Abstract The aim of the study is to analyze the activities, organizations, and actors that took part in the peace movement developed in Mexico between 1949 and 1953 at the initiative of the World Peace Council (wpc), attached to the Cultural Cold War and promoted by the Soviet Union. Such a movement for peace in Mexico was supported by the Mexican Communist Party (PCM), as well as intellectuals, artists, and politicians favorable to the socialist ideal. The main sources used for this purpose were the magazines Peace and Soviet Culture. The conclusion reached is that the peace movement partially fulfilled its objectives, since it did not achieve a massive response or participation from the Mexican population, but it did manage to gather a significant number of recognized intellectuals and artists in the National Council of Supporters for Peace, an organization that with the PCM was the support of the wpc in Mexico.

Resumen El estudio tiene por objetivo el análisis de las actividades, las organizaciones y los actores partícipes del movimiento por la paz efectuado en México entre 1949 y 1953, por iniciativa del Consejo Mundial de la Paz (CMP), en el marco de la Guerra Fría cultural e impulsado por la Unión Soviética. El movimiento por la paz en México se apoyó en el Partido Comunista Mexicano (PCM), así como en intelectuales, artistas y políticos favorables al ideal socialista. Las principales fuentes utilizadas para tal propósito fueron las revistas Paz y Cultura Soviética. La conclusión a la que se arriba es que el movimiento por la paz cumplió parcialmente sus objetivos, pues, aunque no consiguió una respuesta o participación masiva de la población mexicana, sí logró reunir un importante número de reconocidos intelectuales y artistas en el Consejo Nacional de Partidarios por la Paz, organización que con el PCM fue el sostén del CMP en México.

There is widespread agreement that skills development is a vital dimension of the just energy transition (JET). Skills development for JET is rapidly emerging and involves complex inter-sectoral systems of skills development and new methods for demand analysis. Currently in South Africa, learning pathways into green jobs, enterprise development and more sustainable job options, including those required for JET at entry and technical levels, are unclear, ad hoc and fragmented. At best, we have fragmented offerings of courses and qualifications and few systemic approaches to skills analysis and development. There is also a narrow reliance on supply and demand discourses that are ill-fitting for the type of skills that need to be developed. Drawing on a group of regional and local studies focusing on skills supply and demand for JET, the paper analyses the responsiveness of skills systems, with specific focus on institutions and institutional arrangements that underpin skills planning and anticipation. The paper critiques the metaphor of 'supply' and 'demand', which, it argues, is the wrong lens, as it focuses attention on certain parts of the skills system dislocated from the broader conditions that they are imbedded in. We pose new methodological questions for engaged skills research that can enable a green and just future, and the systemic transformations that are needed to catalyse a low-carbon transition. SIGNIFICANCE: The research findings offer a critical reflection on the current approach to research focused on skills for the just energy transition. The review highlights the limitations of the dominant supply-demand approach of skills analysis, and we argue that it promotes a neoliberal, market-led discourse on skills that privileges industry and excludes the voices of communities and workers.

Abstract: This article analyzes the statements, expressed through their documents, on teacher professionalization of three international organizations: the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture; the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture-Unesco and the Inter American Development Bank. The purpose was to identify their explicit and implicit stances on this issue, in the understanding that their discourses, policies and practices of teacher professionalization are part of the processes of production of the social in general and particularly of the educational field. A content analysis of the selected documents was carried out from a critical point of view to the discourse. The results show that a hybrid position on professionalization prevails, although mostly characterized by a teacher-school managerial approach. The conclusions invite us to consider hybridism as a predominant feature of policy-oriented documents addressed to multiple audiences and contexts.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza los discursos, a través de sus documentos, sobre profesionalización docente de tres organismos internacionales: Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura; Oficina Regional de Educación para América Latina y el Caribe-Unesco y Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. El objetivo fue identificar sus posiciones explícitas e implícitas en esta temática, entendiendo que sus discursos, políticas y prácticas de profesionalización docente forman parte de los procesos de producción de lo social en general y del campo educativo en particular. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de los documentos seleccionados desde una aproximación crítica al discurso. Los resultados muestran que predomina una posición híbrida respecto de la profesionalización, aunque mayormente caracterizada por la gestión del profesorado-escuela. Las conclusiones invitan a pensar sobre el hibridismo como rasgo predominante de los documentos orientados a la política y dirigidos a múltiples audiencias y contextos.

Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that ~ 32 million children worldwide are affected by hearing loss (HL). Cochlear implant is the first-line treatment for severe to profound sensorineural HL. It is considered one of the most successful prostheses developed to date. Objective To evaluate the oral language development of pediatric patients with prelingual deafness implanted in a reference hospital for the treatment of HL in southern Brazil. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study with a review of medical records of patients undergoing cochlear implant surgery between January 2009 and December 2018. Language development was assessed by reviewing consultations with speech therapy professionals from the cochlear implant group. Results A total of 152 children were included in the study. The mean age at cochlear implant surgery was of 41 months (standard deviation [SD]: ± 15). The patients were divided into six groups considering the type of language most used in their daily lives. We found that 36% of children use oral language as their primary form of communication. In a subanalysis, we observed that patients with developed or developing oral language had undergone cochlear implant surgery earlier than patients using Brazilian Sign Language (Língua Brasileira de Sinais, LIBRAS, in Portuguese) or those without developed language. Conclusion The cochlear implant is a state-of-the-art technology that enables the re-establishment of the sense of hearing and the development of oral language. However, language development is a complex process known to present a critical period to properly occur. We still see many patients receiving late diagnosis and treatment, which implies a delay and, often, the impossibility of developing oral communication. Level of Evidence Level 3 (cohort study). WHO (WHO . (HL) firstline first line date Brazil 200 2018 group 15 4 standard SD [SD] 15. 15) lives 36 communication subanalysis Língua Sinais LIBRAS Portuguese stateoftheart state art reestablishment re establishment However occur often study) (HL 20 201 1 [SD 2

Abstract This investigation aims to determine the components of the organizational innovation in Chilean bottled wine SMEs, to strengthen the internationalization strategy in global markets, concerning the leading countries with international recognition. These results should help enhance competitiveness in cosmopolitan markets with wine tradition. In operational terms, it includes five stages: data collection from wine SMEs, instrument design (questionnaire), application of this instrument in companies through personalized field work, processing, analysis, and systematization of the collected data through office automation instruments-mainly the SPSS statistical program for a validation-and delivery of these results to each of the participant companies. As one of the primary outcomes, wine SMEs are gaining legitimacy through organization innovation as a corporate strategy to have opportunities to stay in national and international markets.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar los componentes de la innovación organizacional en pymes vitivinícolas chilenas elaboradoras de vino embotellado, a fin de permitir el fortalecimiento de estrategias de internacionalización en mercados globales en relación a los principales países de referencia internacional del sector, y con ello robustecer la competitividad en mercados cosmopolitas con tradición vitivinícola. En términos operativos se acoge a cinco etapas, definidas como levantamiento de la base de datos de pymes vitivinícolas, diseño del instrumento (cuestionario) y aplicación del instrumento a empresas en un trabajo de campo, continuando con una etapa de procesamiento, análisis y sistematización de la información recogida mediante herramientas de ofimática -principalmente el programa estadístico SPSS 21- y, finalmente, una etapa de entrega de resultados a cada una de las empresas componentes del estudio. Como principales resultados es posible señalar que las pymes vitivinícolas ganan legitimidad a través de la innovación organizacional como estrategia corporativa para contar con las oportunidades de permanencia en los mercados nacionales e internacionales, que se traduce de manera práctica en la aplicación de un nuevo modelo de internacionalización.

Resumo O objetivo desta investigação é determinar os componentes da inovação organizacional em pymes vitivinícolas chilenas elaboradoras de vinho em garrafa, para permitir o fortalecimento de estratégias de internacionalização em mercados globais em relação aos principais paises de referência internacional do setor, e com isso robustecer a competitividade em mercados cosmopolitas com tradição vitivinícola. Em termos operativos acolhe-se a cinco etapas, definidas como levantamento da base de dados de PMEs vitivinícolas, desenho do instrumento (questionário) e aplicação do instrumento a empresas num trabalho de campo, continuando com uma etapa de processamento, análise e sistematização da informação recolhida mediante ferramientas de ofimática -principalmente o programa estadístico SPSS 21- e, finalmente, uma etapa de entrega de resultados a cada uma das empresas componentes do estudo. Como principais resultados é possível apontar que as PMEs vitivinícolas ganham legitimidade através da inovação organizacional como estratégia corporativa para contar com as oportunidades de permanência nos mercados nacionais e internacionais, o que se traduz na práctica na aplicação de um novo modelo de internacionalização.

RESUMEN Introducción: En el presente artículo, abordamos los desafíos las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas desde una óptica integral, basada en el concepto de la triple restricción, que comprende los factores de tiempo, costo y alcance, considerando las diferentes perspectivas plasmadas en la revisión de literatura, que reconoce los costos, voluntades y capacidades de gestión como limitaciones en materia de Seguridad y salud en el trabajo. Objetivo: Analizar las restricciones de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas en la gestión de la seguridad y salud en el trabajo desde la triple restricción de proyectos. Método: Se desarrolla desde la perspectiva cuantitativa no experimental, con un análisis descriptivo porcentual a 63 empresas vinculadas al consultorio itinerante en seguridad y salud en el trabajo, con 10 o menos trabajadores. Resultados: Los resultados destacan que adicional a las limitaciones expresadas por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas enfrentan limitaciones relacionadas con el compromiso de la dirección y la falta de gestión adecuada del talento humano para promover una cultura de prevención y valorar la seguridad y salud en el trabajo como un aspecto integrado en la operación de la empresa. Conclusión: Más allá del cumplimiento documental se sugiere el intercambio de mejores prácticas entre empresas y el uso de tecnología para optimizar recursos y reducir costos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In this article, we address the challenges faced by micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises from a comprehensive perspective, based on the concept of the triple constraint, which encompasses the factors of time, cost, and scope. This analysis considers various perspectives outlined in the literature review, recognizing costs, will, and management capabilities as limitations in the field of Occupational Health and Safety. Objective: To analyze the constraints of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in Occupational Health and Safety management from the perspective of the triple constraint of projects. Methods: Methodologically, it is developed from the quantitative and non-experimental perspective, with a detailed percentage analysis applied to 63 companies that are attached to an itinerant office regarding safety and health at work; also, it was carried out and put in an application to 10 or less workers. Results: The results highlight that in addition to the mentioned limitations by International Labour Organization, small and medium enterprise face limitations that are related to the commitment shown by the management and the lack of adequate administration by the human talent to promote a caring culture and value Workplace Safety and Health as a comprehensive aspect when talking about the company’s guidance and operation. Conclusions: beyond documentation procedures, it is suggested the exchange of better practice between companies and the use of technology in order to enhance resources and reduce expenses.

Abstract This article reconstructs the political strategies developed by the Network of Afro-Latin American, Afro-Caribbean and Diaspora Women promoted during the years 1996 and 2006 within the framework of the celebration of world conferences and international treaties. In order to do this, in the first place, their main initiatives carried out at that time will be investigated; second, the internal implications produced by the process of institutionalization and participation in world conferences will be reconstructed; and, finally, the actions carried out by the RMAAD that sought to promote the empowerment and political participation of black women will be analyzed. As a methodological strategy, a qualitative analysis is proposed that includes in-depth interviews with RMAAD activists and documents written by the organization. Finally, this paper intends to contribute to the perspectives and studies that seek to reconstruct the historical-political roots of the intersectional struggles of Afro-descendant women from Latin America and the Caribbean, invisible and silenced in the academic productions of the region.

Resumen Este artículo reconstruye las estrategias políticas desarrolladas por la Red de Mujeres Afrolatinoamericanas, Afrocaribeñas y de la Diáspora (RMAAD) impulsadas entre 1996 y 2006 en el marco de la celebración de las conferencias mundiales y los tratados internacionales. Para ello, en primer lugar, se indagarán sus principales iniciativas de esa época; segundo, se reconstruirán las implicancias internas que produjo el proceso de institucionalización y participación en las conferencias mundiales; y, por último, se analizarán las acciones llevadas a cabo por la RMAAD que buscaban fomentar el empoderamiento y la participación política de las mujeres negras. Como estrategia metodológica se propone un análisis cualitativo que incluye entrevistas en profundidad a activistas de la RMAAD y documentos escritos elaborados por la propia organización. Finalmente, se propone contribuir a las perspectivas y estudios que buscan reconstruir las raíces histórico-políticas de las luchas interseccionales protagonizadas por mujeres afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe, invisibilizadas y silenciadas en las producciones académicas de la región.

ABSTRACT International Academic Missions (MAI) are framed as academic mobility within the framework of the internationalization process carried out in Higher Education Institutions. The objective of this work is to know the perception of the participants of a private university in Paraguay regarding their experience in the International Academic Mission carried out in the city of Corrientes-Argentina, 2023. The work presented a quantitative, design approach non-experimental cross-sectional and descriptive scope. The analyzed population consisted of 37 people as well as the sample. The inclusion criteria were having participated in the MAI experience, belonging to the Marketing and Advertising, Business Administration and Commercial Engineering majors of the university analyzed and agreeing to complete the survey. The survey was used as data collection through a 27-question questionnaire sent via WhatsApp in September 2023. The most relevant results are: the Organization dimension (x̄=4.92) and Destination of mobility (x̄=4.91) They had the highest score while the lowest corresponded to the Duration of the experience dimension (x̄=4.41). Likewise, the most notable items were Q11 “Rate the interaction with Paraguayan teachers” and P13 “Rate the interaction with Paraguayan managers”, both with (x̄=4.97). It is worth mentioning that the lowest corresponded to P5 “The 4 (four) days of stay have been sufficient” (x̄=4.03). It is concluded that the participants are very satisfied with the MAI carried out in Corrientes.

RESUMEN Las Misiones Académicas Internacionales (MAI) se enmarcan como movilidad académica en el marco del proceso de internacionalización llevada a cabo en las Instituciones de Educación Superior. El objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer la percepción de los participantes de una universidad privada de Paraguay con respecto a su experiencia en la Misión Académica Internacional llevada a cabo en la ciudad de Corrientes-Argentina, 2023. El trabajo presentó un enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental de corte transversal y alcance descriptivo. La población analizada estuvo constituida por 37 personas como así la muestra. Los criterios de inclusión fueron haber participado de la experiencia MAI, pertenecientes a las carreras de Marketing y Publicidad, Administración de Empresas e Ingeniería Comercial de la universidad analizada y estar de acuerdo en completar la encuesta. Se utilizó la encuesta como recolección de datos mediante un cuestionario de 27 preguntas enviado vía WhatsApp en septiembre de 2023. Los resultados más relevantes son: la dimensión Organización (x̄=4,92) y Destino de la movilidad (x̄=4,91) tuvieron la mayor puntuación mientras que la más baja correspondió a la dimensión Duración de la experiencia (x̄=4,41). Asimismo, los ítems más resaltantes fueron la P11 “Califica la interacción con docentes paraguayos” y P13 “Califica la interacción con gestores paraguayos”, ambos con (x̄=4,97). Cabe mencionar que las más bajas correspondió a la P5 “Los 4 (cuatro) días de estancia han sido suficientes” (x̄=4,03). Se concluye que los participantes se encuentran Muy satisfechos con la MAI realizada a Corrientes.

The resurgence of monkeypox, subsequent to its designation as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization in 2022, underscores the critical need for rigorous infection control protocols within dental settings. Due to the inherent nature of dental procedures, that involve working in close proximity to patients and potential exposure to infectious bodily fluids, the dental profession faces significant challenges in mitigating the transmission of mpox. This update provides a comprehensive review of the virological characteristics, transmission pathways, and clinical presentation of mpox, with particular emphasis on its oral manifestations and the implications for dental practitioners. It delineates both standard and enhanced infection control measures, including the application of personal protective equipment, stringent hand hygiene practices, meticulous environmental disinfection, and the prudent management of aerosol-generating procedures. Additionally, is addresses the importance of patient screening, isolation of suspected cases, and the education of both dental staff and patients regarding the transmission and prevention of mpox. The necessity for dental professionals to maintain vigilance, remain current with evolving guidelines, and implement comprehensive infection control strategies is emphasized, highlighting the pivotal role of dental practices in the early detection and control of mpox transmission during the ongoing outbreak.

ABSTRACT Introduction Our society’s characteristics, with their constant evolution and globalization, have shown a significant impact on the way jobs have been structured over the years, with one of the most highlighted aspects being the possibility of practicing telecommuting. The prevalence of telecommuting and other forms of remote work enabled by technological innovations has increased in recent years. Objectives Exploring the most recently published literature on telecommuting; examining its relationship with psychosocial risk factors and making inferences about the need for the implementation and improvement of policies aimed at promoting mental health in occupational settings, with a focus on preventing psychosocial risks. Methodology Integrative literature review using the terms "teleworking," "remote work," "telework," "telecommuting," "psychosocial risks," "mental health," and "occupational health" in both Portuguese and English. The primary databases used for the research included Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional” and “Direção Geral de Saúde”. A total of 24 documents with the highest relevance to the study’s theme were selected, published between 2010 and 2023. Discussion Psychosocial risks in telecommuting are undergoing constant changes and align with demographic, nature, content and organization. These changes may increase exposure to already recognized psychosocial risks or give rise to new emergent ones. The widespread and unexpected adoption of telecommuting due to COVID-19 with the simultaneous advancement of digitization processes have made telecommuting a more common practice. However, this mass adoption has increased instances of technological stress among workers, potentially leading to adverse consequences for mental health. While the widespread implementation of telecommuting aimed to protect workers from biological risks, it has, in various situations, increased social isolation, work-family conflicts, and a lack of social support, with negative consequences for the mental health of the working population. Conclusion The increasing of telecommuting in our society is leading to assess the psychosocial risk factors that arise with it, so that they are recognized by occupational health experts and intervened upon, thus ensuring that telecommuting becomes healthier.

RESUMO Introdução As sociedades atuais e a sua constante evolução e globalização, têm demonstrado um impacto significativo na forma como se estruturam os postos de trabalho ao longo dos anos, nos quais, mais recentemente e com maior tradução mediática, se destaca a possibilidade de praticar teletrabalho, potenciada pela inovação tecnológica. Objetivos Conhecer a literatura mais recentemente publicada acerca do teletrabalho; bem como a sua relação com fatores de risco de origem psicossocial e inferir sobre a necessidade de implementação e aperfeiçoamento de políticas voltadas para promoção da saúde mental em contexto ocupacional, com enfoque na prevenção dos riscos psicossociais. Metodologia Revisão da literatura integrativa com os termos “teleworking”, “remote work”, “telework”, “telecommuting”, “psychosocial risks”, “mental health” e “occupational health”, em português e em inglês. Foram utilizadas como principais bases de dados a Pubmed, UpToDate, Clinical Key, Medscape, World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, bem como a Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional e a Direção Geral de Saúde. Selecionaram-se os 24 documentos com maior relevância na temática em estudo, publicados entre 2010 e 2023. Discussão As fontes de riscos psicossociais do teletrabalho encontram-se em constante mudança e acompanham as alterações demográficas e da organização. A prática de teletrabalho parece ser uma oferta cada vez mais comum, a sua adoção em larga escala e inesperada devido à COVID-19 e coligada ao enorme avanço dos processos de digitalização, aumentaram as situações de stress tecnológico entre os trabalhadores, com possíveis consequências adversas para a saúde mental. Esta massificação do Teletrabalho, embora com o intuito de proteger os trabalhadores relativamente a um risco biológico aumentou, em diversas situações, o isolamento social, os conflitos trabalho-família e a falta de suporte social, com consequências negativas na saúde mental da população ativa. Conclusão Com o aumento deste tipo de trabalho emerge a necessidade de avaliar os fatores de risco psicossociais que surgem em conformidade, para que estes sejam reconhecidos pelos peritos em saúde ocupacional e intervencionados, assegurando assim que o teletrabalho se torna mais saudável.

ABSTRACT Introduction/framework/objectives Informal work has become more prevalent, simultaneously in more and less developed countries, although with very different characteristics, but with particularities capable of modulating in a concrete and relevant way some aspects of Occupational Health and Safety. The aim of this review was to provide professionals working in this area with some knowledge that would allow them to boost their performance and to be able to further expand the range of workers covered. Methodology This is a Bibliographic Review, initiated through a search carried out in May 2023 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina and RCAAP”. Content The term was created between the 1960s and 1970s, by the International Labor Organization, when preparing a report on Kenya and Ghana, when describing poor individuals, with unregistered, recognized, protected or regulated work. In other words, it is the set of activities that generate some income, but are not official; therefore, these are not regulated, nor do individuals have social security protection. Thus, it is associated with companies/family ownership, own resources, small-scale production, unofficial training and non-state regulation. Discussion and Conclusions It both includes extremely well-paid jobs with a lot of autonomy, health and safety in terms of occupational risks; as situations that fall into exactly the opposite, increasing medical problems and accidents at work, in addition to influencing the state economy and other conditions of formal workers. If professionals working in Occupational Health and Safety teams are more aware of these data, they will be better able to cover more workers in their networks, as well as globally improve Health and Safety, working conditions and the standard of living of population.

RESUMO Introdução/enquadramento/objetivos O trabalho informal tem vindo a ser mais prevalente, simultaneamente em países mais e menos desenvolvidos, ainda que com caraterísticas muito diversas entre si, mas com particularidades que têm capacidade para modular de forma concreta e relevante alguns aspetos da Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais. Pretendeu-se com esta revisão dotar os profissionais a exercer nesta área de alguns conhecimentos que lhe permitam potenciar o seu desempenho e a conseguir alargar mais o leque de trabalhadores abrangidos. Metodologia Trata-se de uma Revisão Bibliográfica, iniciada através de uma pesquisa realizada em maio de 2023, nas bases de dados “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina e RCAAP”. Conteúdo O termo foi criado entre as décadas de sessenta e setenta, pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, ao elaborar um relatório relativo ao Quénia e Gana, ao descrever indivíduos pobres, com trabalho não registado, reconhecido, protegido ou regulamentado. Ou seja, é o conjunto de atividades que criam algum rendimento, mas não são oficiais; logo, não são regulamentadas, nem os indivíduos têm proteção da segurança social. Alguns consideram que o Trabalho Informal é uma consequência da globalização e a maior liberdade dos mercados; salientando que estes rendimentos não geravam impostos. Assim, ele está associado a empresas/propriedade familiar, recursos próprios, produção em pequena escala, formação não oficial e não regulamentação do estado. Discussão e Conclusões Tanto incluiu postos de trabalho extremamente bem remunerados e com muita autonomia, salubridade e segurança a nível de riscos laborais; como situações que caiem exatamente no inverso, potenciando os problemas médicos e sinistralidade laboral, para além de influenciarem negativamente a economia do estado e restantes condições dos trabalhadores formais. Se os profissionais a exercer nas equipas de Saúde e Segurança Ocupacionais estiverem mais conscientes destes dados, terão mais capacidade para abranger mais trabalhadores nas suas redes de atuação, bem como, globalmente, melhorar a Saúde e Segurança, condições de trabalho e nível de vida de população.

Abstract The IV Belém Summit in Pará, Brazil, held in August 2023, brought together the leaders of the member countries of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA) to discuss a new sustainable agenda for the region. The Amazon was the focus of attention due to its global importance as the largest watershed and the most extensive and diverse tropical forest on the planet. The Summit highlighted the importance of strengthening OTCA as the only intergovernmental coordination mechanism to implement the agreed presidential agenda. The Belém Declaration established priorities for effective regional cooperation, including sustainability, environmental preservation, and inclusive development. The challenges to be faced include the efficient management of OTCA, the improvement of governance and positioning as a center for regional and international technical and political cooperation. The successful implementation of the agreed agenda will require the commitment of the Amazon countries and the active participation of all stakeholders, especially indigenous peoples and local communities.

Resumen La IV Cumbre de Belém de Pará, Brasil, celebrada en agosto de 2023, reunió a personas líderes de los países integrantes de la Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA), con el fin de discutir una nueva agenda sostenible para la región. La Amazonía fue el centro de atención debido a su importancia mundial como la cuenca hidrográfica más vasta y el bosque tropical más extenso y diverso del planeta. La Cumbre destacó la importancia de fortalecer la OTCA, como el único mecanismo intergubernamental de coordinación para implementar la agenda presidencial acordada. La Declaración de Belém estableció prioridades para una cooperación regional efectiva, incluyendo la sostenibilidad, la preservación ambiental y el desarrollo inclusivo. Los retos por enfrentar incluyen la gestión eficiente de la OTCA, la mejora de la gobernanza y el posicionamiento como un centro de cooperación técnica y política regional e internacional. La implementación exitosa de la agenda acordada requerirá el compromiso de los países amazónicos y la participación activa de todas las partes interesadas, especialmente, los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa as discussões sobre o modelo alemão de aprendizagem dupla durante o diálogo social tripartite realizadona Costa Rica entre 27 de fevereiro e 1º de setembro de 2017. Essa arena de diálogo, moderada pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho, contou com a participação de representantes de empresas, sindicatos e do governo. A análise se concentra nas representações sociais e nas referências intersubjetivas especificamente desenvolvidas por atores estatais e paraestatais sobre as características e os potenciais do modelo alemão de aprendizagem dupla para resolver determinados problemas sociais na Costa Rica. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes do Estado que participaram do diálogo, bem como com representantes paraestatais que estiveram envolvidos nas discussões sobre o tema. Como resultado, uma das principais constatações é que, na dinâmica da cooperação política, o modelo alemão de aprendizagem dual é tratado como um produto de “exportação/importação” capaz de resolver problemas como o desemprego juvenil e a pobreza entre os jovens. A referência ao modelo alemão de melhores práticas e à Alemanha como tal é usada para limitar a participação adequada dos atores e a compreensão dos problemas sociais.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza las discusiones sobre el modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual durante el diálogo social tripartito celebrado en Costa Rica entre el 27 de febrero y el 1 de setiembre de 2017. A este escenario de diálogo, moderado por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, asistieron representantes de empresas, sindi- catos y el gobierno. El análisis se centra en las representaciones sociales y referencias intersubjetivas elaboradas específicamente por actores estatales y paraestatales sobre las características y potencialidades del modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual para resolver determinados problemas sociales en Costa Rica. Para ello, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a representantes estatales que participaron en el diálogo, así como a representantes paraestatales que intervinieron en las discusiones sobre el tema. Como resultado, uno de los principales hallazgos es que, dentro de la dinámica de cooperación política, el modelo alemán de aprendizaje dual es tratado como un producto de “exportación/importación” capaz de resolver problemas como el desempleo juvenil y la pobreza entre los jóvenes. La referencia al modelo alemán de buenas prácticas y a Alemania como tal se utiliza para limitar la adecuada participación de los actores y la comprensión de los problemas sociales.

Abstract: This article analyzes the discussions on the German dual apprenticeship model during the tripartite social dialogue held in Costa Rica between February 27 and September 1, 2017. This dialogue arena, moderated by the International Labour Organization, was attended by representatives of companies, trade unions, and the government. The analysis focuses on the social representations and intersubjective references specifically developed by state and parastatal actors on the characteristics and potentials of the German dual apprenticeship model to solve certain social problems in Costa Rica. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with state representatives who participated in the dialogue, as well as with parastatal representatives who were involved in the discussions on the topic. As a result, one of the main findings is that within the dynamics of political cooperation, the German dual apprenticeship model is treated as an “export/import” product capable of solving problems such as youth unemployment and poverty among young people. The reference to the German best practice model and to Germany as such is used to limit the adequate participation of actors and the understanding of social problems.

Resumen: Las políticas públicas y la respuesta efímera en las ciclovías ejecutadas dentro de la zona monumental de la ciudad Tacna-Perú, responden a una política internacional propuesta por los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible relacionados al ODS 11: Ciudades sostenibles, donde el gobierno nacional es el principal promotor de su ejecución en las zonas urbanas, esto para mejorar el ordenamiento y transitabilidad de vehículos no motorizados en tiempos de pandemia y pospandemia por Covid-19. El objetivo principal es determinar el nivel de satisfacción de los arquitectos colegiados de Tacna, relacionándolo con el aporte de las ciclovías de la zona monumental, e interpretar el paradigma efímero del uso eficiente impuesto en la ciudad. Se empleó el enfoque cuantitativo de nivel descriptivo aplicando una encuesta en escala de Likert, evaluando condiciones de los materiales, seguridad básica, funcionamiento institucional y resultados alcanzados. Se concluye que los niveles de aceptación en las cuatro dimensiones fueron bajos.

Abstract: Public policies and the transient response to cycle paths implemented within the monumental area of Tacna, Peru, align with an international policy proposed by the Sustainable Development Goals related to SDG 11: Sustainable cities; where the national government is the main promoter of its execution in urban areas, this initiative aims to enhance the organization and accessibility of non-motorized vehicles, particularly during the pandemic and the post-pandemic period caused by Covid-19. The main objective is to determine the level of satisfaction of the collegiate architects of Tacna, relating it to the contribution of the cycle paths in the monumental area and interpret the ephemeral paradigm of efficient use, imposed on the city. The study employs a quantitative approach at a descriptive level, utilizing a survey based on a Likert scale. The survey evaluates conditions such as materials, basic security, institutional functioning, and the achieved results. The findings indicate low levels of acceptance across all four dimensions low.

Abstract The IV Belém Summit in Pará, Brazil, held in August 2023, brought together the leaders of the member countries of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA) to discuss a new sustainable agenda for the region. The Amazon was the focus of attention due to its global importance as the largest watershed and the most extensive and diverse tropical forest on the planet. The Summit highlighted the importance of strengthening OTCA as the only intergovernmental coordination mechanism to implement the agreed presidential agenda. The Belém Declaration established priorities for effective regional cooperation, including sustainability, environmental preservation, and inclusive development. The challenges to be faced include the efficient management of OTCA, the improvement of governance and positioning as a center for regional and international technical and political cooperation. The successful implementation of the agreed agenda will require the commitment of the Amazon countries and the active participation of all stakeholders, especially indigenous peoples and local communities.

Resumen La IV Cumbre de Belém de Pará, Brasil, celebrada en agosto de 2023, reunió a personas líderes de los países integrantes de la Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA), con el fin de discutir una nueva agenda sostenible para la región. La Amazonía fue el centro de atención debido a su importancia mundial como la cuenca hidrográfica más vasta y el bosque tropical más extenso y diverso del planeta. La Cumbre destacó la importancia de fortalecer la OTCA, como el único mecanismo intergubernamental de coordinación para implementar la agenda presidencial acordada. La Declaración de Belém estableció prioridades para una cooperación regional efectiva, incluyendo la sostenibilidad, la preservación ambiental y el desarrollo inclusivo. Los retos por enfrentar incluyen la gestión eficiente de la OTCA, la mejora de la gobernanza y el posicionamiento como un centro de cooperación técnica y política regional e internacional. La implementación exitosa de la agenda acordada requerirá el compromiso de los países amazónicos y la participación activa de todas las partes interesadas, especialmente, los pueblos indígenas y las comunidades locales.