Abstract Introduction: Intestinal parasites particularly affect vulnerable populations, making their management crucial in endemic areas. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between intestinal parasites, socioeconomic characteristics, and anthropometric nutritional status. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study conducted on children aged 1 to 15 years in Tartagal, Argentina, for a year. Intestinal parasitic infections were determined through fecal analysis using sedimentation techniques (Teleman), Kato-Katz, and the Baerman method. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected using a standardized survey. Height, weight, and mid-upper arm and head circumference were measured in the participants. Results: Of the 588 participants who provided fecal samples, 55.4% had intestinal parasites, with G. lamblia and H. nana being the most prevalent species. Additionally, 31.9% of participants were found to have malnutrition due to excess weight. Risk factors for intestinal parasite presence included age, overcrowding, and walking barefoot, while owning a refrigerator, having an animal corral, adequate water storage, and belonging to the Guaraní ethnic group were protective factors. High vulnerability areas were observed regarding housing conditions and access to public services. Conclusions: An association between socioeconomic conditions and the risk of intestinal parasite presence was observed. However, no association was found between anthropometric nutritional status and the presence of intestinal parasites.

Resumen Introducción: Los parásitos intestinales afectan particularmente a grupos poblacionales vulnerables siendo de importancia su abordaje en zonas endémicas. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación de parásitos intestinales con características socioeconómicas y estado nutricional antropométrico. Metodos: Estudio observacional, y transversal en niños de 1 a 15 años de Tartagal, Argentina durante un año. Las parasitosis intestinales se determinaron por análisis de materia fecal usando técnicas de sedimentación (Teleman) y Kato Katz, y el método de Baerman. Los datos demográficos y socioeconómicos se colectaron con una encuesta estandarizada. Se midió talla, peso, perímetro braquial y cefálico a los participantes. Resultados: De los 588 participantes que entregaron materia fecal, el 55.4% presentó parásitos intestinales, siendo Giardia lamblia e Hymenolepis nana las especies más prevalentes. El 31.9% de los participantes presentaron malnutrición por exceso. Los factores de riesgo para la presencia de parásitos intestinales fueron la edad, el hacinamiento y caminar descalzo, mientras que tenencia de heladera, corral para animales, almacenamiento de agua adecuado y pertenecer a la etnia Guaraní, actuaron como factores protectores. Se observaron zonas de alta vulnerabilidad de las viviendas y de acceso a servicios públicos. Conclusiones: Se evidenció una asociación entre las condiciones socioeconómicas y el riesgo de presencia de parásitos intestinales. Sin embargo, no se observó asociación entre el estado nutricional antropométrico y la presencia de parásitos intestinales.

Abstract Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are endemic worldwide and more prevalent in countries with unhygienic conditions. The objective of the research was to identify the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in rural and urban areas of Quetta, Balochistan and to check their associated risk factors including; age, gender, educational status, sanitary system and any other immunodeficiency. For this instance 204 stool samples were collected from the urban and rural population of Quetta, Balochistan. The participants with positive results for Intestinal Parasitic Infections were interviewed using close-ended questionnaire. From the findings of this study, it has been revealed that prevalence of Intestinal parasitic infections in rural and urban areas was 21%. Males were found more prevalent (66%) as compared to females (34%) due to higher risk of contacting to outer environment. The prevalence was higher in rural areas (23%). The most prevalent intestinal parasite was Entamoeba histolytica (48%). Other prevailing parasites were Hymenolepis nana (26%), Giardia Intestinalis (17%), Trichomonas hominis (5%) and Trichuris trichiura (5%). The majority of patients were having lower socio-economic (52%) and educational status (48%). Educational status of 48% patients was primary or below primary. Most of the participants with positive results did not have hand washing habit (62%) and didn’t have the closed sanitary system (71%). The intestinal parasitic infections were more prevalent among children aged from 1-10 (33%). This may be a result of poor hygiene in children. The study will contribute to lower down the prevalence in the studied areas by the application of different preventive measures in future. IPIs (IPIs conditions Quetta including age gender immunodeficiency 20 closeended close ended questionnaire 21 21% 66% 66 (66% 34% 34 (34% environment 23%. 23 23% . (23%) 48%. 48 (48%) 26%, 26 26% , (26%) 17%, 17 17% (17%) 5% 5 (5% 5%. socioeconomic socio economic 52% 52 (52% 62% 62 (62% didnt didn t 71%. 71 71% (71%) 110 1 10 1-1 33%. 33 33% (33%) future 2 6 (66 3 (34 (23% 4 (48% (26% (17% (5 (52 (62 7 (71% 11 1- (33% (6 (3 (23 (48 (26 (17 ( (71 (33 (2 (4 (1 (7

Resumo As infecções parasitárias intestinais (IPIs) são endêmicas em todo o mundo e mais prevalentes em países com condições anti-higiênicas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar a prevalência de infecções parasitárias intestinais em áreas rurais e urbanas de Quetta, Baluchistão e verificar seus fatores de risco associados, incluindo; idade, sexo, escolaridade, sistema sanitário e qualquer outra imunodeficiência. Nesses casos, 204 amostras de fezes foram coletadas da população urbana e rural da região de Quetta. Os participantes com resultados positivos para Infecções Parasitárias Intestinais foram entrevistados por meio de questionário fechado. A partir dos resultados deste estudo, foi revelado que a prevalência de infecções parasitárias intestinais em áreas rurais e urbanas foi de 21%. O sexo masculino foi mais prevalente (66%) em relação ao feminino (34%). A prevalência foi maior na zona rural (23%). O parasita intestinal mais prevalente foi Entamoeba histolytica (48%). Os outros parasitas predominantes foram Hymenolepis nana (26%), Giardia Intestinalis (17%), Trichomonas hominis (5%) e Trichuris trichiura (5%). A maioria dos pacientes tinha menor nível socioeconômico (52%) e escolaridade (48%). A maioria dos participantes com resultados positivos não tinha o hábito de lavar as mãos (62%) e não possuía o sistema sanitário fechado (71%). As parasitoses intestinais foram mais prevalentes entre as crianças de 1 a 10 anos (33%). Este estudo contribuirá para diminuir a prevalência nas áreas estudadas através da aplicação de diferentes medidas preventivas no futuro. IPIs (IPIs antihigiênicas. antihigiênicas anti higiênicas. higiênicas anti-higiênicas Quetta associados incluindo idade imunodeficiência casos 20 21 21% 66% 66 (66% 34%. 34 34% . (34%) 23%. 23 23% (23%) 48%. 48 48% (48%) 26%, 26 26% , (26%) 17%, 17 17% (17%) 5% 5 (5% 5%. 52% 52 (52% 62% 62 (62% 71%. 71 71% (71%) 33%. 33 33% (33%) futuro 2 6 (66 3 (34% (23% 4 (48% (26% (17% (5 (52 (62 7 (71% (33% (6 (34 (23 (48 (26 (17 ( (71 (33 (3 (2 (4 (1 (7

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia in children of two Guarani communities in Misiones, Argentina, and to analyze its association with socioenvironmental and parasitic factors. This cross-sectional study took place in two villages, Koen Ju and Kaa Poty, and included Mbya Guarani children aged 6 months to 14 years. A multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate the association of anemia with the presence of intestinal parasites. Altogether, 162 children were included in the study: 53.1% were boys, 32.7% had low weight-for-age, and 22.2% low height-for-age. Nearly half (46.9%, n=76) had anemia, which was mainly mild (92.1%), with a few moderate cases (7.9%). Of the 109 children who underwent testing for intestinal parasites, 89 (81.7%) had at least one, and 53 (59.5%) had more than one. The main parasite was Blastocystis hominis (49.5%), followed by Entamoeba coli (47.7%), hookworms (36.7%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (31.5%). In the multivariable analysis, anemia was associated with intestinal parasitosis (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–16.5; p=0.038) and male sex (adjusted OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.08–6.47; p= 0.01). Overall, we found that both anemia and intestinal parasites are common in the pediatric population of the Guarani ethnic group. Intestinal parasites and male sex were associated with the presence of anemia. Misiones Argentina factors crosssectional cross sectional villages Poty 1 years Altogether 16 531 53.1 boys 327 32 7 32.7 weightforage, weightforage weight age, age weight-for-age 222 22 2 22.2 heightforage. heightforage height age. height-for-age 46.9%, 469 46 9 (46.9% n=76 n76 n 76 92.1%, 921 92.1% , 92 (92.1%) 7.9%. 79 7.9% . (7.9%) 10 8 81.7% 817 81 (81.7% one 5 59.5% 595 59 (59.5% 49.5%, 495 49.5% 49 (49.5%) 47.7%, 477 47.7% 47 (47.7%) 36.7%, 367 36.7% 36 (36.7%) 31.5%. 315 31.5% 31 (31.5%) adjusted [OR 424 4 24 4.24 95 [CI 1.08–16.5 108165 08 p=0.038 p0038 p 0 038 2.66 266 66 1.08–6.47 108647 0.01. 001 0.01 01 0.01) Overall group 53. 3 32. 22. 46.9% (46.9 n=7 n7 92.1 (92.1% 7.9 (7.9% 81.7 (81.7 59.5 (59.5 49.5 (49.5% 47.7 (47.7% 36.7 (36.7% 31.5 (31.5% 42 4.2 1.08–16. 10816 p=0.03 p003 03 2.6 26 1.08–6.4 10864 00 0.0 46.9 (46. n= 92. (92.1 7. (7.9 81. (81. 59. (59. 49. (49.5 47. (47.7 36. (36.7 31. (31.5 4. 1.08–16 1081 p=0.0 p00 2. 1.08–6. 1086 0. 46. (46 (92. (7. (81 (59 (49. (47. (36. (31. 1.08–1 108 p=0. p0 1.08–6 (4 (92 (7 (8 (5 (49 (47 (36 (31 1.08– p=0 ( (9 (3 1.08 1.0 1.

BACKGROUND: Parasite infections, unlike regulated animal diseases, do not often receive attention. In fact, parasites are major sources of financial losses in pig enterprises, particularly in subsistence and small-scale pig production systems. OBJECTIVE: To identify and quantify the prevalence of ecto- and endo-parasites among peri-urban free-roaming pigs (FRP) in Gert Sibande District Municipality (GSDM), Mpumalanga. METHOD: Pig owners were identified using the snowball sampling method since no sampling frame for FRP farmers exists. Stratified sampling was used to select pigs for sampling for ecto- and endo-parasites. A form was used to record the observations. Pairwise correlation analysis was performed using Stata 15.0. The SPSS V28.0 statistical package was used to perform the chi-square test (X²) to assess the distribution of parasites in different age groups. The prevalence of parasites was assessed in different age groups of pigs using multi-response crosstabs. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to estimate the marginal mean of parasites according to municipality. Statistical significance was assessed at α < 0.05. RESULTS: Over 90% (91.2%) of the pigs examined were infested with at least one parasite, including Haematopinus suis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Ascaris suum, Fasciola hepatica, Trichuris suis, Strongylids, Coccidia spp, Moniezia expansa, and Siphonaptera spp. The correlation between Ascaris suum and body condition was weak but statistically significant (r = 0.24; p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: Policy makers, animal researchers and veterinary services must focus on developing policies, risk communication and community engagement materials, which target pig farmers in peri-urban areas such as Gert Sibande District Municipality, Mpumalanga Province.

Abstract The close relationship between the microbiota and allergic diseases has been known for several years, particularly food allergy. Although the best studied microbiota is that related to bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi are also constituents of this, although their role is not definitively clarified. The microbial world interacts with the human body constantly, we are in daily contact with an infinite and innumerable number of varieties of microbes in our environment, some of them can pass through the body without causing any harm, while others generate undesirable risk for the body. health. Alteration of the original composition of the microbiota (dysbiosis) is associated with food allergy. This dysbiosis is related to changes in habits, method of termination of pregnancy (birth or cesarean section), replacement of reastfeeding or interruption at an early age; decrease in family size; loss of contact with farm animals or pets; inappropriate prescription or abuse of antibiotics. The transition from a diet based exclusively on milk to one with solid foods is associated with a drastic increase in microbial diversity. Immunomodulatory components of the microbiota (cell surface polysaccharides), dietary factors (vitamin A), and production of secondary metabolites (short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acid metabolites) promote differentiation of the RORyt+ cell population Treg. ILC3 produces IL-2, which plays a decisive role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.

Resumen La estrecha relación entre la microbiota y las enfermedades alérgicas es conocida desde hace varios años, particularmente la alergia alimentaria. Aunque la microbiota mejor estudiada es la relacionada con las bacterias, también son constitutivas de esta los virus, parásitos y hongos, aun con un rol no definitivamente esclarecido. El mundo microbiano interactúa con el cuerpo humano constantemente, estamos en contacto diario con una cantidad infinita e innumerable de variedades de microbios en nuestro entorno, algunos de ellos pueden pasar a través del cuerpo sin causar ningún daño, mientras que otros generan riesgo indeseable para la salud. La alteración de la composición original de la microbiota (disbiosis) se asocia con alergia alimentaria. Esta disbiosis se relaciona con los cambios de hábito, vía de finalización del embarazo (parto o cesárea), sustitución de la lactancia o interrupción en edades tempranas; disminución del tamaño de las familias; pérdida de contacto con animales de granja o mascotas; prescripción inadecuada o abuso de antibióticos. La transición de una dieta basada exclusivamente en leche a otra con alimentos sólidos se asocia con aumento drástico en la diversidad microbiana. Los componentes inmunomoduladores de la microbiota (polisacáridos de la superficie celular), los factores dietéticos (vitamina A) y la producción de metabolitos secundarios (ácidos grasos de cadena corta y metabolitos secundarios de ácidos biliares) promueven la diferenciación de la población de células RORyt + Treg. La ILC3 produce IL-2, que desempeña un papel decisivo en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis intestinal.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and domestic animals from two peri-urban neighborhoods in Corrientes, Argentina. We also evaluated the characteristics of humans, socio-environmental features, and hygiene practices associated with the presence of parasites. Fecal samples were examined using techniques of concentration by sedimentation and flotation. The Graham method was used to diagnose Enterobius vermicularis eggs in children. We carried out the univariate and bivariate analysis of the data. We analyzed 58 dwellings, from which we obtained 146 stool samples from children and 101 from animals. We found at least one parasite species in 54 dwellings (93.1%). We found that 52.7% of children had parasites, mainly Blastocystis spp. (35.6%) and Giardia spp. (21.2%). We found that 67.32% of the animals had parasites, the most prevalent species being hookworms (60.7%). In conclusion, it is evident that the domestic environment can favor the transmission of these parasites.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales de niños y animales domésticos en dos barrios periurbanos de la ciudad de Corrientes, Argentina. También evaluamos las características de los humanos, factores socio-ambientales y prácticas de higiene asociadas con la presencia de parásitos. Las muestras fecales fueron examinadas usando técnicas de concentración por sedimentación y flotación. Se detectaron huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en niños utilizando el método de Graham. El análisis de los datos fue univariado y bivariado. En total, 58 viviendas fueron evaluadas, de las cuales se obtuvieron 146 muestras de heces de niños y 101 muestras de animales. Se registró al menos una especie de parásito en 54 viviendas (93,1%). Encontramos parásitos en el 52,7% de los niños, principalmente los protozoos Blastocystis spp. (35,6%) y Giardia spp. (21,2%). Se detectaron parásitos en 67,32% de los animales, principalmente ancilostomídeos (60,7%). En conclusión, es evidente que el ambiente doméstico presenta condiciones favorables para la transmisión de estos parásitos.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales de niños y animales domésticos en dos barrios periurbanos de la ciudad de Corrientes, Argentina. También evaluamos las características de los humanos, factores socio-ambientales y prácticas de higiene asociadas con la presencia de parásitos. Las muestras fecales fueron examinadas usando técnicas de concentración por sedimentación y flotación. Se detectaron huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en niños utilizando el método de Graham. El análisis de los datos fue univariado y bivariado. En total, 58 viviendas fueron evaluadas, de las cuales se obtuvieron 146 muestras de heces de niños y 101 muestras de animales. Se registró al menos una especie de parásito en 54 viviendas (93,1%). Encontramos parásitos en el 52,7% de los niños, principalmente los protozoos Blastocystis spp. (35,6%) y Giardia spp. (21,2%). Se detectaron parásitos en 67,32% de los animales, principalmente ancilostomídeos (60,7%). En conclusión, es evidente que el ambiente doméstico presenta condiciones favorables para la transmisión de estos parásitos.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children and domestic animals from two peri-urban neighborhoods in Corrientes, Argentina. We also evaluated the characteristics of humans, socio-environmental features, and hygiene practices associated with the presence of parasites. Fecal samples were examined using techniques of concentration by sedimentation and flotation. The Graham method was used to diagnose Enterobius vermicularis eggs in children. We carried out the univariate and bivariate analysis of the data. We analyzed 58 dwellings, from which we obtained 146 stool samples from children and 101 from animals. We found at least one parasite species in 54 dwellings (93.1%). We found that 52.7% of children had parasites, mainly Blastocystis spp. (35.6%) and Giardia spp. (21.2%). We found that 67.32% of the animals had parasites, the most prevalent species being hookworms (60.7%). In conclusion, it is evident that the domestic environment can favor the transmission of these parasites.

ABSTRACT The word "amoeba" contains the species of the genus Entamoeba, Endolimax and Iodamoeba, belonging to the Entamoebidae family. Iodamoeba bütschlii is found worldwide, it receives its name from the characteristic glycogen mass present in its cystic form, being a non- pathogenic intestinal amoeba, related as an exclusive commensal parasite of the human large intestine which acquires it by oral-fecal contamination of food and water, that is, by a non-hygienic lifestyle. Infections by intestinal parasites can lead to diseases with serious implications, mainly in the child population. Iodamoeba butschlii is acquired due to the lack of basic services in countries with lower development or high rates of rurality. The Objective, to determine the risk factors associated with intestinal parasitism caused by Iodamoeba butschlii in pre-school children. Documentary research was carried out, and authors' criteria and research results available in all the bibliographies in existing articles in databases such as Scielo, Pub Med, Lifeder, slideplayer were made known. In research carried out in Ecuador on intestinal parasitosis in children in 5 provinces, the highest incidence was in the province of Pichincha, demonstrating the existence of infections by Iodamoeba butschlii in the country. In Conclusion, to avoid the infection of this parasite, hygienic actions such as hand washing, disinfection of fruits, vegetables and avoiding the consumption of non-drinking water should be implemented.

RESUMEN El presente artículo es una revisión bibliográfica sobre la metodología de tratamiento de Iodamoeba bütschlii, se enfoca en una definición desde el punto de vista de promoción para la salud. Este parásito engloba a las especies pertenecientes a los géneros Entamoeba, Endolimax y Iodamoeba, incluidas dentro de la familia Entamoebidae. Iodamoeba bütschlii es de distribución mundial, siendo una ameba intestinal no patógena, relacionada como un parásito comensal exclusivo del intestino grueso del ser humano el cual lo adquiere por contaminación oral-fecal de alimentos y agua, es decir, por un estilo de vida no higiénico. Las infecciones por parásitos intestinales pueden llevar a enfermedades con implicaciones graves principalmente en la población infantil, el mismo se adquiere por la falta de servicios básicos en países con menor desarrollo o con altos índices de ruralidad. El objetivo es determinar el factor de riesgo asociados al parasitismo intestinal provocado por la Iodamoeba butschlii en poblaciones de niños en edad preescolar. Se realizó una investigación documental, se dieron a conocer criterios de autores y resultados de investigaciones disponibles en todas las bibliografías en artículos existentes en la base de datos como Scielo, Pub Med, Lifeder, slideplayer. En investigación realizados en Ecuador sobre parasitosis intestinal en niños de 5 provincias, la mayor incidencia se la localizó en la provincia de Pichincha, demostrando la existencia de infecciones por Iodamoeba butschlii en el país. Conclusión, para evitar el contagio de este parásito se debe implementar acciones de higiene como lavado de manos, desinfección de frutas, verduras y evitar el consumo de agua no potable.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to identify the endohelminths of the native fish Galaxias maculatus and Basilichthys australis in Lake Pullinque Chile, determine their prevalence, mean intensity, mean abundance, their zoonotic potential, describe new taxa for Chile, and evaluate the potential histopathological changes in parasitized samples of intestine of B. australis. Trematodes (Steganoderma szidati, Acanthostomoides apophalliformis, Tylodelphys sp, Posthodiplostomum sp) nematodes (Contracaecum sp, Camallanus corderoi and Eustrongylides sp) and the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus tumescens was reported in G. maculatus. Tylodelphys sp presented the highest prevalence (97%) and mean abundance (21.1), while Posthodiplostomum sp showed the highest mean intensity (33.5). Trematodes (Limnoderetrema tolosai, Austrodiplostomum mordax and Tylodelphys destructor) and nematodes (Contracaecum sp, Hysterothylacium geschei and C. corderoi) were identified in B. australis. The highest prevalence (100%), mean intensity (71.9) and mean abundance (71.9) corresponded to L. tolosai. The histopathological study in B. australis showed adults of L. tolosai adhered to the surface of the intestinal mucosa, damaging the epithelium of the villi, and larvae of Contracaecum sp encapsulated and associated with mild congestion and few mononuclear cells in the connective tissue of the submucosa. All taxa were recorded for the first time in fish from Lake Pullinque. Eustrongylides sp and S. szidati were described for the first time in Chile being Eustrongylides sp the only potentially zoonotic taxon.

RESUMEN El propósito del estudio fue identificar los endohelmintos de los peces nativos Galaxias maculatus y Basilichthys australis en el lago Pullinque, Chile, determinar su prevalencia, intensidad media, abundancia media, su potencial zoonótico, describir los taxones nuevos para Chile y evaluar potenciales cambios histopatológicos en muestras parasitadas de intestino de B. australis. En G. maculatus se reportaron trematodos (Steganoderma szidati, Acanthostomoides apophalliformis, Tylodelphys sp, Posthodiplostomum sp), nematodos (Contracaecum sp, Camallanus corderoi y Eustrongylides sp) y el acantocéfalo Acanthocephalus tumescens. Tylodelphys sp presentó la mayor prevalencia (97%) y abundancia media (21.1), mientras que Posthodiplostomum sp mostró la mayor intensidad media (33.5). En B. australis se identificaron trematodos (Limnoderetrema tolosai, Austrodiplostomum mordax y Tylodelphys destructor) y nematodos (Contracaecum sp, Hysterothylacium geschei y C. corderoi). La mayor prevalencia (100%), intensidad media (71.9) y abundancia media (71.9) correspondieron a L. tolosai. El estudio histopatológico en B. australis mostró adultos de L. tolosai adheridos a la superficie de la mucosa intestinal, dañando el epitelio de las vellosidades, y larvas de Contracaecum sp encapsuladas y asociadas a una leve congestión y escasas células mononucleares en el tejido conectivo de la submucosa. Todos los taxones fueron registrados por primera vez en peces del lago Pullinque. Eustrongylides sp y S. szidati fueron descritas por primera vez en Chile, siendo Eustrongylides sp. el único taxón potencialmente zoonótico.

ABSTRACT The presence of potentially zoonotic intestinal parasites was determined from the faeces of dogs with owner in the city of Talca, Chile, through convenience sampling (n=100) between July and December 2020. The samples were analysed using the modified technique of diphasic sedimentation with formol-diethyl ether. An 18% prevalence of samples positive for intestinal parasites was found. Two species were identified: Toxocara canis (14%) and Trichuris vulpis (5%), both with zoonotic potential. In addition, three epidemiological variables were evaluated: age, confinement and health status using the Chi-square tests, Fisher's exact test and Odds ratio, finding statistical significance for the variables age (p<0.05) and confinement (p=0.001). Given that sampled dogs have owner, the results show the importance of responsible pet ownership, correct deworming, and the role of veterinarians in educating the population regarding the importance of animal health care and the associated risks of transmission of zoonotic parasites from pets to humans.

RESUMEN Se determinó la presencia de parásitos intestinales potencialmente zoonóticos a partir de heces de perros con dueño de la ciudad de Talca, Chile, mediante un muestreo por conveniencia (n=100) entre julio y diciembre de 2020. Las muestras se analizaron mediante la técnica modificada de sedimentación difásica con formol-éter dietílico (SAF). Se encontró una prevalencia de 18% de muestras positivas a parásitos intestinales. Se identificaron dos especies: Toxocara canis (14%) y Trichuris vulpis (5%), ambas con potencial zoonótico. Además, se evaluaron tres variables epidemiológicas: edad, confinamiento y estado sanitario mediante las pruebas de Chi cuadrado, prueba exacta de Fisher y Odds ratio encontrando significancia estadística para las variables edad (p<0.05) y confinamiento (p=0.001). Dado que los perros muestreados tienen dueño, los resultados ponen en evidencia la importancia de la tenencia responsable de mascotas, la correcta desparasitación, y la educación a la población por médicos veterinarios respecto al cuidado de la salud animal y los riesgos asociados de la transmisión de parásitos zoonóticos desde las mascotas a los humanos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis is a global health problem. Its complications in children under 5 years of age address both the physical and social and psychological spheres; Being a health problem, it is necessary to maintain an adequate knowledge of its characteristics. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge that parents and caregivers of children under five years of age who attend the Type C Lasso Health Center, Cotopaxi, have on parasitism, December 2021-February 2022. Methods: Basic, non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional research that included 156 parents and caregivers of children under 5 years of age. The sample was made up of 96 people. A survey was applied to identify the general characteristics of the people and their level of knowledge related to some elements related to parasitosis. Results: Average age of 27.18 years; predominance of female persons (85.42 %); with a secondary education level (76.04 %), housewives (83.33%) and with a low income level (88.54 %). Inadequate levels of knowledge were identified in relation to the type of parasites (62.50 %), clinical manifestations (85.42 %), complications (76.04 %) and prevention (60.42 %). Only in relation to the forms of transmission of parasitism, a predominantly adequate level of knowledge was identified (63.54 %). Conclusions: The results of the study show that the predominant level of knowledge in the parents and caregivers of the children of the Tanicuchí, Guaytacama and Pastocalle communities about intestinal parasitism is inadequate.

RESUMEN Introducción: La parasitosis intestinal constituye un problema de salud a nivel mundial. Sus complicaciones en niños menores de 5 años abordan tanto la esfera física como social y psicológica; al ser un problema de salud es necesario mantener un adecuado conocimiento sobre sus características. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimiento que sobre la parasitosis tienen los padres y cuidadores de niñas y niños menores de cinco años que asisten al Centro de Salud Tipo C Lasso, Cotopaxi, diciembre 2021-febrero 2022. Métodos: Investigación básica, no experimental, descriptiva y de corte transversal que tuvo como universo a 156 padres y cuidadores de niños menores de 5 años. La muestra quedó conformada por 96 personas. Se aplicó una encuesta para identificar las características generales de las personas y su nivel de conocimiento relacionado con algunos elementos referentes a la parasitosis. Resultados: Promedio de edad de 27,18 años; predominio de personas femeninas (85,42 %); con nivel de escolaridad de secundaria (76,04 %), amas de casa (83,33 %) y con nivel de ingresos bajos (88,54 %). Se identificaron niveles de conocimientos inadecuados en relación al tipo de parásitos (62,50 %), manifestaciones clínicas (85,42 %), complicaciones (76,04 %) y prevención (60,42 %). Solo en relación a las formas de transmisión del parasitismo se identificó un nivel de conocimiento predominante adecuado (63,54 %). Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio muestran que el nivel de conocimiento predominante en los padres y cuidadores de los niños y niñas de las comunidades Tanicuchí, Guaytacama y Pastocalle sobre la parasitosis intestinal es inadecuado.

ABSTRACT Working ponies in the West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) province of Indonesia are relied upon as the principal mode of transport. They have important cultural, logistical and One Health significance for the local community. Given the tropical climate, these ponies face well recognised health and welfare challenges. Parameters relating to the general health and welfare of the ponies were assessed following data analysis of clinical records from three veterinary clinics held in 2018 and 2019. Records relating to 454 clinical examinations of ponies (n=365 stallions) aged between 1 to 25 years (mean 7.59 ± 4.70) were analysed. The mean body condition score (1 to 5 scoring system) across all clinics was 2.89 (±0.49; range 1.5, 4.5), with no significant difference between clinics (P= 0.297). The majority of ponies (84.57%; 95% CI 80.50, 87.92; 307/363) assessed presented with tachypnoea, 37.24% presented with tachycardia (95% CI 32.78, 41.92; 159/427), 14.80% (95% CI 11.10, 19.46; 41/277) recorded rectal temperatures considered hyperthermic (>38.5°C), and 38.0% did not show obvious evidence of sweating (95% CI 32.21, 44.16; 95/250). Ponies examined at the April/May 2019 clinic were more likely to be considered hyperthermic (P=0.009) and/or presented with tachycardia (P<0.001), whereas ponies examined in the November 2019 clinic were more likely to present with tachypnoea (P=0.001). In general, the objective measures of body condition and health indices of these ponies were considered adequate. Some abnormalities relating to prolonged recovery following exercise whilst working were considered likely related to thermoregulatory stress. Parasite burdens were found to be low, no haemoprotozoan parasites were detected and median faecal egg count was zero. Measures to encourage cooling and greater frequent rest periods continued surveillance and monitoring the health of these ponies will result in both enhanced welfare and advances in One Health initiatives.

Resumo A presente pesquisa foi planejada para avaliar a ocorrência de parasitas intestinais em pequenos ruminantes do distrito Upper Dir, da província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Para tanto, o material fecal foi coletado aleatoriamente com dedos enluvados diretamente da região do reto de ovelhas e cabras, e os materiais fecais foram colocados em garrafas plásticas higiênicas com formol a 10%. No total, 315 (n = 184 ovelhas e n = 131 cabras) amostras fecais foram coletadas; destas, 281 foram consideradas positivas para diferentes parasitas. A prevalência de padrões de parasitas GI da área de estudo foi encontrada. Parasitismo global único 89,20% (281/315) com 94,0% (173/184) em ovinos e 82,43% (108/131) em cabras. Infecção parasitária dupla em pequenos ruminantes registrada em Fasciola + Haemonchus contortus em ovinos, sua prevalência foi de 25,54% (47/184). Já em caprinos, a dupla infecção parasitária em que Haemonchus contortus + Trichuris spp foram encontrados e sua prevalência foi de 23,43% (30/131). As espécies encontradas na amostra de ovinos foram: Strongyloides papillosus (41,30%), Heamonchus controtus (21,73%), Trichuris ovis (17,39%) e Fasciola hepatica (13,58%), o valor correspondente para cabra foi Strongyloides spp. 33,33% (36/108), Haemonchus spp. 28,70%, (27/108), Trichuris sp 25,20% (27/184) e Fasciola spp. 10,68% (14/184). As ovelhas da área de estudo estão mais infectadas do que as cabras. Este estudo sugeriu que os parasitas gastrointestinais são os principais problemas de saúde dos pequenos ruminantes na área de estudo. Portanto, um estudo abrangente sobre as espécies de parasitas gastrointestinais que circulam na área, opções de controle, estratégias de baixo custo e conscientização sobre parasitas gastrointestinais entre os agricultores na área de estudo deve ser instituído.

Abstract The present research was planned to assess the occurrence of intestinal parasites in small ruminants of Upper Dir of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. For this purpose, the faecal material was collected randomly with gloved fingers directly from the rectum region of sheep and goats and the faecal materials were then put in hygienic plastic bottles with 10% formalin. The overall 315 (n=184 sheep and n= 131 goats) faecal samples were collected out of 315 samples, 281 were found positive for different parasites. Patterns-wise prevalence of GI parasites of the study area was found. Overall Single parasitism 89.20% (281/315) with 94.0% (173/184) in sheep and 82.43% (108/131) in goats. Double parasitic infection in small ruminant recorded in which Fasciola+ Haemonchus. contortus in sheep were found their prevalence was 25.54% (47/184). While in goats, the double parasitic infection in which Haemonchus contortus+Trichuris spp were found and their prevalence were 23.43% (30/131). The species found in the sample of sheep were includes, i.e., Strongyloides papillosus (41.30%), Heamonchus controtus (21.73%), Trichuris ovis (17.39%), and Fasciola hepatica (13.58%), the corresponding value for goat were Strongyloides spp 33.33% (36/108), Haemonchus spp 28.70%, (27/108), Trichuris spp 25.20% (27/184) and Fasciola spp 10.68% (14/184). The sheep of the study area are more infected as compared to goats. This study suggested that gastrointestinal parasites are major health problems of small ruminants in the study area. Therefore, a comprehensive study on species of gastrointestinal parasites circulating in the area, control options, cost-effective strategies and awareness about gastrointestinal parasites among the farmers in the study area should be instituted.

Abstract European hedgehogs, Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758), are small mammals found in western Europe and also in parts of northern Europe. They can be seen in rural, suburban and urban areas, but are usually found in grassland with edge habitats. These animals are omnivorous and serve as definitive or paratenic hosts for several parasites, including acanthocephalans (phylum Acanthocephala). During necropsy of a European hedgehog, a single adult parasite was collected from the intestinal lumen and preserved in 70% ethanol. After morphological evaluation of the specimen, it was identified as Moniliformis cestodiformis (von Linstow, 1904) (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae). This is the first report of M. cestodiformis in a European hedgehog, as well as in Europe. More epidemiological studies need to be carried out to map the location and prevalence of this parasite in Portugal and the European continent. hedgehogs Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 , 1758) rural areas habitats parasites phylum Acanthocephala. Acanthocephala . Acanthocephala) hedgehog 70 ethanol specimen von Linstow 1904 (Acanthocephala Moniliformidae. Moniliformidae Moniliformidae) M continent 175 7 190 17 19 1

Resumo Os ouriços, Erinaceus europaeus (Linnaeus, 1758), são pequenos mamíferos que se localizam na Europa ocidental e também em regiões do Norte da Europa. Eles podem ser avistados em áreas rurais, suburbanas e urbanas, mas são geralmente encontrados no campo no limite daqueles hábitats. São animais omnívoros e servem de hospedeiros definitivos ou paratênicos de muitos parasitas, incluindo acantocéfalos (filo Acanthocephala). Durante a necropsia de um ouriço, um exemplar adulto acantocéfalo foi recolhido do lúmen intestinal e preservado em etanol a 70%. Depois de uma avaliação morfológica desse exemplar, este foi identificado como Moniliformis cestodiformis (von Linstow, 1904) (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae). Esta é a primeira referência de M. cestodiformis num ouriço, assim como na Europa. Mais estudos epidemiológicos necessitam ser realizados, para localizar este parasita e calcular a sua prevalência em Portugal e no continente europeu. ouriços Linnaeus, Linnaeus (Linnaeus 1758, 1758 , 1758) rurais urbanas hábitats parasitas filo Acanthocephala. Acanthocephala . Acanthocephala) ouriço 70 70% von Linstow 1904 (Acanthocephala Moniliformidae. Moniliformidae Moniliformidae) M realizados europeu 175 7 190 17 19 1

Abstract The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites with an emphasis on Strongylus vulgaris was investigated among the Brazilian Pony breed kept on farms in the municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples were collected in three stud farms: A (n= 22 animals), B (n= 3), and C (n= 2). Fecal samples were subjected to the quantitative Mini-FLOTAC technique, using three different solutions, and to qualitative techniques. The parasite prevalence was found to be 81.4%. Eggs from strongylids were identified in 74% of the ponies. Eggs of Parascaris spp. were detected in 22.7% of the animals, which were all females of farm A. At this locality, mares were kept with their foals in fenced paddocks all the time. The NaCl solution of d = 1.200 g/ml was generally the one that presented the highest frequency of diagnosis of nematode eggs and the highest mean of fecal eggs per gram. The fecal samples were also subjected to the polymerase chain reaction for amplification of DNA from the ITS2 region for Strongylus vulgaris. Twelve samples presented nucleotide sequences for S. vulgaris. In the end, this study revealed the high frequency (96.3%) of S. vulgaris among ponies on farms in Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Teresópolis Janeiro n= n (n 2 animals , animals) 3, 3 3) 2. . 2) MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC technique solutions techniques 814 81 4 81.4% 74 spp 227 7 22.7 locality time 1200 1 200 1.20 gml g ml gram ITS S end 96.3% 963 96 (96.3% Brazil 8 81.4 22. 120 20 1.2 96.3 9 (96.3 81. 12 1. 96. (96. (96 (9 (

Resumo A frequência de parasitos gastrointestinais, com ênfase na pesquisa de Strongylus vulgaris, foi investigada entre os Pôneis Brasileiros criados em haras na cidade de Teresópolis, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais foram coletadas em três haras: A (n=22 animais), B (n=3) e C (n=2). Amostras fecais foram submetidas à técnica quantitativa de Mini-FLOTAC utilizando três diferentes soluções e técnicas qualitativas. A prevalência de parasitos foi de 81,4%. Ovos de estrôngilos foram identificados em 74% dos pôneis. Ovos de Parascaris spp. foram detectados em 22,7% dos animais, sendo todos fêmeas do haras A. Nesta propriedade, as éguas eram mantidas com os pôneis em piquetes cercados durante todo o tempo. A solução de NaCl, com densidade de 1.200 g/ml, foi a que apresentou a maior frequência diagnóstica de ovos de nematoides e a maior contagem de ovos por grama de fezes. As amostras também foram submetidas à reação de polimerase em cadeia para amplificar DNA da região ITS2 de Strongylus vulgaris. Doze amostras fecais apresentaram sequências nucleotídicas de S. vulgaris. Ao final, este estudo demonstrou a alta frequência (96.3%) de S. vulgaris em pôneis mantidos em haras na cidade de Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. gastrointestinais Teresópolis Janeiro n=22 n22 n 22 (n=2 animais , animais) n=3 n3 3 (n=3 n=2. n2 n=2 . 2 (n=2) MiniFLOTAC Mini FLOTAC qualitativas 814 81 4 81,4% 74 spp 227 7 22,7 propriedade tempo NaCl 1200 1 200 1.20 gml g ml g/ml fezes ITS S final 96.3% 963 96 (96.3% Brazil (n= n= 8 81,4 22, 120 20 1.2 96.3 9 (96.3 (n 81, 12 1. 96. (96. (96 (9 (