Abstract The article analyzes the values argument use in the Mexican case law as an argumentative resource in the decisions. Through an interpretive study, a conceptual reconstruction is proposed that allows identifying the presence of two main perspectives in the judicial criteria. According to the first, values are an extraordinary argumentative resource of exceptional use in decisions. For the second, values are an ordinary argumentative resource that must be taken into account in most decisions. From this reconstruction, clarifying the use of values in case law is proposed based on the thesis that there are no values within the law. There are solely norms that order the construction or preservation in social life of a certain good or object, which is appreciated as valuable in a deliberation.

Resumen El artículo analiza el empleo del alegato de valores en la jurisprudencia mexicana como un recurso argumentativo en las decisiones. Por medio de un estudio interpretativo, se propone una reconstrucción conceptual que permite identificar la presencia de dos perspectivas principales en los criterios judiciales. Según la primera, los valores son un recurso argumentativo extraordinario de uso excepcional en las decisiones. Para la segunda, los valores son un recurso argumentativo ordinario que debe tenerse en cuenta en la mayoría de las decisiones. A partir de esta reconstrucción se propone esclarecer el empleo de los valores en la jurisprudencia, con base en la tesis de que no hay valores dentro del derecho, sino únicamente normas que ordenan la construcción o preservación en la vida social de un determinado bien u objeto apreciado como valioso en una deliberación.

This article examines the church as a trinitarian hermeneutical community through the insights of Vanhoozer and the speech act theory. Vanhoozer explained that through the speech act theory, the church should accept the Bible as a communication act of the Triune God and interpret the Triune God in it, and the church should live a life representing the Triune God. This article agrees with his argument, but as there is a point to revise and supplement his discussion from the speech act theory, it re-examines the church as a trinitarian interpretive community. This explains the unification of the epistemological (revelational), ontological and relational perspectives of the Triune God by not separating the immanent Trinity from the economic Trinity. Also, Trinitarianism as a communicator is used to account for the relationship and activity of the Triune God's perichoresis in the church community and the church in the interpretive community. CONTRIBUTION: This article engages the church as a trinitarian hermeneutical community of Vanhoozer, and it redeems and reconsiders his argument in the speech act theory. By explaining the communication behaviour of the Trinity and the church, it describes the activities of the Triune God and the appearance of the church, living and working in the church community

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el conocimiento de profesores de matemáticas en formación inicial en la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica sobre aspectos lógico-sintácticos y matemáticos de la demostración, al evaluar argumentos matemáticos. La investigación se posiciona en el paradigma interpretativo y tiene un enfoque cualitativo. Consta de dos fases empíricas: en la primera, se aplicó un cuestionario sobre los aspectos lógico-sintácticos a 25 sujetos, durante los meses de setiembre y octubre de 2018 y, en la segunda, un cuestionario sobre los aspectos matemáticos a 19 sujetos, durante los meses de mayo y junio de 2019. Para el análisis de la información, se propusieron indicadores de conocimientos, entendidos como frases para determinar evidencias de conocimientos en las respuestas de los sujetos. Se apreció que la gran mayoría de los futuros profesores de matemáticas evidencian conocimiento para discriminar cuándo un argumento matemático corresponde o no a una demostración en virtud de los aspectos lógicos y sintácticos, y de elementos matemáticos asociados a proposiciones con la estructura de la implicación universal. En general, brindaron mayores evidencias de conocimiento sobre los aspectos lógico-sintácticos que sobre los aspectos matemáticos. Concretamente, evidenciaron que un caso particular o la prueba de la proposición recíproca no demuestra el resultado; asimismo, evidenciaron conocimiento sobre la demostración directa e indirecta de la implicación universal. En el caso de los aspectos matemáticos considerados como las hipótesis, los axiomas, las definiciones y los teoremas, se apreció que podrían tener diferentes niveles de dificultades para comprender una demostración.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o conhecimento de professores de matemáticas em formação inicial na Universidade Nacional da Costa Rica sobre aspectos lógico-sintáticos e matemáticos da demonstração ao avaliar argumentos matemáticos. A pesquisa está posicionada no paradigma interpretativo e tem um enfoque qualitativo. Consiste em duas fases empíricas: na primeira foi aplicado um questionário sobre os aspectos lógico-sintáticos a 25 sujeitos, durante os meses de setembro e outubro de 2018 e, na segunda, um questionário sobre os aspectos matemáticos a 19 sujeitos, durante os meses de maio e junho de 2019. Para a análise das informações foram estabelecidos indicadores de conhecimentos, entendidos como frases para determinar evidências de conhecimentos nas respostas dos sujeitos. Constatou-se que a grande maioria dos futuros professores de matemáticas evidencia conhecimento para discriminar quando um argumento matemático corresponde ou não a uma demonstração em função dos aspectos lógicos e sintáticos, e de elementos matemáticos associados às proposições com a estrutura da implicação universal. Em geral, foram fornecidos maiores evidências de conhecimento sobre os aspectos lógico-sintáticos do que sobre os aspectos matemáticos. Concretamente, evidenciaram que um caso particular ou a prova da proposição recíproca não demonstra o resultado; da mesma forma, evidenciaram conhecimento sobre a demonstração direta e indireta da implicação universal. No caso dos aspectos matemáticos considerados como as hipóteses, os axiomas, as definições e os teoremas, percebe-se que poderiam ter diferentes níveis de dificuldades para compreender uma demonstração.

Abstract The objective of this study is to characterize the knowledge of mathematics teachers in initial training (MTITs) at the Universidad Nacional (Costa Rica) on the logic-syntactic and mathematical aspects involved in proving, when evaluating mathematical arguments. The research is positioned in the interpretive paradigm and has a qualitative approach. It consists of two empirical phases: in the first, a questionnaire regarding logic-syntactic aspects was applied to 25 subjects, during the months of September and October 2018 and; in the second phase, a second questionnaire covering mathematical aspects was applied to 19 subjects, during the months of May and June 2019. For the analysis of the information, knowledge indicators were proposed. Knowledge indicators are understood as phrases to determine evidence of knowledge in the responses of the subjects. It was appreciated that the vast majority of future mathematics teachers show knowledge to discriminate when a mathematical argument corresponds or not to a proof by virtue of the logic and syntactic aspects, and of mathematical elements associated with propositions with the structure of universal implication. In general, subjects displayed greater evidence of knowledge on the logic-syntactic aspects than on the mathematical aspects. Specifically, they evidenced that consideration of a particular case or the proof of the reciprocal proposition does not prove the result; likewise, subjects evidenced knowledge about the direct and indirect proof of the universal implication. In the case of the mathematical aspects considered as hypotheses, axioms, definitions and theorems, it was appreciated that subjects could have different levels of difficulties to understand a proof.

This article presents an argument for the use of interpretative hermeneutic phenomenology as an insightful and innovative methodology for research in early childhood education. In providing guidance for the use of this methodology, this article will focus on a doctoral study investigating preschool teachers' experiences of engagement with a continuing professional development (CPD) programme aimed to inform their pedagogical practice. The CPD programme focused on promoting and supporting inclusive pedagogy, practice and culture in the early education setting. The research study considered the phenomenon of engagement with the programme on participants' perceptions and practices of inclusion with the emphasis on their "lived experience" working in practice with young children. Findings from the research, validated by the philosophical principles of Heidegger, illustrate the importance of consideration of participants' individual contextual realities when addressing teacher education through acknowledgment of other perspectives that influence the effectiveness of the learning experience. The professional identity of the early years' educator and societal perception of this role is presented as having a direct influence on participants' engagement with the CPD programme. Interpretive phenomenology and the hermeneutic principles underpinning this approach are presented here as central to understanding the professional role and the subsequent development of effective teacher education in the early years.

Abstract: The objective of this document is to identify aspects of the three approaches to literacy (functional, critical and sociocultural) in a sample of school works of the essay genre prepared during 2020 by students of the Law degree of a Mexican university in a Legal Argument course. A qualitative methodology was used, of an interpretive cut positioned in the analysis of the discourse. The approach made is from the viewpoint of disciplinary literacy in the area of knowledge of Law. In the results, it is affirmed that in the sample characteristics of functional, critical and sociocultural literacy were found. It concludes on the relevance of promoting literacy in Law students through practices in which these approaches are complemented for the development of legal literacy.

Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es identificar aspectos de los tres enfoques de literacidad (funcional, crítica y sociocultural) en una muestra de trabajos escolares del género discursivo de ensayo, elaborados durante 2020 por estudiantes de la licenciatura en Derecho de una institución académica mexicana en la asignatura de Argumentación jurídica. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, de corte interpretativo, posicionada en el análisis del discurso. La aproximación se hizo desde la visión de la literacidad disciplinar en el área de conocimiento del derecho. En los resultados se encontraron características de los tres enfoques de literacidad en los discursos de la muestra. Se concluye sobre la pertinencia de promover la literacidad en los estudiantes de esta carrera mediante prácticas que complementen estos enfoques para el desarrollo de la literacidad jurídica.

Abstract The article inquires the Popular Assemblies that reassumed sovereignty in the province of Jujuy (Argentina) between 1835 and 1852. It is interesting to understand the role that the Popular Assemblies had in defining the political projects at stake, when it was necessary to appeal to them, who did it, and what relationships can be established between the assembly practice and the executive and legislative powers. The argument we make is that the Asambleas were part of the available political repertoire used by the Jujuy leadership as key instances for the redefinition and configuration of political agreements. Through them we can see, in some cases, the mobilization of forces and the emergence or consolidation of political leadership. In this interpretive line, we show the centrality of interprovincial alliances, without which no group that aspired to the government managed to found a stable order.

Resumen El artículo indaga sobre las Asambleas Populares que reasumieron la soberanía en la provincia de Jujuy (Argentina) entre 1835 y 1852. Se interesa por comprender su rol en la definición de los proyectos políticos en juego, los momentos en los que se apeló a ellas, quiénes lo hicieron, así como las relaciones entre la práctica asambleísta y los poderes ejecutivo y legislativo. El argumento que sostenemos es que las Asambleas fueron parte del repertorio político disponible utilizado por la dirigencia de Jujuy e instancias claves para la configuración de acuerdos políticos. A través de ellas podemos ver, además, algunos casos de movilización de fuerzas y la emergencia o consolidación de liderazgos políticos. En esta línea interpretativa, mostramos la centralidad de las alianzas interprovinciales, sin las cuales ningún grupo que aspiraba al gobierno logró fundar un orden estable.

The present article poses the question, whether the novel coronavirus-pandemic is a blessing in disguise, in so far as it offers humanity the opportunity to reflect on its place in relation to nature, as well as on its future. This question is answered affirmatively, in light of scientific evidence that human economic practices are responsible for the emergence of the coronavirus. Specifically, the destruction of natural habitats by humans, who destroy rain forests to make way for soya and palm tree plantations, as well as for cattle farming, places tremendous stress on animals like bats, that tend to shed the viruses they carry when they get into contact with humans in spaces such as so-called "wet markets". This constitutes what Jean Baudrillard calls "blowback", that is, the manner in which nature exacts a kind of revenge for human technical interference in natural processes, and which one may anticipate in the wake of the medical-technological development of a vaccine against the virus, in so far as it is likely to generate the evolution of other, possibly more lethal viruses. An interpretive analysis of a science fiction film (The Day the Earth Stood Still; Derrickson 2008), demonstrates the effects of short-sighted human economic behaviour as far as species-extinction is concerned, which, in the film, is thematised fictionally as something that could adumbrate the extinction of humanity itself. It is argued that this film, which is a timely reminder of humans'responsibility towards nature, can be related to the present pandemic as far as the destruction of natural habitats is concerned, which demonstrably leads to the shedding of viruses. The novel coronavirus is further placed in the context of what Castells calls the "network society", by showing that, similar to computer viruses, its rapid spread has been facilitated by the global network character of contemporary society. Decisive in this regard has been the global web of air travel routes that spans the globe, along which the virus was transported from China to other countries in the world. The economic aspect of the pandemic is explored in relation to the social stratification of the network society according to Castells, who depicts the world's elites as constructing their own exclusive spaces by means of various functions of networking. It appears that the pandemic has exacerbated the exclusionary drive, as well as the further self-enrichment on the part of the elites, and a parallel is drawn between this state of affairs and Michel Houellebecq's novel, The Possibility of an Island, which traces the incremental exclusion of ordinary human beings from the exclusive spaces occupied by the wealthy. This leads to a discussion of Naomi Klein's fears, that the current pandemic has given the world's technocrats an ideal opportunity to inveigle public authorities into investing taxpayers 'funds in communications technology that would putatively safeguard people from infection by the coronavirus while, at the same time, allowing economic and educational activities (among others) to continue. She exposes the hidden truth, that this would be available to the rich, but at the cost of the safety of thousands of workers behind the scenes providing much of the safeguarding services to the wealthy, as well as the fact that technocrats like Eric Schmidt want these private projects to be funded by the public. Klein also points to alternative ways to adapt education safely without sacrificing the advantages of face-to-face teaching, even if she grants that communications technology has an important role to play. The philosophical implications of the pandemic are pursued along the lines of the question, whether the "network society", which has undoubtedly facilitated its speedy unfolding, is really as new as it seems, leading to a discussion of both the affirmative and the negative answers to this question. While it is indeed new in terms of the actions (such as quasi-instantaneous global investments) made possible by communications technology based on the internet, there is a sense in which the structure of the network society is as old as the proverbial hills. This is clarified with recourse to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's ontology of becoming, multiplicity, rhizomatic connections and assemblages, which contrasts with traditional thinking in terms of hierarchical, arboreal structures. In Deleuzo-Guattarian terms, it is pointed out, reality has always been one of interconnectedness-in-becoming, so that, startlingly, society has always been a "pandemic society" in a virtual sense, and as actualisedfrom time to time. The argument further focuses on the potential for what Slavoj Zizek terms "barbarism with a human face", which is reminiscent of Achille Mbembe's "necropolitics" and "necropower" ("death power"), itself a response to Michel Foucault's notions of "biopolitical power" and "biopower". While the latter were employed by Foucault to characterise and analyse the modern state's mode of governance in so far as it exercised power in relation to the modalities pertaining to human bodies that are born, become economically active, get ill and die, Mbembe argues that this conceptualisation is no longer adequate in an age where the state (for example in contemporary Palestine) has, by and large, reduced bodies to the "living dead", and constructed "death worlds" where military technology is employed to control and, if necessary, terminate, human beings. Zizek highlights the ideological potential of the state's actions and expectations under pandemic conditions in so far as people are induced into so-called "personal responsibility", while the state's complicity with regard to the inception of the pandemic is occluded. As Zizek points out, nothing less than a fundamental change regarding society's mode of life is required, namely a replacement of the extractive, destructive economic system ofneoliberal capitalism by an economic system that factors nature into the economic equation. In conclusion, this is developed further by foregrounding the irony of "socialism for the rich" in the context of the pandemic, which is compared, via David Harvey's work, with the massive transfer of wealth from public funds to the wealthy in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. It is argued that, in light of the unavoidable destruction of nature by the current, hegemonic economic system, which is bound to give rise to further health hazards in the shape of viruses passed from stressed animals to humans, nothing less than a rejection of capitalism is needed, in the place of which a system has to be adopted which considers human beings to be part of an encompassing nature. In this regard reference is made to the work of critical economist, Charles Eisenstein.

Die huidige artikel het betrekking op die koronavirus-pandemie wat tans (Augustus 2020) onversteurd dwarsoor die wêreld woed. Die vraag word gestel of die pandemie nie moontlik aan die mensdom 'n guide geleentheid bied om te (her-)besin oor sy plek in die natuur nie, en terselfdertyd oor wat die pandemie ten opsigte van mense se toekoms op aarde impliseer -waar eersgenoemde vraag bevestigend beantwoord word en daar uitgebrei word op die implikasies van die tweede. Daar word aandag gegee aan wetenskaplike getuienis dat die mens self verantwoordelik is vir die verskyning van die nuwe koronavirus, en dat dit kousaal verbind is aan die toenemende druk wat mense op natuurlike habitats plaas deur hul steeds binne-dringende, natuurvernietigende ekonomiese praktyke. Laasgenoemde gee aanleiding tot wat Jean Baudrillard die "weerwraak" ("blowback") van die natuur noem. 'n Uiters relevante rolprent (The Day the Earth Stood Still; Derrickson 2008) word onder die loep geneem om die ekologiese dilemma waarin die mensdom sigself tans bevind in die brandpunt te plaas, voordat die moontlikheid van 'n pandemie met die netwerkstruktuur van die globale samelewing verbind word. Ander sake wat aandag kry, is die implikasies van die pandemie vir sosiale stratifikasie in die netwerksamelewing, asook vir die moontlikheid van 'n tegnologiese distopie, wat deur Naomi Klein uitgesonder word met verwysing na die opportunistiese wyse waarop tegnokrate die pandemie probeer gebruik om met openbare fondse vir hul private projek te betaal, om kwansuis deur middel van kommunikasietegnologie menselewens te beskerm. Zizek se waarskuwing oor "barbarisme met 'n menslike gesig" word bespreek en met Foucault se begrip van "bio-politiese mag" asook met dié van "nekropolitiek" by Mbembe verbind. Die filosofiese implikasies van die Covid-19-pandemie word ook aan die hand van Deleuze en Guattari se begrippe van risoom en wording geartikuleer voordat gepoog word om die vraag, wat 'n mens onder die huidige omstandighede te doen staan, te beantwoord, wat aan die hand van Zizek en Harvey se gedagtes oor 'n alternatief vir neoliberale kapitalisme geformuleer word.

RESUMEN Este artículo fue escrito a partir de un año de trabajo de campo con ufólogos, contactados, abducidos y escépticos en Chile. Los métodos empleados incluyen etnografía, análisis de sitios web y medios, así como entrevistas en profundidad. Nuestro argumento es que el “OVNI” funciona como lo que Galison llamaría una máquina de teoría, una multiplicidad que no simplemente genera marcos interpretativos heterogéneos para comprender fenómenos voladores anómalos en diferentes esferas ideológicas, sino también umbrales de evidencia. Aquí no tomamos la evidencia como dada, sino como una categoría etnográfica. En particular, el OVNI como máquina de teoría en el contexto chileno y las diferentes cosmologías de evidencia que allí se encuentran producen una teoría de la posibilidad y la imposibilidad que hemos llamado evidencia-como-posibilidad. Esto no se limita a cuestiones sobre la existencia de los ovnis, sino que se extiende también a las diferentes concepciones espaciales sobre dónde pueden encontrarse estas manifestaciones. Primero, contrastamos las concepciones materialistas de la evidencia con aquellas que consideran el contacto extraterrestre como algo interior y encarnado. Pero luego, renunciamos a esta división y exploramos cómo las diferentes facetas, aparentemente contradictorias, de la teoría de la evidencia-como-posibilidad realmente funcionan juntas, de modo que cada condición o evento crea sus propias configuraciones espaciales para los ovnis. Finalmente, exploramos momentos “absurdos” en los que esta máquina de teoría colapsa o se acelera y se escapa por completo de este espectro de posibilidades.

ABSTRACT This article is based on a year of fieldwork with ufologists, contactees, abductees, and skeptics in Chile, using methods including ethnography, media and website analysis, and in-depth interviews. Our argument is that the “UFO” serves as, what Galison would call, a theory machine, a multiplicity generating not simply heterogeneous interpretive frameworks through which to understand anomalous flying phenomena, in different ideological spheres, but thresholds of evidence as well. We take evidence here, not as given but as an ethnographic category. In particular, the UFO as a theory machine in the Chilean context, and the different stakes of evidence found within it, yields a theory of possibility and impossibility, which we have called evidence-as-possibility. This is not confined to matters of the existence of UFOs, but also spatial differences in which one conceives of such manifestations. We pit materialist understandings of evidence against ones that regard alien contact as something interior and embodied. But we also forego this division and explore how different, apparently contradictory facets of the evidence-as-possibility theory actually work together, such that each condition or event creates its own spatial configurations for UFOs. Finally, we explore “absurd” moments in which this theory machine collapses or goes into overdrive, escaping this spectrum of possibility altogether.

RESUMO Este artigo foi escrito a partir de um ano de trabalho de campo com ufologistas, contactados, abduzidos e céticos, no Chile. Os métodos utilizados incluem etnografia, análise de sites e da mídia, bem como entrevistas em profundidade. Nosso argumento é que o óvni funciona como o que Galison chamaria de máquina de teoria, uma multiplicidade que gera não simplesmente referenciais interpretativos heterogêneos para compreender fenômenos voadores anômalos em diferentes esferas ideológicas, mas também princípios de evidência. No entanto, aqui tomamos a evidência não como dada, mas sim como uma categoria etnográfica. Em particular, o óvni como máquina de teoria no contexto chileno e as diferentes cosmologias de evidência encontradas nele produz uma teoria da possibilidade e da impossibilidade, o que chamamos de evidência-como-possibilidade. Isso não está limitado a questões sobre a existência de óvnis, mas se estende também aos diferentes conceitos espaciais sobre onde essas manifestações podem ser encontradas. Primeiro contrastamos os entendimentos materialistas da evidência com aqueles que consideram o contato extraterrestre como algo interior e encarnado. Logo, renunciamos essa divisão e exploramos como as diferentes facetas, aparentemente contraditórias, da teoria da evidência-como-possibilidade realmente funcionam juntas, de modo que cada condição ou evento cria suas configurações espaciais para os óvnis. Por último, exploramos momentos “absurdos” nos quais a máquina de teoria colapsa ou é acelerada, fugindo por completo dessa gama de possibilidades.

The central theme in the discussion of how education about religion can, and should, be developed in pluralistic societies concerns challenges and opportunities involving intercultural religious education (RE). One example is Robert Jackson's report Signposts, commissioned by the Council of Europe, in which various aspects of intercultural competence are captured and made visible regarding a religious didactic context. Here, different dimensions of what can be described as 'ethical competence' appear to be central. In this article, the interpretive approach, strongly connected with Jackson, is considered to be in need of a development of a theoretical framing of forceful strategies for handling ethical challenges taking place in multicultural, multireligious and multi-confessional classrooms. It is argued that such strategies will depend on a careful analysis of the concept of ethical competence. A theoretical platform for the argument is presented with reference to James Rest's analysis of ethical competence, which is shown to be relevant to an examination of how the concept of ethical competence can contribute to the development of strategies for teaching intercultural RE. As a basis for this examination, the Danish, Finnish and Norwegian syllabuses for compulsory school RE are analysed regarding how they express conceptions of ethical competence. This selection shaped the curricular arena of the investigation as being non-confessional, whilst simultaneously, more or less explicitly, resting on a shared historical Protestant anchorage. This twofold interpretation is shown to allow for an analysis of ethical competence, in relation to which an identification of certain prerequisites for developing strategies for teaching intercultural RE is possible.CONTRIBUTION: In this article, the development of ethical dimensions of global competence within RE is analysed with regard to three Scandinavian syllabuses, highlighting the perspectives of Jackon's interpretive approach. Carried out with reference to Rest's fourcomponent model of morality, the analysis contributes to research on intercultural RE, an area which fits in the scope of the journal

RESUMO O artigo persegue dois objetivos inter-relacionados: 1) contribuir para a interpretação dos enunciados de Maquiavel sobre o papel da desigualdade na corrupção das repúblicas; 2) mostrar que os resultados desse esforço interpretativo contêm lições potencialmente úteis para o redirecionamento e a progressão do programa de pesquisas do republicanismo contemporâneo. Parte-se da hipótese de que os principais expoentes do neorrepublicanismo, em suas leituras de Maquiavel, tendem a subestimar a importância da dimensão socioeconômica da igualdade que embasa a boa ordem republicana. A consequência dessa elisão da dimensão material da igualdade é uma conceituação limitada do tipo de desigualdade que, segundo o pensador florentino, fomenta a corrupção das repúblicas. O argumento desenvolve-se por meio de reconstrução e análise da visão de Maquiavel sobre o papel da desigualdade material na corrupção da república romana, exposta nos Discorsi, e de sua cidade natal, registrada em História de Florença.

ABSTRACT This article focuses on two interrelated goals: 1) to contribute to the interpretation of Machiavelli’s statements on the role of inequality in the corruption of republics; 2) to show that the results of this interpretive effort present potentially useful lessons for redirecting and advancing the research program of contemporary republicanism. We start from the hypothesis that the main exponents of neorepublicanism, in their readings of Machiavelli, tend to underestimate the importance of the socioeconomic dimension of equality that underlies the good republican order. The consequence of the elision of the material dimension of equality is a limited conceptualization of the type of inequality that, according to the Florentine thinker, fosters the corruption of republics. The argument is developed through reconstruction and analysis of Machiavelli’s view on the role of material inequality in the corruption of the Roman republic, exposed in the Discorsi, and regarding his hometown, recorded in History of Florence.

RESUMEN El artículo persigue dos objetivos interrelacionados: 1) contribuir para la interpretación de los enunciados de Maquiavelo sobre el papel de la desigualdad en la corrupción de las repúblicas; 2) mostrar que los resultados de ese esfuerzo interpretativo contienen lecciones potencialmente útiles para la redirección y el progreso del programa de investigaciones del republicanismo contemporáneo. Se parte de la hipótesis de que los principales exponentes del neo republicanismo, en sus lecturas de Maquiavelo, tienden a subestimar a importancia de la dimensión socioeconómica de la igualdad que es la base del buen orden republicano. La consecuencia de esa elisión de la dimensión material de la igualdad es una conceptuación limitada del tipo de desigualdad que, según el pensador florentino, fomenta la corrupción de las repúblicas. El argumento se desarrolla por medio de la reconstrucción y análisis de la visión de Maquiavelo sobre el papel de la desigualdad material en la corrupción de la república romana, expuesta en los Discorsi, y de su ciudad natal, registrada en Historia de Florencia.

RÉSUMÉ L’article poursuit deux objectifs interdépendants: 1) contribuer à l’interprétation des déclarations de Machiavel sur le rôle des inégalités dans la corruption des républiques; 2) montrer que les résultats de cet effort d’interprétation contiennent des leçons potentiellement utiles pour réorienter et faire avancer le programme de recherche du républicanisme contemporain. Elle part de l’hypothèse que les principaux représentants du néo-républicanisme, dans leurs lectures de Machiavel, tendent à sous-estimer l’importance de la dimension socio-économique de l’égalité qui sous-tend le bon ordre républicain. La conséquence de cette élision de la dimension matérielle de l’égalité est une conceptualisation limitée du type d’inégalité qui, selon le penseur florentin, favorise la corruption des républiques. L’argument est développé à travers la reconstruction et l’analyse de la vision de Machiavel sur le rôle de l’inégalité matérielle dans la corruption de la république romaine, exposée dans les Discorsi, et de sa ville natale, enregistrée dans l’Histoire de Florence.

RESUMO O debate sobre o uso das metáforas no contexto organizacional nas últimas décadas ainda não se encontra esgotado, especialmente nos estudos sobre discurso. Inserindo-se nessa discussão, o presente ensaio problematiza a dimensão anacrônica no uso de metáforas no campo do management. A partir de uma visada hermenêutico-crítica, argumentamos que o uso de metáforas na literatura gerencialista por vezes reflete uma distorção utilitária e anacrônica dos contextos originários das formas simbólicas metaforizadas. Nesse sentido, o uso estratégico da linguagem pode inibir a autonomia interpretativa dos sujeitos, ou seja, colonizando seus horizontes interpretativos pela indução persuasiva de visões de mundo simplistas e utilitárias sobre a realidade organizacional. Utilizamos a forma ensaística como método e nos amparamos teoricamente na abordagem crítica de Alvesson, nas hermenêuticas de Gadamer e Ricoeur, e na Teoria Crítica de Habermas. Ilustramos nosso argumento através do uso recorrente da obra “A Arte da Guerra” como metáfora para prática gerencial.

ABSTRACT The debate about the use of metaphors in the organizational context in the last decades has not been exhausted, especially in discourse studies. Inserting itself in this discussion, the present essay problematizes the anachronistic dimension in the use of metaphors in the field of management. From a hermeneutic-critical perspective, we argue that the use of metaphors in managerial literature sometimes reflects a utilitarian and anachronistic distortion of the contexts originating in metaphorical symbolic forms. In this sense, the strategic use of language can inhibit the interpretive autonomy of individuals, that is, colonize their interpretive horizons by the persuasive induction of simplistic and utilitarian worldviews about organizational reality. We use the essay form as a method, and we rely theoretically on Alvesson’s critical approach, on the hermeneutics by Gadamer and Ricoeur, and on Habermas’ Critical Theory. We illustrate our argument by recurring use of the work “The Art of War” as a metaphor for managerial practice.

RESUMO Capacidades dinâmicas (CDs) são os processos que as organizações desenvolvem para se manter competitivas ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, apesar da importância da temporalidade no desenvolvimento das CDs, os papéis do tempo, da história e da memória permanecem, em grande medida, implícitos. Na verdade, a maioria dos estudos concentram-se no passado como fonte de restrições e limites à ação gerencial. Alternativamente, defendemos uma visão construtivista social do passado. Nosso argumento central é que a capacidade de gerenciar o passado é uma competência crítica das organizações modernas. Argumentamos que as organizações podem gerenciar sua memória coletiva como recursos que auxiliam a reprodução e exploração objetivas de rotinas existentes, a reconstrução e recombinação interpretativas de capacidades passadas para adaptação a mudanças ambientais, e a extensão e exploração imaginativas da memória coletiva, para cenários e resultados antecipados. Esta visão renovada de tempo, história e memória é melhor adequada a uma teoria dinâmica da vantagem competitiva.

ABSTRACT Dynamic capabilities (DCs) are the processes that organizations develop to remain competitive over time. However, in spite of the importance of temporality in the development of DCs, the roles of time, history, and memory remain largely implicit. In fact, most studies focus on the past as a source of constraints and limits for managerial action. Alternatively, we advocate for a social constructionist view of the past. Our core argument is that the capacity to manage the past is a critical competence of modern organizations. We argue that organizations can manage their collective memory as resources that aid the objective reproduction and exploitation of existing routines, the interpretive reconstruction and recombination of past capabilities for adaptation to environmental change, and the imaginative extension and exploration of collective memory for anticipated scenarios and outcomes. This renewed view of time, history, and memory is better suited for a dynamic theory of competitive advantage.

RESUMEN Las capacidades dinámicas (CD) son el proceso que las organizaciones desarrollan para mantenerse competitivas con el paso del tiempo. Sin embargo, a pesar de la importancia de la temporalidad en el desarrollo de las CD, los papeles del tiempo, la historia y la memoria continúan siendo ampliamente implícitos. En realidad, la mayoría de los estudios se concentra en el pasado como fuente de restricciones y límites para la acción gerencial. Alternativamente, abogamos por una visión constructivista social del pasado. Nuestro argumento central es que la capacidad de administrar el pasado es una competencia crítica de las organizaciones modernas. Sostenemos que las organizaciones pueden administrar su memoria colectiva como recursos que ayudan a la reproducción y explotación objetiva de las rutinas existentes, a reconstrucción y recombinación interpretativa de capacidades pasadas de adaptación al cambio ambiental y a la extensión y exploración imaginativas de la memoria colectiva para escenarios y resultados anticipados. Esta visión renovada del tiempo, la historia y la memoria más adecuada para una teoría dinámica de ventaja competitiva.

Este artículo propone una reflexión en torno al ejercicio punitivo estatal, con el propósito de evidenciar que el proyecto neoliberal en Colombia, en marcha desde finales del siglo XX, se ha sostenido sobre la expansión del sistema carcelario como una estrategia para controlar a aquellos grupos sociales marginados por el mercado y las matrices interseccionales de género, raza, clase y sexualidad. Argumentamos que en las cárceles de Colombia se ha configurado un campo necropolítico que expone a umbrales de muerte tanto física como social a las personas privadas de la libertad. Desarrollamos esta idea por medio de un análisis crítico de los informes sobre derechos humanos en las cárceles, empleando categorías interpretativas del black feminism como el complejo industrial carcelario y la interseccionalidad, para señalar que en las cárceles opera una racionalidad que excede la biopolítica, instalando la muerte y la deshumanización como elementos cotidianos de su funcionamiento.

This article proposes a reflection around the State punitive exercise with the purpose of making evident that the neoliberal project in Colombia -in progress since the late 20th century- has sustained itself on the expansion of the prison system as a strategy to control those social groups alienated by the market and the intersectionality matrixes of gender, race, class, and sexuality. We argument that in Colombian prisons a necropolitic field has been shaped, exposing those imprisoned to death thresholds, both physical and social. We develop this idea by means of a critical analysis of the reports on human rights in prisons - using interpretive categories of the black feminism such as the prison-industrial complex and intersectionality - to point out that in prisons a rationale beyond biopolitics takes place, establishing death and dehumanization as day-to-day elements of its workings.

Este artigo propõe reflexão em torno do exercício punitivo estatal, objetivando evidenciar que o projeto neoliberal na Colômbia, em andamento desde finais do século XX, tem se sustenido sobre a expansão do sistema carcerário como uma estratégia para controlar aqueles grupos sociais marginados pelo mercado e as matrizes intersecionais de género, raça, classe e sexualidade. Argumentamos que nas prisões da Colômbia foi configurado um campo necropolítico que expõe para umbrais de morte tanto física como social o pessoal privado da liberdade. Desenvolvemos esta ideia por meio de análise crítica dos informes sobre direitos humanos nos cárceres, usando categorias interpretativas do black feminism tais como complexo industrial-prisional e interseccionalidade, para mostrar que nos cárceres opera uma racionalidade que excede a biopolítica, instalando a morte e a desumanização como elementos cotidianos do seu funcionamento.

Resumo A vinculação do papado à história medieval sofreu profunda alteração após 1850. Até então habituais, as referências intelectuais sobre as características medievais do poder temporal dos papas tornaram-se genéricas e insuficientes. Um novo modelo interpretativo ganhou contornos, sobrepujando as explicações existentes. Ancorado na aplicação do método de crítica documental e reivindicando credenciais científicas, esse modelo fixou os séculos seguintes ao ano 1000 como período da institucionalização da Igreja romana, isto é, de sua transformação em uma monarquia papal. Com esse trabalho, buscamos esclarecer como se deu essa fundação historiográfica, analisando a importância do trabalho do erudito francês Paul Fabre e a publicação da edição moderna do Liber Censuum. Toda argumentação é orientada por uma hipótese: esse deslocamento epistemológico naturalizou certas categorias políticas oitocentistas na escrita da história medieval.

Abstract The place occupied by the papacy in medieval history under went profound change after the 1850s. The existing intellectual references on the medieval characteristics of the papal temporal power were considered generic and insufficient. A new interpretive model took shape surpassing the application of documentary critical method and claiming scientific credentials, this model has set the later centuries to the year 1000 as the period of the Roman Church institutionalization, ie its transformation into a papal monarchy. With this work, we seek to clarify how this historiographical foundation occurs, analyzing the importance of the work of the French scholar Paul Fabre and the publication of the modern edition of Liber Censuum. The central argument is guided by a hypothesis: this epistemological shift naturalized certain nineteenth-century political categories in the writing of medieval history.

Resumen El lugar ocupado por el papado en la historia medieval sufrió cambios profundos después de la décadade 1850. Las referencias intelectuales existentes sobre las características medievales del poder temporal del Papa fueron consideradas genéricas e insuficientes. Un nuevo modelo interpretativo tomó forma superando la aplicación del método crítico documental y reclamando credenciales científicas, este modelo se ha fijado los siglos posteriores al año 1000 como el periodo de la institucionalización de la Iglesia Romana, es decir, de su transformación en una monarquía papal. Con este trabajo, tratamos de aclarar cómo fue este fundamento historiográfico, mediante el análisis de la importancia de la labor del estudioso francés Paul Fabre y la publicación de la edición moderna del Liber Censuum. Todo el argumento está guiado por una hipótesis: este cambio epistemológico naturalizó ciertas categorías políticas del siglo XIX en la escritura de la historia medieval.

Resumé La place occupée par la papauté en l’histoire médiévale a subide profonds changements après la décennie de 1850. Les références intellectuelles existantes sur les caractéristiques médiévales du pouvoir temporel du pape ont été considérés comme génériques et insuffisantes. Un nouveau modèle d’interprétation a pris forme sur passant l’application de la méthode critique et documentaire prétendant références scientifiques, ce modèle a mis dessiècles qui suivirent l’année 1000 comme la période de l’institutionnalisation de l’Église romaine, de sa transformation en une monarchie papale. Avec ce travail, nous cherchons à clarifier comment a eu lieu cette fondation historiographique, à travers l’analyse de l’importance des travaux du savant français Paul Fabre et la publication de l’édition moderne de Liber Censuum. Toute l’argumentation est guidé par une hypothèse: ce changement épistémologique a naturalisé certaines catégories politiques du XIXe siècle dans l’écriture de l’histoire médiévale.

Ronald Dworkin famously argued that the best interpretation of a Constitution should both fit and justify the legal materials, for example, the text, original meaning, and precedents. In his recent book, Against Obligation (Harvard University Press, 2012), Abner S. Greene provocatively and creatively bucks the tendencies of constitutional theorists to profess fidelity with the past in constitutional interpretation. He rejects originalist understandings of obligation to follow original meaning in interpreting the Constitution. And indeed he rejects interpretive obligation to follow precedent. In this Essay I focus on Greene's arguments against interpretive obligation to the past, in particular, his argument that even constitutional theorists like Dworkin and I give too much deference or weight to 'fit' and precedent, and not enough primacy to 'justification' and justice, in our approaches to constitutional interpretation. This Essay is part of my book in progress entitled Fidelity to Our Imperfect Constitution, which will criticize all forms of originalism, and it will further develop my arguments in previous books for what Dworkin called a 'moral reading' of the Constitution and what I have called a 'Constitution-perfecting theory' that would interpret the Constitution so as to make it the best it can be. In the Essay, I argue that taking fit seriously does not entail a commitment to interpretive obligation to follow the past, whether concrete original meaning or precedent. I also argue that taking fidelity seriously does not entail such a commitment. Fidelity, rather, is an attitude of commitment to making the scheme work and to further developing it, building it out over time in ways to better realize its ends and our aspirations: to make the Constitution the best it can be. Finally, as against Greene's argument that justification has primacy over fit in constitutional interpretation, I argue instead that fit and justification are co-original and of equal weight: both stem from the basic aim of developing the best interpretation.

Dworkin desarrolló el famoso argumento de que la mejor interpretación de una Constitución se debe ajustar y justificar el material jurídico, por ejemplo, el texto, el significado original y los precedentes. En su libro reciente Against Obligation, Abner S. Greene cuestiona esta tendencia de los constitucionalistas de defender dicha fidelidad con el pasado en la interpretación constitucional. Greene rechaza la noción originalista de seguir el significado original al interpretar una Constitución y rechaza la obligación interpretativa de seguir los precedentes. En este ensayo me centro en estos argumentos de Greene, y en sus argumentos de que teóricos como Dworkin y yo le damos demasiada importancia a los elementos de "ajuste" y al precedente, y no la importancia debida al elemento de "justificación" y de justicia en la interpretación constitucional. Este ensayo es parte de un libro que actualmente trabajo intitulado Fidelity to Our Imperfect Constitution que critica todas las formas de originalismo y desarrolla argumentos que he elaborado previamente en relación a lo que Dworkin llamó la "Lectura Moral de la Constitución" o lo que yo denomino "Teoría del perfeccionamiento de la Constitución" que interpreta la Constitución de manera en que sea lo mejor que pueda llegar a ser. Argumentaré en este ensayo que si tomamos la idea de "ajuste" de manera seria ello no implica un compromiso para seguir el pasado en la interpretación constitucional, bien sea un significado original o el precedente. También argumento que si tomamos la noción de fidelidad en serio, ello tampoco implica dicho compromiso. La fidelidad, más bien es una actitud de compromiso para hacer que las cosas funcionen y desarrollarlas, construirlas con el paso del tiempo para realizar sus fines y aspiraciones, hacer pues, de la Constitución lo mejor que pueda llegar a ser. Contra los argumentos de Greene referentes a que la justificación tiene preferencia sobre el ajuste en la interpretación constitucional, sostengo que tanto ajuste como justificación son del mismo peso e importancia, los dos nacen del objetivo básico de desarrollar las mejores interpretaciones.