Heelwat navorsing is al gedoen in 'n poging om 'n greep op aspekte van goeie en slegte plaaslike regering te kry. 'n Kernvraag wat steeds onbeantwoord bly is die volgende: Wat is "plaaslike regering", en hoe kan die werklikheid waarna die begrip verwys, verstaan en herken word? 'n Begripsraamwerk van "plaaslike regering" is onlangs ontwikkel bestaande uit die herkenbare eienskappe van die begrip om dit te identifiseer. Gepaardgaande daarmee is 'n sosiale ontologie van sorg vir "plaaslike regering" ontwikkel. Die veronderstelling is dat plaaslike regerings in Suid-Afrika en ander lande aan die hand van daardie eienskappe herken sal word. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks is daar egter 'n moontlike nietipiese voorbeeld van plaaslike regering, naamlik Orania, 'n bestaande dorp binne die geografiese gebied van die Thembelihle Plaaslike Munisipaliteit in die Noord-Kaapprovinsie. Orania is nie 'n muni-sipaliteit ingevolge die Suid-Afrikaanse grondwet en wetlike raamwerk nie. Die vraag is gevolglik of Orania wel as 'n "plaaslike regering" beskou kan word. In antwoord op die vraag gee hierdie artikel 'n ontiese¹ beskrywing van Orania aan die hand van die gekose begripsraamwerk en sosiale ontologie van sorg. Dit blyk uit die beskrywing en ontleding daarvan dat Orania wel aan die institusionele, funksionele en territoriale eienskappe van die begrip "plaaslike regering" voldoen en op 'n outentieke wyse as plaaslike regering funksioneer. Die gevallestudie wys dat 'n outentieke plaaslike regering een is wat 'n integrerende deel uitmaak van sy plaaslike gemeenskap en omsluitende wêrelde, wat voortdurende ongemak met die hede beleef en met sorg, besorgdheid en sorgsaamheid daarop reageer.

Much research has been conducted to grasp aspects of good and bad local governance. A central question that remains unanswered is: What constitutes "local government" and how can the reality to which this concept refers be understood and recognised? Recently, a conceptual framework was developed by identifying recognisable characteristics of this concept's reference. The assumption is that local governments in South Africa and other countries will be recognised based on these characteristics. Alongside this, a social ontology of care for "local government" was established. However, within the South African context, a potentially atypical example of local government is found, namely Orania, an existing town situated within the geographical area of the Thembelihle Local Municipality in the Northern Cape province. Orania is not a municipality in terms of the South African constitution and legal framework. The question thus arises whether Orania can indeed be considered a "local government". In response to this query, this article provides a description of Orania using the chosen conceptual framework and social ontology of care as part of a case study design. The analysis and ontological description ofOrania, by means of the conceptual framework, reveal that the phenomenon of Orania does indeed possess a territorial jurisdictional sphere (the Orania Overlay Zone), a democratically elected representative council (the OVR), and a Town Council and its administration that performs a range of local functions and responsibilities. While the territory of a municipality is generally determined by authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions (such as province, state, and national government), the territorial area known as the Orania Overlay Zone results from the purchase and cultivation of land by members of a homogeneous cultural community. Therefore, the territory is not only a demarcation of jurisdiction, but the place to which this community is connected. The institutional aspect of local government is likely a universal feature. The nature and scope of the institutional structure of local governments are often also the result of standardised external authorising measures or decisions by other jurisdictions. Consequently, the structures may not necessarily resonate with the needs and resources of the sometimes diverse society that constitutes the inhabitants of such an area. In the case of Orania, the institutional structure of local government (the OVR and the Town Council) is directly determined by the community, as represented by various land entities, based on the community's specific needs and available resources. The performance of a limited range of local functions can also be considered a universal feature of local government. In this particular case, the functions of the relevant local government are determined by its decision-making bodies, such as the Town Council, in consultation with the community as represented by the various land entities. Consequently, typical local government functions are performed according to the community's needs and available resources. Non-typical local government functions, such as residence rights, are performed within the general scope of the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and other national legislation. The analysis confirmed that Orania meets the characteristics consistent with the concept of "local government" as outlined in the conceptual framework. Additionally, viewing Orania through the theoretical lens of social ontology of care highlights that it is a human construct, making objective observation and description challenging. Orania is a network of interconnected individuals and social institutions situated within overlapping human, spiritual, natural, territorial, and political worlds. The authenticity of this existence lies in its concern for the affairs of the world in which it is situated and the conscientiousness with which it carries out its functions in conjunction with others. The case study shows that an authentic local government is one that forms an integral part of its local community and surrounding worlds, continually experiencing discomfort (anxiety) with the present, and responding to that anxiety with care, concern, and nurturing for society and its things.

Abstract In Paraguay, even if the doctrine of "stare decisis" does not apply, jurisprudence still plays an important role in generating legal certainty through the uniform application of the law in the courts. This occurs thanks to the work of the Supreme Court of Justice, which, as the highest judicial instance, rules on the validity of judicial resolutions issued by courts and tribunals. This position in the judicial pyramid has a persuasive effect on the other jurisdictional bodies, generating a system of interpretation and uniform application of the law. However, at present, courts and tribunals make little use of the rulings handed down by the Supreme Court. The consequence is a judicial system with contradictory rulings, which fails in its duty to generate legal certainty. In this article we seek to analyze the causes of this situation and propose possible solutions to overcome it. Among these, the proposal to implement a simple access tool to the Court's rulings to facilitate their use is to be highlighted. In this way, this article intends to help generate legal certainty in the country, in order to guarantee the rule of law.

Resumen Aunque en Paraguay no rige la doctrina del “stare decisis”, la jurisprudencia igualmente juega un rol importante en la generación de seguridad jurídica, a través de la uniforme aplicación de la ley en los tribunales. Esto ocurre gracias al trabajo de la Corte Suprema de Justicia que, en su carácter de máxima instancia judicial, resuelve sobre la validez de las resoluciones judiciales dictadas por tribunales y juzgados. Esa posición en la pirámide judicial asume un efecto persuasivo en los demás órganos jurisdiccionales, generando un sistema de interpretación y aplicación uniforme de la ley. Sin embrago, en la actualidad, tribunales y juzgados utilizan escasamente los fallos dictados por la Corte Suprema. La consecuencia es un sistema judicial con sentencias contradictorias, que incumple con su deber de generar seguridad jurídica. En este artículo buscamos analizar las causas de esta situación, y proponemos posibles soluciones para su superación. Entre estas, se destaca la propuesta de implementación de una herramienta de acceso simple a las sentencias de la Corte para facilitar su utilización. De esa manera, se pretende ayudar a generar seguridad jurídica en el país, para así garantizar el estado de derecho.

Abstract On December 6, 2023, former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori was released: from prison by direct order of the Constitutional Court (TC). The Peruvian state defied the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) by not implementing the sentence that restored the legal effects of the presidential pardon granted to Fujimori on December 24, 2017. This article aims to understand why Fujimori’s release, promoted by the TC, places the Peruvian justice system outside the realm of human rights. Using a qualitative methodology that includes a case study design and documentary analysis technique, it is argued that the primacy between international law and domestic law, with its instruments and jurisdictional bodies, should focus on the best defense of the human person and human rights. It is concluded that the TC’s decision overlooked these parameters, violating the victims’ right to access justice.

Resumen El 6 de diciembre de 2023, el expresidente peruano Alberto Fujimori fue liberado de prisión por orden directa del Tribunal Constitucional (TC). El Estado peruano desacató las decisiones de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte IDH), de no ejecutar la sentencia que restituía los efectos jurídicos del indulto presidencial concedido a Fujimori el 24 de diciembre de 2017. En este artículo se busca entender por qué la liberación de Fujimori, promovida por el TC, sitúa a la justicia peruana al margen de los derechos humanos. Utilizando una metodología cualitativa, que incluye el diseño de estudio de caso y la técnica de análisis documental, se argumenta que la primacía entre el derecho internacional y el derecho interno, con sus instrumentos y organismos jurisdiccionales, debe centrarse en la mejor defensa de la persona humana y de los derechos humanos. Se concluye que la decisión del TC soslayó estos parámetros, violando el derecho de acceso a la justicia de las víctimas.

Abstract: Religious regimes of normativity, pertaining to non-catholic traditions of Christianity, which are particular to the history of Asia, where they originated and throve between late antiquity and early modern age, provide a powerful testimony as to social, legal and cultural entanglements that cannot be acknowledged nor understood from the binary vision of the Kulturkampf between the “East” and the “West”. Case in point: the tradition of the “Nestorian” Church of the East, with its early spread eastward, from Mesopotamia and Persia to India and China, through all of Central Asia, long before the catholic and protestant missions of the late Middle Ages and the modern age (14th to 19th centuries), defies the paradigms of postcolonial analysis. Legal and liturgical multilingual documents and monuments of the Church of the East-born from the persecution of the followers of Nestorius and Theodore of Mopsuestia under the Roman rule, established in Eastern Mesopotamia as a self-standing denomination under the katholikós, since 410-, reflect an original and autonomous Christian culture, risen from heresy, independent from any papal or imperial agenda. Its bodies of theological doctrines and liturgical formularies, particularly its legal texts, reveal a transnational, non-exclusively confessional mindset, open to hybridization. Likewise, the legal and liturgical system of the Church of the East, developed over eight centuries through migrations, commerce, missional and literary activity (writing and translations) along the Silk Roads trade and knowledge network, provided governance and justice for Christians (and also non-Christians) belonging to many peoples in diverse territories. Built with a communal rather than institutional outreach, the tradition of “Nestorian” Christianity is a genuinely “Eastern” one. It survives among us, confirmed and reinforced in its jurisdictional and pastoral structures, but also misinterpreted and misplaced, as to its role in the context of the history of Asia. Challenged and hunted, it’s facing oblivion, dispersion and, eventually, annihilation.

Resumen: Regímenes religiosos de normatividad que pertenecen a tradiciones no católicas del cristianismo, propias de la historia de Asia, dieron forma, entre la Antigüedad y los inicios de la Edad Moderna, a entramados sociales, jurídicos y culturales que no es posible identificar y comprender desde la perspectiva binaria del Kulturkampf entre «Oriente» y «Occidente». En particular, la tradición de la Iglesia «nestoriana» siria oriental, que se difundió por toda Asia Central, desde Mesopotamia y Persia hasta India y China, adelantándose por mucho a las misiones católicas y protestantes de los siglos XIV, XVI y XIX, desafía los paradigmas del análisis poscolonial. La Iglesia siria oriental nació de la persecución de los seguidores de Nestorio y Teodoro de Mopsuestia, marginalizados en el Imperio romano; y se estableció en la Mesopotamia oriental, unificándose bajo el katholikós, como denominación independiente, desde el año 410. Sus documentos y monumentos jurídicos y litúrgicos, en diversas lenguas, reflejan una cultura original y autónoma, surgida inicialmente del estigma herético, e independiente de toda agenda papal o imperial. Sus cuerpos teológico y litúrgico, y sobre todo sus textos jurídicos, forman una construcción transnacional, no exclusivamente confesional, abierta a la hibridación. Asimismo, sus ordenamientos jurídicos y litúrgicos, que se desarrollaron y difundieron durante ocho siglos de migraciones, comercio, actividad misional y literaria (escritura y traducción) sobre las Rutas de la Seda, proveyeron gobierno y justicia para cristianos (y gentiles) que pertenecían a muchos pueblos y habitaban territorios diversos. La tradición cristiana «nestoriana», construida con vocación comunitaria más que institucional, es auténticamente «oriental». Su Iglesia sobrevive entre nosotros, confirmada y reforzada en sus estructuras jurisdiccionales y pastorales, y a la vez incomprendida en cuanto a su papel y lugar en la historia de Asia. Amenazada y oprimida, se enfrenta hoy al olvido, la dispersión y la aniquilación.

Abstract This article aims to examine the historical context in which labor law arises and the discourse that underlies it. The objective is to demonstrate how labor rights, despite the social commitment, reproduces a rationality attached to a white and masculine view of the world. It is also analyzed how much this rationality compromises the jurisdictional response to different conflicts involving different bodies. It demonstrates how actions such as the Protocol for Judgment with a Gender Perspective signed by the National Council of Justice have the merit of shedding a light on issues whose potential for a change in rationality cannot be neglected. It proposes, however, to go further, encouraging the creation of spaces for the academic discussion of sensitive topics and the resignification of legal institutes, from a perspective contaminated by decolonial, anti-racist and feminist readings. it rights commitment world bodies neglected proposes however further institutes decolonial antiracist anti racist readings

Resumo Este artigo tem por objetivo examinar o contexto histórico em que o direito do trabalho surge e o discurso que o fundamenta. O objetivo é demonstrar como esse direito, apesar do compromisso social, reproduz uma racionalidade comprometida com uma visão branca e masculina de mundo. Analisa-se, também, o quanto essa racionalidade compromete a resposta jurisdicional para diferentes conflitos envolvendo diferentes corpos. Demonstra-se como ações como o Protocolo para Julgamento com Perspectiva de Gênero firmado pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça têm o mérito de colocar luz em questões, cujo potencial para uma mudança de racionalidade não pode ser desprezado. Propõe, porém, ir adiante, fomentando a criação de espaços para a discussão acadêmica de temas sensíveis e a ressignificação de institutos jurídicos, desde uma perspectiva contaminada pelas leituras decoloniais, antirracistas e feministas de mundo. fundamenta social mundo Analisase, Analisase Analisa se, se Analisa-se também corpos Demonstrase Demonstra questões desprezado Propõe porém adiante jurídicos decoloniais

RESUMEN La presente investigación aborda el estado actual del hábeas corpus en Ecuador y Colombia, así como la acción de libertad en Bolivia, establecida como un derecho y garantía jurisdiccional. Considerando su evolución a lo largo de la historia, se realizó un recorrido cronológico por Roma, Inglaterra, España y en algunos países de Latinoamérica con el objeto de entender la necesidad de su reconocimiento en el ordenamiento jurídico de cada Estado. Para ello, luego de identificar su reconocimiento constitucional, se analizó el objeto, ámbito de protección y la realidad procesal en que opera, a partir del estudio de las disposiciones jurídicas y normas de cada Estado; así como también el desarrollo jurisprudencial de sus máximas instituciones de administración de justicia constitucional, conocidas como órganos de cierre en la materia. En este sentido, se pudo reconocer los derechos que principalmente se protegen a través de esta garantía, como por ejemplo la libertad ambulatoria, la integridad física, y la vida; sin embargo, existen derechos conexos como la salud, la dignidad, por citar, que también se encuentran tutelados, lo cual, varía según el Estado en análisis. Finalmente, a más de establecer similitudes y diferencias, se pudo encontrar algunos problemas y desafíos del hábeas corpus y acción de libertad, que, de cierta forma, limitan una mayor eficacia en la praxis.

ABSTRACT This research addresses the current state of habeas corpus in Ecuador and Colombia, as well as the liberty action in Bolivia, established as a right and jurisdictional guarantee. Considering its evolution throughout history, a chronological route of Rome, England, Spain and in some Latin American countries was carried out in order to understand the need for its recognition in the legal system of each State. To this end, after identifying its constitutional recognition, the object, scope of protection and procedural reality were analyzed on the basis of the study of the legal provisions and norms of each State; as well as, the development of its highest constitutional justice administration bodies, also known as the closing bodies in the mater. In this sense, it was possible to recognized the rights that are mainly protected through this guarantee, such as freedom of movement, physical integrity, and life; however, there are related rights such as health and dignity, for example, that are also protected, which varies according to the state under analysis. Finally, in addition to establishing similarities and differences, it was possible to find some problems and challenges of habeas corpus and action for liberty, which, in a certain way, limit greater effectiveness in practice.

Resumo: As sociedades contemporâneas fizeram da sexualidade, dos afetos e do desejo categorias centrais no que diz respeito à construção da subjetividade do sujeito, de modo que a concretização dos direitos humanos atravessa, invariavelmente, os corpos e as sexualidades. Nesse sentido, este texto intenta fazer apresentar, de forma bem obje-tiva, uma análise jurisprudencial representativa das mais altas Cortes jurisdicionais, nacionais ou internacionais, e em cujo cerne circulam as questões do gênero e da sexualidade. A escolha dos casos levou em consideração os critérios geográfico-espacial e cronológico, selecionando-se os entendimentos mais relevantes dos tribunais de países ocidentais e ocidentalizados, mas com diferentes realidades culturais, sociais e eco-nômicas, para além de decisões envolvendo Cortes regionais de proteção de direitos humanos. Ao final, evidencia-se que o Direito, por meio dos tribunais, vem enfrentando, incorporando e narrando esses novos temas, sinalizando para uma importante mudança de paradigma em termos de justiça de gênero e sexualidade.

Abstract: Contemporary societies have made sexuality, affections, and desire central categories regarding the construction of the subjectivity of the subject, so that the realization of human rights invariably crosses bodies and sexualities. In this sense, this text intends to present, in a very objective way, a jurisprudential analysis representative of the highest jurisdictional Courts, national or international, and at the heart of which issues of gender and sexuality circulate. The choice of cases considered the geographic-spatial and chronological criteria, selecting the most relevant understandings of the courts of western and westernized countries, but with different cultural, social and economic realities, in addition to decisions involving Regional Courts for the protection of human rights. In the end, it is evident that the Law, through the courts, has been facing, incorporating, and narrating these new themes, signaling an important paradigm shift in terms of gender and sexuality justice.

Widespread corruption in the Nigerian public service is having a far-reaching detrimental effect on the economy. Public officers and other policy makers that formulate socio-economic policies are the main perpetrators of corruption in Nigeria. This article focusses on the viability of lifestyle audits for public officials as a strategy for combating such corruption, the proceeds of which are usually laundered and warehoused either offshore or in Nigeria with the assistance of professionals such as bankers and lawyers. If such warehoused wealth is discovered it is usually forfeited to the treasury of the government of Nigeria, after the trial of the offenders. This article interrogates the adequacy of the relevant legislation and the efficacy of the statutory bodies responsible for lifestyle audits in Nigeria, such as the Code of Conduct Bureau, which is discussed, as are the Code of Conduct Bureau and Tribunal Act, 2010, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act, 2004, and the income tax reporting framework administered by the Federal Inland Revenue Service. It appears that the provisions relating to lifestyle audits under the Nigerian statutes are not robust enough to curb corruption and tax evasion. In addition, the enforcement of such lifestyle audits is hindered by the immunity granted to certain Nigerian public officers and jurisdictional conflicts in prosecuting corruption cases.

Abstract: Within a constitutional state of rights and justice, the way in which the jurisdictional and constitutional bodies argue their decisions is different from the way in which they are motivated in a state of legal law. A review of doctrine, jurisprudence and constitutional dogmatics was made on the argumentation in a constitutional state of rights and justice. Here the stages of the theory of argumentation were developed in order to understand the necessary parameters that help to produce ideas that serve as support or support when talking about arguing, since it is not the same as interpreting a law, in order to do so. this way to generate new ways of specifying the law in our state.

Resumen: Dentro de un estado constitucional de derechos y justicia, la forma en cómo los órganos jurisdiccionales y constitucionales argumentan sus decisiones, es diferente a la manera de cómo se motivan en un estado de derecho legal. Se hizo una revisión de doctrina, jurisprudencia y dogmática constitucional sobre la argumentación en un estado constitucional de derechos y justicia. Aquí se desarrollaron los estamentos de la teoría de la argumentación con la finalidad de entender los parámetros necesarios que ayuden a producir ideas que sirvan de sustento o respaldo cuando se hable de argumentar, ya que no es lo mismo que interpretar una ley, para así de esta manera generar nuevas formas de precisar el derecho en nuestro estado.

Resumo Este artigo busca verificar como as congregações cardinalícias permanentes de alcance universal ativas na Santa Sé eram representadas na cultura jurídica do Brasil imperial (1822-1889). As fontes escolhidas para esse estudo de caráter exploratório foram os manuais de direito eclesiástico produzidos por juristas brasileiros - clérigos e leigos - do Império. A preferência pelos manuais se deve ao papel central que esse gênero doutrinário desempenhou no ensino e na prática jurídica do Brasil durante o século XIX. Analisa-se como os juristas do país descreviam os dicastérios romanos, como as congregações eram inseridas na exposição da doutrina jurídica, quais debates específicos eram tidos como relevantes e como eram encaradas as decisões de congregações em termos de autoridade normativa. Este artigo mostra que, em geral, mesmo em um cenário institucional marcado por lógicas jurisdicionalistas, os juristas brasileiros compuseram narrativas distintas e originais a respeito dos dicastérios romanos. Conforme o século XIX avança, as exposições variam entre a apresentação sumária, o retrato histórico e estático, e o desenho atualizado e dinâmico. O emprego recorrente de material normativo das congregações é perceptível tanto em um autor simpático a posições jurisdicionalistas quanto em um autor avizinhado ao ultramontanismo. Destaca-se igualmente o uso expressivo de fontes doutrinárias francesas de variado matiz ideológico.

Abstract This article seeks to verify how the congregations of cardinals - more precisely, the permanent collegiate bodies of universal reach, then active in the Holy See - were represented in the legal culture of imperial Brazil (1822-1889). The sources chosen for this exploratory study were the manuals of ecclesiastical law produced by Brazilian jurists - clerics and laymen - of the Empire. The focus on legal books is due to the central role that this genre played in Brazilian legal teaching and practice during the 19th century. We analyze how the country’s jurists described the Roman congregations, how these dicasteries were inserted in the exposition of legal doctrine, which specific debates were considered relevant, and how the congregations’ decisions were regarded in terms of normative authority. The article shows that, in general, even in an institutional scenario marked by jurisdictional logics, Brazilian jurists composed distinct and original narratives about the Roman dicasteries. As the 19th century unfolded, expositions ranged from summary presentations, historical and static portraits, to updated and dynamic design. The recurrent mention to normative material from the congregations is perceivable both in an author sympathetic to jurisdictional positions and in an author close to ultramontanism. The significant use of French doctrinal sources of varied ideological perspectives is also noteworthy.

Abstract This research addresses the problem that represents the inability of the Notary Public to process a succession from the first stage, even when it has the status of expert in law, to distinguish perfectly between people who think they are Heirs, and who really are, by law. Is this how we can question whether, should the notary process the intestate successions from the beginning or should it necessarily be declared by a judge who are the heirs and executors of the de cujus? It is necessary to analyze the legal nature of the procedure in order to understand that the Notary is fully capable of taking care of the first stage of succession with total adherence to the law, and with a better degree of satisfaction of the relatives, in addition to an important decongestion of Jurisdictional courts. The doctrinal bases used, in addition to the results and successions processed before notaries of various states of the Republic, as well as of several Latin American countries, will verify that the intestate successions before notary have more benefits for their families.

Resumen La presente investigación aborda el problema que representa la imposibilidad de que el Notario Público tramite una sucesión desde la etapa de denuncia, aún cuando tenga la cualidad de perito en derecho, de distinguir perfectamente entre las personas que se piensan herederos, y quienes realmente lo son, por ley. Es así como podemos cuestionarnos sobre si, ¿Debería el notario tramitar las sucesiones intestamentarias desde el inicio o necesariamente debe declararse por un juez quiénes son los herederos y albaceas del de cujus? Es necesario analizar la naturaleza jurídica del procedimiento para comprender que el Notario es plenamente capaz de llevar la primera etapa sucesoria con total apego a la ley y con un mejor grado de satisfacción de los familiares, además de una importante descongestión de los órganos jurisdiccionales. Las bases doctrinales usadas, en conjunto con los resultados y sucesiones tramitadas ante notarios de diversos estados de la república, así como de diversos países latinoamericanos, comprobarán que las sucesiones intestamentarias ante notario son benéficas para los familiares.

At the dawn of the State of Chile, the jurisdictional bodies were able to influence the operation of the administrative authorities by way of warnings, orders and regulations that were registered in certain anomalous operative parts that decided on accessory matters which were not completely separated from the main matter regarding Administration. This situation denotes the early contribution of the courts to building a Constitutional State in the independent State.

A inicios del Estado de Chile, los órganos jurisdiccionales podían influir sobre el funcionamiento de los órganos administrativos a través de advertencias, órdenes y regulaciones que constaban en ciertos dispositivos anómalos que decidían cuestiones complementarias no absolutamente separadas de la cuestión principal referida a la Administración. Esta situación denota un aporte temprano de los órganos jurisdiccionales en torno a la construcción de un Estado de Derecho en el Chile independiente.

Castilian towns and villages had a long development process in medieval times. Then, they were formed as political bodies to the prosecution of the common good. Despite town and village reciprocal relationships were part of the common political body they formed together, their relationships were hierarchical. Towns, as heads of jurisdictional districts, kept relations of domination on the villages. There, powerful local lineages tried to widen their authority and power. This traditional scheme, that explained town and village Old Regime relationships, was changing in the long-run perspective. Charles V initiated sales of town titles and privileges to increase royal incomes. This favored not only these last, but also higher degrees of jurisdictional local autonomy and, at the same time, it went in favor of local oligarchies aspirations of wider spheres of local self government

Las villas y aldeas de Castilla recorrieron juntas un largo y difícil camino desde los siglos medievales, cuando se fueron conformando como cuerpos políticos, basados en servicios recíprocos que aspiraban a alcanzar el bien común del conjunto. La naturaleza jerárquicamente desigual de dicho cuerpo fue acentuándose y las cabezas jurisdiccionales llevaron a la práctica unas relaciones de dominio cada vez más acusado frente a las aldeas. En estas comunidades rurales, linajes en ascenso aspiraban, no obstante, a ampliar sus propias cotas de autogobierno. La armonía que debía presidir el cuerpo común de villas y aldeas fue desapareciendo, y la política regia de ventas de villazgos con fines hacendísticos, iniciada por Carlos V, respondió a una demanda de segregación que solucionaba al mismo tiempo las aspiraciones jurisdiccionales de las comunidades rurales y de sus nuevas oligarquías así como las necesidades de ingresos extraordinarios de la real hacienda

This work analyses the historical and theoretical reasons that are the basis for the division of power, with special reference to the judicial power and its need to be independent from the political powers. This analysis comprises the study of how said doctrine in the Chilean law has been understood. To do this we analysed, from the critique standpoint, the majority conception of the Chilean constitutional dogma in order to consider that the political bodies can exert the jurisdictional function.

El presente trabajo analiza las razones históricas y teóricas que fundan la doctrina de la división de poderes, con especial referencia al poder judicial y su necesidad de independencia de los poderes políticos. El estudio comprende cómo se ha entendido dicha doctrina en el Derecho chileno, analizando críticamente la concepción mayoritaria de la dogmática constitucional chilena en orden a considerar que los órganos políticos pueden ejercer la función jurisdiccional.

One of the most outstanding features of the modern world legal current issues consists in increasing presence of the contemporary international law at the moment of adopting law making or judicial decisions within states domestic jurisdiction. One of the main provisions that appear to be crucial in this aspect is those called imperative or ius cogens. International, regional and national tribunals are increasingly recognizing and applying these imperative and non derogable norms. Due to the world events especially in recent times, some peremptory norms like the prohibition of torture provide legislative, executive and judicial state's bodies with a major inspiring and guiding role. As a result of the hierarchy of these norms and the increasing interaction and interdependency between national and international legal systems, the case law activity developed by jurisdictional bodies, both international and foreign, represents evidence, without any doubt, that these norms will play a fundamental role within the states

Una de las características más sobresalientes de la realidad jurídica del mundo moderno consiste en la presencia creciente del Derecho Internacional contemporáneo al momento de adoptar decisiones legislativas o jurisprudenciales en el ámbito de la jurisdicción interna de los Estados. Una de las principales normas que aparecen como cruciales en este aspecto son aquellas llamadas normas de ius cogens. Tanto tribunales internacionales como regionales y nacionales están reconociendo y recurriendo cada vez más a estas normas imperativas e inderogables. Debido a los acontecimientos ocurridos en el mundo, especialmente en el último tiempo, ciertas normas imperativas, como la prohibición de la tortura, adquieren para los órganos legislativos, ejecutivos y judiciales de los Estados una función inspiradora y orientadora fundamental. La actividad jurisprudencial desarrollada por los órganos jurisdiccionales tanto internacionales como extranjeros, constituye una demostración de que, debido a la interacción e interdependencia creciente entre el derecho interno y el Derecho Internacional, sin lugar a dudas, estas normas jugarán un rol mayor en el ámbito interno de los Estados