ABSTRACT The relationship between sustainability reporting and fiscal auditing was examined; The accounting professional needs to generate qualitative and quantitative information on the actions carried out by organizations, their importance within the business world; the form of its recognition in the financial statements and disclosures thereon, as an update on relevant issues in the sector. In the face of well-known reports in Colombia, the phenomenon responded to user demands on financial information for better corporate governance, some companies were pioneers in requiring such information under standards (GRI), information according to international guidelines, such as those applied by international financial organizations, already known within the field, since 2024. The exercise of the fiscal auditor in the 2015 - 2030 Agenda is evident, as it plays a conclusive role in the articulate environmental accounting and sustainable development.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se examinó la relación entre los reportes de sostenibilidad y la revisoría fiscal. El profesional contable requiere generar información cualitativa y cuantitativa sobre las acciones desarrolladas por las organizaciones, su importancia dentro del mundo empresarial, la forma de su reconocimiento en los estados financieros y las revelaciones sobre los mismos, como actualización en temas relevantes del sector. Los reportes conocidos en Colombia respondieron a exigencias de los usuarios sobre información financiera, por una mejor gobernanza corporativa. Algunas empresas fueron pioneras al exigir dicha información bajo estándares (GRI) y según guías internacionales, como las aplicadas por los organismos financieros internacionales desde 2024, y conocidos ya dentro del ámbito. Se evidencia el ejercicio del revisor fiscal en la Agenda 2015-2030, el cual juega un papel concluyente al articular contabilidad ambiental y desarrollo sostenible.

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to examine the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 19 and its accounting and tax consequences with respect to post-employment benefits in order to address the low cataloging of scientific research so far conducted on labor and tax measures related to these benefits. Its application in Ecuador under the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is mandatory according to Resolution No.08.G.DSC.010 of the Superintendence of Companies, Securities and Insurance (SCVS). A non-experimental deductive method of docu- mentary and descriptive type was used, with a mixed approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative elements in a cross-sectional study. The results have determined the existence of a significant correlation between the provi- sions for employer’s retirement, eviction and the determination of the tax incurred. It is concluded that the adoption of IFRS requires mandatory disclosure of post-employment benefits in the statement of financial position, but not all the companies analyzed disclose this information; therefore, this research contributes theoretically and provides valuable information for those interested in understanding this area.

Resumen El propósito fundamental de este trabajo es examinar la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad (NIC) 19 y sus con- secuencias contables y tributarias respecto a los beneficios post-empleo. Con ello se busca abordar la baja cata- logación de investigaciones científicas hasta ahora realizadas sobre las medidas laborales y tributarias relacionadas con estos beneficios. Su aplicación en Ecuador bajo las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) es obligatoria según la Resolución n.º 08.G.DSC.010 de la Superintendencia de Compañías, Valores y Seguros (SCVS). Para el estudio, se utilizó un método deductivo no experimental de tipo documental y descriptivo, con enfoque mixto que integra elementos cualitativos y cuantitativos en un estudio de corte transversal. Los resultados han de- terminado la existencia de una correlación significativa entre las provisiones de jubilación patronal, desahucio y la determinación del impuesto causado. Se concluyó que la adopción de las NIIF exige la obligatoriedad de reflejar en el estado de situación financiera los beneficios post-empleo, empero no todas las empresas analizadas revelan esta información, por tanto, esta investigación contribuye teóricamente y proporciona información valiosa para aquellos interesados en comprender este ámbito.

Resumen El presente estudio se enfoca en la importancia del rol de la persona docente en la formación de la carrera de Contaduría Pública en las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) de Colombia. El propósito de este artículo es destacar y analizar la relevancia del papel desempeñado por el cuerpo docente en la formación de calidad del alumnado de la carrera de Contaduría Pública en las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) de Colombia. El análisis se desarrolló bajo una metodología cualitativa de diseño no experimental y utilizó una revisión documental de bases de datos de documentos científicos publicados entre los años 2013 y 2023. Los resultados destacan la relevancia de la educación contable en Colombia para el desarrollo económico y social del país, se resalta la importancia de la ética y la formación en valores en la contabilidad, así como la necesidad de diversificar la formación contable para adaptarse a los cambios en el entorno empresarial y regulatorio, incluyendo la modernización y la convergencia de normas internacionales. El estudio subraya el papel fundamental del cuerpo docente en la formación ética y técnica del alumnado de Contaduría Pública, no solo al transmitir conocimientos prácticos, sino también al fomentar una comprensión profunda de los procesos contables. Además, se destaca la supervisión de la calidad de la educación contable en el país por parte de la Asociación Colombiana de Facultades de Contaduría Pública (ASFACOP), con un compromiso continuo de las IES afiliadas para la actualización constante y la mejora de la educación contable. Las conclusiones principales del estudio resaltan que la contabilidad ha evolucionado desde su enseñanza en escuelas hasta IES en Colombia, contribuyendo al desarrollo socioeconómico. La formación profesional contable es crucial para preparar a individuos que cuidarán de los intereses tanto de las empresas como de la sociedad en general. Se recomienda, el fortalecimiento de la formación ética y en valores, la adaptación de los programas académicos para abordar los cambios en el entorno empresarial y regulatorio, la promoción de la capacitación constante en el cuerpo docente, la colaboración entre las IES y la industria y la supervisión continua de la calidad de la educación contable en Colombia para garantizar estándares elevados y la preparación adecuada de futuros contadores.

Abstract This article focuses on the relevance of the role of the teacher in the formation of the Public Accounting career in the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of Colombia. Additionally, the authors seek to highlight and analyze the importance of the role played by educators in the quality training of students of the Public Accounting career in the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of Colombia. Regarding the analysis, this was developed under a qualitative methodology of non-experimental design, in which the researchers carried out a documentary review of databases of scientific documents published between 2013 and 2023. For their part, the results highlight the relevance of accounting education in Colombia for the economic and social development of the country, highlight the importance of ethics and training in values in accounting, as well as the need to diversify accounting training to adapt to changes in the business environment and regulatory, including modernization and convergence of international standards. The study underlines the fundamental role of the teaching staff in the ethical and technical training of Public Accounting students, not only by transmitting practical knowledge, but also by fostering a deep understanding of accounting processes. In addition, the supervision of the quality of accounting education in the country by the Colombian Association of Faculties of Public Accounting (ASFACOP) is highlighted, with a continuous commitment of the affiliated HEIs for the constant updating and improvement of accounting education. Therefore, the main conclusions of the study highlight that accounting has evolved from its teaching in schools to HEIs in Colombia, contributing to socioeconomic development. Professional accounting training is crucial to prepare individuals who will look out for the interests of both businesses and society at large. It is recommended to strengthen ethics and values training, adapt academic programs to address changes in the business and regulatory environment, promote constant training of faculty, collaboration between HEIs and industry, and continuous supervision of the quality of accounting education in Colombia to ensure high standards and adequate preparation of future accountants.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar cómo la inclusión de las NIIF en los programas educativos puede contribuir al desarrollo de habilidades y conocimientos específicos, así como a la preparación de los futuros profesionales contables. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica cualitativa y descriptiva que examinó la literatura existente sobre este tema. Los hallazgos indican que en el sistema educativo ecuatoriano actual, las NIIF no son un foco central en los planes de estudio, lo que, combinado con la falta de capacitación del personal, representa un desafío para la formación de profesionales expertos en esta normativa. Sin embargo, se destaca el potencial de las NIIF para mejorar varias áreas del conocimiento contable, incluyendo los principios básicos, el reconocimiento y la medición de transacciones, entre otros. Se concluye que es necesario integrar las NIIF en la educación contable en Ecuador para desarrollar habilidades específicas y conocimientos necesarios en este campo.

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is to analyze how the inclusion of the International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS in educational programs can contribute to the development of specific skills and knowledge, as well as to the preparation of future accounting professionals. A qualitative and descriptive literature review was carried out examining the existing literature on this topic, including its influence on the educational system, the development of student competencies and its implications for teaching. Relevant information was collected from various scientific and institutional databases. The findings indicate that in the current Ecuadorian educational system, IFRS are not a central focus in the curricula, which, combined with the lack of staff training, represents a challenge for the training of professionals with expertise in these standards. However, the potential of IFRS to improve several areas of accounting knowledge is highlighted, including basic principles, recognition and measurement of transactions, presentation of financial statements, consolidation and disclosure of information. It is concluded that it is necessary to integrate IFRS into accounting education in Ecuador to develop specific skills and knowledge needed in this field.

ABSTRACT This study addresses the challenges and educational strategies in governmental accounting capacity building, focusing on the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The objective is to identify the obstacles faced by public sector accounting professionals and to propose educational strategies to overcome them. The qualitative methodology involves a literature review of recognized bases and a focus on the exploration of competencies needed for IPSAS implementation. The results reveal a detailed mapping of essential competencies, innovative educational strategies, and significant challenges, such as resistance to change and lack of training. The need for a comprehensive approach and specific educational programs is highlighted. In conclusion, effective IPSAS implementation requires addressing resistance to change, improved training, and technology integration to ensure accurate and transparent government financial reporting.

RESUMEN Este estudio aborda los desafíos y estrategias educativas en el desarrollo de capacidades en contabilidad gubernamental, centrándose en la implementación de las Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad del Sector Público (NICSP). El objetivo es identificar los obstáculos que enfrentan los profesionales contables del sector público y proponer estrategias educativas para superarlos. La metodología cualitativa involucra la revisión de literatura de bases reconocidas y un enfoque en la exploración de competencias necesarias para la aplicación de las NICSP. Los resultados revelan un mapeo detallado de competencias esenciales, estrategias educativas innovadoras, y desafíos significativos, como la resistencia al cambio y la falta de capacitación. Se destaca la necesidad de un enfoque integral y programas educativos específicos. En conclusión, la implementación efectiva de las NICSP requiere abordar la resistencia al cambio, mejorar la capacitación y la integración tecnológica para garantizar informes financieros gubernamentales precisos y transparentes.

Resumen Antecedentes: El Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INC) se ha posicionado como un referente internacional en la educación médica cardiológica, destacándose por su alto nivel académico y calidad humana. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el perfil laboral y académico actual de los egresados del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INC). Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal y retrospectivo que incluyó a 473 egresados del INC graduados entre 2000 y 2015. Se utilizó una encuesta electrónica para recopilar los datos. Resultados: Un total de 221 egresados aceptaron participar en el estudio, lo que representa el 46.7% del total de egresados. El 85.2% de los participantes son hombres. La mayoría de los egresados son de nacionalidad mexicana (82.4%), mientras que el resto se distribuye en varios países de Latinoamérica. El 89% de los egresados completó otro posgrado después de cardiología. De este grupo, el 95.4% realizó al menos una alta especialidad, mientras que el 4.6% obtuvo una maestría o doctorado. La especialidad más comúnmente elegida fue Cardiología Intervencionista. Los egresados del INC trabajan en promedio 10.8 horas al día, de las cuales 6.4 horas se dedican a la cardiología clínica y 4.3 horas al otro posgrado. Aquellos que trabajan en el sector público y privado dedican 6.1 horas y 5.2 horas al día, respectivamente. Además, el 75% de los egresados desempeña actividades de enseñanza. El 84% de los egresados trabajan en México. Conclusión: En su mayoría, los egresados del INC son médicos especialistas que continúan su formación académica a través de la realización de otros posgrados. Trabajan más horas al día en comparación con el resto de la población mexicana, y dedican la mayor parte de su tiempo al ejercicio de la cardiología clínica. También buscan transmitir sus conocimientos a través de actividades académicas y de enseñanza.

Abstract Background: The Ignacio Chávez National Institute of Cardiology (NIC) has positioned itself as an international benchmark in cardiovascular medical education, standing out for its high academic standards and human quality. Objective: This study aims to identify the employment and academic profile of cardiology fellowship graduates from the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico (NIC). Methods: A cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted, involving 473 graduates from the period 2000-2015. Data was collected through an electronic survey. Results: A total of 221 graduates agreed to participate, accounting for 46.7% of the total number of graduates. Among the participants, 85.2% were male. The majority of graduates (82.4%) held Mexican nationality, while the remaining individuals represented various Latin-American nationalities. Following the completion of the cardiology fellowship, 89% of graduates pursued further postgraduate degrees. Within this group, 95.4% completed at least one additional fellowship, while 4.6% pursued a master’s or PhD program. The most popular fellowship program chosen was Interventional Cardiology. On average, NIC graduates dedicate 10.8 hours per day to their work, with 6.4 hours dedicated to cardiology and 4.3 hours to their other postgraduate degree. Those employed in both public and private health systems allocate 6.1 hours and 5.2 hours per day, respectively. Additionally, 75% of graduates are involved in teaching activities. Currently, 84% of graduates are employed in Mexico. Conclusion: The majority of NIC graduates are physicians who further their academic training by pursuing additional postgraduate programs. They work longer hours per day compared to the general Mexican population, with a significant focus on clinical cardiology. Graduates actively seek opportunities to share their expertise through various academic activities.

PURPOSE: Recent examples of corporate misconduct have increased the responsibility of entities and the accounting profession to regain public trust. Adherence to laws and regulations supports good corporate citizenship and public trust in ethical cultures. The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) formulated a framework for responses to 'Non-compliance with Laws and Regulations' (NOCLAR) in 2016. The objective of this study is twofold: (1) to determine the level of perceived understanding of NOCLAR among those charged with its implementation, and (2) to evaluate whether the requirements of NOCLAR are appropriately implemented DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: An empirical study was performed by distributing a survey to all South African professional accountants with registered e-mail addresses with the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA FINDINGS/RESULTS: The findings indicate: (1) a strong perceived understanding and awareness of NOCLAR, but (2) that all requirements of NOCLAR are not adhered to. This indicates that while professional accountants in South Africa are aware of NOCLAR provisions, there are obstacles to its implementation and that its full value is not obtained in the drive to strengthen public trust PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) will have to consider practical solutions to ensure deeper understanding of the requirements of NOCLAR, monitoring its implementation and addressing implementation challenges ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Limited research is available on the practical implementation of NOCLAR, and the study contributes to the narrative by evaluating both the understanding and implementation of NOCLAR as part of the drive to strengthen public trust

RESUMO O estudo investigou os efeitos da adoção mandatória das Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade (International Financial Reporting Standards [IFRS]) sobre a qualidade das informações contábeis sob três aspectos: a capacidade dos números contábeis explicarem os ratings de crédito e sua evolução após a adoção das IFRS; a diferença em termos de ganho informacional com a adoção mandatória das IFRS entre países emergentes e desenvolvidos; e a identificação de aspectos de governança nacional capazes de explicar os referidos ganhos informacionais. Este artigo se diferencia da literatura existente em três aspectos: utiliza amostra mais abrangente e heterogênea, composta por países emergentes e desenvolvidos; utiliza o método de reamostragem por bootstrapping para análise consistente dos resultados; e investiga a heterogeneidade dos efeitos da adoção das IFRS como função do nível de desenvolvimento e das características de governança no nível do país. O estudo reforça a relevância da informação contábil para a análise do risco de crédito das empresas e traz novas contribuições à literatura sobre a heterogeneidade dos efeitos da adoção das IFRS. Ao utilizar amostra de diversos países, este artigo tem potencial impacto na literatura contábil e financeira nacional e internacional, também se mostrando útil para reguladores e gestores de portfolios internacionais. As análises se basearam nos ratings e dados contábeis anuais de 566 empresas domiciliadas em 36 países, durante o período de 2005 a 2017, por meio de método de reamostragem por bootstrapping. Este artigo documenta que a adoção mandatória das IFRS aumentou a capacidade dos dados contábeis explicarem as classificações de crédito atribuídas pelas agências de classificação de risco (agências de rating [AR]). Ademais, evidencia que essa associação é, em média, mais acentuada em economias emergentes. E indica, ainda, relação positiva entre controle da corrupção (CC) e ganho informacional associado à adoção das IFRS. International [IFRS] desenvolvidos informacionais heterogênea resultados país internacional internacionais 56 3 200 2017 AR. AR . [AR]) Ademais é média indica ainda CC (CC [IFRS 5 20 201 [AR] 2 [AR

ABSTRACT The study examined the effects of mandatory International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on the quality of accounting information from three perspectives: the ability of accounting figures to explain credit ratings and their evolution after IFRS adoption; the difference in information gains from mandatory IFRS adoption between emerging and developed countries; and the identification of aspects of national governance capable of explaining these information gains. This article differs from the existing literature in three respects: it uses a more comprehensive and heterogeneous sample of emerging and developed countries; it uses the bootstrapping resampling method for a consistent analysis of the results; and it examines the heterogeneity of the effects of IFRS adoption as a function of country-level development and governance characteristics. The study reinforces the relevance of accounting information for analyzing companies' credit risk and makes new contributions to the literature on the heterogeneity of the effects of IFRS adoption. By using a multi-country sample, the article has potential implications for national and international accounting and finance literature, and is also useful for regulators and international portfolio managers. The analyses were based on the ratings and annual accounting data of 566 companies domiciled in 36 countries over the period from 2005 to 2017, using a bootstrapping resampling method. This article documented that mandatory IFRS adoption increased the ability of accounting data to explain the credit ratings assigned by rating agencies. Moreover, it was found that this relationship is, on average, more pronounced in emerging economies. The analysis also showed a positive relationship between the control of corruption and the information gain associated with IFRS adoption. (IFRS perspectives respects results countrylevel country level characteristics multicountry multi managers 56 3 200 2017 agencies Moreover average economies 5 20 201 2

RESUMEN El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir los principales antecedentes de la promulgación y la aplicabilidad de la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad (NIC) 41 Agricultura y se argumenta sobre la necesidad de la promulgación de dicha Norma. Incluye la evaluación de diversos criterios respecto a la aplicabilidad de la normativa en varios países y se realiza un análisis teórico sobre las ventajas y desventajas de la utilización del costo histórico vs. valor razonable en la implementación de la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad Agricultura.

ABSTRACT This article aims to describe the main background to describe promulgation and applicability on IAS 41 Agriculture and argument about the need for the promulgation of IAS Agriculture. It includes the evaluation of multiple criteria regarding the applicability of the regulations in several countries and a theoretical analysis is carried out on the advantages and a disadvantages of the use of historical cost vs fair value in the implementation of IAS 41 Agriculture.

Abstract This investigation is oriented to the treatment of IAS 16 in Ecuadorian commercial companies that have been applying this regulation since 2011. Currently, the state of progress in its application is not well known, which becomes the article's objective. The methodological design encompasses a quantitative approach, a type of descriptive research with a bibliographical-documentary modality, and a descriptive transeccional design. A matrix validated by experts was prepared based on IAS 16, which was contrasted with the audited financial statements, the explanatory notes, and the business policies of the selected companies. The results indicate that: the vast majority of companies use the cost model as a subsequent measurement, all the companies analyzed use the straight-line method to calculate depreciation and, in most of the entities studied, they meet the requirements in the standard regarding information to be disclosed.

Resumen Esta investigación se orienta al tratamiento de la NIC 16 en las empresas comerciales ecuatorianas que vienen aplicando esta normativa desde el año 2011. En la actualidad, no se conoce a ciencia cierta el estado de avance en su aplicación, mismo que se convierte en el objetivo del artículo. El diseño metodológico abarca un enfoque cuantitativo, un tipo de investigación descriptivo con una modalidad bibliográfica - documental y un diseño transeccional descriptivo. Se confeccionó una matriz validada por expertos, elaborada con base en la NIC 16, que fue contrastada con los estados financieros auditados, las notas explicativas y las políticas empresariales de las empresas seleccionadas. Los resultados indican que: las empresas en su gran mayoría utilizan el modelo del costo como medición posterior, todas las empresas analizadas utilizan para cálculo de la depreciación el método de la línea recta y, en la mayoría de las entidades estudiadas, cumplen los requisitos exigidos en la norma en cuanto a información a revelar.

Resumen Las criptomonedas están incursionando aceleradamente en el mundo de los negocios. Cada vez son más frecuentes las reseñas de pequeñas y medianas empresas, así como de corporaciones multinacionales, que se suman al uso de estos activos digitales y los incorporan a sus plataformas de pago, portafolios de inversión e, incluso, como mecanismos de financiamiento. En la literatura contable se evidencian importantes discusiones que versan sobre los grupos financieros asociados a las criptomonedas. Esta investigación se centra en proponer una aproximación al tratamiento contable de criptomonedas en el marco de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (niif). El trabajo investigado se enmarca en un enfoque cualitativo, circunscrito a la modalidad documental. Los principales resultados del estudio indican que la naturaleza de las criptomonedas es compatible con el concepto de activo dispuesto en las niif y que su clasificación está subordinada a su venta en el curso ordinario del negocio. Las criptomonedas en un ambiente niif serán clasificadas como activos intangibles o como inventarios.

ABSTRACT Cryptocurrencies are rapidly entering the business world. Small and medium-sized companies and multinational corporations are becoming frequent users of these digital assets, incorporating them into their payment platforms, investment portfolios, and even as financing mechanisms. Important discussions regarding the financial groups behind cryptocurrencies are present in the accounting literature. For its part, this research focuses on proposing an approach to the accounting treatment for cryptocurrencies within the framework of International Financial Reporting Standards (ifrs), adopting a qualitative approach under the documentary review technique. Our main findings indicate that the nature of cryptocurrencies is compatible with the concept of assets provided by ifrs and that their classification depends on their sale in the ordinary course of a business. Cryptocurrencies in an ifrs environment will be then classified as intangible assets or as inventories.

Résumé Les crypto-monnaies font une percée rapide dans le monde des affaires. On entend de plus en plus souvent parler de petites et moyennes entreprises, ainsi que de multinationales, qui utilisent ces actifs numériques et les intègrent dans leurs plateformes de paiement, leurs portefeuilles d'investissement et même comme mécanismes de financement. Dans la littérature comptable, les groupes financiers associés aux crypto-monnaies font l'objet d'importantes discussions. Cette recherche vise à proposer une approche du traitement comptable des crypto-monnaies dans le cadre des normes internationales d'information financière (ifrs). Le travail de recherche s'inscrit dans une approche qualitative, circonscrite à la modalité documentaire. Les principaux résultats de l'étude indiquent que la nature des crypto-monnaies est compatible avec la notion d'actif selon les normes ifrs et que leur classification est subordonnée à leur vente dans le cours normal des affaires. Les crypto-monnaies dans un environnement ifrs seront classées comme des actifs incorporels ou comme des stocks.

Resumo as criptomoedas estão entrando rapidamente no mundo dos negócios. As resenhas de pequenas e médias empresas, bem como de corporações multinacionais, que se somam ao uso desses ativos digitais e os incorporam em suas plataformas de pagamento, portfólios de investimento e, inclusive, como mecanismos de financiamento são cada vez mais frequentes. Na literatura contábil, são evidenciadas importantes discussões que tratam dos grupos financeiros associados às criptomoedas. Esta pesquisa se foca em propor uma abordagem do tratamento contábil de criptomoedas no contexto das Normas Internacionais de Informação Financeira (ifrs, por sua sigla em inglês) e utiliza uma abordagem qualitativa, vinculada à modalidade documental. Os principais resultados deste estudo indicam que a natureza das criptomoedas é compatível com o conceito de ativo disposto nas ifrs e que sua classificação está subordinada à sua venda no curso ordinário do negócio. As criptomoedas num ambiente ifrs estão classificadas como ativos intangíveis ou como inventários.

ABSTRACT The requirements of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) must be followed for the preparation of financial statements in companies. The accounting treatment of inventories established by the International Accounting Standards (IAS 2), shows how the value of inventories should be estimated. In this sense, this research proposes activities of control and monitoring of the deterioration of the value of inventories, considering that such results generate a great impact on the financial statements, as the most significant asset in INSPA CIA LTDA. A non-experimental study with descriptive-explanatory scope was applied. Among the main results, it was determined that in INSPA CIA LTDA, the deterioration of inventories did not affect the equity accounts, however, it did affect the financial structure. Consequently, matrices containing parameters of control, management and accounting treatment of inventories were developed.

RESUMEN Los requerimientos de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF) deben ser acogidos para la preparación de los estados financieros en las empresas. El tratamiento contable de los inventarios establecidos por la Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad NIC 2, da cuenta del modo en que se debe estimar el valor de los mismos. En este sentido, esta investigación plantea actividades de control y monitoreo del deterioro del valor de las existencias, considerando que dichos resultados generan un gran impacto en los estados financieros, como el activo más significativo en INSPA CIA LTDA. Se aplicó un estudio no experimental con alcance descriptivo-explicativo. Entre los principales resultados, se determinó que en INSPA CIA LTDA, el deterioro de los inventarios no incidió en las cuentas patrimoniales, no obstante, si afectó a la estructura financiera. En consecuencia, se elaboraron matrices que contienen parámetros de control, gestión y tratamiento contable de los inventarios.

RESUMEN La implementación de las NIIF a nivel empresarial ha logrado mejorar la calidad, nitidez y comparabilidad de la información financiera de las empresas. Sin embargo, la falta de capacitación y control en los procesos de ciertas empresas ecuatorianas provoca que estas mantengan sus estados financieros poco razonables. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en contribuir metodológicamente al proceso educativo de las NIIF y al tratamiento de los elementos de propiedad, planta y equipo con base en la NIC 16, en la Empresa Hormigones del Azuay. La investigación se enmarcó en el paradigma positivista, con enfoque mixto y con la aplicación de entrevistas y encuestas para la medición de las variables de estudio. Entre los principales resultados obtenidos se evidenció que la empresa no mantiene políticas contables, no planifica procesos de capacitación, no cuenta con un proceso definido para realizar la revaluación de PPE y no ejecuta inventarios periódicos de los bienes. La suma de estos hallazgos ha dado como resultado que en la empresa los estados financieros no se reflejen con absoluta razonabilidad.

ABSTRACT The implementation of IFRS at the corporate level has improved the quality, clarity and comparability of companies' financial information. However, the lack of training and control in the processes of certain Ecuadorian companies causes them to keep their financial statements unreasonable. The objective of this study is to contribute methodologically to the IFRS educational process and to the treatment of property, plant and equipment based on IAS 16 in Hormigones del Azuay. The research was framed within the positivist paradigm, with a mixed approach and the application of interviews and surveys for the measurement of the study variables. Among the main results obtained, it was found that the company does not maintain accounting policies, does not plan training processes, does not have a defined process for revaluing PPE, and does not carry out periodic inventories of goods. The sum of these findings has resulted in the company's financial statements not reflecting absolute reasonableness.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article was to analyze the impact of International Financial Reporting Standard 16 (IFRS 16) and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the indicators of Brazilian lessee companies, segregated by economic sector. The effects of IFRS 16 after its entry into force and of COVID-19 simultaneously with the concession of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) on the indicators of lessee companies, segregated by Brazilian economic sectors, were not yet known. The study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the consequences of the accounting standard setters’ decisions, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic, on the indicators of different economic sectors. The study helps both preparers and regulators to understand the impact of the accounting standardization and COVID-19 on the indicators of lessee companies according to economic activity. For investors, it shows the importance of anticipating the impact of the standards on their decision making. A comparative analysis of the indicators before and after the adoption of the new standard and the pandemic was carried out, as well as a statistical relevance analysis for the indicators of public companies, by economic sector and using the difference in differences method and multiple linear regression with panel data, for the period from 2010 to 2020. The study showed that the impact of IFRS 16 on the indicators was differentiated by sector, with healthcare, oil, gas, and biofuels, and cyclical consumption being the most affected. The standard was not relevant to the value of most sectors, with the exception of healthcare and non-cyclical consumption, showing that investors were positively surprised by the adoption of IFRS 16 by these sectors. The effect of COVID-19, combined with the IASB’s concession to lessees, was positive for profitability and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) in the healthcare sector, but did not reverse the deterioration in leverage and profitability of the industrial goods sector and the lessees as a whole and the profitability of the cyclical consumption sector, highlighting the partial effectiveness of the measure.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar o impacto da International Financial Reporting Standard 16 (IFRS 16) e da pandemia da doença do coronavírus 2019 (covid-19) nos indicadores das empresas arrendatárias brasileiras por setor econômico. Ainda não eram conhecidos os efeitos da IFRS 16 após sua vigência e da covid-19 simultaneamente com a concessão do International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) sobre os indicadores das empresas arrendatárias, segregados por setores econômicos brasileiros. O estudo contribui para a literatura ao fornecer evidências sobre as consequências das decisões dos normatizadores contábeis, bem como da pandemia da covid-19 sobre os indicadores de diferentes setores econômicos. O estudo auxilia na compreensão, tanto por preparadores quanto por reguladores, do efeito da normatização contábil e da covid-19 nos indicadores das empresas arrendatárias, conforme atividade econômica. Para investidores, demonstra que é relevante antecipar o impacto das normas em suas tomadas de decisão. Foi realizada análise comparativa dos indicadores, antes e após a adoção do novo padrão e da pandemia, e análise de relevância estatística para os indicadores das empresas listadas, por setor econômico e por meio do método de diferenças em diferenças e regressão linear múltipla com dados em painel, no período de 2010 a 2020. O estudo evidenciou que o impacto da IFRS 16 nos indicadores foi diferenciado por setores, sendo saúde e petróleo, gás e biocombustíveis e consumo cíclico os mais afetados. A norma não foi relevante para o valor da maioria dos setores, exceto saúde e consumo não cíclico, demonstrando surpresa positiva dos investidores quanto à aplicação da IFRS 16 por esses setores. O efeito da covid-19 combinado com a concessão do IASB às arrendatárias foi positivo para a rentabilidade e earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) do setor de saúde, mas não reverteu a piora do endividamento e rentabilidade do setor de bens industriais e conjunto das arrendatárias e da rentabilidade do setor de consumo cíclico, revelando efetividade parcial da medida.

RESUMEN El análisis conceptual de los estándares de información financiera internacional trae implícita una discusión jurídica, que se puede remontar al debate entre el pensamiento iuspositivista - iusnaturalista del derecho, debate que puede dar pautas para dilucidar si los estándares del International Accounting Standards Board (lASB) están basados en principios o reglas, así como también, aportar en la conceptualización del marco teórico de las políticas contables. La discusión sobre las bases de la normatividad contable generalmente carece de una visión transdisciplinar acadêmica y práctica. Se utilizó una metodología conceptual e interpretativa para comprender; desde la teorïa del derecho y desde la perspectiva del análisis económico del derecho, el dilema sobre principios o reglas, esto contribuye a la reflexión sobre la elección de las políticas contables adecuadas para la representación financiera y contable de las organizaciones.

AВSTRАСT The conceptual analysis of international financial reporting standards implies a legal discussion, which can be traced back to the debate between the iuspositivist - iusnaturalist thinking of law, a debate that can provide guidelines to elucidate whether the standards of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) are based on principles or rules, as well as to contribute to the conceptualization of the theoretical framework of accounting policies. The discussion on the basis of accounting standards generally lacks a transdisciplinary academic and practical vision. A conceptual and interpretative methodology was used to understand, from the theory of law and from the perspective of the economic analysis of law, the dilemma of principles or rules, which contributes to the reflection on the choice of appropriate accounting policies for the financial and accounting representation of organizations.

RESUMO A análise conceitual das normas internacionais de relato financeiro envolve uma discussão jurídica, que pode ser rastreada até o debate entre o pensamento iuspositivista - iusnaturalista da lei, um debate que pode fornecer diretrizes para esclarecer se as normas do International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) são baseadas em princípios ou regras, bem como para contribuir para a conceitualização da estrutura teórica das políticas contábeis. A discussão com base nas normas contábeis geralmente carece de uma visão acadêmica e prática transdisciplinar Uma metodologia conceitual e interpretativa foi utilizada para compreender a partir da teoria do direito e da perspectiva da análise econômica do direito, o dilema dos princípios ou regras, o que contribui para a reflexão sobre a escolha de políticas contábeis apropriadas para a representação financeira e contábil das organizações.