ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of attention and skepticism in the evaluation of false market discourse with an environmental appeal (greenwashing). The theoretical support for the research was based on the study of the attention process (understood in terms of pre-attention and attention), as well as the practice of greenwashing and consumer skepticism. The methodological procedure adopted a hypothetical-deductive approach, carried out through two face-to-face experiments (n=129 and n=159) with a 2 factorial design (attention/pre-attention) x 2 (present/absent skepticism), with the measurement of four interest metrics (attribute evaluation, judgment about the practice of greenwashing, emotional reaction to the advertisement, and environmental purchase behavior), added to eye tracking. One-way ANOVA was used for one-dimensional analyzes and general linear model (GLM) ANOVA for multivariate analyses, with Tukey's post hoc test. As a result, it was possible to observe a better evaluation of the practice of greenwashing when pre-attentiveness and the absence of skepticism were combined, which sets up a potential scenario for the influence of this false marketing discourse on consumer behavior. greenwashing. . (greenwashing) understood preattention pre attention, , attention) hypotheticaldeductive hypothetical deductive approach facetoface face n=129 n129 n 129 (n=12 n=159 n159 159 attention/preattention attentionpreattention attention/pre (attention/pre-attention present/absent presentabsent present absent skepticism, skepticism) attribute advertisement behavior, behavior behavior) tracking Oneway One way onedimensional one dimensional GLM (GLM analyses Tukeys Tukey s test result preattentiveness attentiveness combined (greenwashing n=12 n12 12 (n=1 n=15 n15 15 attentionpre n=1 n1 1 (n= n= (n

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência da atenção e do ceticismo na avaliação do falso discurso mercadológico com apelo ambiental (greenwashing). O suporte teórico da pesquisa assentou-se no estudo do processo da atenção (compreendido em termos de pré-atenção e atenção), assim como da prática de greenwashing e o ceticismo do consumidor. O procedimento metodológico adotou uma abordagem hipotético-dedutiva, realizada por meio de dois experimentos presenciais (n=129 e n=159) com desenho fatorial 2 (atenção/pré-atenção) x 2 (ceticismo presente/ausente), com a mensuração de quatro métricas de interesse (avaliação dos atributos, julgamento acerca da prática de greenwashing, reação emocional ao anúncio e comportamento ambiental de compra), somada ao monitoramento ocular (eyetracker). Foram empregadas a ANOVA one-way para as análises unidimensionais e a ANOVA pelo modelo linear geral (GLM) para as análises multivariadas, com o teste post hoc de Tukey. Como resultado, foi possível observar uma melhor avaliação da prática de greenwashing quando da junção da pré-atenção e da ausência do ceticismo, o que configura um cenário de potencialidade da capacidade de influência desse falso discurso mercadológico no comportamento do consumidor. greenwashing. . (greenwashing) assentouse assentou se compreendido préatenção pré atenção, , atenção) consumidor hipotéticodedutiva, hipotéticodedutiva hipotético dedutiva, dedutiva hipotético-dedutiva n=129 n129 n 129 (n=12 n=159 n159 159 atenção/préatenção atençãopréatenção atenção/pré (atenção/pré-atenção presente/ausente, presenteausente presente/ausente presente ausente presente/ausente) atributos compra, compra compra) eyetracker. eyetracker (eyetracker) oneway one way GLM (GLM multivariadas Tukey resultado (greenwashing n=12 n12 12 (n=1 n=15 n15 15 atençãopré (eyetracker n=1 n1 1 (n= n= (n

RESUMEN En este trabajo busco aproximarme a una historia in-finita de la naturaleza en el pensamiento-en-imagen de Paul Klee a partir de una interpretación de los parágrafos 76 y 77 de la Crítica de la facultad de Juzgar de Kant. Para su lectura, propongo considerar como contrapunto uno de los principios del entendimiento puro que Kant considera en la Crítica de la razón pura, este es: el principio de las anticipaciones de la percepción. A saber, el principio que explica la condición de toda sensación. Para preguntar por una historia in-finita de la naturaleza es fundamental atender a la diferencia implicada en la relación entre naturaleza y arte que advierte Klee. Dicha diferencia conlleva considerar el origen de esta historia como fractura por la atención puesta hacia lo que la diferencia, lo cual exige pensar en lo que denomino un cambio de percepción.

ABSTRACT To approach an un-ending history of nature in Paul Klee's thought-in-images , I focus this work on an interpretation of paragraphs 76 and 77 of Kant's Critique of the faculty of Judgment. For its reading, I think that is necessary a counterpoint. This is, the principle of the anticipation of perception, one of the principles of pure understanding that Kant considers in the Critique of Pure Reason. Furthermore, in the in-between of that interpretation of paragraphs 76 and 77 of the Critique of the faculty of Judgment, in a genetical and genealogical manner, it seems fundamental to attend to the difference implied in the relationship between nature and art, which will entail to consider a break in the origin of an un-ending history of nature. This break requires to think what I name as a change of perception.

ABSTRACT. This paper analyzes the involuntary dissolution remedy devised for Chilean closely held corporations, focusing on a procedural perspective. Although the 1981 Chilean Corporations Act gives some indications, several aspects related to the procedure are indirectly or even not regulated, such as the scope of judicial discretion or the arbitrability of the conflict. In addition to these issues, the object of the process is studied, which defines the nature of the dissolution decree, who are the necessary parties, and how the execution of the judgment and corporate liquidation relate to each other.

RESUMEN. Este trabajo analiza la acción de disolución judicial, prevista para la sociedad anónima cerrada chilena, desde un punto de vista procesal. Aunque la Ley sobre Sociedades Anónimas de 1981 ofrece algunas indicaciones, varios puntos relativos al ejercicio de este remedio no son regulados o lo son de forma indirecta, como el alcance de la discrecionalidad judicial o la arbitrabilidad del conflicto. Además de esos puntos, se estudia el objeto del proceso, que determina el carácter constitutivo de la sentencia estimatoria, a quiénes corresponde la legitimación activa y pasiva, y cómo se relacionan cumplimiento de la sentencia y liquidación societaria.

ABSTRACT. Article 43 of Law 1258, 2008 refers to the abuse of the rights of majority, parity, and minority, allowing to sue requesting both the nullification of corporate decisions and damages. Such a rule has triggered a voluminous case law. Nonetheless, such success has been pyrrhic, since while claimants obtain a judgment annulling some decisions and granting damages, they continue as prisoners in the company and defenseless against new oppressions. For the action for abuse of voting rights to be effective, this text proposes suspending some voting rights of the abusing shareholder or granting them to the shareholder suffering the oppression.

RESUMEN. La Ley 1258 de 2008 consagra los abusos de voto de mayoría, paridad y minoría, permitiendo demandar la nulidad de decisiones sociales y solicitar perjuicios. Esta norma ha generado una amplia jurisprudencia. Con todo, las victorias de los accionistas oprimidos han sido pírricas, ya que, si bien obtienen la nulidad de ciertas decisiones sociales y una condena monetaria a favor, siguen presos en la compañía e inermes frente a nuevas conductas abusivas. Para que la acción por abuso del derecho al voto sea eficaz, se propone suspender votos del accionista que abusa de ellos u otorgarlos a su víctima.

Abstract Objective: To establish the psychometric properties of the aggression questionnaire (AQ) in a sample of Colombian children and adolescents. Method: The AQ was submitted to the judgment of seven experts in order to verify and adjust the clarity of the items taking into account the characteristics of the Colombian population. Following this analysis and adjustment of items, the instrument was applied to a sample of 892 participants between 10 and 23 years of age. For validity, evidence of internal structure was taken into account through confirmatory factor analysis and evidence based on the relationship with other variables. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed two models, one of factorial correlation and the other of second order indicating a model fit. Likewise, internal consistency was calculated by means of the Omega index, which showed precision in the measures for each factor in each of the models. The analysis suggested the elimination of four items. Conclusions: The first-order model was chosen because the empirical evidence shows that it satisfactorily operationalises the theoretical model of aggressive behaviour with which the instrument was constructed, assuming that the four subscales are necessary as a whole, but by themselves are not sufficient to assess aggressive behaviour by means of its items.

Resumen Objetivo: Establecer las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario de agresión (CA) en una muestra de niños y adolescentes colombianos. Método: El AQ fue sometido al juicio de siete expertos con el fin de verificar y ajustar la claridad de los ítems teniendo en cuenta las características de la población colombiana. Luego de este análisis y ajuste de ítems, se aplicó el instrumento a una muestra de 892 participantes entre 10 y 23 años de edad. Para la validez se tuvo en cuenta la evidencia de la estructura interna a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio y la evidencia basada en la relación con otras variables. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró dos modelos, uno de correlación factorial y otro de segundo orden indicando un ajuste del modelo. Asimismo, se calculó la consistencia interna mediante el índice Omega, que mostró precisión en las medidas para cada factor en cada uno de los modelos. El análisis sugirió la eliminación de cuatro ítems. Conclusiones: Se eligió el modelo de primer orden porque la evidencia empírica muestra que operacionaliza satisfactoriamente el modelo teórico de conducta agresiva con el que se construyó el instrumento, asumiendo que las cuatro subescalas son necesarias en su conjunto, pero por sí solas no son suficientes para evaluar la conducta agresiva por medio de sus ítems.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to propose a sentencing model with a gender perspective for judges, which contributes to guaranteeing the application of women’s human rights and reducing errors in sentences, such as: revictimization, poor access to justice, discrimination, as well as gender stereotypes or prejudices that can affect judicial reasoning. The methodological design of this study is based on the qualitative paradigm based on the data collection technique and a descriptive legal content analysis of specialized guidelines in the doctrinal and normative field, as well as thirty sentences for gender-based crimes in the period 2020-2023 issued by the Judicial Branch of the State of Michoacán. As a result, a guide or model of sentencing in criminal matters is proposed so that judges can identify and apply it in cases where gender violence has been proven, this will make it possible to have a more precise and solid judgment in its argumentation, as well as to meet the main criteria for the protection of women’s human rights before the corpus iuris of law on the matter.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer un modelo de sentencia con perspectiva de género para personas juzgadoras, que contribuya a garantizar la aplicación de los derechos humanos de las mujeres y disminuir errores en las sentencias, tales como: la revictimización, el poco acceso a la justicia, la discriminación, así como los estereotipos o prejuicios de género que pueden afectar el razonamiento judicial. El diseño metodológico de este estudio parte del paradigma cualitativo basado en la técnica de recolección de datos y de un análisis jurídico de contenido de corte descriptivo de lineamientos especializados del ámbito doctrinal y normativo, así como de treinta sentencias de delitos por razón de género en el periodo 2020-2023 emitidas por el Poder Judicial del Estado de Michoacán. Como resultado se propone una guía o modelo de sentencia en materia penal para que las personas juzgadoras puedan identificar y aplicarlo en casos en donde se haya comprobado la violencia de género, lo que permitirá tener una sentencia más precisa y sólida en su argumentación, así como cumplir los principales criterios de protección de los derechos humanos de las mujeres ante el corpus iuris de derecho en la materia.

Resumen Introducción: Los juicios metacognitivos han sido objeto de estudio en el campo de la metacognición en las últimas décadas, puesto que analizan las creencias que los estudiantes tienen sobre su desempeño académico, con el fin de contribuir a la adaptación de estrategias para mejorar la autonomía y el criterio de los aprendices. Objetivo: Identificar los juicios metacognitivos que se emplean con mayor frecuencia en estudiantes universitarios a partir de una revisión sistemática realizada entre los años 2018 y 2023. Método: La metodología se basó en la Declaración Prisma, y la búsqueda se llevó a cabo en las bases de datos de Science Direct, Scopus y Springer. Se aplicaron criterios de depuración y se analizaron 61 artículos. Resultados: Se encontró que los juicios metacognitivos que se aplican con mayor regularidad son los juicios predictivos y postdictivos, mientras que los juicios concurrentes son los menos utilizados. Además, se observó que los juicios postdictivos presentan una mayor precisión. Discusión y conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que, para lograr una alta calibración entre los juicios metacognitivos y los resultados académicos reales, es necesario considerar distintas categorías de juicios metacognitivos que contribuyan a la construcción de un sistema integral. Esto proporcionaría al estudiante una variedad de herramientas que pueda implementar de manera óptima en sus procesos de aprendizaje.

Abstract Introduction: Metacognitive judgments have become an object of study in the field of metacognition in recent decades, since they analyze the beliefs that students have regarding their academic performance, to contribute to the adaptation of strategies for the improvement of the autonomy and judgment of learners. Objective: To identify the metacognitive judgments that are most frequently used in university students based on a systematic review between the years 2018 to 2023. Method: The methodology of this article was based on the PRISMA Statement and the search was conducted in the Science Direct, Scopus and Springer databases; use was made in the purification criteria, 61 articles were analyzed. Results: It was found that the metacognitive judgments that are applied most regularly concern pre-test and post-test judgments, while the judgments during the test are those that are used less regularly; likewise, those that present greater precision are those that are applied after the test. Discussion and conclusions: The results allow us to conclude that in order to obtain high calibration between metacognitive judgments and real academic results, different categories of metacognitive judgments must be involved, which contribute to the construction of a complex and complete system that provides the student with a variety of tools that can be optimally implemented in their learning processes.

Abstract Freedom of expression is one of the main provisions in the Brazilian constitutional text regarding the expression of fundamental rights, having effects in the most diverse domains, such as in the press, publications, academics, among others. The most emblematic case adjudicated by the Brazilian Supreme Court regarding the limits of freedom of expression was the judgment of editor Siegfried Ellwanger Castan. This case is still the main episode in terms of freedom of expression and the repercussions of hate speech. Consequently, the main objective of the paper is to verify the real impact of the Ellwanger precedent on freedom of expression. The specific objective of the text is to analyze the current status of this case, namely based on new cases decided by the Brazilian Supreme Court. rights domains press publications academics others Castan speech Consequently

Resumo A liberdade de expressão é uma das principais previsões no texto constitucional brasileiro quanto à manifestação dos direitos fundamentais, possuindo repercussões nos mais diversos âmbitos, como na imprensa, publicações, acadêmica, entre outros. No âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal, o caso mais emblemático quanto aos limites da liberdade de expressão foi o julgamento do editor Siegfried Ellwanger Castan. Mesmo que o referido julgado tenha sido decidido pelo STF em 2003, denota-se que este ainda se trata do principal episódio quanto à liberdade de expressão e às repercussões do discurso do ódio, sobretudo quanto à ponderação e sopesamento de valores realizada pelo STF. Assim sendo, o objetivo principal do artigo é verificar o impacto do aludido precedente Ellwanger sobre a liberdade de expressão, nomeadamente quanto à ponderação de valores constitucionais e a proporcionalidade para casos mais recentes julgados pelo STF. O objetivo específico do texto é analisar a atualidade deste caso, nomeadamente a partir de precedentes mais recentes do STF, sobretudo se os critérios estabelecidos no HC nº 82.424/RS ao exercício da liberdade de expressão permanecem pertinentes. fundamentais âmbitos imprensa publicações acadêmica outros Federal Castan 2003 denotase denota ódio sendo 82424RS RS 82 424 pertinentes 200 8 42 20 4 2

Abstract: This article seeks to analyze the socialist views on Argentine federalism, which have not been a subject of specific attention by historians. With this purpose, the emphasis is put on a precise aspect such as the one represented by the National Territories, spaces that depended on the federal government, even though they were considered as future provinces from their very origin. As is shown in this paper, the Socialist Party stood against the creation of new provinces, a consequence of the party’s unfavorable judgment of Argentine federalism. This disapproval continued until 1932 when different circumstances led the party to a federal turn that made it become a supporter of the transformation of Territories into provinces. The examination of this trajectory sheds light on less studied aspects of one of the most important political parties in Argentina in the 20th century.

Resumen: En este artículo se exploran las miradas socialistas en torno al federalismo argentino, las cuales no han sido objeto de atención específica por parte de la historiografía. Para ello se pone foco en una dimensión puntual, como fue la representada por los Territorios Nacionales, espacios que constituían dependencias del gobierno federal, pero que desde su origen fueron concebidos como futuras provincias. Como aquí se demuestra, el Partido Socialista mantuvo una postura adversa a la creación de nuevas provincias, consecuente con el juicio negativo que dicha fuerza política tenía respecto del federalismo argentino. Ese rechazo persistió hasta 1932, cuando un conjunto de circunstancias condujo al partido a consumar un giro federal que lo llevó a convertirse en impulsor de la transformación de los Territorios en provincias. El examen de esta trayectoria echa luz sobre aspectos poco estudiados de uno de los partidos políticos más importantes de la Argentina del siglo XX.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to discuss the scope of the horizontal effectiveness of fundamental rights or Drittwirkung in legal-labor relations. It places special emphasis on the necessary delimitation of these rights, according to the main characteristics of the employment relationship: steering power and the principle of labor good faith, applying this to the analysis of the exercise of the right to religious freedom. This article analyzes, particularly, a recent ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Union on “non-discrimination” for religious reasons inside the company.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo tiene como objeto plantear el alcance de la eficacia horizontal de los derechos fundamentales o Drittwirkung en las relaciones jurídico-laborales. Pone especial énfasis en la necesaria delimitación de estos derechos, atendiendo a las características principales de la relación de trabajo: el poder de dirección y el principio de buena fe laboral, aplicando dicho análisis al ejercicio del derecho a la libertad religiosa. Este artículo se detiene, particularmente, en el estudio de una reciente sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea en materia de “no discriminación” por razones religiosas dentro de la empresa.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de la autodeterminación constituye un objetivo educativo de prioridad en la formación de los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual pues asegura su calidad de vida. Por tanto, se requiere superar al docente en el empleo de recursos, apoyos y adaptaciones didácticas para la educación en autodeterminación. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica de superación para transformar a los docentes en la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en función del desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Los métodos investigativos utilizados en el orden teórico y empírico fueron el análisis y síntesis, el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; además de la entrevista, la observación, la encuesta, el análisis de documentos, el criterio de expertos y la triangulación múltiple, los que permitieron revelar las causales que inciden en el normal desarrollo de las habilidades de autodeterminación, así como elaborar la estrategia. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los docentes y educandos, quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

ABSTRACT The development of self-determination constitutes a priority educational objective in the training of students with intellectual disabilities as it ensures their quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to surpass the teacher in the use of resources, supports and didactic adaptations for education in self-determination. The objective of this research was to design a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform teachers in the direction of the teaching-learning process, based on the development of self-determination skills in students with intellectual disabilities. The investigative methods used in the theoretical and empirical order were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, inductive-deductive and systemic-structural-functional; In addition to the interview, observation, survey, document analysis, expert judgment and multiple triangulations, which allowed us to reveal the causes that affect the normal development of self-determination skills, as well as to develop the strategy. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of teachers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

RESUMO Em agosto de 2019, 11 estados brasileiros foram atingidos por um extenso derramamento de petróleo. Nesse contexto, quais os principais impactos socioambientais e psicossociais causados pelo derramamento de petróleo na vida de famílias e indivíduos que vivem da pesca artesanal? Trata-se de uma pesquisa com métodos mistos que utilizou como técnicas: grupo focal e aplicação de formulários desenvolvidos de forma participativa com comunidades da foz do rio Jaguaribe, Ceará, e efetuados entre julho e agosto de 2020. Sua aplicação foi selecionada a partir de uma amostragem não probabilística do tipo intencional por julgamento, cujos dados foram processados com o suporte do software IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Os resultados indicam impactos ambientais, como: presença de óleo no rio e em animais; exposição humana direta ao petróleo; sintomas na saúde após exposição; efeitos psicológicos; consumo de recursos alimentares como peixes e crustáceos; e redução da renda dos Pescadores e Pescadoras Artesanais. Assim, compreende-se que a vida, o ambiente, a saúde e o trabalho dessas populações foram agravados, principalmente aqueles de ordens socioeconômicas, de segurança alimentar e hídrica e de saúde. 2019 1 contexto artesanal Tratase Trata se técnicas Jaguaribe Ceará 2020 julgamento SPSS. SPSS . (SPSS) ambientais animais psicológicos crustáceos Artesanais Assim compreendese compreende ambiente agravados socioeconômicas 201 202 (SPSS 20 2

ABSTRACT In August 2019, eleven Brazilian states were hit by an extensive oil spill. In this context: what are the main socio-environmental and psychosocial impacts caused by the oil spill on the lives of families and individuals who make their living from artisanal fishing? This is a research with mixed methods that used the following techniques: focus group and application of forms developed in a participatory manner with communities at the mouth of the Jaguaribe River, Ceará, and applied between July and August 2020. Its application was selected from a non-probabilistic sampling of the intentional type by judgment and was processed with the support of the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results indicate environmental impacts, such as: finding oil in the river and in animals; direct human exposure to oil; health symptoms after exposure; psychological effects; consumption of food resources such as fish and shellfish; and reduction in the income of Artisanal Fishermen and Fisherwomen. That way, it is understood that the lives, environment, health, and work of these populations were aggravated, especially those of socioeconomic, food and water security, and health orders. 2019 context socioenvironmental socio fishing techniques River Ceará 2020 nonprobabilistic non probabilistic SPSS (SPSS software animals effects shellfish Fisherwomen way environment aggravated socioeconomic security orders 201 202 20 2

RESUMEN Introducción: Los profesionales encargados de la calificación de las patologías neuroosteomusculares de columna tienen dificultad para determinarlas debido a que son multicausales, y los criterios que actualmente existen para hacerlo no son estandarizados, por ende, se estableció un instrumento de evaluación para establecer su origen. Objetivos: Diseñar y validar un instrumento para la calificación de origen laboral de enfermedades neuroosteomusculares de columna vertebral (MUCC). Métodos: Se diseñó el instrumento de validación para la calificación de origen laboral de columna vertebral con los siguientes criterios: diagnóstico diferencial, historia funcional, examen físico y estudios clínicos, a partir de un estudio cuantitativo donde se crearon 41 ítems con su respectivo instructivo, posterior se realizó la validación de contenido por medio de juicio de tres expertos obteniendo el juicio de valor, de coherencia, pertinencia y suficiencia y de contenido y de forma, en la tercera fase se realizó análisis estadístico donde se calculó la concordancia entre los jueces a partir del coeficiente de validez de contenido, V de Aiken. Resultados: En el análisis se encontró que 21 ítems pasan los criterios de validez con V de Aiken; por lo tanto, se utilizaron otros análisis para los criterios restantes. Conclusiones: Se espera que el instrumento sea de utilidad y permita la transferencia del conocimiento en diferentes espacios donde se realice la evaluación para determinar el origen laboral de las patologías neuroosteomusculares de columna en la población trabajadora.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Professionals working in classifying neuroosteomuscular spinal pathologies have difficulty determining them because they are multicausal, and the criteria that currently exist to do so are not standardized, therefore, an evaluation instrument was developed to establish their origin. Objectives: Design and validate an instrument for the classification of occupational origin of neuroosteomuscular diseases of the spine (MUCC). Methods: The validation instrument was designed for the qualification of occupational origin of the spine with the following criteria: differential diagnosis, functional history, physical examination and clinical studies, based on a quantitative study where 41 items with their respective instructions were created. Subsequently, content validation was carried out through the judgment of 3 experts, obtaining the judgment of value, coherence, relevance and sufficiency, and content and form. In the third phase, statistical analysis was carried out where the agreement between the judges was calculated to from the content validity coefficient, Aiken's V. Results: In the analysis it was found that 21 items pass the validity criteria with Aiken's V; therefore, other analyzes were used for the remaining criteria. Conclusions: It is expected that the instrument will be useful and allow the transfer of knowledge in different spaces where the evaluation is carried out to determine the occupational origin of neuroosteomuscular spinal pathologies in the working population.

RESUMO Introdução: neste artigo é desenvolvido um modelo que inclui os principais elementos de uma situação típica de jogo em que o árbitro assistente deve julgar um possível impedimento. Neste quadro conceitual, incorpora-se o pressuposto de que o assistente realiza uma mudança de olhar e só pode avaliar a posição relativa do atacante em relação ao penúltimo adversário milésimos de segundos após o passe.. Objetivo: identificar os determinantes do grau de dificuldade que existe para o árbitro assistente julgar corretamente um possível impedimento. Material e métodos: métodos analítico-sintéticos e sistêmicos estrutural-funcionais foram utilizados como métodos teóricos de pesquisa científica. Das empíricas, análise documental e perícia, bem como estimativas baseadas em cálculos geométricos. Resultados: mostra-se que na maioria dos casos o árbitro assistente deve tomar uma decisão no momento preciso em que a distorção derivada da mudança de olhar atinge a sua expressão máxima. Conclusões: as estimativas feitas para diferentes situações permitem verificar e quantificar as derivações do modelo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: in this article, a model is developed that includes the main elements of a typical game situation in which the assistant referee must judge a possible offside. In this conceptual framework, the assumption is incorporated that the assistant makes a change of gaze and can only evaluate the relative position of the attacker with respect to the penultimate opponent thousandths of seconds after the pass.. Objective: to identify the determinants of the degree of difficulty that exists for the assistant referee to correctly judge a possible offside. Material and methods: analytical-synthetic and systemic structural-functional methods were used as theoretical methods of scientific research. From the empirical ones, documentary analysis and expert judgment, as well as estimates based on geometric calculations. Results: it is shown that in most cases the assistant referee must make a decision at the precise moment in which the distortion derived from the change of gaze reaches its maximum expression. Conclusions: the estimates made for different situations allow the model's derivations to be verified and quantified.

RESUMEN Introducción: en este artículo, se desarrolla un modelo que recoge los principales elementos de una situación típica de juego en la cual el árbitro asistente debe juzgar un posible offside. En este marco conceptual, se incorpora el supuesto de que el asistente realiza un cambio de mirada y solamente puede evaluar la posición relativa del atacante respecto al penúltimo adversario milésimas de segundos después del pase. Objetivo: identificar los determinantes del grado de dificultad que existe para que el árbitro asistente juzgue correctamente un posible offside. Material y métodos: se emplearon como métodos teóricos de la investigación científica el analítico-sintético y el sistémico estructural funcional. De los empíricos, el análisis documental y el criterio de expertos, así como estimaciones basadas en cálculos geométricos. Resultados: se demuestra que en la mayoría de los casos el árbitro asistente debe tomar una decisión en el momento preciso en que la distorsión derivada del cambio de mirada alcanza su máxima expresión. Conclusiones: las estimaciones realizadas para diferentes situaciones permiten verificar y cuantificar las derivaciones del modelo.

Abstract. Clinical judgement has become a central topic in both medicine and the philosophy since the 1960s. With the development of evidence-based medicine in the 1990s, clinical judgment is expected to be more sensitive to the needs and preferences of patients in the face of threats from positivist approaches that are considered to neglect individuality. This paper addresses this problem in the light of a philosophy of medicine that is more sensitive to the historical components of epistemology, ontology, and ethics. The analysis is directed to the 19th century in order to elucidate the tensions about the place of medical knowledge and the commitment, for the sake of professional improvement, to provide clinical judgment with new methods. This trip to the past is useful to understand the current transformations in the field of medicine, especially the way in which they help constitute new types of patients, new types of professional ethos, and new forms of relationship between these actors.

Resumen. El juicio clínico se ha convertido en un tópico capital para la filosofía de la medicina y la profesión médica desde los sesenta. Tras el desarrollo de la medicina basada en la evidencia en los noventa, se espera una mayor sensibilidad en el juicio clínico frente a las necesidades y preferencias de los pacientes ante las amenazas de enfoques positivistas, que, se considera, descuidan la individualidad. Este artículo aborda este problema a la luz de una filosofía de la medicina más sensible a los componentes históricos de la epistemología, la ontología y la ética. Se dirige la mirada al siglo XIX para dilucidar las tensiones en torno al lugar de los conocimientos médicos y la apuesta por dotar al juicio clínico de nuevos métodos para la mejora profesional. Este retorno al pasado ayuda a comprender las transformaciones actuales del campo de la medicina, especialmente en cuanto a cómo ayudan a constituir nuevos tipos de pacientes, nuevos tipos de ethos profesional y nuevas formas de relación entre dichos actores.