Resumen Los conflictos jurisdiccionales entre los estamentos civil y eclesiástico no fueron la excepción, sino la norma en las islas Filipinas. El gobernador, don Manuel de León, nombró al tesorero, don Jerónimo de Herrera y Figueroa, capellán mayor de la capilla de Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación. Para el arzobispo de Manila, fray Juan López Galván (1672-1673), y su cabildo, dicho nombramiento, efectuado sin la autorización del ordinario, violaba la inmunidad eclesiástica de la jurisdicción civil. A partir de un estudio minucioso de la documentación existente en diversos archivos, así como de diversas fuentes impresas de los siglos XVII y XVIII, este artículo demuestra que la aplicación del Real Patronato en Filipinas no se llevó a cabo sin fuertes resistencias por parte de la autoridad diocesana. No solo supuso un difícil equilibrio entre los dos poderes, el civil y el eclesiástico, sino que trajo consigo un tipo de violencia, que en este caso fue ejercida contra los fueros y las jurisdicciones privilegiadas de la Iglesia al imponer a un capellán con independencia de la autoridad del ordinario metropolitano de Manila.

Abstract Jurisdictional conflicts between civil and ecclesiastical bodies were not the exception but the norm in the Philippine Islands. Governor Don Manuel de León appointed Treasurer Don Jerónimo de Herrera y Figueroa as Major Chaplain of the Chapel of Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación. For Archbishop Don Juan López Galván (1672-1673) and his chapter, this appointment, made without the authorization of the ordinary, violated ecclesiastical immunity from civil jurisdiction. Based on a meticulous study of the existing documentation in various archives, as well as various printed sources from the 17th and 18th centuries, this article shows that the application of Royal Patronage in the Philippines was not implemented without strong resistance from the diocesan authority. Not only did it involve a difficult balance between the two powers, civil and ecclesiastical, but it also brought with it a type of violence, which in this case was exercised against the privileged jurisdictions of the Church by imposing a chaplain independently of the authority of the metropolitan ordinary of Manila.

Resumo Os conflitos jurisdicionais entre o estamento civil e o eclesiástico não foram a exceção, mas a regra nas Filipinas. O governador D. Manuel de León nomeou o tesoureiro D. Jerónimo de Herrera y Figueroa capelão mor da capela de Nossa Senhora da Encarnação. Para o arcebispo de Manila, frei Juan López Galván (1672-1673), e seu capítulo, a referida nomeação, feita sem autorização do ordinário, violou a imunidade eclesiástica da jurisdição civil. Com base num estudo minucioso da documentação existente em vários arquivos, bem como em diversas fontes impressas dos séculos XVII e XVIII, o artigo demonstra que a aplicação do Real Patronato nas Filipinas não se realizou sem forte resistência da autoridade diocesana. Não apenas representou um difícil equilíbrio entre os dois poderes, o civil e o eclesiástico, mas trouxe consigo um tipo de violência que, neste caso, foi exercida contra os foros e as jurisdições privilegiadas da Igreja impondo um capelão independente da autoridade do ordinário metropolitano de Manila.

ABSTRACT The jurists were during the modern era a fundamental piece of the institutional apparatus of the Hispanic Monarchy. His work within the jurisdictional bodies, such as the Courts of the different kingdoms, and in central bodies such as the Council of Aragon, was fundamental. Studying the magistrates who were part of these institutions is essential to understanding their functioning. On this occasion we will focus on the composition of the staff of the Royal Court of Sardinia. The case of this court is very interesting because, contrary to what happened in the Courts of the peninsular kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy, there were places reserved exclusively for non-natives of the kingdom. It is very interesting to analyze the profile of the jurists who worked in this court, both Sardinians and foreigners, where they came from, within their administrative careers what their stay in the high Sardinian court meant, what positions the natives held of said kingdom, these are some of the questions that we will try to answer in this work.

RESUMEN Los juristas fueron durante la época moderna una pieza fundamental del aparato institucional de la Monarquía Hispánica. Su labor en el seno de los órganos jurisdiccionales de esta, como las Audiencias de los diferentes reinos, y en los órganos centrales como el Consejo de Aragón, fue fundamental. Estudiar a los magistrados que formaban parte de estas instituciones resulta esencial para comprender su funcionamiento. En esta ocasión nos centraremos en la composición del personal de la Real Audiencia de Cerdeña. El caso de este tribunal es muy interesante porque, al contrario de lo que sucedía en las Audiencias de los reinos peninsulares de la Monarquía Hispánica, allí existían unas plazas reservadas en exclusiva para los no naturales del reino. Resulta muy interesante analizar el perfil de los juristas que desempeñaron su labor en este tribunal, tanto de los sardos como de los foráneos, de dónde procedían, dentro de sus carreras administrativas qué supuso su estancia en el alto tribunal sardo, qué puestos ocuparon los naturales de dicho reino, estas solo son algunas de las preguntas a las que intentaremos dar respuesta en este trabajo.

Resumen: Regímenes religiosos de normatividad que pertenecen a tradiciones no católicas del cristianismo, propias de la historia de Asia, dieron forma, entre la Antigüedad y los inicios de la Edad Moderna, a entramados sociales, jurídicos y culturales que no es posible identificar y comprender desde la perspectiva binaria del Kulturkampf entre «Oriente» y «Occidente». En particular, la tradición de la Iglesia «nestoriana» siria oriental, que se difundió por toda Asia Central, desde Mesopotamia y Persia hasta India y China, adelantándose por mucho a las misiones católicas y protestantes de los siglos XIV, XVI y XIX, desafía los paradigmas del análisis poscolonial. La Iglesia siria oriental nació de la persecución de los seguidores de Nestorio y Teodoro de Mopsuestia, marginalizados en el Imperio romano; y se estableció en la Mesopotamia oriental, unificándose bajo el katholikós, como denominación independiente, desde el año 410. Sus documentos y monumentos jurídicos y litúrgicos, en diversas lenguas, reflejan una cultura original y autónoma, surgida inicialmente del estigma herético, e independiente de toda agenda papal o imperial. Sus cuerpos teológico y litúrgico, y sobre todo sus textos jurídicos, forman una construcción transnacional, no exclusivamente confesional, abierta a la hibridación. Asimismo, sus ordenamientos jurídicos y litúrgicos, que se desarrollaron y difundieron durante ocho siglos de migraciones, comercio, actividad misional y literaria (escritura y traducción) sobre las Rutas de la Seda, proveyeron gobierno y justicia para cristianos (y gentiles) que pertenecían a muchos pueblos y habitaban territorios diversos. La tradición cristiana «nestoriana», construida con vocación comunitaria más que institucional, es auténticamente «oriental». Su Iglesia sobrevive entre nosotros, confirmada y reforzada en sus estructuras jurisdiccionales y pastorales, y a la vez incomprendida en cuanto a su papel y lugar en la historia de Asia. Amenazada y oprimida, se enfrenta hoy al olvido, la dispersión y la aniquilación.

Abstract: Religious regimes of normativity, pertaining to non-catholic traditions of Christianity, which are particular to the history of Asia, where they originated and throve between late antiquity and early modern age, provide a powerful testimony as to social, legal and cultural entanglements that cannot be acknowledged nor understood from the binary vision of the Kulturkampf between the “East” and the “West”. Case in point: the tradition of the “Nestorian” Church of the East, with its early spread eastward, from Mesopotamia and Persia to India and China, through all of Central Asia, long before the catholic and protestant missions of the late Middle Ages and the modern age (14th to 19th centuries), defies the paradigms of postcolonial analysis. Legal and liturgical multilingual documents and monuments of the Church of the East-born from the persecution of the followers of Nestorius and Theodore of Mopsuestia under the Roman rule, established in Eastern Mesopotamia as a self-standing denomination under the katholikós, since 410-, reflect an original and autonomous Christian culture, risen from heresy, independent from any papal or imperial agenda. Its bodies of theological doctrines and liturgical formularies, particularly its legal texts, reveal a transnational, non-exclusively confessional mindset, open to hybridization. Likewise, the legal and liturgical system of the Church of the East, developed over eight centuries through migrations, commerce, missional and literary activity (writing and translations) along the Silk Roads trade and knowledge network, provided governance and justice for Christians (and also non-Christians) belonging to many peoples in diverse territories. Built with a communal rather than institutional outreach, the tradition of “Nestorian” Christianity is a genuinely “Eastern” one. It survives among us, confirmed and reinforced in its jurisdictional and pastoral structures, but also misinterpreted and misplaced, as to its role in the context of the history of Asia. Challenged and hunted, it’s facing oblivion, dispersion and, eventually, annihilation.

Resumen El Tribunal de Justicia de la Comunidad Andina es la autoridad jurisdiccional encargada de interpretar las normas andinas, su interpretación es vinculante para los órganos internos de los países miembros debido a los principios de supranacionalidad y aplicación directa del derecho andino. La Decisión 486 del 2000 consagra de manera genérica el concepto de competencia desleal vinculado a la propiedad industrial, por lo que en este artículo se presenta una reconstrucción doctrinal del mismo a partir de las interpretaciones prejudiciales del Tribunal Andino y de la doctrina de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio de Colombia para, finalmente, proponer puntos de integración entre ambas. Este artículo sintetiza los resultados de una investigación cualitativa de enfoque dogmático apoyada en un análisis de bibliografía especializada, y concluye que ambas doctrinas deben ser integradas para poder cumplir de forma adecuada con los principios del derecho andino.

Abstract The Court of Justice of the Andean Community is the jurisdictional authority in charge of interpreting the rules established in the Andean region, an interpretation that is binding on the internal bodies of member countries due to the principles of supra-nationality and direct application of Andean Law. Decision 486 of 2000 generically establishes the concept of unfair competition related to industrial property, around which this article will present a doctrinal reconstruction based on the preliminary interpretations of the Andean Court and the doctrine of the Superintendency of Industry and Commerce of Colombia, to finally propose some points of integration between the concept managed by these entities. This article summarizes the results of a qualitative research with a dogmatic approach supported by a specialized documentary technique, where it is concluded that both doctrines must be integrated to adequately observe the principles of the Andean Law.

ABSTRACT This research addresses the current state of habeas corpus in Ecuador and Colombia, as well as the liberty action in Bolivia, established as a right and jurisdictional guarantee. Considering its evolution throughout history, a chronological route of Rome, England, Spain and in some Latin American countries was carried out in order to understand the need for its recognition in the legal system of each State. To this end, after identifying its constitutional recognition, the object, scope of protection and procedural reality were analyzed on the basis of the study of the legal provisions and norms of each State; as well as, the development of its highest constitutional justice administration bodies, also known as the closing bodies in the mater. In this sense, it was possible to recognized the rights that are mainly protected through this guarantee, such as freedom of movement, physical integrity, and life; however, there are related rights such as health and dignity, for example, that are also protected, which varies according to the state under analysis. Finally, in addition to establishing similarities and differences, it was possible to find some problems and challenges of habeas corpus and action for liberty, which, in a certain way, limit greater effectiveness in practice.

RESUMEN La presente investigación aborda el estado actual del hábeas corpus en Ecuador y Colombia, así como la acción de libertad en Bolivia, establecida como un derecho y garantía jurisdiccional. Considerando su evolución a lo largo de la historia, se realizó un recorrido cronológico por Roma, Inglaterra, España y en algunos países de Latinoamérica con el objeto de entender la necesidad de su reconocimiento en el ordenamiento jurídico de cada Estado. Para ello, luego de identificar su reconocimiento constitucional, se analizó el objeto, ámbito de protección y la realidad procesal en que opera, a partir del estudio de las disposiciones jurídicas y normas de cada Estado; así como también el desarrollo jurisprudencial de sus máximas instituciones de administración de justicia constitucional, conocidas como órganos de cierre en la materia. En este sentido, se pudo reconocer los derechos que principalmente se protegen a través de esta garantía, como por ejemplo la libertad ambulatoria, la integridad física, y la vida; sin embargo, existen derechos conexos como la salud, la dignidad, por citar, que también se encuentran tutelados, lo cual, varía según el Estado en análisis. Finalmente, a más de establecer similitudes y diferencias, se pudo encontrar algunos problemas y desafíos del hábeas corpus y acción de libertad, que, de cierta forma, limitan una mayor eficacia en la praxis.

Abstract: Contemporary societies have made sexuality, affections, and desire central categories regarding the construction of the subjectivity of the subject, so that the realization of human rights invariably crosses bodies and sexualities. In this sense, this text intends to present, in a very objective way, a jurisprudential analysis representative of the highest jurisdictional Courts, national or international, and at the heart of which issues of gender and sexuality circulate. The choice of cases considered the geographic-spatial and chronological criteria, selecting the most relevant understandings of the courts of western and westernized countries, but with different cultural, social and economic realities, in addition to decisions involving Regional Courts for the protection of human rights. In the end, it is evident that the Law, through the courts, has been facing, incorporating, and narrating these new themes, signaling an important paradigm shift in terms of gender and sexuality justice.

Resumo: As sociedades contemporâneas fizeram da sexualidade, dos afetos e do desejo categorias centrais no que diz respeito à construção da subjetividade do sujeito, de modo que a concretização dos direitos humanos atravessa, invariavelmente, os corpos e as sexualidades. Nesse sentido, este texto intenta fazer apresentar, de forma bem obje-tiva, uma análise jurisprudencial representativa das mais altas Cortes jurisdicionais, nacionais ou internacionais, e em cujo cerne circulam as questões do gênero e da sexualidade. A escolha dos casos levou em consideração os critérios geográfico-espacial e cronológico, selecionando-se os entendimentos mais relevantes dos tribunais de países ocidentais e ocidentalizados, mas com diferentes realidades culturais, sociais e eco-nômicas, para além de decisões envolvendo Cortes regionais de proteção de direitos humanos. Ao final, evidencia-se que o Direito, por meio dos tribunais, vem enfrentando, incorporando e narrando esses novos temas, sinalizando para uma importante mudança de paradigma em termos de justiça de gênero e sexualidade.

Widespread corruption in the Nigerian public service is having a far-reaching detrimental effect on the economy. Public officers and other policy makers that formulate socio-economic policies are the main perpetrators of corruption in Nigeria. This article focusses on the viability of lifestyle audits for public officials as a strategy for combating such corruption, the proceeds of which are usually laundered and warehoused either offshore or in Nigeria with the assistance of professionals such as bankers and lawyers. If such warehoused wealth is discovered it is usually forfeited to the treasury of the government of Nigeria, after the trial of the offenders. This article interrogates the adequacy of the relevant legislation and the efficacy of the statutory bodies responsible for lifestyle audits in Nigeria, such as the Code of Conduct Bureau, which is discussed, as are the Code of Conduct Bureau and Tribunal Act, 2010, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Act, 2004, and the income tax reporting framework administered by the Federal Inland Revenue Service. It appears that the provisions relating to lifestyle audits under the Nigerian statutes are not robust enough to curb corruption and tax evasion. In addition, the enforcement of such lifestyle audits is hindered by the immunity granted to certain Nigerian public officers and jurisdictional conflicts in prosecuting corruption cases.

Resumen: Dentro de un estado constitucional de derechos y justicia, la forma en cómo los órganos jurisdiccionales y constitucionales argumentan sus decisiones, es diferente a la manera de cómo se motivan en un estado de derecho legal. Se hizo una revisión de doctrina, jurisprudencia y dogmática constitucional sobre la argumentación en un estado constitucional de derechos y justicia. Aquí se desarrollaron los estamentos de la teoría de la argumentación con la finalidad de entender los parámetros necesarios que ayuden a producir ideas que sirvan de sustento o respaldo cuando se hable de argumentar, ya que no es lo mismo que interpretar una ley, para así de esta manera generar nuevas formas de precisar el derecho en nuestro estado.

Abstract: Within a constitutional state of rights and justice, the way in which the jurisdictional and constitutional bodies argue their decisions is different from the way in which they are motivated in a state of legal law. A review of doctrine, jurisprudence and constitutional dogmatics was made on the argumentation in a constitutional state of rights and justice. Here the stages of the theory of argumentation were developed in order to understand the necessary parameters that help to produce ideas that serve as support or support when talking about arguing, since it is not the same as interpreting a law, in order to do so. this way to generate new ways of specifying the law in our state.

Resumo Este artigo busca verificar como as congregações cardinalícias permanentes de alcance universal ativas na Santa Sé eram representadas na cultura jurídica do Brasil imperial (1822-1889). As fontes escolhidas para esse estudo de caráter exploratório foram os manuais de direito eclesiástico produzidos por juristas brasileiros - clérigos e leigos - do Império. A preferência pelos manuais se deve ao papel central que esse gênero doutrinário desempenhou no ensino e na prática jurídica do Brasil durante o século XIX. Analisa-se como os juristas do país descreviam os dicastérios romanos, como as congregações eram inseridas na exposição da doutrina jurídica, quais debates específicos eram tidos como relevantes e como eram encaradas as decisões de congregações em termos de autoridade normativa. Este artigo mostra que, em geral, mesmo em um cenário institucional marcado por lógicas jurisdicionalistas, os juristas brasileiros compuseram narrativas distintas e originais a respeito dos dicastérios romanos. Conforme o século XIX avança, as exposições variam entre a apresentação sumária, o retrato histórico e estático, e o desenho atualizado e dinâmico. O emprego recorrente de material normativo das congregações é perceptível tanto em um autor simpático a posições jurisdicionalistas quanto em um autor avizinhado ao ultramontanismo. Destaca-se igualmente o uso expressivo de fontes doutrinárias francesas de variado matiz ideológico.

Abstract This article seeks to verify how the congregations of cardinals - more precisely, the permanent collegiate bodies of universal reach, then active in the Holy See - were represented in the legal culture of imperial Brazil (1822-1889). The sources chosen for this exploratory study were the manuals of ecclesiastical law produced by Brazilian jurists - clerics and laymen - of the Empire. The focus on legal books is due to the central role that this genre played in Brazilian legal teaching and practice during the 19th century. We analyze how the country’s jurists described the Roman congregations, how these dicasteries were inserted in the exposition of legal doctrine, which specific debates were considered relevant, and how the congregations’ decisions were regarded in terms of normative authority. The article shows that, in general, even in an institutional scenario marked by jurisdictional logics, Brazilian jurists composed distinct and original narratives about the Roman dicasteries. As the 19th century unfolded, expositions ranged from summary presentations, historical and static portraits, to updated and dynamic design. The recurrent mention to normative material from the congregations is perceivable both in an author sympathetic to jurisdictional positions and in an author close to ultramontanism. The significant use of French doctrinal sources of varied ideological perspectives is also noteworthy.

Resumen La presente investigación aborda el problema que representa la imposibilidad de que el Notario Público tramite una sucesión desde la etapa de denuncia, aún cuando tenga la cualidad de perito en derecho, de distinguir perfectamente entre las personas que se piensan herederos, y quienes realmente lo son, por ley. Es así como podemos cuestionarnos sobre si, ¿Debería el notario tramitar las sucesiones intestamentarias desde el inicio o necesariamente debe declararse por un juez quiénes son los herederos y albaceas del de cujus? Es necesario analizar la naturaleza jurídica del procedimiento para comprender que el Notario es plenamente capaz de llevar la primera etapa sucesoria con total apego a la ley y con un mejor grado de satisfacción de los familiares, además de una importante descongestión de los órganos jurisdiccionales. Las bases doctrinales usadas, en conjunto con los resultados y sucesiones tramitadas ante notarios de diversos estados de la república, así como de diversos países latinoamericanos, comprobarán que las sucesiones intestamentarias ante notario son benéficas para los familiares.

Abstract This research addresses the problem that represents the inability of the Notary Public to process a succession from the first stage, even when it has the status of expert in law, to distinguish perfectly between people who think they are Heirs, and who really are, by law. Is this how we can question whether, should the notary process the intestate successions from the beginning or should it necessarily be declared by a judge who are the heirs and executors of the de cujus? It is necessary to analyze the legal nature of the procedure in order to understand that the Notary is fully capable of taking care of the first stage of succession with total adherence to the law, and with a better degree of satisfaction of the relatives, in addition to an important decongestion of Jurisdictional courts. The doctrinal bases used, in addition to the results and successions processed before notaries of various states of the Republic, as well as of several Latin American countries, will verify that the intestate successions before notary have more benefits for their families.

At the dawn of the State of Chile, the jurisdictional bodies were able to influence the operation of the administrative authorities by way of warnings, orders and regulations that were registered in certain anomalous operative parts that decided on accessory matters which were not completely separated from the main matter regarding Administration. This situation denotes the early contribution of the courts to building a Constitutional State in the independent State.

A inicios del Estado de Chile, los órganos jurisdiccionales podían influir sobre el funcionamiento de los órganos administrativos a través de advertencias, órdenes y regulaciones que constaban en ciertos dispositivos anómalos que decidían cuestiones complementarias no absolutamente separadas de la cuestión principal referida a la Administración. Esta situación denota un aporte temprano de los órganos jurisdiccionales en torno a la construcción de un Estado de Derecho en el Chile independiente.

Las villas y aldeas de Castilla recorrieron juntas un largo y difícil camino desde los siglos medievales, cuando se fueron conformando como cuerpos políticos, basados en servicios recíprocos que aspiraban a alcanzar el bien común del conjunto. La naturaleza jerárquicamente desigual de dicho cuerpo fue acentuándose y las cabezas jurisdiccionales llevaron a la práctica unas relaciones de dominio cada vez más acusado frente a las aldeas. En estas comunidades rurales, linajes en ascenso aspiraban, no obstante, a ampliar sus propias cotas de autogobierno. La armonía que debía presidir el cuerpo común de villas y aldeas fue desapareciendo, y la política regia de ventas de villazgos con fines hacendísticos, iniciada por Carlos V, respondió a una demanda de segregación que solucionaba al mismo tiempo las aspiraciones jurisdiccionales de las comunidades rurales y de sus nuevas oligarquías así como las necesidades de ingresos extraordinarios de la real hacienda

Castilian towns and villages had a long development process in medieval times. Then, they were formed as political bodies to the prosecution of the common good. Despite town and village reciprocal relationships were part of the common political body they formed together, their relationships were hierarchical. Towns, as heads of jurisdictional districts, kept relations of domination on the villages. There, powerful local lineages tried to widen their authority and power. This traditional scheme, that explained town and village Old Regime relationships, was changing in the long-run perspective. Charles V initiated sales of town titles and privileges to increase royal incomes. This favored not only these last, but also higher degrees of jurisdictional local autonomy and, at the same time, it went in favor of local oligarchies aspirations of wider spheres of local self government

This work analyses the historical and theoretical reasons that are the basis for the division of power, with special reference to the judicial power and its need to be independent from the political powers. This analysis comprises the study of how said doctrine in the Chilean law has been understood. To do this we analysed, from the critique standpoint, the majority conception of the Chilean constitutional dogma in order to consider that the political bodies can exert the jurisdictional function.

El presente trabajo analiza las razones históricas y teóricas que fundan la doctrina de la división de poderes, con especial referencia al poder judicial y su necesidad de independencia de los poderes políticos. El estudio comprende cómo se ha entendido dicha doctrina en el Derecho chileno, analizando críticamente la concepción mayoritaria de la dogmática constitucional chilena en orden a considerar que los órganos políticos pueden ejercer la función jurisdiccional.

Una de las características más sobresalientes de la realidad jurídica del mundo moderno consiste en la presencia creciente del Derecho Internacional contemporáneo al momento de adoptar decisiones legislativas o jurisprudenciales en el ámbito de la jurisdicción interna de los Estados. Una de las principales normas que aparecen como cruciales en este aspecto son aquellas llamadas normas de ius cogens. Tanto tribunales internacionales como regionales y nacionales están reconociendo y recurriendo cada vez más a estas normas imperativas e inderogables. Debido a los acontecimientos ocurridos en el mundo, especialmente en el último tiempo, ciertas normas imperativas, como la prohibición de la tortura, adquieren para los órganos legislativos, ejecutivos y judiciales de los Estados una función inspiradora y orientadora fundamental. La actividad jurisprudencial desarrollada por los órganos jurisdiccionales tanto internacionales como extranjeros, constituye una demostración de que, debido a la interacción e interdependencia creciente entre el derecho interno y el Derecho Internacional, sin lugar a dudas, estas normas jugarán un rol mayor en el ámbito interno de los Estados

One of the most outstanding features of the modern world legal current issues consists in increasing presence of the contemporary international law at the moment of adopting law making or judicial decisions within states domestic jurisdiction. One of the main provisions that appear to be crucial in this aspect is those called imperative or ius cogens. International, regional and national tribunals are increasingly recognizing and applying these imperative and non derogable norms. Due to the world events especially in recent times, some peremptory norms like the prohibition of torture provide legislative, executive and judicial state's bodies with a major inspiring and guiding role. As a result of the hierarchy of these norms and the increasing interaction and interdependency between national and international legal systems, the case law activity developed by jurisdictional bodies, both international and foreign, represents evidence, without any doubt, that these norms will play a fundamental role within the states