We measured the tree transpiration of 9-year-old, Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla clonal hybrid (GU) trees in the commercial forestry area of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Transpiration was measured using the heat ratio method over two consecutive hydrological years (2019/20 and 2020/21) and up-scaled to a stand level. Leaf area index (LAI), quadratic mean diameter, and soil water content (SWC) were measured over the same period using an LAI 2200 plant canopy analyser, manual dendrometers and CS616 sensors, respectively. The depth to groundwater was estimated to be approx. 28 m, using a borehole next to our study site. Results showed that transpiration followed a seasonal pattern, with daily mean of 2.3 mm-tree-1-day-1 (range: 0.18 to 4.55 mm-tree-1-day-1) and 3.3 mm-tree-1-day-1 (range: 0.06 to 6.6 mm-tree-1-day-1) for 2019/20 and 2020/21, respectively. Annual GU transpiration was higher than that found by international studies under similar conditions, but was within the same transpiration range as Eucalyptus genotypes in the KwaMbonambi area. Plantation water productivity, calculated as a ratio of stand volume to transpiration, was higher than for other published studies, which was attributed to a very high productive potential of the study site. Multiple regression using the random forests predictive model indicated that solar radiation, SWC and air temperature highly influence transpiration. There is a high possibility that our GU tree rooting system extracted water in the unsaturated zone during the dry season. Due to the use of short-term results in this study, the impact of GU on water resources could not be quantified; however, previous long-term paired catchment studies in South Africa concluded that Eucalyptus has a negative impact on water resources. Further research is suggested with long-term measurements of transpiration and total evaporation and an isotope study to confirm the use of water by GU trees in the unsaturated zone.

The structure of food webs is a fundamental attribute of ecosystems, and their characterization provides an intrinsic knowledge of the trophic interactions among organisms and of nutrient and energy transfer within ecosystems. Over the last few decades, several chemical and biogeochemical approaches have been proposed to explore different aspects of food webs. In this sense, this study reviews the application of stable isotopes and mercury as main auxiliary tools to the characterization and modeling of aquatic food webs, including analytical and modeling advances, strengths and limitations. The metanalysis performed showed that the most used tools for trophic ecology studies are stable isotopes, and that they can provide better results when combined with mercury and specific chemical molecules such as amino and fatty acids. In addition, the statistical methods applied in the interpretation of results, such as isotope mixing models, have witnessed significant advances in the last two decades. All approaches have premises and limitations when applied to aquatic ecosystems, which must be well understood prior to results interpretation. The use of multiple tracers in trophic studies provides complementary information and in many cases is an appropriate alternative to overcome some limitations, allowing to expand the knowledge of the food webs. ecosystems decades sense acids addition models

Abstract Aquatic macrophytes are the main autochthonous component of primary production in the Amazon Basin. Floating meadows of these plants support habitats with highly diverse animal communities. Fishes inhabiting these habitats have been assumed to use a broad range of food items and compose a particular food web. We employed carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope analysis to draw the trophic structure of these habitats and to trace the energy flow by its trophic levels. Fishes and other animals from 18 independent macrophyte meadows of a floodplain lake of the Solimões River (Amazonia, Brazil) were analyzed. The food web of macrophyte meadows consists of four trophic levels above autotrophic sources. In general, primary consumers exhibited a broader range of food sources than the upper trophic levels. Some fish species depended on a large number of food sources and at the same time are consumed by several predators. The energy transfer from one trophic level to the next was then mainly accomplished by these species concentrating a high-energy flux and acting as hubs in the food web. The broad range of δ13C values observed indicates that the organisms living in the macrophyte meadows utilize a great diversity of autotrophic sources. Basin communities δC δ C (δ13C δ15N δN N (δ15N 1 Amazonia, Amazonia (Amazonia Brazil analyzed general predators highenergy high

Abstract Piaractus mesopotamicus, is a fish usually farmed in semi-intensive systems with access to natural food and supplementary feed. This study evaluates effects of feed allowance on the productive performance, carbon turnover and proportions of nutrient (carbon) contribution of feed and natural food for the growth of pacu. Juvenile fish were stocked in fiberglass tanks and fed to 100, 75, 50, 25, 0% apparent satiety (ApS), with a practical, extruded (C4 photosynthetic pathway) feed in a randomized design trial (n=3); plankton production for simulated semi-intensive farming system condition was induced by chemical fertilization. A control treatment was set up in tanks devoid of natural food. Data on muscle stable carbon isotope ratios were used to study carbon turnover using a relative growth-based model. Low variation of the δ13C impaired fitting a turnover model curve for the 0 and 25 % ApS treatments. Fish of the 100% and 75% ApS treatments reached circa 95% and 82.85% of the carbon turnover, respectively. Extruded feed was the main nutrient source for the growth of pacu in the semi-intensive, simulated farming condition. The current study contributes to the knowledge of the relationship between feeding rates and carbon turnover rates in the pacu muscle. mesopotamicus semiintensive semi intensive performance (carbon 100 75 50 ApS, , (ApS) practical C4 C (C pathway n=3 n3 n 3 (n=3) fertilization growthbased based δC δ 2 95 8285 82 85 82.85 respectively semiintensive, intensive, 10 7 5 (ApS n= (n=3 9 828 8 82.8 1 (n= 82. (n

Abstract Measuring stable isotopes in different tissues offers the opportunity to provide insight into the foraging ecology of a species. This study aimed to assess how diet varies between yellow females, yellow males, and dull individuals of a Saffron Finch (Sicalis flaveola) population. We measured δ13C and δ15N in blood over a year, and in different feathers, to estimate seasonal consistency of resource use for each category. We conducted this study in a private farm in the Central Brazilian savannas. We sampled 195 individuals in seven field samplings between January 2017 and March 2018. The mean blood δ13C values were similar among yellow females, yellow males and dull individuals, indicating that this population of Saffron Finch predominantly accesses similar resources throughout the year, with a predominant C4 signal. Although Saffron Finch is considered a granivorous species, the mean δ15N values found indicate that both adults and juveniles also incorporate in their tissues some invertebrate. The slight isotope-tissue difference between feathers and blood is similar to the reported in previous studies and may reflect tissue-to-tissue discrimination. The isotopic space of yellow males was greater than that of yellow females and dull individuals, indicating greater dietary diversity due to greater inter-individual variation in diet. In Saffron Finch, which delays plumage maturation, competition-driven partitioning of food resources seems essential in driving carotenoid-based plumage coloration between age classes and sexes. species Sicalis flaveola δC δ C δN N year category savannas 19 201 2018 signal invertebrate isotopetissue isotope tissue tissuetotissue discrimination interindividual inter individual maturation competitiondriven competition driven carotenoidbased carotenoid based sexes 1 20 2

Resumo O uso de isótopos estáveis em diferentes tecidos oferece a oportunidade de conhecer a ecologia de forrageamento de uma espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a variação da dieta entre fêmeas amarelas, machos amarelos e indivíduos pardos de uma população de canário-da-terra (Sicalis flaveola). Foram analisados o δ13C e δ15N no sangue ao longo de um ano, e em diferentes penas, para estimar a consistência sazonal do uso de recursos nas três categorias de indivíduos. Este estudo foi conduzido em uma fazenda particular localizada no Cerrado do Brasil Central. Foram amostrados 195 indivíduos em sete campanhas de campo entre janeiro de 2017 e março de 2018. Os valores médios de δ13C no sangue foram semelhantes entre fêmeas amarelas, machos amarelos e indivíduos pardos, indicando que esta população de canário-da-terra acessa predominantemente recursos semelhantes ao longo do ano, com um sinal predominante C4. Embora o canário-da-terra seja considerada uma espécie granívora, os valores médios de δ15N encontrados indicam que tanto os adultos quanto os juvenis também incorporam em seus tecidos fontes alimentares de alto nível trófico. A pequena diferença isotópica entre penas e sangue é semelhante à registada em estudos anteriores e pode ser explicada pela discriminação tecido-tecido. O espaço isotópico dos machos amarelos foi maior em comparação às fêmeas amarelas e aos indivíduos pardos, o que indica uma maior diversidade alimentar devido a uma maior variação intra-individual em sua dieta. Em canário-da-terra, espécie com característico atraso na maturação da plumagem, o acesso aos recursos alimentares, motivado pela competição, parece desempenhar um papel essencial na coloração da plumagem baseada em carotenóides entre classes etárias e sexos. canáriodaterra canário terra Sicalis flaveola. flaveola . flaveola) δC δ C δN N ano Central 19 201 2018 C4 granívora trófico tecidotecido. tecidotecido tecido tecido. tecido-tecido intraindividual intra individual canáriodaterra, terra, competição sexos 1 20 2

Abstract The Cachoeirinha Sn ± (Nb-Ta) deposit is an important producer of the Rondônia Tin Province. It is inserted in the regional unit named Rondônia Intrusive Suite (995–956 Ma) and hosts granular accumulations of columbite group minerals (CGM) embedded in thick Cenozoic colluvial-alluvial covers. Cachoeirinha CGM have subrounded to angular grains, with irregular to regular internal zoning, micro-inclusion, and exsolution features. They have columbite-(Fe) as the dominant mineral phase, with variation in the Ta/(Ta+Nb) ratio and with Sn, Ti, W, U, Ba, Cr, REE, and V as chemical impurities. It has high total REE content (LREEN depleted, HREEN enriched, Ce and Eu anomalies), δ18O = 2.78‰, and with two U-Pb age groups: 1052 ± 6 and 909 ± 7 Ma. This information indicates that physicochemical oscillations favored the ionic substitutions and resorption mechanisms between Nb ↔ Ta, as well as coupled substitutions with the entry of geochemical impurities, according to the equation: 3(Sn, Ti, U, Si)4+ + (W, Cr)6+ ↔ 2(V, Nb, Ta)5+ + 2(Al, REE)3+ + (Fe, Mn, Ba)2+, at the temperature range between 400° and 500°C. Finally, the Cachoeirinha Sn ± (Nb-Ta) alluvial deposit host ore is related to at least two Neo-Mesoproterozoic magmatic pulses. NbTa Ta (Nb-Ta Province 995–956 995956 995 956 (995–95 Ma (CGM colluvialalluvial colluvial covers grains zoning microinclusion, microinclusion micro inclusion, inclusion micro-inclusion features columbiteFe Fe columbite-(Fe phase Ta/Ta+Nb TaTaNb Ta/ Ta+Nb Ta/(Ta+Nb Ti W U Ba Cr impurities LREEN depleted enriched anomalies, anomalies , anomalies) δO δ O 278 2 78 2.78‰ UPb Pb groups 105 90 equation 3Sn, 3Sn 3 3(Sn Si4+ Si4 Si 4+ 4 Si)4 (W Cr6+ Cr6 6+ Cr)6 2V, 2V V, 2(V Ta5+ Ta5 5+ 5 Ta)5 2Al, 2Al Al Al, 2(Al REE3+ REE3 3+ REE)3 Fe, (Fe Mn Ba2+, Ba2 2+, Ba)2+ 400 500C C 500 500°C Finally NeoMesoproterozoic Neo Mesoproterozoic pulses 995–95 99595 99 95 (995–9 TaNb 27 2.78 10 9 Si) Cr) Ta) REE) Ba2+ 2+ Ba)2 40 50 995–9 9959 (995– 2.7 1 Ba) 995– (995 2. (99 (9 (

Firearms and ammunition identification produces important information for the elucidation of the crime and also in cases of confirmation of the offender. In a crime scene, when a suspect weapon and its ammunition are found, it is possible to clarify and conclude an investigation using qualitative analysis and standards. However, in some cases only the fragments of ammunition are found, which makes difficult to identify the weapon using traditional techniques. Therefore, alternative methods are needed such as the determination of elemental composition of the lead alloy and the verification of the lead isotopic ratios. The present work includes a review of the basic concepts of ballistics and conventional techniques of ballistic confrontation, the existing studies related to the chemical analysis of ballistic fragments and its application in criminalistics and, finally, the articles involving the lead isotopic analysis as a tool for ballistic identification. offender scene found standards However Therefore ratios confrontation finally

Abstract On the southern edge of the Amazonian Craton, the Mirassol d’Oeste and Guia formations constitute the cap carbonate of the Araras Group. Petrography, X-ray diffraction, and quantification of terrigenous material allowed the identification of detrital grains (e.g., mica, quartz, and feldspar) in different proportions and diagenetic features. The sequential leaching of carbonates along a section of the upper portion of the Guia Formation yielded 87Sr/86Sr ratios increasing from 0.7070 to 0.7077, which is considered the primary Sr isotopic signature of seawater. The increasing continental influx of dissolved Sr from freshwater accounts for the increase in 87Sr/86Sr along the section. Such abrupt change toward more radiogenic values is also observed in carbonate layers soon after the Marinoan glaciation, elsewhere in the world. The same samples provided Nd-TDM model ages (1.84–2.54 Ga) comparable with those of the continental crust of the Paleoproterozoic provinces of the Amazonian Craton, which forms the basement of the Araras Group. The ԐNd(635Ma) values between -4.7 and -11.1, probably indicate the presence of Nd from the suspended material transported by continental waters to the ocean where the carbonates precipitated. The random variations of Nd-TDM ages and ԐNd values suggest important and rapid variations in the continental contribution to the post-Marinoan oceans. Craton dOeste d Oeste Group Petrography Xray X ray diffraction e.g., eg e g (e.g. mica quartz feldspar features 87Sr86Sr SrSr 87Sr 86Sr 07070 0 7070 0.707 07077 7077 0.7077 seawater glaciation world NdTDM TDM 1.84–2.54 184254 1 84 2 54 (1.84–2.5 Ga ԐNd635Ma ԐNdMa 635Ma Ma ԐNd(635Ma 4.7 47 4 7 -4. 11.1, 111 11 -11.1 precipitated postMarinoan post oceans e.g. (e.g 0707 707 0.70 1.84–2.5 18425 8 5 (1.84–2. 4. -4 11.1 -11. e.g 070 70 0.7 1.84–2. 1842 (1.84–2 - 11. -11 07 0. 1.84–2 184 (1.84– -1 1.84– 18 (1.84 1.84 (1.8 1.8 (1. 1. (1 (

Abstract Upwellings are important oceanographic processes that induce several changes in marine ecosystems, including in the benthic-pelagic coupling (BPC) that plays a major role in coastal areas. However, there is little available information about the possible effects of coastal upwellings on the trophic role of predators and in the BPC. Thus, here we investigate possible seasonal and ontogenetic changes in the trophic interaction of a demersal predator, the Brazilian flathead Percophis brasiliensis, from an upwelling ecosystem. Sampling was carried out for one year during two coastal upwelling events. Based on stomach content analysis (SCA) were recorded seasonal diet shifts, probably driven by coastal upwellings, leading to an increase in pelagic prey and changing the trophic coupling pathways. Stable isotope analysis revealed that isotopic niche decreased with the body size, as well as the values of the Levins’ index. Also, significant, and positive relationships were observed between δ13C and δ15N versus total length. Our results showed that the demersal predator has a relevant trophic role in the BPC which is probably influenced by coastal upwellings. ecosystems benthicpelagic benthic (BPC areas However Thus brasiliensis ecosystem events SCA (SCA shifts pathways size Levins index Also significant δC δ C δN N length

Resumo Ressurgências são importantes processos oceanográficos que induzem diversas mudanças nos ecossistemas marinhos, inclusive no acoplamento bento-pelágico (ABP) que desempenha um papel importante nas áreas costeiras. No entanto, existem poucas informações sobre os possíveis efeitos das ressurgências costeiras no papel trófico de predadores e no ABP. Em vista disso, aqui investigamos as possíveis mudanças sazonais e ontogenéticas nas interações tróficas de um predador demersal, o tira-vira Percophis brasiliensis, em um ecossistema com ressurgência. A amostragem foi realizada ao longo de um ano durante dois eventos de ressurgências costeiras. Baseado nas análises de conteúdos estomacais (ACE) foram registradas mudanças sazonais na dieta provavelmente impulsionadas pelas ressurgências costeiras, levando a um aumento de presas pelágicas e alterando as vias de acoplamento trófico. As análises de isótopos estáveis revelaram que o nicho isotópico diminuiu com o tamanho do corpo, assim como os valores do índice de Levin. Além disso, relações significativas e positivas foram observadas entre δ13C e δ15N versus comprimento total. Nossos resultados mostraram que o predador demersal tem um papel trófico relevante no ABP que provavelmente é influenciado por ressurgências costeiras. marinhos bentopelágico bento pelágico (ABP entanto disso tiravira tira vira brasiliensis ressurgência ACE (ACE corpo Levin δC δ C δN N total

Abstract Introduction: Costa Rica has hundreds of lakes, many of which have never been scientifically studied. Objective: To carry out a first, basic limnological study of Laguna Pozo Verde in Juan Castro Blanco National Park, Costa Rica (~1935m elevation), to provide baseline data for studying future changes. Methods: We measured water depths and temperatures, and Secchi depth; analyzed surface sediments; and examined maps and satellite imagery. Results: Though described by some as formed by volcanic processes, Laguna Pozo Verde likely formed in a landslide, which occur frequently in this rainy area on the steep south slope of the inactive Porvenir Volcano. Our soundings showed a maximum depth of 9,25m near the center of the lake. The water was moderately transparent (Secchi depth 2,6m), with circumneutral pH, and temperatures from 15,9-18,1°C, with weak stratification at 0,5m. Surface sediments contained 27% organic matter, and had C/N ratios and stable carbon isotope values consistent with lacustrine algae and C3 plants; Surirella angusta composed over 90% of the diatoms. Conclusion: The lake is significantly shallower than reported, and surface sediments have a diatom assemblage unique among 88 lakes examined in Costs Rica.

Resumen Introducción: Costa Rica tiene cientos de lagos, muchos nunca estudiados científicamente. Objetivo: Conocer la limnología de Laguna Pozo Verde en el Parque Nacional Juan Castro Blanco, Costa Rica (~1935m de elevación), como referencia para estudiar futuros cambios. Métodos: Medimos la profundidad y temperatura del agua y la profundidad de Secchi; analizamos sedimentos superficiales; y examinamos mapas e imágenes satelitales. Resultados: Aunque algunos la describen como formado por procesos volcánicos, es probable que Laguna Pozo Verde se haya formado en un deslizamiento de tierra, algo común en esta zona lluviosa de la empinada ladera sur del Volcán Porvenir (inactivo). Hallamos una profundidad máxima de 9,25m cerca del centro. El agua era moderadamente transparente (profundidad de Secchi 2,6m), con un pH cercano a neutral y temperaturas de 15,9-18,1°C, y una débil estratificación a 0,5m. Los sedimentos superficiales contenían un 27% de materia orgánica y tenían cocientes C/N y valores de isótopos de carbono estables, coherentes con algas lacustres y plantas C3; más del 90% de las diatomeas eran Surirella angusta. Conclusión: La laguna es significativamente más somera de lo informado y los sedimentos superficiales albergan una combinación de diatomeas única entre los 88 lagos examinados en Costa Rica.

Resumen La línea de goteo de neutrones presenta estructuras nucleares exóticas. En este trabajo estudiamos al 22C, un isótopo borromeano del carbono. El modelo utilizado para comprender sus propiedades es el modelo de capas con energía compleja. Condicionando los parámetros de los potenciales de uno y dos cuerpos a los datos experimentales, se calculó la raiz cuadrática media del radio.

Abstrac The neutron drip line presents exotic nuclear structures. In this work, we study 22C, a Borromean isotope of carbon. The Gamow Shell model was used to understand its properties. A Woods-Saxon plus Gaussian mean field defined the single-particle basis. The root means square of the radius was calculated.

Oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope ratios in rainfall provide important hydroclimatic information, yet despite a global network of rainfall isotope measurements, significant geographical gaps exist in data coverage, with only three long-term stations spanning the southern African region. Project-based, ad hoc collections of rainfall for isotope analysis can improve this coverage. However, all rainfall samples that are destined for stable isotope analysis must be collected in such a way to avoid evaporation and resultant isotope fractionation. While such rainwater collectors are available commercially, both the product and shipping are prohibitively costly. We describe the construction of a simple rainfall collector using a design from the literature and materials that are readily available in South African hardware stores. Our rainwater collector can be constructed for the much lower cost of just under ZAR820 in comparison with the cost of ZAR9300 inclusive of shipping from commercial outlets (2022 prices). Our design modifications have the added advantage of portability, with the rainwater collector housed in a bucket with a handle. The device was tested by comparing its performance, in terms of evaporative water loss and isotopic fractionation, with that of an open bottle, using tap water in both cases. Testing confirmed that the collector prevented evaporation over a one-week period, indicating that it is suitable for weekly or more frequent sampling of rainfall. Although the design described was based on materials procured in South Africa, it could easily be adapted for construction elsewhere. SIGNIFICANCE: • Hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition of rainfall provides valuable climatic information. • Rainwater collectors for stable isotope samples must prevent evaporation, as evaporation will alter the isotopic signature. • We describe the construction and testing of a bespoke, low-cost and portable device that can be used to collect rainfall samples destined for oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope analysis without significant evaporation.

The role of groundwater, in general, is often overlooked in freshwater ecosystem management policies and in the management of South Africa's flagship conservation area, the Kruger National Park (KNP). To address this gap, a generalised conceptual model of surface water-ground water (sw-gw) interactions in the southern and central regions of the KNP was developed. To do this, stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δ²H) of groundwater, rainfall and surface water were used to determine the extent to which the base flow of perennial, seasonal and ephemeral streams on different geologies (granite vs. basalt) is driven by rainfall or groundwater. These results show that the δ(18)0 and δ²H ratios of perennial rivers are similar to that of groundwater, while seasonal and ephemeral rivers on basalts have values closer to rainfall. On granite substrates, however, the isotope ratios of the seasonal and ephemeral rivers have values closer to groundwater than rainfall. The larger seasonal Mbyamiti River had similar isotope ratios to that of groundwater, and the highly ephemeral Nwaswitsontso had episodic interaction with groundwater (i.e. isotopic ratios overlap occasionally). These results show that decisions necessary for the sustainable management of groundwater resources are better informed when the natural interaction, movement, and exchange between groundwater and rivers are understood. This has particular relevance for large conservation areas in southern Africa that are expected to experience more variable climates in the future with both increases in drought and rainfall intensities.

ABSTRACT In recent years, paleodietary and paleoenvironmental studies have made great progress due to new techniques, such as the analysis of dental wear at micro and macro level and the analysis of stable isotopes of different elements in animal tissues. Recently, the combination of these proxies has substantially improved these types of studies, however, these analyses go hand in hand with biology and the animal behavior, so it is essential to understand the species studied previously. This paper describes the analyses commonly used in recent years in the Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) and the relationship that the biology of this species has with the correct application of these analyses. Likewise, the samples and measurements taken from these fossil individuals must be taken with care, since the peculiarities in dental ontogenesis, behavior and metabolism are key to the comprehension of the results obtained.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, los estudios paleodietéticos y paleoambientales han tenido un gran avance debido a nuevas técnicas, como el análisis del desgaste dental a nivel micro y macro y, el análisis de isotopos estables de diferentes elementos en los tejidos de los animales. Recientemente, la combinación de éstos proxies ha mejorado sustancialmente este tipo de estudios, sin embargo, estos análisis van de la mano con la biología y comportamiento animal, por lo que es fundamental primero comprender a las especies estudiadas. En el presente trabajo se describen los análisis comúnmente utilizados en los últimos años en el mamut columbino (Mammuthus columbi) y la relación que tiene la biología de esta especie con la correcta aplicación de estos análisis. Así mismo, las muestras y medidas tomadas de estos individuos fósiles deben tomarse con cuidado, ya que las peculiaridades en la ontogénesis dental, de comportamiento y metabolismo, son clave para la comprensión de los resultados obtenidos.

Abstract Central Brazil hosts Paleo-Mesoproterozoic A-type granitic suites related to the Goiás Tin Province (GTP) that contain Sn (±W, Nb-Ta, REE) mineralization associated with greisen, veins, and small pegmatite bodies. The Pedra Branca granite massif (1.77–1.74 Ga) is the main representative of GTP, marked by important cassiterite (±wolframite) contents. The cassiterite contains SnO2= 96–100 wt. %, with the sum FeOtotal, TiO2, WO3, Ta2O5, Nb2O5, In2O3, and UO2 content below 4 wt.%, while wolframite contains WO3= 71.5–74.5 wt.%, FeOtotal= 14.3–17.4 wt.% and MnO = 6.3–9.9 wt.%, as well as Sn, Ca, Ti, Ta, Nb, Pb, In, and U as trace elements. The δ18O data on the quartz-cassiterite pair (quartz = 9.4–10.4‰, cassiterite = 2.6–2.9 ‰) from greisen reveal a magmatic-hydrothermal signature with calculated crystallization temperatures between 410 and 485°C. However, during the Neoproterozoic Brasiliano/Pan-African Orogeny (800–500 Ma), all lithologies and ore sites were subjected to flattening, fragmentation, and mylonitic deformation. Fluid inclusion data revealed the presence of low-salinity aqueous solutions with homogenization temperatures between 215 and 100°C related to Neoproterozoic deformation. Finally, during the Phanerozoic, prolonged erosive produced Sn (±W)-rich alluvium around the Pedra Branca granitic massif. PaleoMesoproterozoic Paleo Mesoproterozoic Atype A type GTP (GTP ±W, W (±W NbTa, NbTa Nb Ta Nb-Ta REE veins bodies 1.77–1.74 177174 1 77 74 (1.77–1.7 Ga ±wolframite (±wolframite contents SnO2 SnO 96100 96 100 96–10 wt % FeOtotal TiO2 TiO WO3 WO Ta2O5 TaO O Nb2O5 NbO In2O3 InO In UO 715745 71 5 71.5–74. 143174 14 3 17 14.3–17. 6399 6 9 6.3–9. Ca Ti Pb elements δO δ quartzcassiterite quartz 94104 10 9.4–10.4‰ 2629 2 2.6–2. ‰ magmatichydrothermal magmatic hydrothermal 41 485C C 485 485°C However Brasiliano/PanAfrican BrasilianoPanAfrican Brasiliano/Pan African Brasiliano Pan 800–500 800500 800 500 (800–50 Ma, Ma , Ma) flattening fragmentation deformation lowsalinity low salinity 21 100C Finally Phanerozoic ±Wrich Wrich ±W rich 1.77–1.7 17717 7 (1.77–1. 9610 96–1 Ta2O Nb2O In2O 71574 71.5–74 14317 14.3–17 639 6.3–9 9410 9.4–10.4 262 2.6–2 48 PanAfrican BrasilianoPan 800–50 80050 80 50 (800–5 1.77–1. 1771 (1.77–1 961 96– 7157 71.5–7 1431 14.3–1 63 6.3– 941 9.4–10. 26 2.6– 800–5 8005 8 (800– 1.77–1 177 (1.77– 715 71.5– 143 14.3– 6.3 94 9.4–10 2.6 800– (800 1.77– (1.77 71.5 14.3 6. 9.4–1 2. (80 1.77 (1.7 71. 14. 9.4– (8 1.7 (1. 9.4 ( 1. (1 9.