Resumo Este artigo analisa os ativismos urbanos, isto é, as ações de resistência engendradas por movimentos sociais contra as desigualdades socioespaciais e pelo direito à cidade em Belém, Pará, com base na interpretação socioespacial de suas narrativas, táticas e estratégias nos anos recentes. Objetiva-se fortalecer uma teoria geográfica dos movimentos sociais urbanos encarados enquanto categoria analítica fundamental para entendimento escalar da crise urbana que assola diversas metrópoles no atual contexto capitalista, bem como reforçar a importância do diálogo entre a academia (partindo de um prisma geográfico) e os movimentos sociais (e suas lutas pelo direito à cidade) no sentido de cooperarem na construção de alternativas que estejam cada vez mais acompanhadas de maior justiça socioespacial na produção do espaço urbano. é Belém Pará narrativas recentes Objetivase Objetiva se capitalista partindo geográfico urbano

Abstract This paper discusses urban activism, that is, actions of resistance engendered by social movements against socio-spatial inequalities and for the right to the city in Belém, State of Pará, based on the socio-spatial interpretation of their narratives, tactics, and strategies in recent years. We seek to strengthen a geographic theory of urban social movements viewed as a fundamental analytical category for the scalar understanding of the urban crisis that affects several metropolises in the current capitalist context. In addition, we aim to reinforce the importance of dialogue between academia (from a geographic perspective) and social movements (and their struggles for the right to the city), so that they can cooperate in the construction of alternatives increasingly accompanied by greater socio-spatial justice in the production of the urban space. activism is sociospatial socio spatial Belém Pará narratives tactics years context addition from perspective city, , city) space

Resumo Os índios, em especial aqueles provindos do que então era entendido como “mestiçagem” ou “miscigenação” com brancos e negros, tornaram-se um fator-chave no plano teórico do médico e antropólogo Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. Habitualmente, sua herança intelectual é vinculada à população “áfrico-bahiana”, posto seus estudos detalhados sobre etnologia urbana. Este artigo busca explorar, dentre suas propostas, o papel do “brasílio-guarany” e seu fator nocivo para o desenvolvimento do país, na ótica cientificista. Nina Rodrigues abriu diálogo com dois autores de destaque no século XIX sobre os ameríndios do Norte do país (em especial Pará e Amazonas), José Veríssimo e Couto de Magalhães. Sustentamos que o resultado deste confronto de ideias é um exemplo contundente de como o médico maranhense realizou certo deslocamento de sua posição em face do racismo científico, do qual ele se afasta (mas não abandona), incorporando elementos do evolucionismo-social e criando uma leitura única das relações sociais e biológicas entre as chamadas três raças formadoras da nação. índios mestiçagem “mestiçagem miscigenação “miscigenação negros tornaramse tornaram fatorchave chave Habitualmente áfricobahiana, áfricobahiana áfrico bahiana , “áfrico-bahiana” urbana explorar propostas brasílioguarany brasílio guarany “brasílio-guarany cientificista Amazonas, Amazonas Amazonas) Magalhães científico mas abandona, abandona abandona) evolucionismosocial evolucionismo social nação “áfrico-bahiana

Résumé Les Indiens, en particulier ceux issus de ce qui était alors compris comme “métissage” ou “miscegenèse” avec des blancs et des noirs, sont devenus un élément clé dans la théorie du médecin et anthropologue Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. Habituellement, son héritage intellectuel est lié à la population “africo-bahianaise”, compte tenu de ses études détaillées sur l’ethnologie urbaine. Cet article cherche à explorer, parmi ses propositions, le rôle du “brasílio-guarany” et son impact négatif sur le développement du pays, selon une perspective scientifique. Nina Rodrigues a engagé un dialogue avec deux auteurs de renom du XIXe siècle sur les Amérindiens du Nord du pays (en particulier au Pará et en Amazonie), José Veríssimo et Couto de Magalhães. Nous soutenons que le résultat de cette confrontation d’idées est un exemple frappant de la manière dont le médecin maranhense a opéré un certain déplacement par rapport au racisme scientifique, dont il s’éloigne (mais n’abandonne pas), en incorporant des éléments de l’évolutionnisme social et en créant une lecture unique des relations sociales et biologiques entre les trois races constitutives de la nation. Indiens métissage “métissage miscegenèse “miscegenèse noirs Habituellement africobahianaise, africobahianaise africo bahianaise , “africo-bahianaise” lethnologie l ethnologie urbaine explorer propositions brasílioguarany brasílio guarany “brasílio-guarany scientifique Amazonie, Amazonie Amazonie) Magalhães didées d idées séloigne s éloigne mais nabandonne n abandonne pas, pas pas) lévolutionnisme évolutionnisme nation “africo-bahianaise

Abstract Indians, especially those who came from what was then understood as mestiçagem or miscegenation with whites and blacks, became a key factor in the theoretical framework of physician and anthropologist Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. Typically, his intellectual heritage is linked to the “African-Bahian” population, given his detailed studies on urban ethnology. This article seeks to explore among his proposals the role of “Brasílio-Guarany” and its perceived harmful impact on the country’s development from a scientistic perspective. Nina Rodrigues engaged in a dialogue regarding Brazil’s Indians from the country’s Northern region (especially Pará and Amazonas) with two prominent nineteenth-century authors: José Veríssimo and Couto de Magalhães. We argue that the result of this clash of ideas is a striking example of how the Maranhão-born doctor underwent a shift in his position regarding scientific racism, from which he distances himself (but does not entirely abandon), incorporating elements of social evolutionism and creating a unique interpretation of the social and biological relations among the so-called three races shaping the nation. blacks Typically AfricanBahian African Bahian “African-Bahian population ethnology BrasílioGuarany Brasílio Guarany “Brasílio-Guarany countrys country s perspective Brazils Brazil Amazonas nineteenthcentury nineteenth century authors Magalhães Maranhãoborn Maranhão born racism but abandon, abandon , abandon) socalled so called nation

Resumo Los indios, en especial aquellos provenientes de lo que entonces era entendido como “mestizaje” o “mestización” con blancos y negros, se convierten en un factor clave en el plano teórico del médico y antropólogo Raimundo Nina Rodrigues. Habitualmente, su herencia intelectual es vinculada a la población “afro-bahiana”, teniendo em cuenta sus estudios detallados sobre etnología urbana. Este artículo busca explorar, entre sus propuestas, el papel del “brasílio-guarany” y su factor nocivo para el desarrollo del país, desde una perspectiva científica. Nina Rodrigues abrió el diálogo con dos autores destacados en el siglo XIX sobre los amerindios del Norte del país (en especial Pará y Amazonas), José Veríssimo y Couto de Magalhães. Sostenemos que el resultado de esta confrontación de ideas es un ejemplo contundente de cómo el médico marañense hizo un cambio en su posición frente al racismo científico, del cual se distancia (pero no abandona), incorporando elementos del evolucionismo social y creando una lectura única de las relaciones sociales y biológicas entre las llamadas tres razas formadoras de la nación. indios mestizaje “mestizaje mestización “mestización negros Habitualmente afrobahiana, afrobahiana afro bahiana , “afro-bahiana” urbana explorar propuestas brasílioguarany brasílio guarany “brasílio-guarany científica Amazonas, Amazonas Amazonas) Magalhães científico pero abandona, abandona abandona) nación “afro-bahiana

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo investigar um percurso singular de recepção e tradução das ideias de Antonio Gramsci no Brasil. Este trabalho visa reconstruir o pensamento político de Fernando Henrique Cardoso durante a ditadura militar e a transição democrática brasileira (1964-1988) tomando como fio condutor a interpretação e uso que esse autor faz das ideias de Antonio Gramsci ao longo do tempo para a análise da formação do Estado, das classes sociais e da política no Brasil. O texto desenvolve a hipótese da centralidade dos conceitos gramscianos no pensamento de Cardoso em três fases de refração gramsciana: i) entre 1964 e 1974, na tese da hegemonia dependente da burguesia no Brasil, ii) entre 1974 e 1983, na defesa do Estado brasileiro como “Príncipe Moderno” enquanto categoria para análise da coalizão agrário-industrial-militar no pós-1964, e iii) de 1983 a 1988, na formulação do transformismo autoritário-esclarecido como comportamento das elites econômicas e militares brasileiras diante da pressão pela democratização do regime. Os usos dos conceitos gramscianos em Cardoso são criativos em todos esses momentos. Isto é, o pensador brasileiro se inspira nos conceitos gramscianos para criar seu próprio léxico a ser utilizado na análise da política brasileira. O artigo explora, portanto, não apenas a recepção, mas também a tradução das ideias de Gramsci em Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Brasil 19641988 1988 (1964-1988 gramsciana i 196 ii 197 Príncipe Moderno agrárioindustrialmilitar agrário industrial pós1964, pós1964 pós 1964, pós-1964 iii 198 autoritárioesclarecido autoritário esclarecido regime momentos é explora portanto 1964198 (1964-198 19 pós196 pós-196 196419 (1964-19 1 pós19 pós-19 19641 (1964-1 pós1 pós-1 (1964- pós- (1964 (196 (19 (1 (

Résumé L’article vise à étudier un parcours unique de réception et de traduction des idées d’Antonio Gramsci au Brésil. Ce travail vise à reconstruire la pensée politique de Fernando Henrique Cardoso pendant la dictature militaire et la transition démocratique brésilienne (1964-1988), en prenant comme fil conducteur l’interprétation et l’utilisation par l’auteur des idées d’Antonio Gramsci au fil du temps pour analyser la formation de l’État, des classes sociales et de la politique au Brésil. Le texte développe l’hypothèse de la centralité des concepts gramsciens dans la pensée de Cardoso en trois phases de réfraction gramscienne : (i) entre 1964 et 1974, dans la thèse de l’hégémonie dépendante de la bourgeoisie au Brésil, (ii) entre 1974 et 1983, dans la défense de l’État brésilien en tant que « Prince modern » comme catégorie d’analyse de la coalition agraire-industrielle-militaire dans la période post-1964, et (iii) de 1983 à 1988, dans la formulation du transformisme autoritaire-éclairées comme comportement des élites économiques et militaires brésiliennes face à la pression pour la démocratisation du régime. L’utilisation par Cardoso des concepts gramsciens est créative à tous ces moments. En d’autres termes, le penseur brésilien s’inspire des concepts gramsciens pour créer son propre lexique d’analyse de la politique brésilienne. L’article explore donc non seulement la réception, mais aussi la traduction des idées de Gramsci chez Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Larticle L article dAntonio d Antonio Brésil 19641988, 19641988 1988 , (1964-1988) linterprétation l interprétation lutilisation utilisation lauteur auteur lÉtat, lÉtat État, État lhypothèse hypothèse i (i 196 lhégémonie hégémonie ii (ii 197 danalyse analyse agraireindustriellemilitaire agraire industrielle post1964, post1964 post 1964, post-1964 iii (iii 198 autoritaireéclairées autoritaire éclairées régime Lutilisation moments dautres autres termes sinspire s inspire 1964198 (1964-1988 19 post196 post-196 196419 (1964-198 1 post19 post-19 19641 (1964-19 post1 post-1 (1964-1 post- (1964- (1964 (196 (19 (1 (

Abstract This article aims to investigate a unique path in the reception and translation of Antonio Gramsci’s ideas in Brazil. This work attempts to reconstruct Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s political thought during the Brazilian military dictatorship and democratic transition (1964-1988), focusing on his interpretation and use of Antonio Gramsci’s ideas to analyze state formation, social classes and politics in Brazil. The paper argues that the Gramscian concepts are central to Cardoso’s political thought in three phases of Gramscian refraction: (i) between 1964 and 1974, in the thesis of the Brazilian bourgeoisie’s dependent hegemony; (ii) between 1974 and 1983, in the argument of the Brazilian state as the “Modern Prince” as a concept for the analysis of the agrarian-industrial-military coalition in the post-1964 period; and (iii) from 1983 to 1988, in the definition of the Brazilian economic and military elites’ behavior as a authoritarian-scletortic transformism in the face of the pressures for the democratization of the political regime. Cardoso’s uses of Gramscian concepts are creative at all these moments. That is, the Brazilian thinker draws on Gramscian concepts to create his own lexicon to employ in the analysis of Brazilian politics. The article therefore explores not only the reception, but also the translation of Gramsci’s ideas in Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Gramscis Gramsci s Brazil Cardosos Cardoso 19641988, 19641988 1988 , (1964-1988) formation refraction i (i 196 bourgeoisies bourgeoisie hegemony ii (ii 197 Modern Prince agrarianindustrialmilitary agrarian industrial post1964 post post-196 period iii (iii 198 elites authoritarianscletortic authoritarian scletortic regime moments is 1964198 (1964-1988 19 post196 post-19 196419 (1964-198 1 post19 post-1 19641 (1964-19 post1 post- (1964-1 (1964- (1964 (196 (19 (1 (

Resumen El artículo pretende investigar una trayectoria singular de recepción y traducción de las ideas de Antonio Gramsci en Brasil. Este artículo pretende reconstruir el pensamiento político de Fernando Henrique Cardoso durante la dictadura militar y la transición democrática brasileña (1964-1988), tomando como hilo conductor la interpretación y el uso que el autor hizo de las ideas de Antonio Gramsci a lo largo del tiempo para analizar la formación del Estado, las clases sociales y la política en Brasil. El texto desarrolla la hipótesis de la centralidad de los conceptos gramscianos en el pensamiento de Cardoso en tres fases de refracción gramsciana: (i) entre 1964 y 1974, en la tesis de la hegemonía dependiente de la burguesía en Brasil, (ii) entre 1974 y 1983, en la defensa del Estado brasileño como “Príncipe Moderno” como categoría de análisis de la coalición agrario-industrial-militar en el período posterior a 1964, y (iii) entre 1983 y 1988, en la formulación del transformismo autoritario-esclarecido como comportamiento de las élites económicas y militares brasileñas frente a la presión por la democratización del régimen. El uso que Cardoso hace de los conceptos gramscianos es creativo en todos estos momentos. En otras palabras, el pensador brasileño se inspira en los conceptos gramscianos para crear su propio léxico de análisis de la política brasileña. El artículo explora, por tanto, no sólo la recepción, sino también la traducción de las ideas de Gramsci en Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Brasil 19641988, 19641988 1988 , (1964-1988) gramsciana i (i 196 ii (ii 197 Príncipe Moderno agrarioindustrialmilitar agrario industrial iii (iii 198 autoritarioesclarecido autoritario esclarecido régimen momentos palabras explora tanto 1964198 (1964-1988 19 196419 (1964-198 1 19641 (1964-19 (1964-1 (1964- (1964 (196 (19 (1 (

RESUMO Neste artigo, discutimos o conceito de filiação no quadro teórico-metodológico da Análise de Discurso, para analisarmos a relação entre o pensamento benvenistiano e o pensamento saussuriano como uma relação de filiação no interior da história das ideias que delimita o campo dos estudos da linguagem. A análise, que recortou formulações parafrásticas do Curso de linguística geral e dos Problemas de linguística geral, permitiu a compreensão dessa relação de filiação como diálogo, no qual se materializa uma relação paradoxal constitutiva que significa o movimento de aproximação e de deslocamento/destacamento do pensamento benvenistiano ao pensamento saussuriano. Essa compreensão mostrou que as diferentes maneiras de ler a relação Benveniste-Saussure, já historicizadas de algum modo no interior da história das ideias linguísticas, é da ordem do efeito da interpretação no jogo dos jogos da história da ciência. artigo teóricometodológico teórico metodológico Discurso linguagem análise diálogo deslocamentodestacamento deslocamento destacamento BenvenisteSaussure, BenvenisteSaussure Benveniste Saussure, Saussure Benveniste-Saussure linguísticas ciência

ABSTRACT In this article, we discuss the concept of affiliation in the theoretical-methodological framework of Discourse Analysis to analyze the relationship between Benvenistian thought and Saussurian thought as a relationship of affiliation within the history of ideas that delimits the field of language studies. The analysis, which cuts out paraphrastic formulations from the Course in General Linguistics and Problems in General Linguistics, allowed the understanding of this affiliation relationship as a dialogue, in which a constitutive paradoxical relationship is materialized. This relationship signifies the movement of approximation and displacement/detachment of Benvenistian thought to Saussurian thought. This understanding showed that the different ways of reading the Benveniste-Saussure relationship, already historicized in some way within the history of linguistic ideas belongs to the order of the effect of interpretation in the dispute of the history of science games. article theoreticalmethodological theoretical methodological studies analysis dialogue materialized displacementdetachment displacement detachment BenvenisteSaussure Benveniste Saussure games

RESUMO Este artigo propõe uma leitura de Ferdinand de Saussure e Mikhail Bakhtin que busca colocá-los em relação não por um viés epistemológico, mas a partir de uma ideia de Henri Meschonnic, segundo a qual um autor pode estar ligado a outro sem que esteja explicitada referência de filiação entre eles. Para tanto, parte-se de um comentário, feito por Bakhtin, a propósito da tradução da obra de François Rabelais em russo, que é citado por Meschonnic no contexto de sua leitura antiestruturalista de Saussure. Finalmente, reflete-se sobre a pertinência de abordar comentários metalinguísticos que tematizam a condição do falante, o que pode configurar o objeto de uma teorização enunciativo-antropológica. colocálos colocá los epistemológico eles tanto partese parte se comentário russo Finalmente refletese reflete falante enunciativoantropológica. enunciativoantropológica enunciativo antropológica. antropológica enunciativo-antropológica

ABSTRACT This article proposes an interpretation of the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure and Mikhail Bakhtin that seeks to relate them not through an epistemological point of view, but based on a concept proposed by Henri Meschonnic, according to which one author can be linked to another without an explicit reference to an affiliation between them. The starting point is a comment made by Bakhtin about the translation of François Rabelais’ work into Russian, which Meschonnic cites in his anti-structuralist interpretation of Saussure. Finally, a reflection is made on the relevance of addressing metalinguistic comments that discuss the condition of the speaker, which can be the object of an enunciative-anthropological theorization. view Rabelais Russian antistructuralist anti structuralist Finally speaker enunciativeanthropological enunciative anthropological theorization

In the present article, the scientific journey that led to the development of the Nernst equation, a cornerstone in modern electrochemistry, is discussed. The paper not only explores historical achievements but also traces the evolution of scientific ideas and highlights the key figures who laid the conceptual and experimental groundwork for the seminal contributions of Nernst to the understanding of electrochemical systems. In this exploration, particular attention is paid to the examination of the first three articles published by Nernst between 1888 and 1889. These essential works marked the inception of the engagement of Nernst with the Leipzig Physical Chemistry circle, comprising the distinguished quartet: van’t Hoff, Arrhenius, Ostwald, and Nernst himself. Furthermore, the present study examines the intricate relationship between the Nernst equation and the four basic laws of Thermodynamics, all in an approach accessible to undergraduate students. A concise review elucidates the interpretation and significance of these foundational thermodynamic principles and explain how they hold the formulation of the Nernst equation. article electrochemistry discussed systems exploration 188 1889 circle quartet vant van t Hoff Arrhenius Ostwald himself Furthermore Thermodynamics students 18 1

Chemometrics is gaining more and more space in universities and industry. To contribute to the development and expansion of principal component analysis (PCA) teaching proposals, this work evaluated the answers of the students to a questionnaire and presented a didactic-pedagogical proposal that can contribute to solving the principal doubts achieved by students in the PCA interpretation. Based on data collected in a semi-open questionnaire, the proposal was developed based on methodological principles of historical-critical pedagogy, containing the objectives, the problems surrounding the topic, and the cultural instruments necessary for understanding and interpreting PCA in the discipline of chemometrics by using new resources and instruments, especially free software, Chemostat. This proposal covers topics related to the concept of chemometrics and PCA, the explanation of the data set, pre-processing, use of Chemostat software, and analysis of principal components. It is hoped that this proposal can promote a better understanding concerning PCA on the part of students, as well as effective incorporation of the phenomena that involve this tool and its applications, and interpretation. Likewise, it is expected that this didactic-pedagogical proposal can support new teaching practices in chemometrics subjects in higher education. industry (PCA proposals didacticpedagogical didactic pedagogical interpretation semiopen semi open historicalcritical historical critical pedagogy objectives topic software set preprocessing, preprocessing pre processing, processing pre-processing components applications Likewise education

ABSTRACT When implementing path analysis between technological and nutritional traits in common bean without considering the degree of multicollinearity, it is important to assess whether there will be errors in indirect selection. This study proposed: to assess path analysis under different degrees of multicollinearity for technological and nutritional traits in common bean; and to recognize the degree of multicollinearity that allows an accurate interpretation of direct and indirect effects of these traits for the indirect selection of fast-cooking. Then, 10 technological traits and seven nutritional traits were measured in 25 common bean cultivars obtained across four experiments. Path analysis was carried out using different degrees of multicollinearity: severe (including all traits), moderate to strong (excluding three traits), and weak (excluding four traits). The magnitude and algebraic sign of direct and indirect effects between technological and nutritional traits varied when path analysis was performed using different degrees of multicollinearity. With severe multicollinearity (condition number = 6,798.28), regression coefficient values were excessively high and in an unfavorable direction for selection. Under weak multicollinearity (condition number = 66.21), the value and sign of the generated correlation coefficients were more in line with the biological phenomenon studied, allowing for an accurate interpretation of the direct and indirect effects of technological and nutritional traits on cooking time. Indirect selection based on the lowest values of mass of 100 grains and calcium concentration is recommended in this study for the selection of fast-cooking common bean cultivars. proposed fastcooking. fastcooking fast cooking. Then 1 2 experiments including traits, , traits) excluding traits. . condition 6,798.28, 679828 6,798.28 6 798 28 6,798.28) 66.21, 6621 66.21 66 21 66.21) studied time 67982 6,798.2 79 662 66.2 6798 6,798. 7 66. 679 6,798 67 6,79 6,7 6,

ABSTRACT There is great interest in varieties with greater competitive ability against weeds. This can be facilitated by path analysis, which involves the statistical evaluation and interpretation of the relationship between yield and its components. In this analysis, the occurrence of multicollinearity results in inconsistent estimates of the coefficients, and overestimates of the direct effects of the explanatory variables on the response variable. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics with the greatest direct effect on pod yield and green and dry bean yields in traditional cowpea varieties, evaluated in competition with weeds in two experiments. In addition, the presence of multicollinearity was investigated in the analyses. In Experiment-1, twelve varieties with the highest bean yields in a preliminary evaluation were assessed in a randomized block design with five replications. In Experiment-2, six varieties, selected in the preliminary evaluation, were assessed using two methods of weed management: three of the most productive and three of the least productive. Randomized blocks and split plots were used, with five replications. Multicollinearity, indicated by the number of conditions and the variance inflation values, was greater in Experiment-2. In the six cases under study (three yields x two experiments), the number of pods per plant had the greatest direct effect on yield. analysis components coefficients variable experiments addition analyses Experiment1, Experiment1 Experiment 1, 1 Experiment-1 replications Experiment2, Experiment2 2, 2 Experiment-2 management used Multicollinearity values Experiment2. 2. experiments, , experiments) Experiment-

Resumo Este trabalho foca-se na simulação do comportamento de pavimentos utilizando o Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF) com o objetivo de prever o aparecimento das fissuras durante sua vida útil. O método desenvolvido pode ajudar no planejamento da manutenção no sentido de proporcionar segurança e conforto aos usuários. São considerados os efeitos das cargas de tráfego e das variações de temperatura. Ferramentas de inteligência artificial (IA) são adotadas para reduzir o tempo necessário para a interpretação dos resultados das simulações para o desenvolvimento de um sistema eficiente de gestão de pavimentos. O sistema de gerenciamento de pavimentos rígidos desenvolvido utiliza a técnica de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) para a previsão da resposta do pavimento ao acumulo de fadiga e do comportamento do pavimento modelado com alto grau de precisão. As redes apresentaram erros quadrados de 4.5% e 3.6% para gradientes de temperatura positivos e negativos e correlação de dados de 95% e 97%, respectivamente. O índice de tensão SR obtido pelo modelo desenvolvido em ABAQUS é 0.614 e o valor fornecido pelo sistema de gerenciamento de pavimentos é 0.648. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplicada a um trecho da rodovia BR-101/NE, entre os estados da Paraíba PR e Pernambuco PE, no Brasil. Comparando os resultados com os limites previstos pelo Programa Cooperativo Nacional de Pesquisa Rodoviária (NCHRP) para o tráfego do trecho de estudo, este pavimento necessitaria de manutenção semestral. Os valores máximos de tensão de tração por flexão foram obtidos combinando o gradiente positivo de temperatura com a carga do eixo de tráfego na borda durante os meses de verão (dezembro a março) devido aos maiores valores de gradiente térmico. focase foca se MEF (MEF útil usuários IA (IA RNA (RNA precisão 45 4 5 4.5 36 3 6 3.6 95 97 97% respectivamente 0614 0 614 0.61 0648 648 0.648 BR101/NE, BR101NE BRNE BR 101/NE, 101 NE BR-101/NE PE Brasil NCHRP (NCHRP estudo semestral dezembro março térmico 4. 3. 9 061 61 0.6 064 64 0.64 BR101 BR101/NE 101NE 101/NE 10 06 0. BR10 1 BR1

Abstract This work is concerned with the simulation of pavement behavior using the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the goal of predicting the appearance of cracks during its useful life. The developed method can help maintenance planning towards providing users with safety and comfort. The effects of both traffic loads and temperature variations are considered. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools are adopted to reduce the time necessary for the interpretation of simulation results for the development of an efficient pavement management system. The developed rigid pavement management system uses the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) technique for the prediction of both pavement response to fatigue accumulation and the behavior of the modeled pavement with a high degree of precision. The networks showed 4.5% and 3.6% square errors for positive and negative temperature gradients and 95% and 97% data correlation, respectively. The SR stress ratio obtained by the developed ABAQUS model is 0.614 and the value provided by the pavement management system is 0.648. The developed methodology was applied to a section of highway BR-101/NE, between the states of Paraiba PR and Pernambuco PE, in Brazil. Comparing the results with the limits provided by National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) for traffic in the study, this pavement would require maintenance every six months. The maximum values of tensile stress due to bending were obtained by combining the positive temperature gradient with the traffic axis load at the edge during the summer months (December to March) due to the higher thermal gradient values. FEM (FEM life comfort considered AI (AI ANN (ANN precision 45 4 5 4.5 36 3 6 3.6 95 97 correlation respectively 0614 0 614 0.61 0648 648 0.648 BR101/NE, BR101NE BRNE BR 101/NE, 101 NE BR-101/NE PE Brazil NCHRP (NCHRP study December March 4. 3. 9 061 61 0.6 064 64 0.64 BR101 BR101/NE 101NE 101/NE 10 06 0. BR10 1 BR1

Abstract Purpose: To review the current advances and current of the study of consciousness in order to discuss the advantages of a research program on consciousness defined by biology and complexity sciences. Methodological design: A review of the scientific literature of consciousness showed conceptual and methodological findings and their limitations. An analysis of the methods of complexity sciences and biology was carried out to discuss how this approach is able to contribute to the study of consciousness. Results: Among the comparative development of different current theories on consciousness we have the Theory of the integration of information and the Theory of the global work area. We also present a working scheme with the methods of complexity sciences and suggest evolutionary biology as a framework for the interpretation of the results. Research Limitations: A lack of consensus on definition makes it difficult to integrate empirical data into a general theory of consciousness. Findings: Six points were discussed as necessary for the research program of evolutionary biology and complexity, such as: the adaptive functional analysis of consciousness, the emergence of modular structures, evolutionary novelties, the genetic correspondence of cognitive abilities, the effect of the environment and reciprocal causality.

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar los avances y problemas vigentes del estudio de la consciencia con el fin de discutir las ventajas de un programa de investigación centrado en ella, definido por la biología evolutiva y las ciencias de la complejidad. Diseño metodológico: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica de los estudios de la consciencia. La revisión se centró en mostrar los hallazgos y limitaciones conceptuales y metodológicas. Posterior a eso, se realizó un análisis de los métodos de las ciencias de la complejidad y la biología evolutiva para discutir sus alcances en el estudio de la consciencia. Resultados: Se presenta el desarrollo comparativo de diferentes teorías actuales sobre la consciencia, entre ellas: la Teoría de la integración de la información y la Teoría del área de trabajo global. También se presenta un esquema de trabajo con los métodos de las ciencias de la complejidad y se sugiere a la biología evolutiva como un marco para la interpretación de los resultados. Limitaciones de la investigación: La falta de consenso en la definición dificulta la integración de los datos empíricos en una teoría general de la consciencia. Hallazgos: Se argumenta a favor de seis puntos necesarios para el programa de investigación de la biología evolutiva y de la complejidad. Los puntos son: el análisis funcional adaptativo de la consciencia, la emergencia de estructuras modulares, las novedades evolutivas, la correspondencia genética de las capacidades cognitivas, el efecto del medio y la causalidad recíproca.

ABSTRACT The necessary - and under-stimulated - encounter between Geography and Health in contemporary academic production, reveals that science is also ailing. However, when it becomes possible to generate approximations, intersections, and dialogues between, for instance, the territorial interpretation of health-disease and the interpretation of health-disease from territorial determinations, conditions are created to, in a single act, establish a critique of science and the monopoly of health. As a result, this paper proposes the reflection of worker’s health as a link between territory and health. Field research, guidance of dissertations and doctorates, and participation in the Inter-Trade Union Forum on Health-labor-law/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-RJ), nourish the reflections elaborated in this article. The theoretical assumption is based on the following principle: worker’s health, as a field and a social issue, in defending public health, health as a right and justice, and, in criticizing all regimes of labor exploitation, under a territorial reading, gains strength in its praxis, as it clarifies that illness is implicated in the relationship between the spheres of power that, in capitalist society, are concerned with preserving and constituting social inequality, the monopoly of wealth, poverty, and violence. The fight for health, a fundamental good, becomes a struggle for territorial emancipation.

RESUMO O encontro necessário - e pouco estimulado - entre geografia e saúde, na produção acadêmica contemporânea, revela que a ciência está, também, enferma. Todavia, quando se torna possível gerar aproximações, intersecções e diálogos entre, por exemplo, interpretação territorial da saúde-doença e interpretação da saúde-doença a partir das determinações territoriais, criam-se condições para estabelecer uma crítica à ciência e ao monopólio da saúde. Em decorrência disso, propõe-se a reflexão da saúde do trabalhador como elo entre território e saúde. Pesquisas de campo, orientações de dissertações e doutoramentos e participação do Fórum Intersindical Saúde-trabalho-direito/Fundação Osvaldo Cruz (Fiocruz-RJ) nutrem as reflexões elaboradas no presente artigo. O pressuposto teórico inscreve-se pelo seguinte princípio: a saúde do trabalhador, como um campo e uma questão social, ao defender a saúde pública, a saúde como direito e justiça, e, ao criticar todos os regimes de exploração do trabalho, sob uma leitura territorial, ganha um reforço na sua práxis, pois esclarece que o adoecimento está implicado na relação entre as esferas de poder que, na sociedade capitalista, ocupam-se em preservar e constituir a desigualdade social, o monopólio da riqueza, a pobreza e a violência. A luta pela saúde, um bem primordial, faz-se na luta pela emancipação territorial.

Abstract As is well known, Divina Commedia is presented as a work capable of embracing a wide range of “disciplinary meanings”: in its literary form, it embraces in its development, the crossing - through the play of the allegories - of historical questions, cartographic descriptions and philosophical perspectives. For this reason, beyond mere philological criticism, different philosophers have also directed their investigative gaze towards the Dantesque text. The objective of this essay is, therefore, to try to show how some of the many philosophical readings of the work are combined, especially considering the idea of the figure of homo viator, adopted as a fundamental interpretative key by Romano Guardini, in his interpretation of the possible philosophy of the Divina Commedia.

Resumen Como se sabe, la Divina Commedia se presenta como una obra capaz de abrazar un amplio abanico de “sentidos disciplinares”: en su forma de obra literaria, abraza en su desarrollo, el cruzarse -mediante el juego de las alegorías- de cuestiones históricas, descripciones cartográficas y perspectivas filosóficas. Por esta razón, más allá de la mera crítica filológica, también diferentes filósofos han dirigido su mirada investigadora hacia el texto dantesco. El objetivo de este ensayo es, por lo tanto, tratar de mostrar en qué forma se conjugan unas de las tantas lecturas filosóficas de la obra, sobre todo a la luz de la idea de la figura del homo viator, adoptada como clave interpretativa fundamental por Romano Guardini, en su interpretación de la posible filosofía de la Divina Commedia.

Abstract The text explores the relevance of counterfactual history in the academic field, highlighting its usefulness in historical interpretation. Quentin Deluermoz and Pierre Singaravélou, in their work A Past of Possibilities: A History of What Could Have Been (2016), argue that this approach, far from being mere speculation, offers a moral and political dimension by enabling reflection on what might have been. Counterfactual history is taken as an exercise in imagination and experimentation which is crucial for understanding the past. As exemplified in literature and media, this perspective invites consideration of alternative futures, thus enriching the historical narrative. This orientation challenges the traditional perception of history, emphasizing its contingent nature and broadening the understanding of past events.

Resumen El texto explora la relevancia de la historia contrafactual en el ámbito académico, destacando su utilidad en la interpretación histórica. Quentin Deluermoz y Pierre Singaravélou, en su obra A Past of Possibilities: A History of What Could Have Been (2016), argumentan que este enfoque, lejos de ser mera especulación, ofrece una dimensión moral y política al permitir reflexionar sobre lo que pudo haber sido. La historia contrafactual se entiende como un ejercicio de imaginación y experimentación vital para comprender el pasado. Ejemplificada en la literatura y medios, esta perspectiva invita a considerar futuros alternativos, enriqueciendo así la narrativa histórica. Esta orientación desafía la percepción tradicional de la historia, subrayando su naturaleza contingente y ampliando la comprensión de los eventos pasados.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted under the qualitative paradigm, employing data collection techniques, description, analysis, and interpretation, with a participatory action and rural participatory diagnostic design. The general objective was to determine the impact of innovation on sustainable agri-food systems. The "working with people" model was followed to engage with farmers and diagnose the advantages, strengths, and challenges they face in implementing innovation policies, specifically in educational innovation, using training and capacity-building methodologies for farmers, support teams, and technical assistance. It was concluded that educational innovation is the central axis to be integrated for the transformation of sustainable and resilient food systems, ensuring food sovereignty. Such innovation enables the development of conservation family farming, with respect for nature, genetic resources, and the cultural identity of rural areas.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo se desarrolló bajo el paradigma cualitativo, con la aplicación de técnicas de recolección de datos, descripción, análisis e interpretación, con un diseño de acción-participativa y diagnostico rural participativo. El objetivo general se desarrolló en función de la determinación del impacto de la innovación en los sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles. Se siguió el modelo de trabajo con la gente (working with people) para vincularse con los agricultores y de esa forma diagnosticar las ventajas, fortalezas y dificultades que presentan para implementar políticas de innovación, particularizada a la innovación educativa, con metodologías de formación y capacitación a los agricultores, equipos de apoyo y asistencia técnica. Se concluyó que la innovación educativa es el eje central a integrar para la transformación de los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, resilientes, garantizando la soberanía alimentaria, ya que tal innovación permite el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar de conservación, con respeto a la naturaleza, recursos genéticos y la identidad cultural de las zonas rurales.