Abstract Medical research involving human subjects requires regulations that hierarchize human rights above all scientific interest. Over 70 years ago and following regrettable human research practices, several documents that guide ethical operation of research practices involving human beings were amended internationally. Following these international standings, Mexico developed several ethical, regulatory, and legal documents that must be applied in a national level in all research involving human beings. This paper seeks to present the general regulatory framework for research involving human subjects in Mexico to facilitate its incorporation into the organic structure of medical establishments, research centers and Mexican universities that do not have a health research organization based on regulation or which requires updating.

Resumen El antecedente de lamentables prácticas de investigación en seres humanos registrado hace más de 70 años fue el origen de los acuerdos y regulaciones internacionales actuales en esta materia. En México, la legislación sobre investigación en salud se adhiere al marco regulatorio y principios internacionales de ética en investigación en seres humanos. Dicha legislación reconoce los beneficios científicos y sociales de la investigación en salud, antepone los derechos de los sujetos de investigación al interés de progreso científico y se inscribe en un marco regulatorio integrado por leyes y reglamentos aprobados por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, así como normas y guías expedidas por órganos desconcentrados federales, técnica y operativamente autónomos. En este trabajo, se proporciona una visión global del marco regulatorio de orden superior vigente en México, así como de las atribuciones generales de las distintas dependencias federales en materia de investigación en salud, con el objetivo de facilitar la incorporación inicial de sus distintos elementos a la estructura orgánica de los establecimientos médicos, centros de investigación y universidades mexicanas que aún no cuentan con una organización interna basada en la norma o que necesitan actualizarla.

BACKGROUND. The COVID-19 pandemic, first reported in December 2019, affected every sector of every country worldwide. Health services were the first to experience the direct impact. Blood services were advised to decrease blood utilisation in anticipation of reduced blood collections. The South African National Blood Services (SANBS) saw a substantial decline in blood demand following the institution of strict national lockdown measures, but the impact of the epidemic and various mitigation strategies remained unknown. OBJECTIVE. This retrospective study reviews red blood cell (RBC) utilisation during a 4-year period from 2019 to 2022 in the South African (SA) population, stratified by public and private healthcare sectors. METHODS. To measure the impact of COVID-19, blood utilisation pre COVID-19 was compared with an acute COVID-19 period and a post-acute period. Each period covered 450 days. Blood utilisation was evaluated against the background of reported COVID-19 cases and national lockdown regulations. RESULTS. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, overall RBC utilisation dropped by ~17%. The initial decline was more pronounced in the public sector. Overall, utilisation recovered to pre-COVID-19 levels in the post-acute COVID-19 period, but at different rates in the public and private sectors. CONCLUSION. There was a significant change in RBC utilisation during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, much more pronounced in the public sector, which services 85% of the SA population. During the post-acute COVID-19 period, blood utilisation recovered, but at a much slower rate in the public sector. The COVID-19 pandemic accentuated the differences in blood utilisation patterns between the public and private healthcare sectors in SA, and each sector's resilience in adapting to the challenges of the epidemic.

Abstract: The Research Ethics Committee (CEP) has become an essential mechanism for social control in Brazilian research involving human subjects, contributing to the development of studies guided by ethical standards and to the protection of research participants. This article analyzes the performance of CEP in Western Amazonian institution, its history, operating conditions, trends, and different aspects between 2018 to 2022. The theoretical framework addresses the history of research involving human subjects, the origins and evolution of bioethics in the international context, bioethics in Brazil, and regulations on the ethical analysis of research. The data were collected through the Brazil Platform and reports from the institution's CEP. The CEP evaluated 865 research protocols, most of which were from Health Sciences. Additionally, it was observed that during 2018 to 2022 the covid-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the number of projects submitted for evaluation to the CEP. The 57% drop in the number of projects registered during 2020/2022 reveals the negative impact of this event on the execution of projects with human participants.

Resumo: Os Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa (CEPs) tornaram-se um mecanismo essencial para o controle social em pesquisas brasileiras envolvendo sujeitos humanos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de estudos regido por padrões éticos e para a proteção de participantes de pesquisas. Esse artigo analisa o desempenho de CEP em instituição da Amazonia Ocidental, sua história, condições operativas, tendências e diferentes aspectos entre 2018 e 2022. O enquadre teórico visa a história da pesquisa envolvendo sujeitos humanos, as origens e evolução da bioética no contexto internacional, bioética no Brasil e regulamentos de análise ética de pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados através da Plataforma Brasil e relatórios do CEP da instituição. O CEP avaliou 865 protocolos de pesquisa, a maioria deles de Ciências da Saúde. Adicionalmente, foi observado que de 2018 a 2022 a pandemia da covid-19 teve um impacto negativo no número de projetos submetidos para avaliação do CEP. A queda de 57% no número de projetos registrados em 2020/2022 revela o impacto negativo desse evento na execução de projetos com participantes humanos.

Resumen: El Comité de Ética en Investigación (CEP) se ha convertido en un mecanismo esencial para el control social en la investigación brasileña con seres humanos, contribuyendo al desarrollo de estudios guiados por normas éticas y a la protección de los participantes en la investigación. Este artículo analiza el desempeño del CEP en la institución amazónica occidental, su historia, condiciones de funcionamiento, tendencias y diferentes aspectos entre 2018 y 2022. El marco teórico aborda la historia de la investigación con seres humanos, los orígenes y la evolución de la bioética en el contexto internacional, la bioética en Brasil y la normativa sobre el análisis ético de la investigación. Los datos se recogieron a través de la Plataforma Brasil y de informes del CEP de la institución. El CEP evaluó 865 protocolos de investigación, la mayoría de los cuales eran de Ciencias de la Salud. Además, se observó que durante 2018 a 2022 la pandemia de covid-19 tuvo un impacto negativo en el número de proyectos presentados para evaluación al CEP. La caída del 57% en el número de proyectos registrados durante 2020/2022 revela el impacto negativo de este evento en la ejecución de proyectos con participantes humanos.

Abstract One of the mechanisms for the deprivation of liberty is the involuntary psychiatric hospitalization, The Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), has insisted on the prohibition of involuntary admissions due to disability or deficiency, real or perceived. Chile regulates these issues in the law 21.331 about mental health care. The purpose of this article is to confront the international human rights standards from the CRPD and the Law 21.331 on mental health, to conclude that, although the regulations are substantially close to the CRPD, it fails to incorporate all the standards and fails to comply with the international obligations contracted.

Resumen Uno de los mecanismos para la privación de la libertad, es la hospitalización psiquiátrica involuntaria. La Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad (CDPD), ha insistido en la prohibición de las internaciones involuntarias por motivo de discapacidad o deficiencia. Chile, regula esta materia en la Ley 21.331 sobre Salud mental. El presente artículo tiene por objeto confrontar los estándares internacionales procedentes de la CDPD y la Ley 21.331 de salud mental, para de concluir que, si bien la normativa se acerca sustancialmente a la CDPD, no logra incorporar todos los estándares e incumple las obligaciones internacionales contraídas.

ABSTRACT The requirements of health care facilities (HCF) being recognized as having ‘university’ status are relevant for providing high-quality clinical education to health profession students. However, no previous studies have reported the key features of the Chilean HCF as having university rank. Aim: To review international experiences and Chilean regulations to identify hospitals’ requirements for university status. Methods: A qualitative content analysis was carried out in 6 phases, taking Caceres’ proposal as a methodological reference. Results: 66 units of analysis were obtained, which were grouped into 8 codes: comprehensive management, teaching care agreement, strategic link, infrastructure, academic human resources, care-teaching-research management department, quality and safety in health and research, which were subsequently categorized into administrative-managerial, transversal collaboration and evidence-based healthcare. Codes that were later grouped into main and advanced dimensions, therefore, embrace the criteria found to designate a health establishment as a Teaching Care establishment. Conclusions: The findings represent a significant contribution to the requirements that must be considered to strengthen and develop health facilities that currently welcome students, in order to comprehensively develop safe and quality care, teaching and research, promoting effective collaboration between these institutions.

RESUMEN Los criterios asistenciales y docentes en los establecimientos de salud son esenciales para gestionar la formación del capital humano. Sin embargo, no se reportan estudios que sistematicen los criterios requeridos para que los establecimientos de salud chilenos sean catalogados con esta condición. Objetivo: Revisar las experiencias internacionales y normativas nacionales para proponer criterios que podrían ser de utilidad al momento de calificar a un hospital como docente-asistencial. Material y Método: Se realizó un análisis de contenido cualitativo en 6 fases, tomando como referente metodológico la propuesta de asistencial docente. Resultados: se obtuvieron 66 unidades de análisis, las cuales se agruparon en 8 códigos: gestión integral, convenio asistencial docente, vínculo estratégico, infraestructura, recurso humano académico, departamento de gestión asistencial-docente-investigación, calidad y seguridad en salud e investigación, los cuales a posterior se categorizaron en administrativo-gerencial, colaboración transversal y atención sanitaria basada en evidencia. Códigos que luego se agruparon en dimensiones principales y avanzadas, por tanto, acogen los criterios encontrados para denominar a un establecimiento de salud como un establecimiento asistencial docente. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren los criterios que deben considerarse para catalogar a los establecimientos de salud que actualmente acogen a estudiantes, como instituciones asistenciales docentes.

Abstract Acupuncture is offered in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), but its practice is matter of legal disputes. This study analyzes aspects of this practice by different professionals of the field of health. An analysis of scientific and institutional literature (Brazilian and international), whose selection was intentionally guided, was carried out. The results address aspects of the dispute over the practice of acupuncture; the teaching of acupuncture and its regulations; and the operationalization of records of acupuncture practice in the SUS. The absence of unified rules for this exercise generated infra-legal regulation of governmental institutions and professional corporations in Brazil, admitting multidisciplinary practice, in accordance with the guidelines of the World Health Organization. SUS, SUS , (SUS) disputes health international, international international) guided out regulations infralegal infra Brazil Organization (SUS

Resumo A acupuntura é ofertada no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), mas seu exercício é disputado juridicamente. Este estudo analisa os aspectos desse exercício por diferentes profissionais da área da saúde. Realizou-se uma análise de literatura científica e institucional (brasileira e internacional), cuja seleção foi intencionalmente orientada. Os resultados abordam aspectos da disputa sobre o exercício da acupuntura; o ensino da acupuntura e suas normativas; e a operacionalização dos registros do exercício da acupuntura no SUS. A ausência de regras unificadas desse exercício gerou regramento infralegal de instituições governamentais e corporações profissionais no Brasil, admitindo a prática multiprofissional, em conformidade com a Organização Mundial de Saúde . SUS, SUS , (SUS) juridicamente saúde Realizouse Realizou se brasileira internacional, internacional internacional) orientada normativas Brasil multiprofissional (SUS

Resumo A acupuntura é ofertada no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), mas seu exercício é disputado juridicamente. Este estudo analisa os aspectos desse exercício por diferentes profissionais da área da saúde. Realizou-se uma análise de literatura científica e institucional (brasileira e internacional), cuja seleção foi intencionalmente orientada. Os resultados abordam aspectos da disputa sobre o exercício da acupuntura; o ensino da acupuntura e suas normativas; e a operacionalização dos registros do exercício da acupuntura no SUS. A ausência de regras unificadas desse exercício gerou regramento infralegal de instituições governamentais e corporações profissionais no Brasil, admitindo a prática multiprofissional, em conformidade com a Organização Mundial de Saúde .

Abstract Acupuncture is offered in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), but its practice is matter of legal disputes. This study analyzes aspects of this practice by different professionals of the field of health. An analysis of scientific and institutional literature (Brazilian and international), whose selection was intentionally guided, was carried out. The results address aspects of the dispute over the practice of acupuncture; the teaching of acupuncture and its regulations; and the operationalization of records of acupuncture practice in the SUS. The absence of unified rules for this exercise generated infra-legal regulation of governmental institutions and professional corporations in Brazil, admitting multidisciplinary practice, in accordance with the guidelines of the World Health Organization.

RESUMEN El propósito de este estudio fue: i) describir y comparar las normas oficiales mexicanas de descarga de aguas residuales 1996 y 2021 (norma antigua, NA y norma nueva NN, respectivamente); ii) comparar las dos normas oficiales mexicanas para la descarga de aguas residuales con las regulaciones de Brasil, Estados Unidos, Canadá y la Unión Europea (UE); así como determinar el índice de permisividad de los contaminantes básicos y del subconjunto de los metales pesados y los cianuros, también llamados “otros contaminantes”; y iii) analizar el cumplimiento de las NN y NA mexicanas con una muestra de resultados analíticos de los efluentes de 25 plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales que operan en un área metropolitana de México. Los resultados de esta investigación sugieren que la nueva NOM 2021 es muy cercana a la norma previa 1996 en términos de permisividad, y a su vez ambas son muchísimo más permisivas comparadas con las de los países desarrollados del Tratado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC) y de la UE. Los altos límites máximos permisibles de la mayoría de los contaminantes en ambas normas mexicanas podrían causar impactos negativos en los cuerpos de agua y en los bienes nacionales. Se recomienda la actualización y expansión de las NOM-002 y 003, y eventualmente la revisión de la propia NOM-001-2021 para eliminar o reducir el riesgo para la salud y el ambiente de los contaminantes del agua y homologar la calidad del recurso agua en el contexto de los países integrantes del T-MEC.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was: i) to describe and compare the 1996 and 2021 official mexican standards for wastewater discharge (actual standard-NA and new standard-NN, as per the abbreviation in Spanish); ii) to compare the two official mexican standards for wastewater discharge with the regulations of Brazil, the United States, Canada and the European Union (UE), as well as to determine the environmental permissiveness index of basic pollutants and the subset of heavy metals and cyanides (also called ‘other pollutants’); and iii) to analyze the compliance with the Mexican NN and NA of 25 municipal wastewater treatment plants that operate in a metropolitan area of Mexico. The results suggest that the new NOM 2021 is very close to the previous 1996 norm in terms of permissiveness, and in turn both are much more permissive compared to those of the developed countries of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) and the UE. The high permissible maximum levels of most pollutants in both Mexican standards could cause negative impacts on water bodies and national assets. The updating and expansion of NOM 002 and 003 is recommended, and eventually the revision of NOM 001 2021 itself is also recommended to eliminate or reduce the risk to health and the environment of water contaminants and upgrade the quality of the water resource in the context of the member countries of the USMCA.

ABSTRACT Soil-to-plant metal(loid) accumulation has been highly evaluated recently due to its significant impact on human health. This study reports the concentrations of 15 metal(oid)s in four vegetables (tomato, onion, chili, and lettuce) cultivated in a greenhouse and three shade houses (two roofs of buildings and one in the UNAM Botanical Garden) in four locations in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. In this experiment, the contribution of metals and metalloids due to atmospheric deposition and irrigation may be negligible. Hence, the concentration of metals depends only on transfer from the soil. Soil analysis indicates that only vanadium in one location (a rooftop garden in the municipality of Venustiano Carranza) exceeds the permissible limits according to Mexican regulations. Lettuce shows the highest concentrations and transfer factors for most metals compared to the other vegetables studied. Transfer factors were exceptionally high for Cd (lettuce) and Hg (tomato), presenting values above 1. Concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were compared with limit values recommended by different international agencies for vegetables. It was observed that, except for As, these values are exceeded in various vegetables harvested in this study. This information must be corroborated with more detailed studies evaluating the chemical species in which those metal(oid)s are present and identify the physical and chemical parameters of the soil that may have interfered with the soil-plant transfer factor.

RESUMEN La acumulación de metales y metaloides del suelo a la planta ha sido extensamente evaluada en los últimos años por su impacto significativo en la salud humana. Este estudio reporta las concentraciones de 15 metales y metaloides en cuatro vegetales (tomate, cebolla, chile y lechuga) cultivados en un invernadero y tres casas de sombra (dos techos de edificios y otra en el Jardín Botánico de la UNAM), en cuatro localidades del área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México. En este experimento la contribución de metales y metaloides debida a la sedimentación atmosférica y el riego puede ser insignificante y se considera que la concentración de metales depende únicamente de la transferencia desde el suelo. El análisis del suelo indica que sólo el vanadio en la Alcaldía Venustiano Carranza excede los límites permisibles según las normas mexicanas. Para la mayoría de los metales, la lechuga muestra las concentraciones y factores de transferencia más altos en comparación con las otras hortalizas estudiadas. Los factores de transferencia fueron excepcionalmente altos para Cd (lechuga) y Hg (tomate), con valores > 1. Las concentraciones de As, Cd, Hg y Pb se compararon con los valores límite recomendados por diferentes organismos internacionales para hortalizas. A excepción del As, estos valores se superan en varios vegetales cosechados en este estudio. Esta información debe ser corroborada con estudios más detallados que evalúen las especies químicas en las que están presentes esos metaloides y se identifiquen los parámetros físicos y químicos del suelo que pudieron haber interferido en el factor de transferencia suelo-planta.

RESUMEN La contaminación atmosférica es uno de los grandes problemas a nivel global. Dentro de los contaminantes ambientales más importantes están las partículas suspendidas, las cuales han sido clasificadas dentro del Grupo 1 como carcinógenas para humanos por la Agencia Internacional sobre la Investigación en Cáncer. A las partículas suspendidas se adosan componentes con relevancia toxicológica como los metales a los que se les atribuyen, al menos en parte, los efectos adversos que las partículas generan en los organismos. Uno de los metales presentes en las partículas es el vanadio, metal que se encuentra como elemento traza abundante en el petróleo mexicano y que se emite a la atmósfera principalmente por la quema de sus derivados, como la gasolina. Sin embargo, aunque el vanadio está presente en la atmósfera, sus concentraciones no se monitorean, ya que ni éste ni algún otro metal están considerados como contaminantes criterio. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo es darle visibilidad a este elemento como contaminante ubicuo adosado a las partículas suspendidas, ya que representa un potencial peligro para la salud de los habitantes de las ciudades contaminadas como la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México y, por otro lado, enfatizar la casi nula de normatividad en México sobre la contaminación por metales, ya que el vanadio es solo un ejemplo de ésta.

ABSTRACT Air pollution is a major global problem. Among the most important environmental pollutants is particulate matter, which has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a human carcinogen within Group 1. Toxicologically relevant components such as metals are added to suspended particulate matter, which is at least partly responsible for the adverse effects of particulate matter on organisms. One of the metals present in particulate matter is vanadium, which is found as an abundant trace element in Mexican petroleum and is emitted into the atmosphere mainly by burning its derivatives, such as gasoline. However, although vanadium is present in the atmosphere, its concentrations are not monitored since neither vanadium nor any other metal are considered criteria pollutants. Therefore, the objective of this work is to give visibility to this element as a ubiquitous pollutant attached to suspended particles, which represents a potential danger to the health of the inhabitants of polluted cities such as the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico; and, on the other hand, to emphasize the near absence of regulations in Mexico on metal pollution, since vanadium is only one example.

Resumo As Nações Unidas fizeram um apelo universal com o propósito de contribuir para a eliminação da pobreza, equilibrando a sustentabilidade social, económica e ambiental até 2023, em particular visa alcançar a cobertura universal de saúde e o acesso aos serviços de saúde. Estes objetivos estão alinhados com os princípios de Alma Ata de 78 e Astana de 2018 e estão incluídos no sistema de saúde uruguaio. Neste artigo pretendemos realizar uma análise crítica de seu alcance, para a qual trabalharemos com três investigações realizadas em uma rede de policlínicas públicas do Uruguai na zona fronteiriça com o Brasil, analisando-as à luz das regulamentações nacionais e internacionais sobre acesso aos serviços de saúde. Ao longo dele percorreremos normas, leis, diferentes experiências e autores que questionam definições e práticas, evidenciando as contradições entre definições de princípios e definições políticas, entre a garantia do direito à saúde ou a comercialização do sistema sanitário. Isto ficou evidente nas grandes diferenças no acesso aos serviços de saúde entre os utilizadores do subsector público e do subsector privado, entre outras lacunas no acesso aos serviços de saúde. Uma das conclusões do artigo reforça a ideia de que a saúde é um produto histórico em permanente mudança, dialeticamente ligado às necessidades das pessoas e em contradição com os interesses das empresas, esta particularidade gera um espaço de luta permanente onde os Estados devem assumir uma posição mais forte. papel na defesa da saúde como um direito humano fundamental.

Resumen La Organización de las Naciones Unidas ha realizado un llamamiento universal con la finalidad de contribuir a la eliminación de la pobreza, equilibrar la sostenibilidad social, económica y ambiental para el 2023, en particular se plantea lograr la cobertura sanitaria universal y el acceso a servicios de atención de salud esenciales de calidad. Estos objetivos, se encuentran alineados con los principios de Alma Ata del 78 y de Astaná del 2018 y son recogidos por el sistema de salud de Uruguay. En el presente artículo nos planteamos como objetivo, realizar un análisis crítico de su alcance, para lo cual trabajaremos con tres investigaciones realizadas en una red de policlínicas públicas de Uruguay en zona fronteriza con Brasil, analizándolas a la luz de las normativas nacionales e internacionales sobre el acceso a servicios de salud. A lo largo del mismo transitaremos por normas, leyes, experiencias diferentes y autores que ponen en cuestión las definiciones y la práctica, evidenciando las contradicciones existentes entre las definiciones de principios y las definiciones políticas, entre garantizar el derecho a la salud o la mercantilización del sistema sanitario. Lo que se evidenció en las grandes diferencias en el acceso a los servicios de salud entre los usuarios del subsector público y del subsector privado entre otras brechas de acceso a servicios de salud. Una de las conclusiones del artículo refuerza la idea de que la salud es un producto histórico en permanente cambio, dialécticamente unido a las necesidades de las personas y en contradicción con los intereses de las empresas, esta particularidad genera un espacio de permanente lucha en donde los Estados deben asumir un rol más firma en la defensa de la salud como un derecho humano fundamental.

Summary The United Nations has made a universal call with the purpose of contributing to the elimination of poverty, balancing social, economic and environmental sustainability by 2023, in particular it aims to achieve universal health coverage and access to health services. quality essential health care. These objectives are aligned with the principles of Alma Ata of 78 and Astana of 2018 and are included by the Uruguayan health system. In this article we aim to carry out a critical analysis of its scope, for which we will work with three investigations carried out in a network of public polyclinics in Uruguay in the border area with Brazil, analyzing them in light of national and international regulations on access to health services. Throughout it we will go through norms, laws, different experiences and authors who question definitions and practice, evidencing the contradictions between definitions of principles and political definitions, between guaranteeing the right to health or the commercialization of health. sanitary system. This was evident in the large differences in access to health services between users of the public subsector and the private subsector, among other gaps in access to health services. One of the conclusions of the article reinforces the idea that health is a historical product in permanent change, dialectically linked to the needs of people and in contradiction with the interests of companies, this particularity generates a space of permanent struggle where States must assume a stronger role in defending health as a fundamental human right.

RESUMO: O presente estudo aborda os problemas ambientais das espécies exóticas invasoras e mostra, do ponto de vista jurídico, os fundamentos fornecidos pela Constituição da República e pelos principaisacordosinternacionais para compreender o estado da legislação do Uruguai em relação a essasespécies. , considerando que alteram o equilíbrio ecológico e causamum enorme custo para a saúde humana, animal, vegetal e para o bem-estar socioeconómico. Com base narevisão e organização da regulamentação legal existente, são identificados os elementos legais que o Uruguai tem para lidarcominvasões biológicas, são resumidas dozeconvençõesinternacionais relacionadas e listadas recomendações para fortalecer a legislaçãonaprevenção, erradicação, controle e mitigação de seus impactos. .Alémdisso, sãoapresentados os marcos legais, abordagens e princípios orientadores que permitemmelhorar a atençãoàsbioinvasões e contribuem para fornecer as bases jurídicas necessárias para a suagestão.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio aborda la problemática ambiental de las especies exóticas invasoras, y muestra desde una perspectiva jurídica, el fundamento que provee la Constitución de la República, y los principales acuerdos internacionales, para entender el estado de la legislación de Uruguay en relación a estas especies, considerando que alteran el equilibrio ecológico y causan un costo enorme para la salud humana, animal, vegetal, y para el bienestar socio-económico. A partir de la revisión y ordenación de las normas legales existentes, se identifican los elementos jurídicos que cuenta Uruguay para hacer frente a la invasiones biológicas, se resumen doce convenios internacionales relacionados y recomendaciones para fortalecer la legislación en la prevención, erradicación, control y mitigación de impactos de estas especies. Además, se presentan los marcos jurídicos, enfoques, y principios orientadores, que permiten mejorar la atención a las bioinvasiones y contribuir a dar los fundamentos jurídicos necesarios para su gestión.

ABSTRACT: The present study the environmental problems of invasive alien species, and shows from a legal perspective, the foundation provided by the Constitution of the Republic, and the main international agreements, to understand the state of the legislation of Uruguay in relation to these species, considering that they alter the ecological balance and cause an enormous cost for human, animal, plant health, and for socio-economic well-being. Based on the review and organization of existing legal regulations, the legal elements that Uruguay has to deal with biological invasions are identified, twelve related international conventions are summarized and recommendations are listed to strengthen legislation in prevention, eradication, control and mitigation of its impacts. In addition, the legal frameworks, approaches, and guiding principles are presented, which allow improving attention to bioinvasions and contribute to providing the necessary legal foundations for their management.

Abstract: This article seeks to analyze the process of in(in)securitization of health mobilities defined as "transplant tourism.” It focusses on the emergence and circulation of the "transplant tourism" category, as well as certain political uses of the concept in transplant and migration regulations in Argentina. It argues that "transplant tourism" was constructed as a problem of (in)security associated with the dangers and threats posed by certain types of mobilities to the "national order" of transplants and “international security,” because of its association with illicit forms of organ extraction and commercialization. The article uses a qualitative methodology combining the analysis of documentary sources with interviews with government officials in the Argentinean context.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el proceso de (in)securitización de las movilidades por salud definidas como “turismo de trasplante”. Específicamente indaga el surgimiento y circulación de la categoría “turismo de trasplantes”, así como ciertos usos políticos del concepto en regulaciones sobre trasplante y migración en Argentina. Sostiene que el “turismo de trasplantes” fue construido como un problema de (in)seguridad asociado a los peligros y amenazas que determinadas movilidades representan para el “orden nacional” de los trasplantes y para la “seguridad internacional” a partir de su asociación con modalidades ilícitas de extracción y comercialización de órganos. El artículo adopta una metodología cualitativa que articula análisis de diversas fuentes documentales y entrevistas con funcionarias/os de gobierno del contexto argentino.

This article investigates the extent to which the South African Legislature and the international community recognise the right to identity of a child born through embryo donation. A distinction is drawn between embryo donation, gamete donation and surrogacy. Thereafter, the article discusses the multiple aspects which the right to identity comprises, namely: personal, biological, family and siblingship identity. An assessment is made of how these various aspects are impacted by national and cross-border embryo donation arrangements. The Children's Act 38 of 2005, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, the National Health Act 61 of 2003 and the Regulations Relating to Artificial Fertilisation of Persons, in addition to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) are critically examined to the extent that may be applicable to children born through embryo donation. The article concludes that neither the South African legislative framework, nor the CRC or the ACRWC explicitly upholds the child's right to identity.

In part 1 of this article the current level of protection of the right to identity both at the national and international levels were considered in the case of embryo donation. It was concluded that at a national level the National Health Act, its accompanying regulations and the Children's Act fail to protect this right. The constitutional provisions on children's rights are also unhelpful in providing the requisite level of protection. At an international level it was further found that neither the CRC nor the ACRWC explicitly uphold the child's right to identity in the case of embryo donation. In an attempt to address this defect, this article compares the legal protection provided for the right to identity of children born through embryo donation in Australia and New Zealand. A number of lessons can be drawn from this comparative analysis. At a national level the article submits that the birth certificate should indicate the child's true origins and in addition to a register which holds the particulars of the child's donor parents, a separate donor sibling register is also suggested. Legislative amendments are also suggested to Parliament. At an international level, the following recommendations are made: a new United Nations (UN) Convention which centres on Assisted Reproductive Technology, a General Comment drafted by the CRC Committee to cover specific issues and interests of children, ratification of a Convention by the Hague Conference, and an investigation into the concerns raised by international embryo donation to be carried out by the International Social Service Network should be accomplished. Further, the article concludes that an Africa-based instrument would not be as effective as a UN proposed solution, given the cultural and religious concerns in traditional African societies.