affinity between the languages”, based on the supersensible concept of “die reine Sprache” (“the pure language”), Benjamin approaches something that escapes the possibility of human experience and proposes dogma from this point on.

In 1812, Christian Ørsted published a work in German language, translated to French in 1813 with the title Recherches sur l'identite des forces chimiques et electriques; the bicentenary of this important publication is enough reason for reappraising the Danish scientist's work, work that, in the present paper, will be posed as an experimental work's theoretic syntheses developed by Ørsted in Physics and in Chemistry; the electromagnetism "discovery", in 1820, was consequence of this syntheses. In academic and in popular scientific literature, it is assumed that Ørsted's 1812 work, as well as its 1820's facsimile published in Latin, are product, in one hand, of the Mystical-Religious thinking of the Danish, influenced by Shelling's works, and, in the other, of his Metaphysical-Speculative one, where Kant's philosophy is clearly present -paradoxically, the philosopher of Königsberg qualified as "metaphysical" the Newtonian theory, theory that permeated the scientific-social context of that times. In the present work, I'll understand Metaphysics as the rational theory of reality, and Speculation as the possibility of extending reason to empirical objects; over this base, I will regard Ørsted's work as the one developed by a scientist who tried to verify, experimentally, the metaphysical speculations of Kant and Schelling. With this proposal I pretend to break with the idea of "accidental discovery", disagreeing, at the same time, with the "discovery as heuristic" one. I will suggest, then, that Ørsted didn't discover electromagnetism: he created the imaginary configuration that established the resemblance between two phenomena considered, in that days, as something completely cut off.

En 1812, Hans Christian Ørsted publicó un trabajo en alemán, traducido en 1813 al francés con el título Recherches sur l'identité des forces chimiques et électriques; el bicentenario de esta importante publicación es motivo suficiente para reivindicar el trabajo del científico danés. Esta obra será descrita en el presente artículo como una síntesis teórica del trabajo experimental desarrollado por Ørsted tanto en el área de la física, como en el de la química, tuvo como consecuencia el "descubrimiento" del electromagnetismo, en 1820. En la literatura científica y de divulgación se considera que este trabajo, así como el facsímile publicado en latín en 1820, se derivan por un lado de su pensamiento místico-religioso, influido por la obra de Schelling, y por el otro de su pensamiento metafísico-especulativo, en el cual el pensamiento de Kant es patente -paradójicamente, el filósofo de Königsberg calificó de "metafísica" a la teoría newtoniana, la cual permeaba el contexto científico-social de su tiempo. En el presente trabajo entenderé a la metafísica como la teoría racional de la realidad, y a la especulación, como la posibilidad de extender la razón a los objetos de la experiencia. Sobre esta base intentaré conceptuar la obra de Ørsted como la propia de un científico que sometió a verificación experimental las especulaciones metafísicas de Kant y de Schelling. Con esta propuesta pretenderé romper con la idea de "descubrimiento por accidente", discrepando, a la vez, del "descubrimiento como heurística". Plantearé, así, que Ørsted no descubrió el electromagnetismo, sino que creó la configuración imaginaria consistente en establecer la similitud entre dos fenómenos considerados, hasta entonces, totalmente ajenos.

Este ensaio aborda afinidades entre Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) e Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), principalmente em relação à Crítica da Faculdade do juízo kantiana. Investiga-se assim o diálogo teórico que implícita ou explicitamente permeia o texto goethiano e a obra do filósofo de Königsberg envolvendo temas, tais como Arte, Natureza e Sublime.

This article approaches affinities between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), especially regarding Kant's Critique of Judgment. Herein, this study investigates the theoretical dialogue that implicitly or explicitly permeates Goethe's thought and the work of the philosopher of Königsberg involving concepts such as Art, Nature and the Sublime.

I will try to show that Mexico was not strange to the presence nor to the influence of the Kantian Philosophy; that from an early stage, the ideas of the philosopher of Königsberg were relevant for the theory of law, pedagogy, psychology, ethics and the culture that Mexican intellectuals, educators and thinkers developed in general. Also, that his figure was present, even among those who manifested themselves as detractors of his philosophy. How and in what the Kantian thinking was felt in the life of the Mexico of the nineteenth century? This is the question to answer in the present essay.

Procuraré hacer ver en este trabajo que México no fue en modo alguno ajeno a la presencia e influencia de la filosofía kantiana; que desde temprana fecha el pensamiento del filósofo de Königsberg fue relevante para la teoría del derecho, la pedagogía, la psicología, la ética y la cultura en general que desarrollaron intelectuales, educadores y pensadores mexicanos y que su figura estuvo presente incluso en quienes se manifestaron como detractores de su filosofía. ¿Cómo y en qué se dejó sentir el pensamiento kantiano en la vida del México del siglo XIX? Ésta será la pregunta que busca responder este ensayo.

O presente trabalho, valendo-se da metodologia da história das idéias, visa reconstruir o amplo espectro de doutrinas metafísicas às quais Kant poderia ter acesso durante os anos de formação de sua filosofia. A primeira parte trata do ensino de metafísica em Königsberg, de 1703 a 1770. A segunda parte examina as principais características da metafísica com base nos diversos manuais em uso na Albertina, a fim de que se tenha um panorama exaustivo de todas as posições então objeto de ensino.

The present contribute aims to reconstruct, using the methodology of intellectual history, the broad spectrum of metaphysical doctrines that Kant could know during the years of the formation of his philosophy. The first part deals with the teaching of metaphysics in Königsberg from 1703 to 1770. The second part examines the main characteristics of the metaphysics in the various handbooks, which were taught at the Albertina, in order to have an exhaustive overview of all metaphysical positions.

Currency of Kant's philosophy in two recent expressions of the philosophical intelligence in Latin America: Arturo Andrés Roig and Franz J. Hinkelammert. When it is twohundred years of Immanuel Kant´s death (2004), to consider the currency of his philosophical thought means a categorial must, for those who are involved in the tradition of occidental philosophy. Taking this into account, the next introduced is based on the currency of the philosopher of Königsberg from the consideration of two expressions of the philosophical intelligence in Latin America: Arturo Andrés Roig (Mendoza, Argentina,1922) y Franz J.Hinkelammert (Emsdetten, Germany,1931). The curriculums of investigation of the chosen authors in the search and developement of different topics, come, from the point of view of arguments, from, against and beyond Kant, showing a particular currency of his philosophy within them. In Arturo Andrés Roig´s thought, the topics of reference considered are: normativity of philosophical thought, philosophy of history, the explanation of an emergent morality and of a motivational aesthetics. From the theoretical production of Franz J. Hinkkelammert, we introduce: the criticism to utopical reason and the political realism, the outstanding criticism of the categorical frames of social thoughts, the trascendentality of the subject and the question of ethical universalism in the tension between ethics of responsability and the ethics of principles. It comes out from the previous topics that, in relation to Kant´s abstrac universalism, these two samples of philosophical intelligence in Latin America, are gathered in the foundation of a concrete universalism.

Al cumplirse doscientos años de la muerte de Immanuel Kant 2004), considerar la vigencia de su pensamiento filosófico, se constituyó en un imperativo categórico, para quienes nos inscribimos en la tradición de la filosofía occidental. En cumplimiento del mismo, el texto que se presenta se ocupa de la vigencia de la filosofía del filósofo de Königsberg a través de la consideración de dos expresiones de la inteligencia filosófica en América Latina: Arturo Andrés Roig (Mendoza, Argentina, 1922) y Franz J. Hinkelammert (Emsdetten, Alemania,1931). Los programas de investigación en curso de los dos autores elegidos, en el abordaje y desarrollo de distintos tópicos, proceden argumentativamente desde, contra y más allá de Kant, exhibiendo una singular vigencia de su filosofía al interior de los mismos. En el pensamiento de Arturo Andrés Roig, los tópicos de referencia que se consideran son: la normatividad del pensamiento filosófico, la filosofía de la historia, la fundamentación de una moral emergente y la fundamentación de una estética motivacional. De la producción teórica de Franz J. Hinkelammert, se presentan: la crítica a la razón utópica y el realismo político, la crítica trascendental de los marcos categoriales de los pensamientos sociales, la trascendentalidad del sujeto y el problema del universalismo ético en la tensión entre la ética de la responsabilidad y la ética de principios. Surge de la consideración de los asuntos enumerados, que en relación al universalismo abstracto de Kant, estos dos exponentes de la inteligencia filosófica en América Latina, convergen en la fundamentación de un universalismo concreto.

The ADN damage was evaluated in primary cultures of lung fibroblasts from young (2 months) and old (13 months) mice in the presence and absence of a challenge presented by oxidative stress. This damage was correlated with the levels of the reactive oxygen species to contribute to the understanding of the relation existing between the levels of reactive oxygen species and the damage caused by cellular aging to the genoma. This is a complex phenomenon that has been tried to explain by different ways. One of them is the theory of aging caused by free radicals, which proposes that this phenomenon results from the accumulation of the damage caused by the reactive oxygen species during the organism’s life. However, there are other theories that rule out the oxidative stress and try to explain aging on the basis of programmed changes occurring in the expression of certain genes.

Se evaluó el daño al ADN en cultivos primarios de fibroblastos de pulmón provenientes de ratones jóvenes (2 meses) y viejos (13 meses), en presencia y ausencia de un reto por estrés oxidativo y se correlacionó este daño con los niveles de las especies reactivas del oxígeno, para contribuir a la comprensión de la relación que existe entre los niveles de especies reactivas del oxígeno y el daño al genoma con el envejecimiento celular. Este es un fenómeno complejo que se ha tratado de explicar de diversas maneras, una es la teoría del envejecimiento por radicales libres, la cual propone que este fenómeno se debe a la acumulación del daño provocado por las especies reactivas del oxígeno a lo largo de la vida del organismo. Sin embargo, existen otras teorías diferentes que obvian el estrés oxidativo y tratan de explicar el envejecimiento basándose en cambios programados de la expresión de ciertos genes.