RESUMO O conforto térmico adequado para o cultivo de plantas em ambientes protegidos está intrinsecamente ligado às propriedades das coberturas translúcidas. Este estudo investigou a influência de três tipos de filmes plásticos (difusor, transparente e leitoso) em três estufas agrícolas em Fortaleza, CE. O objetivo foi analisar as condições de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, buscando recomendações para otimizar o desempenho das estufas. Dez estações de monitoramento foram distribuídas, três para cada cobertura plástica e uma externa; as leituras foram coletadas a 2 m de altura sendo equipadas com sensores de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar (SHT31). A coleta de dados ocorreu de 11 a 27 de julho de 2023, com leituras a cada 5 min (totalizando 12 leituras por hora), tratadas posteriormente por regressão linear. Diferenças significativas nas madrugadas (1 e 5%) entre as coberturas para temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram observadas. Comparando os filmes, difusor × transparente e difusor × leitoso mostraram diferenças a 5 e 1%, respectivamente, enquanto transparente x leitoso não apresentaram diferenças. Durante o período das 12 horas, o filme difusor exibiu menores variações de temperatura. Conclui-se que a cobertura difusora proporcionou as menores temperaturas e menores variações ao longo do dia, sendo estatisticamente diferente dos filmes leitoso e transparente nos horários mais quentes. Esses resultados oferecem percepções cruciais para otimizar as condições em estufas agrícolas, contribuindo para práticas eficientes de cultivo protegido.

ABSTRACT Adequate thermal comfort for plant growth in protected environments is associated with properties of translucent coverings. This study investigated the influence of three types of plastic films (diffuser, transparent, and milky) at three agricultural greenhouses in Fortaleza city, CE, Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze air temperature and relative air humidity conditions, seeking recommendations to optimize plant growth performance in greenhouses. Ten monitoring stations were distributed, three for each plastic covering and one external; readings were taken 2 m above the ground level, using temperature and relative air humidity sensors (SHT31). Data were collected from July 11 to July 27, 2023, with readings every 5 min (totaling 12 readings per hour) and subsequently processed through linear regression. The tested coverings resulted in different temperature and relative air humidity during early morning hours (1 and 5%). The comparison between diffuser and transparent, and diffuser and milky films showed differences at 5 and 1%, respectively, while transparent and milky films did not show differences. The diffuser film exhibited lower temperature variations throughout a 12-hour period. The diffuser covering provided the lowest temperatures and smaller variations throughout the day, which was significantly different from milky and transparent films during warmer hours. These results provide valuable information for optimizing conditions in agricultural greenhouses, contributing to sustainable and efficient practices in protected cultivation.

Abstract: The purpose of this document is to highlight the existing issue caused by a lack of knowledge about the actual condition of machinery and precise monitoring in an express mechanic workshop. This workshop consists of mechanical maintenance equipment such as vehicle lifts, balancers, aligners, and other common machinery in such work environments. The data collected from these machines are classified and processed using Artificial Intelligence, specifically Machine Learning, by employing a tabulation and interpretation algorithm alongside IoT (Internet of Things) through the instrumentation of these machines with sensors appropriate to their mechanical operation. This facilitates and enables the creation of predictive maintenance plans as well as operational schemes that help reduce operational costs, maintenance expenses, and energy consumption of the workshop equipment. The system innovatively uses a modular approach without requiring intervention or modification of the machines, allowing their interconnectivity with a computer that automatically manages the collected data. This results in a clear view of the usage of each component, providing critical information for generating predictive maintenance strategies.

Resumen: El propósito de este documento es dar a conocer la problemática existente por una falta de conocimiento del estado real de la maquinaria y del monitoreo preciso de un taller de mecánica exprés que se compone por elementos de mantenimiento mecánico tales como elevadores de vehículos, balanceadora, alineadora, entre otras las maquinarias más comunes en este tipo de centros de trabajo, estos datos son clasificados y procesados utilizando inteligencia artificial como Machine Learning al emplear un algoritmo de tabulación e interpretación y conjuntamente IoT (internet de las cosas) a través de la instrumentación de dichas máquinas con sensores acordes a su tipo de funcionamiento mecánico, esto facilita y permite generar planes de mantenimiento predictivo al igual que esquemas operativos que permitirán disminuir el costo operacional, costos de mantenimiento y consumo energético de la indumentaria del taller, utilizando de manera innovadora un sistema modular sin necesidad de intervenir o modificar las mismas, que permite la interconectividad de la maquinaria con un ordenador que gestione la data recogida de manera automática dando como resultado una visión clara del uso de cada componente, esta información es clave para la generación de un mantenimiento predictivo.

The rapid and expansive integration of Internet of Things (IoT) environments across various industrial sectors has led to an unprecedented surge in data generation and management. This exponential growth in data underscores the critical necessity for robust data security methodologies that can effectively safeguard the confidentiality and integrity of information without imposing undue computational burdens. In response to this challenge, numerous studies have sought to leverage Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) as a means to enable fine-grained access control. Among the ABE variants, Ciphertext Policy ABE (CP-ABE) and bilinear pairings have emerged as popular choices to construct security schemes that strike a balance between robust protection and computational efficiency. Despite the advancements achieved through CP-ABE and bilinear pairings, a prevalent concern arises in the utilization of Linear Secret Sharing Scheme (LSSS) access policies. LSSS policies, while providing a flexible and expressive way to define access controls, can significantly impact the execution time of encryption methods. This study recognizes the importance of addressing this challenge and explores the potential of employing a Key Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE) approach. The primary objective is to mitigate the computational overhead associated with encryption methods, thereby enhancing the efficiency of data security measures within IoT environments. Furthermore, this research delves into the incorporation of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to generate cryptographic keys. ECC, known for its strong security properties and computational efficiency, is considered a promising approach to bolster data security while concurrently minimizing computational overhead. By integrating KP-ABE with ECC, this study aims to offer a comprehensive solution that ensures robust security measures within the intricate landscape of IoT environments. Through detailed analysis and empirical investigation, the research endeavors to contribute valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on securing IoT data in a manner that aligns with the dual imperatives of security and computational efficiency. OPEN LICENSE: CC BY-NC-ND

This study presents a solution to solid waste problems, focusing on spent lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) and iron ore tailings (IOT) from the Mariana environmental accident in Brazil. The approach involves the production CoFe2O4 from LiBs and IOT, which serves as a catalyst for solar photo-Fenton reactions for methylene blue (MB) decolorization and as an electrochemical sensor for ascorbic acid (AA) detection. Chemical analysis showed recycling potential, with 45.22 ± 0.22% m m−1 Co from LiBs and 14.9 ± 1.5% m m−1 Fe from IOT, determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The sol-gel synthesized CoFe2O4 exhibited a crystallite size of 51.9 ± 1.3 nm and agglomerated crystal clusters. Recycled-CoFe2O4 exhibited a 98.1% MB decolorization efficiency in 60 min under solar irradiation and remained above 92.3% in all 7 reuse cycles. The electrochemical sensor exhibited a coefficient of determination of 0.9987, a sensitivity of 3.352 ± 0.0428 μA mol L−1, and a limit of detection of 0.5511 µM in the concentration range of 1.96 to 23.08 mmol L−1 for AA detection. This study demonstrates the potential of recycled-CoFe2O4 in an environmentally friendly dye removal and as an electrochemical sensor, offering sustainable waste management and resource utilization with solar energy. problems lithiumion lithium ion (LiBs IOT (IOT Brazil CoFeO CoFe O CoFe2O photoFenton photo Fenton (MB (AA 4522 45 22 45.2 022 0 0.22 m1 1 m− 149 14 9 14. 15 5 1.5 ICP OES FAAS. FAAS . (FAAS) solgel sol gel 519 51 51. 13 3 1. clusters RecycledCoFe2O4 RecycledCoFeO Recycled Recycled-CoFe2O 981 98 98.1 6 923 92 92.3 cycles 09987 9987 0.9987 3352 352 3.35 00428 0428 0.042 L1 L 05511 5511 0.551 196 96 1.9 2308 23 08 23.0 L− recycledCoFe2O4 recycledCoFeO recycled recycled-CoFe2O energy 452 4 2 45. 02 0.2 (FAAS RecycledCoFe RecycledCoFe2O 98. 92. 0998 998 0.998 335 35 3.3 0042 042 0.04 0551 551 0.55 19 230 23. recycledCoFe recycledCoFe2O 0. 099 99 0.99 33 3. 004 04 0.0 055 55 0.5 09 0.9 00 05

Abstract This study proposes an IoT architecture for monitoring emissions of polluting gases in vehicles, in response to the growing concern about air pollution and global warming. The architecture is based on a node equipped with DHT22, MQ9, and MQ135 sensors to capture temperature, humidity, and gas emissions, respectively. This node effectively communicates through the LTE network to send the data to the ThingSpeak platform. An analysis of CO2, CO, and CH4 pollution levels is conducted using the collected data. These data are validated through the technical review of a test vehicle. Subsequently, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is trained using a specific database of CO2 emissions from vehicles in Canada. As a result, a high R2 of 99.2 % is achieved, along with low values of RMSE and MSE, indicating that the model is making accurate predictions and fits well to the training data. The ANN aims to predict CO2 emissions and verify CO2 data from the IoT network. The architecture demonstrates its capability for real-time monitoring and its potential to contribute to pollution reduction.

Resumen Este estudio propone una arquitectura IoT para el monitoreo de emisiones de gases contaminantes en vehículos, en respuesta a la creciente preocupación por la contaminación del aire y el calentamiento global. La arquitectura se basa en un nodo equipado con sensores DHT22, MQ9 y MQ135 para capturar la temperatura, humedad y emisiones de gases, mismo que se comunica de manera efectiva a través de la red LTE para enviar los datos a la plataforma ThingSpeak. Se lleva a cabo un análisis de los niveles de contaminación de CO2, CO y CH4 mediante los datos recopilados. Estos datos se validan mediante la revisión técnica de un vehículo de prueba. Posterior, se entrena una red neuronal artificial (ANN) utilizando una base de datos específica de emisiones de CO2 de vehículos en Canadá, como resultado se obtiene un R2 alto de 99,2 % y los valores de RMSE y MSE bajos, esto indican que el modelo está haciendo predicciones precisas y se ajusta bien a los datos de entrenamiento. La ANN tiene como objetivo predecir las emisiones de CO2 y verificar los datos de CO2 provenientes de la red IoT. La arquitectura demuestra su capacidad para el monitoreo en tiempo real y su potencial para contribuir a la reducción de la contaminación.

Abstract The growing need for digital evidence in the judicial field is a global phenomenon that demands the implementation of a reliable and effective electronic evidence preservation framework. Correctly maintaining the chain of custody is crucial to ensure that justice is guaranteed in court. However, it is important to recognize that humans represent the most vulnerable link in any chain of trust. In this context, blockchain technology emerges as a promising solution for the preservation of electronic evidence, especially in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT). Blockchain allows digital evidence data to be stored and analyzed in a secure and confidential manner, establishing a robust access control framework that protects the integrity of the information. By integrating this technology into the evidence management process, the risk of manipulation can be minimized and the traceability and authenticity of evidence can be guaranteed, thus strengthening trust in the judicial system. In this research, a set of six specific expert criteria were defined to be included in the procedural regulations. Additionally, a blockchain-based electronic evidence preservation framework for the IoT was proposed that implements the chain of custody and uses the Ethereum platform to reinforce the principles of decentralization and transparency that are fundamental to blockchain technology. The feasibility of the proposal was carried out through expert judgment, which was evaluated as very pertinent.

Resumen La creciente necesidad de pruebas digitales en el ámbito judicial es un fenómeno global que exige la implementación de un marco de preservación de pruebas electrónicas que sea confiable y efectivo. El correcto mantenimiento de la cadena de custodia es crucial para asegurar que se garantice la justicia en los tribunales. Sin embargo, es importante reconocer que los seres humanos representan el eslabón más vulnerable en cualquier cadena de confianza. En este contexto, la tecnología blockchain emerge como una solución prometedora para la preservación de pruebas electrónicas, especialmente en el ámbito del Internet de las Cosas (IoT). Blockchain permite almacenar y analizar datos de pruebas digitales de manera segura y confidencial, estableciendo un marco robusto de control de acceso que protege la integridad de la información. Al integrar esta tecnología en el proceso de gestión de evidencias, se puede minimizar el riesgo de manipulación y garantizar la trazabilidad y autenticidad de las pruebas, fortaleciendo así la confianza en el sistema judicial. En esta investigación se definió un conjunto de seis criterios específicos de peritaje para que sean incluidos en la normativa procesal ecuatoriana. Adicionalmente se propuso un marco de preservación de pruebas electrónicas basado en blockchain para el IoT que implementa la cadena de custodia y utiliza la plataforma Ethereum para resforzar los principios de descentralización y transparencia que son fundamentales para la tecnología blockchain. La viabilidad de la propuesta se realizó mediante criterio de expertos, la cual fue evaluada como muy pertinente.

Abstract Nowadays, the technological world continues to evolve at an accelerated pace, which constantly increases the demand for energy. This has forced humanity to look for new ways to generate energy that are more sustainable and environmentally friendly. One of the most efficient ways to produce this energy is through photovoltaic systems, which take advantage of solar radiation to generate electricity in a clean way. However, the analysis of energy production presents significant challenges due to various influential variables, such as system size, temperature, solar irradiation and other environmental factors that can affect. In this context, having a monitoring and visualization system for these parameters becomes a crucial need to optimize the performance of solar panels.For this reason, a monitoring and visualization system for electrical parameters was developed, in order to maximize the performance and energy production of solar panels installed at the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences (FICA) of the Technical University of Manabí. The objective was to implement IoT technologies and high-precision sensors to capture data in real time, allowing for detailed and constant analysis. The cascading development methodology facilitated a structured approach, ensuring efficient execution at each phase of the project. The results demonstrated that the system not only improves the monitoring of solar panels, but also their production, promoting the efficient use of renewable energy sources, encouraging more sustainable and responsible management.

Resumen En la actualidad, el mundo tecnológico sigue evolucionando de manera acelerada, lo que incrementa constantemente la demanda de energía. Esto ha obligado a la humanidad a buscar nuevas formas de generar energía que sean más sostenibles y respetuosas con el medio ambiente. Una de las maneras más eficientes de producir esta energía es mediante sistemas fotovoltaicos, que aprovechan la radiación solar para generar electricidad de manera limpia. Sin embargo, el análisis de la producción energética presenta desafíos significativos debido a diversas variables influyentes, tales como el tamaño del sistema, la temperatura, la irradiación solar y otros factores ambientales que pueden afectar. En este contexto, contar con un sistema de monitoreo y visualización de estos parámetros se vuelve una necesidad crucial para optimizar el rendimiento de los paneles solares. Por tal motivo, se desarrolló un sistema de monitoreo y visualización de parámetros eléctricos, con el fin de maximizar el rendimiento y la producción energética de los paneles solares instalados en la Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas (FICA) de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí. El objetivo fue implementar tecnologías IoT y sensores de alta precisión para capturar datos en tiempo real, permitiendo un análisis detallado y constante. La metodología de desarrollo en cascada facilitó un enfoque estructurado, garantizando una ejecución eficaz en cada fase del proyecto. Los resultados demostraron que el sistema no solo mejora el monitoreo de los paneles solares, sino también, su producción, esto promueve el uso eficiente de las fuentes de energía renovable, fomentando una gestión más sostenible y responsable.

Abstract Effective resource management in hotels is essential to reduce costs. This research seeks to develop a low-cost home automation system based on open hardware and IoT technology for GAVIOTA S.A. hotels. The main emphasis is to optimize energy efficiency, improve comfort and increase guest satisfaction. The system uses basic temperature, motion sensors, lighting, and climate control modules. The ESP32 platform was selected as the development base, allowing real-time monitoring through an intuitive interface for mobile devices or the control panel in the room. Communication is done through Wifi and Bluetooth protocols. Using low-cost IoT devices reduces operating and maintenance costs, offering an ergonomic solution with centralized monitoring, tracking and control management. The designed home automation system proposes a primary solution for room control, simple, capable of being assembled and installed nationwide to replace the ON/OFF systems currently used or the classic PLC-based automation. The proposed solution is considered profitable for hotel management due to reduced electricity consumption, maintenance costs and the use of low-energy elements.

Resumen Una gestión eficaz de los recursos en los hoteles es esencial para reducir costos. Esta investigación busca desarrollar un sistema domótico de bajo costo, basado en hardware abierto y tecnología IoT para los hoteles de GAVIOTA S.A. El énfasis fundamental es optimizar la eficiencia energética, mejorar el confort y elevar la satisfacción de los huéspedes. El sistema emplea sensores básicos de temperatura y movimiento, junto con módulos para el control de la iluminación y el clima. Se seleccionó la plataforma ESP32 como base de desarrollo, permitiendo el monitoreo en tiempo real a través de una interfaz intuitiva para dispositivos móviles o el panel de control en la habitación. La comunicación se realiza mediante los protocolos Wifi y Bluetooth. El uso de dispositivos IoT de bajo costo reduce los gastos operativos y de mantenimiento, ofreciendo una solución ergonómica con gestión centralizada para el monitoreo, seguimiento y control. El sistema domótico diseñado, propone una solución primaria para el control de habitaciones, sencilla, capaz de ser ensamblada e instalada a nivel nacional en reemplazo de los sistemas ON/OFF actualmente empleados o la clásica automatización basada en PLC. La solución propuesta se considera rentable para la gestión hotelera por la reducción del consumo eléctrico, los gastos de mantenimiento y el uso de elementos de bajo.

Abstract: This document presents a research on the design and evaluation of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system using a mat with multiple piezoelectric elements. The research begins with an introduction on the importance of developing alternative sources of renewable energy for portable electronic devices. Subsequently, a literature review on human motion energy harvesting technologies is presented, with a focus on piezoelectric materials. The methodology describes the design of a piezoelectric mat prototype consisting of a rubber layer, an acrylic sheet, and multiple piezoelectric elements connected in parallel to an energy harvesting circuit. Tests were conducted to characterize the response of the piezoelectric sensors and evaluate the energy harvesting system under different configurations. The results indicate that a single element generated 18,59 μJ, while 10 connected elements produced 297,4 μJ with a voltage of 0,57 V. Furthermore, the system enables remote data acquisition through the IoT platform Thingspeak.

Resumen: Este documento presenta una investigación sobre el diseño y evaluación de un sistema de recolección de energía piezoeléctrica utilizando una alfombra con múltiples elementos piezoeléctricos. La investigación inicia con una introducción sobre la importancia de desarrollar fuentes alternativas de energía renovable para dispositivos electrónicos portátiles. Posteriormente, se presenta una revisión de literatura sobre tecnologías de recolección de energía del movimiento humano, enfocándose en materiales piezoeléctricos. La metodología describe el diseño de un prototipo de alfombra piezoeléctrica compuesta por una capa de goma, una lámina de acrílico y múltiples elementos piezoeléctricos conectados en paralelo a un circuito recolector de energía. Se realizaron pruebas para caracterizar la respuesta de los sensores piezoeléctricos y evaluar el sistema de recolección de energía bajo diferentes configuraciones. Los resultados indican que un solo elemento generó 18,59 μJ, mientras que 10 elementos conectados produjeron 297,4 μJ con un voltaje de 0,57 V. Además, el sistema permite la adquisición remota de datos a través de la plataforma IoT Thingspeak.

SUMMARY: The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed our lives by connecting objects and creating an intelligent environment that drives automation and massive data collection. IoT has overcome challenges through remote monitoring, robotics, and sensors, with powerful wireless technologies opening up possibilities in various fields, including anatomical techniques. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of integrating IoT technology into the body maceration process by developing a low-cost, accessible, automated maceration control device compatible with theArduino IDE programming environment. Using an open-source NodeMCU system based on the ESP-12E chip, which employs the LUA programming language and is compatible with Arduino IDE, we incorporated a microSD card reader module for data storage, a digital temperature sensor (DS18B20), a clock module (DS3231), a magnetic stirrer, and an aquarium heater controlled by a digital thermostat with relay (W1209). To validate the device, we conducted maceration tests on C57BL mice, comparing two groups: Control (n=5; weight=17g) subjected to maceration in 4 liters of water at 10°C without agitation; Experimental (n=5; weight=17g) exposed to maceration in 4 liters of water at 35°C, with agitation at 1500 r/min and water flow renewal at a rate of 900 ml/h. Specimens were evaluated for their degree of maceration, cleaned, weighed, and photographed. The maceration time for the control and experi- mental groups was 730 hours and 60 hours, respectively. In the experimental group, no foul odors, damage, or bone demineralization were detected. The device cost was 60 USD, and programming through the Arduino IDE environment was straightforward. The focus on hardware contributed to accessibility and time savings. The system operated with a conventional power supply and required a water supply, making it adaptable to various configurations with greater capacity. Under this configuration, we effectively controlled the variables (temperature, agitation, and water flow). The NodeMCU-based bone maceration system improved the performance and adaptability of existing systems and increased accessibility by reducing costs, complexity, and foul odors.

RESUMEN: El rápido avance del Internet de las Cosas (IoT) ha transformado nuestras vidas al conectar objetos y crear un entorno inteligente que impulsa la automatización y la recolección masiva de datos. El IoT ha superado desafíos a través del monitoreo remoto, la robótica y los sensores, con tecnologías inalámbricas potentes que abren posibilidades en diversos campos, incluidas la anatomía y las técnicas anatómicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue demostrar la viabilidad y los beneficios de integrar la tecnología IoT en el proceso de maceración cadavérica mediante el desarrollo de un dispositivo de control de maceración automatizado, accesible y de bajo costo, compatible con el entorno de programación Arduino IDE. Usando un sistema NodeMCU de código abierto basado en el chip ESP-12E, que emplea el lenguaje de programación LUA y es compatible con Arduino IDE, incorporamos un módulo lector de tarjetas microSD para el almacenamiento de datos, un sensor de temperatura digital (DS18B20), un módulo de reloj (DS3231), un agitador magnético y un calentador de acuario controlado por un termostato digital con relé (W1209). Para validar el dispositivo, realizamos pruebas de maceración en ratones C57BL, comparando dos grupos: control (n=5; peso=17g) sometido a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 10°C sin agitación; experimental (n=5; peso=17g) expuesto a maceración en 4 litros de agua a 35°C, con agitación a 1500 r/min y renovación del flujo de agua a una velocidad de 900 ml/h. Los especímenes fueron evaluados según su grado de maceración, limpiados, pesados y fotografiados. El tiempo de maceración para los grupos control y experimental fue de 730 horas y 60 horas, respectivamente. En el grupo experimental no se detectaron malos olores, daños ni desmineralización de los huesos. El costo del dispositivo fue de 60 USD y la programación a través del entorno Arduino IDE fue sencilla. El enfoque en el hardware contribuyó a la accesibilidad y al ahorro de tiempo. El sistema operaba con una fuente de alimentación convencional y requería un suministro de agua, lo que lo hace adaptable a diversas configuraciones con mayor capacidad. Bajo esta configuración, controlamos eficazmente las variables (temperatura, agitación y flujo de agua). El sistema de maceración ósea basado en NodeMCU mejoró el rendimiento y la adaptabilidad de los sistemas existentes, y aumentó la accesibilidad al reducir los costos, la complejidad y los malos olores.

Resumo O controle da temperatura em lagos para criação de carpas-koi é essencial para o bom desenvolvimento dos animais. Normalmente, a manutenção da temperatura em níveis ideais requer a utilização de aquecedores elétricos, que implicam em custos excessivos aos criadores. Neste trabalho é proposto um sistema de Internet of Things (IoT) que utiliza a combinação de resistências elétricas com canos pretos expostos ao sol para auxiliar no aquecimento da água a mantê-la entre 20 °C e 30 °C. O monitoramento da temperatura da água e do funcionamento do sistema foi feito através de sensores conectados à internet utilizando um micro controlador. Após modelagem matemática da perda de calor e quantidade de energia necessária, chegou-se à conclusão de que com uma resistência de 10KW, o sistema levará cerca de 24 horas para elevar a temperatura de 20 °C para 30 °C sem o auxílio da energia solar e 21 horas com o uso da energia solar, um ganho de 10%.

Abstract Temperature control in ponds for koi farming is essential for the proper development of the animals. Maintaining the temperature at ideal levels typically requires using electric heaters, which entails excessive costs for the breeders. This work proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) system that combines electric resistors with black pipes exposed to the sun to help heat the water and keep it between 20 °C and 30 °C. The system monitored the water temperature through sensors connected to the internet using a microcontroller. After mathematical modeling of the heat loss and amount of energy required, we conclude that with a 10KW resistor, the system will take about 24 hours to raise the temperature from 20 °C to 30 °C without the help of solar energy and 21 hours with the use of solar energy, a gain of 10%.

Die Internet van Dinge (loT) is 'n belangrike element van Industrie 4.0, wat innoverende tegnologiese bydraes tot die energie sektor gebring het. Industrie 4.0 stel organisasies in staat om oor te skakel na intelligente ondernemings deur die gebruik van IoT en tegnologieë wat vervaardigings- en produksieprosesse bevoordeel om doeltreffender te wees. Die doel van hierdie artikel is hoe die toepassing van IoT voordele in die energie sektor gehad het, te identifiseer. Hierdie artikel bied 'n literatuuroorsig op 'n tradisionele manier aan om die belangrikheid van die IoT en die toepassing daarvan in die energie sektor op die gebied van wind, sonkrag, hidro-elektriese, sowel as fossiel energie te identifiseer. Die ontleding van die literatuur toon dat daar studies is wat die voordeel van die IoT in die energie sektor aandui, met 48 dokumente wat erken word, waarvan 25 publikasies in 2022 was.

The Internet of Things is an important element of Industry 4.0, which has brought innovative technological contributions to the energy sector; Industry 4.0 allows organisations to transition to intelligent companies through the use of the Internet of Things and technologies that favour manufacturing and production processes to be more efficient. The aim of this paper is to identify how the application of the Internet of Things has had benefits in the energy sector. This paper presents a literature review in a traditional way, to identify the importance of the Internet of Things and its application in the energy sector in the field of wind, solar, hydroelectric, and fossil energy. The analysis of the literature shows that there are studies that indicate the benefit of the internet of Things in the energy sector, with 48 documents being recognised, of which 25 publications belong to the year 2022.

Abstract: This document reviews microstrip antennas used in wireless energy transfer and collection systems in microwave bands, based on their technical and structural parameters. The foregoing will allow the identification of outstanding aspects in the use of the different antenna configurations and suggest future lines of research that contribute to the development of this area. For this, a literature review of research articles, papers presented at conferences and symposiums, among others, is carried out which allows knowing the different existing proposals around the subject of study. As a result, it is found that there is a great variety of configurations and techniques for the design of these antennas, with which the radiation pattern can be modified, and the gain improved. It is concluded then that there is no defined construction pattern to obtain the ideal antenna. However, a research perspective is opened to establish and evaluate new structures and materials for the optimization of this type of antennas used in the collection of RF energy as another alternative for the charging of low power devices and the development of the internet of things (IoT) technology.

Resumen: En este documento, se realiza una revisión de las antenas de microcinta utilizadas en sistemas de transferencia y captación de energía electromagnética radiada en las bandas de microondas, en función de sus parámetros técnicos y estructurales. Lo anterior permitirá identificar aspectos destacados en el empleo de las distintas configuraciones de antenas y sugerir líneas de investigación futuras que contribuyan con el desarrollo de esta área. Para ello, se realiza una revisión de literatura de artículos de investigación, trabajos presentados en conferencias y simposios, entre otros, que permitan conocer las diferentes propuestas existentes en torno al tema de estudio. Como resultado, se encuentra que existe una gran variedad de configuraciones y técnicas para el diseño de estas antenas, con los cuales se puede modificar el patrón de radiación y mejorar la ganancia. Se concluye entonces, que no existe un patrón definido de construcción para obtener la antena ideal. Sin embargo, se abre una perspectiva a la investigación para establecer y evaluar nuevas estructuras y materiales para la optimización de este tipo de antenas utilizadas en la recolección de energía de RF como otra alternativa para la carga de dispositivos de baja potencia y el desarrollo de la tecnología de internet de las cosas (IoT).

ABSTRACT Global solar radiation (Qg) is of paramount importance for several functions, such as photosynthesis and other biological processes, technologies based on solar energy (production of electricity and hot water), estimation of evapotranspiration (irrigation management), and forecast of crops, among other activities, at zero cost. This study aimed to develop a new methodology to estimate the daily and monthly value of global solar radiation based on the power generated by a 10 W photovoltaic solar panel. The methodology performance was assessed by comparing the Qg values estimated by the new method and the Qg values observed in a weather station, and also calculated by the SunDATA software and observed in the NASA POWER system. High r, R2, and Willmott coefficient values (close to 1), a low mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.202 kWh m−2 per day, a low mean bias error (MBE) of −0.146 kWh m−2 per day, a low mean percentage error (MPE) of 3.25%, and a low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.292 kWh m−2 per day were obtained, confirming the excellent accuracy and reliability of the proposed methodology to estimate Qg. The NASA POWER system and SunDATA software presented similar values for the entire study period compared to the observed data, but not as good as the proposed technique. Thus, the proposed methodology had high performance in estimating Qg. (Qg functions processes production water, water , water) irrigation management, management management) crops activities cost 1 panel station r R2 R close 1, 1) MAE (MAE 0202 0 202 0.20 m2 m 2 m− MBE (MBE 0146 146 −0.14 MPE (MPE 325 3 25 3.25% RMSE (RMSE 0292 292 0.29 obtained data technique Thus 020 20 0.2 014 14 −0.1 32 3.25 029 29 02 0. 01 −0. 3.2 −0 3. −

RESUMO A radiação solar global (Qg) é de suma importância para diversas funções, como fotossíntese e outros processos biológicos, tecnologias baseadas em energia solar (produção de eletricidade e água quente), estimativa da evapotranspiração (manejo da irrigação), previsão de cultivos, entre outras atividades, a custo zero. Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma nova metodologia para estimar o valor diário e mensal da radiação solar global com base na potência gerada por um painel solar fotovoltáico de 10 W. O desempenho da metodologia foi avaliado pela comparação entre os valores de Qg estimados pelo novo método e os valores de Qg observados em uma estação metereológica, e também pelos valores calculados pelo software SunDATA e os observados no sistema NASA POWER. Altos valores de r, R2 e coeficiente de Willmott (próximos de 1), baixo erro médio absoluto (MAE) de 0,202 kWh m-2 por dia, baixo erro médio da estimativa (MBE) de -0,146 kWh m-2 por dia, baixo erro médio percentual (MPE) de 3,25% e baixa raiz do erro quadrático médio (RMSE) de 0,292 kWh m-2 por dia foram obtidos, confirmando a excelente acurácia e confiabilidade da metodologia proposta para estimar o Qg. O sistema NASA POWER e o software SunDATA apresentaram valores semelhantes para todo o período de estudo em relação aos dados observados, mas os da presente metodologia foram melhores. Assim, a metodologia proposta apresentou alto desempenho na estimativa da Qg. (Qg funções biológicos produção quente, quente , quente) manejo irrigação, irrigação irrigação) cultivos atividades zero 1 W metereológica r R próximos 1, 1) MAE (MAE 0202 0 202 0,20 m2 m 2 m- MBE (MBE 0,146 0146 146 -0,14 MPE (MPE 325 3 25 3,25 RMSE (RMSE 0292 292 0,29 obtidos melhores Assim 020 20 0,2 0,14 014 14 -0,1 32 3,2 029 29 02 0, 0,1 01 -0, 3, -0 -

Resumen El lombricompost es un abono orgánico que ayuda a la fertilidad del suelo, generado por las lombrices de tierra. A través del internet de las cosas (IoT) se pueden crear redes de sensores para monitorear las condiciones ambientales del sustrato donde viven. En este artículo se hace una revisión de los diferentes tipos de sensores de humedad, luminosidad y temperatura encontrados en la literatura, con el fin de determinar cuáles de ellos son los más adecuados para un sistema de monitoreo de lombricultura, basado en IoT. Los resultados muestran que el sensor capacitivo I2C Soil Moisture es el más apropiado para monitorear la humedad, el fototransistor BH1750 es el elegido como sensor de luminosidad y el sensor de estado sólido DS18B20 es el que más se destaca para medir la temperatura.

Abstract Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer that helps soil fertility, generated by earthworms, and sensor networks can be created through the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor the environmental conditions of the soil where they live. They generate vermicompost, an organic fertilizer that helps soil fertility. This paper presents a review of the different types of humidity, luminosity and temperature sensors found in the literature, in order to determine which of them are the most suitable for a vermiculture monitoring system based on IoT. The results show that the I2C Soil Moisture capacitive sensor is the most appropriate to monitor humidity, the BH1750 phototransistor is the chosen as luminosity sensor and the DS18B20 solid state sensor is the most outstanding to measure temperature.