RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a correlação genótipo-fenótipo entre os resultados de cariótipos e as alterações neurológicas e psiquiátricas apresentadas em pacientes com síndrome de Turner (ST). Métodos: Um estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido nos registros médicos de 10/140 pacientes com ST e deficiências neuropsicológicas atendidos pelo Serviço de Genética Clínica de um hospital do sul do Brasil. Ademais, uma revisão foi realizada pelas plataformas científicas PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) de artigos publicados entre 1o de janeiro de 2012 e 1o de janeiro de 2023. Foram selecionados 14 artigos em uma análise em duas etapas. Resultados: Nossa pesquisa mostrou potencial correlação entre alterações neurológicas e psiquiátricas em pacientes com ST. Esses achados corroboram os descritos por outros autores — como a elevada prevalência de dificuldades de aprendizagem ou intelectuais. Entretanto, nossa amostra encontrou mais episódios convulsivos do que os descritos em outros estudos. Conclusões: A correlação estabelecida pode ser devida ao efeito dose-dependente do cromossomo X, visto que nossa revisão sugere que o número de cromossomos sexuais ou o desenvolvimento hormonal está associado a habilidades ou deficiências verbais, sociais e cognitivas. Objetivo genótipofenótipo genótipo fenótipo . (ST) Métodos 10140 10 140 10/14 Brasil Ademais BVS (BVS 201 2023 1 etapas Resultados intelectuais Entretanto estudos Conclusões dosedependente dose dependente X verbais cognitivas (ST 1014 10/1 20 202 101 10/ 2

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the genotype-phenotype correlation between karyotype results and the neurological and psychiatric alterations presented in patients with Turner syndrome (TS). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the medical records of 10/140 patients with TS and neurophysiological abnormalities seen at a university hospital in southern Brazil. In addition, a literature review spanning the period from January 1, 2012 to January 1, 2023 was carried out using the PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases. Results: Our study showed a potential correlation between neurological and psychiatric alterations in patients with TS. These findings are in accordance with those described in literature such as a high prevalence of learning or intellectual disabilities. However, our sample found more seizure episodes than those reported in other studies. Conclusions: The correlation established could be due to X chromosome dose–effect, as the review suggests that sex chromosome number and hormonal development can be associated with verbal, social, and cognitive skills or impairments. Objective genotypephenotype genotype phenotype . (TS) Methods 10140 10 140 10/14 Brazil addition 1 201 202 databases Results disabilities However studies Conclusions doseeffect dose effect dose–effect verbal social impairments (TS 1014 14 10/1 20 101 10/ 2

Abstract Introduction: Friendship positively influences human development. However, people with disabilities face difficulties in building and maintaining this bond. This study aims to explore and analyze the knowledge networks in the literature on friendship and disabilities from 2017 to 2022. Method: Using PRISMA criteria, the search was conducted in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. VOSviewer and Pajek software were used to construct and analyze the networks. Results: Sixty-eight articles were analyzed. The United States leads in publications, but the United Kingdom is more influential in the network. The main research areas are autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, social inclusion, social skills, and violence against people with disabilities. Influential documents address thematic analysis in psychology, and friendship among individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Conclusions: Knowledge maps and network analysis help explore the literature, allowing an understanding of trends, the foundational intellectual structure, and scientific correlations.

Resumo Introdução: A amizade influencia positivamente o desenvolvimento humano. Todavia, pessoas com deficiencia enfrentam dificuldades para construir e manter esse vínculo. Este estudo objetiva explorar e analisar as redes de conhecimento da literatura sobre amizade e deficiencia de 2017 a 2022. Método: Utilizando critérios Prisma, a busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science. Os softwares VOSviewer e Pajek foram usados para construir e analisar as redes. Resultados: Foram analisados 68 artigos. Os Estados Unidos lideram em publicaçoes, entretanto o Reino Unido é mais influente na rede. As principais investigaçoes na área sao: transtorno do espectro autista, deficiencia intelectual, inclusao social, habilidades sociais e violencia contra a pessoa com deficiencia. Documentos influentes abordam análise temática em psicologia, amizade de pessoas com transtorno do espectro autista e deficiencia intelectual. Conclusões: Os mapas de conhecimento e análise de redes ajudam a explorar a literatura, o que permite compreender tendencias, estrutura intelectual base e correlações científicas.

RESUMEN El desarrollo de la autodeterminación constituye un objetivo educativo de prioridad en la formación de los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual pues asegura su calidad de vida. Por tanto, se requiere superar al docente en el empleo de recursos, apoyos y adaptaciones didácticas para la educación en autodeterminación. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica de superación para transformar a los docentes en la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en función del desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Los métodos investigativos utilizados en el orden teórico y empírico fueron el análisis y síntesis, el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; además de la entrevista, la observación, la encuesta, el análisis de documentos, el criterio de expertos y la triangulación múltiple, los que permitieron revelar las causales que inciden en el normal desarrollo de las habilidades de autodeterminación, así como elaborar la estrategia. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los docentes y educandos, quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

ABSTRACT The development of self-determination constitutes a priority educational objective in the training of students with intellectual disabilities as it ensures their quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to surpass the teacher in the use of resources, supports and didactic adaptations for education in self-determination. The objective of this research was to design a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform teachers in the direction of the teaching-learning process, based on the development of self-determination skills in students with intellectual disabilities. The investigative methods used in the theoretical and empirical order were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, inductive-deductive and systemic-structural-functional; In addition to the interview, observation, survey, document analysis, expert judgment and multiple triangulations, which allowed us to reveal the causes that affect the normal development of self-determination skills, as well as to develop the strategy. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of teachers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

Resumen Introducción: En este artículo se parte de la perspectiva que afirma que el cuidado es más que una tarea y alude a modos de vinculación de cada persona consigo misma, con las demás y con los ecosistemas. De este modo, se abona el supuesto de que todas las personas tienen saberes sobre el cuidado y pueden cuidar. Objetivo principal: Analizar las percepciones en torno al cuidado que presentan las personas con discapacidad intelectual adultas que asisten a un centro de día de la región centro de Argentina, a partir de sus propias vivencias y significaciones. Método: El estudio se enmarca en el paradigma cualitativo, desde el enfoque de la grounded theory. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de 10 entrevistas en profundidad y 2 círculos de conversación reflexiva (focus group) desarrollados entre los meses de febrero y mayo del año 2022, con 10 personas adultas de diferentes géneros y edades que asisten a un centro de día dedicado a su inclusión social y laboral. Resultados y conclusión: Se evidencian múltiples percepciones en torno al cuidado: como ayuda ante tareas de la vida cotidiana, prácticas ligadas al control, vínculos fundamentados en la reciprocidad. Las personas entrevistadas se reconocen agenciando diferentes prácticas de cuidado. El artículo concluye que las percepciones de las personas que formaron parte de este estudio, son discordantes respecto a la literatura predominante en torno al tema, la cual solo considera el rol de las personas con discapacidad como receptoras de cuidado. Asimismo, presentan percepciones que asimilan, así como también diferencian, las prácticas de control respecto del cuidado. Estas consideraciones convocan a abordajes complejos del tema, que permitan identificar la agencia y la recepción del cuidado en los vínculos más allá de los roles existentes.

Abstract Introduction: This article starts from the perspective that affirms that care is more than a task and alludes to ways of linking each person with himself, with others and with ecosystems. In this way, the assumption that all people have knowledge about care and can care is supported. Main goal: To analyze the perceptions about the care presented by adults with intellectual disabilities who attend a day center in the central region of Argentina, based on their own experiences and meanings. Method and technique: The study is framed in the qualitative paradigm, from the Grounded Theory approach. This article presents the results of 10 in-depth interviews and 2 reflective conversation circles (focus groups) developed between the months of February and May 2022, with 10 adults of different genders and ages who attend a day center, dedicated to their social and labor inclusion. Results and conclusion: Multiple perceptions about care are evident: as help with tasks of daily life, practices linked to control, relations based on reciprocity. People with intellectual disabilities are recognized by executing different care practices. The article concludes that the perceptions of the people who were part of this study are discordant with respect to the mostly current literature on the subject, which only considers their role as recipients of care. Likewise, they present perceptions that assimilate, as well as differentiate, control practices regarding care. These considerations call us to complex approaches to the subject, which allow us to identify the agency and the reception of care in the links beyond the existing roles.

The political and social environments in which learners with disabilities live often cause more limitation on the individual abilities of these learners than the disability itself (Capri et al., 2018:2). Likewise, mathematical thinking for learners who are severely mentally disabled is often limited to concretisation or memorisation, which tends to undermine mathematical number sense. This study was undertaken against the background of a lack of methodological guidelines for the teaching of mathematics in the new adapted curriculum for learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Context-rich mathematics tasks for the development of mathematical thinking in learners who are severely intellectually disabled were used during the study. A qualitative research approach was followed in which empirical data were generated through three action research cycles. Data were collected through in-depth discussions, field notes, a literature review and learner work. Vygotsky's (1978:6) sociocultural theory was used as a theoretical framework because it highlights the importance of social interactions and mediated learning. The Reality, Abstraction, Mathematics and Reflection (RAMR) framework of Cooper and Carter (2016:177) is used as a didactic framework for a practical approach to mathematics education in the study. According to the data from in-depth discussions with five educators, learners with intellectual disability are perceived to have limited number sense knowledge. These educators also indicated that their choice of learning tasks only included number facts, arithmetic fluency, memorisation, and teaching with concrete apparatus. Data from the in-depth discussions with two mathematics subject advisors working in special education pointed out educators'limited didactical knowledge for teaching mathematics to learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Based on these data, a teaching intervention was designed and implemented for six months. The purpose was to investigate the effect on participation and learning of changing the researcher's practice to focus on mathematical reasoning in context rich tasks. The lived experiences of the ten learners who were involved in the teaching intervention were included as a background to mathematics problems to design context-rich tasks. The guidelines from the research entail that real-life contexts in which mathematical problem types are embedded are conducive to learning experiences that are rich in discussion for learners who are severely intellectually disabled. Such an approach has the potential to make mathematics more meaningful to learners who are severely intellectually disabled, improve their mastery of contexts, and develop critical thinking. Findings from the action research process can be adapted to similar mathematics teaching practices.

Die politiese en sosiale omgewings waarin leerders met gestremdhede leef, veroorsaak dikwels meer beperking van die individuele vermoëns van dié leerders as die gestremdheid self (Capri et al., 2018:2). Eweneens word wiskundige denke vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is dikwels tot konkretisering en memorisering beperk, wat neig om begrip te ondermyn. Hierdie studie is onderneem teen die agtergrond van 'n tekort aan metodologiese riglyne vir die onderrig van wiskunde in die nuwe aangepaste kurrikulum vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is. Konteksryke wiskundetake ter ontwikkeling van wiskundige denke by leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is, is tydens die studie gebruik. 'n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsbenadering is gevolg waarin empiriese data gegenereer is deur middel van drie aksienavorsingsiklusse. Data is deur semi-gestruktureerde fokusgroep-onderhoude, veldnotas, 'n literatuuroorsig en leerderwerk ingesamel. Die literatuuroorsig is onderneem om 'n onderrig- en teoretiese raamwerk vir die studie te skep. Vygotsky (1978:6) se sosiokulturele teorie is as teoretiese raamwerk gebruik omdat dit die belangrikheid van sosiale interaksies en bemiddelde leer uitlig. Die Realiteit, Abstraksie, Wiskunde en Refleksie (RAWR)-onderrigraamwerk van Cooper en Carter (2016:177) word as didaktiese raamwerk vir 'n praktiese aanslag tot wiskundeonderrig in die studie aangewend. Volgens die data van die fokusgroeponderhoud met vyf opvoeders, beskik leerders met intellektuele gestremdheid oor beperkte getalbegripkennis. Dié opvoeders het ook aangedui dat hul keuse van leertake slegs getalfeite, rekenvlotheid, memorisering en onderrig met konkrete apparaat insluit. Data uit die fokusgroeponderhoud met twee wiskundespesialiste wat in spesiale onderwys werksaam is, het opvoeders in die navorsingskool se beperkte didaktiese kennis vir wiskundeonderrig aan leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is, uitgewys. Gebaseer op hierdie data is 'n onderrigingreep ontwerp en vir ses maande geïmplementeer. Die tien leerders wat by die onderrigingreep betrek is, se geleefde ervaringe is as agtergrond by wiskundeprobleme ingesluit om konteksryke take te ontwerp. Die riglyne wat uit die navorsing spruit, het tot gevolg dat lewensegte kontekste waarin wiskundige probleemtipes ingebed is, nuttig gebruik kan word in gespreksryke leerervarings vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is. Só 'n benadering het die potensiaal om wiskunde vir leerders wat verstandelik erg gestremd is meer betekenisvol te maak, hulle beheersing van kontekste te verbeter, en kritiese denke te ontwikkel. Bevindinge uit die aksienavorsingsproses kan aangepas word vir soortgelyke wiskundeonderrigpraktyke.

Resumen: Las injusticias epistémicas son aquellas formas de trato injusto que se relacionan con la producción, trasmisión o utilización del conocimiento por parte de los sujetos. El encuadre ético-epistémico y socio-epistémico proporcionado por estas injusticias se vincula con temas que atraviesan las principales tradiciones filosóficas como el pragmatismo, la fenomenología y la teoría crítica. Estas injusticias se interrelacionan, además, con movimientos sociales e intelectuales como el feminismo, la teoría crítica de la raza, los estudios críticos de la discapacidad y las epistemologías decolonizadoras. Sin embargo, existe un cuestionamiento a que las personas con discapacidad no han sido suficientemente abordadas. El presente artículo se posiciona en los debates actuales sobre las injusticias epistémicas y la discapacidad, y tiene como propósito aportar el concepto de “injusticias epistémicas normalizadas”. Partiendo de la constatación de las formas en que se reconocen opresivamente los sujetos con discapacidad, como alejados de la “norma”, establece que existen injusticias epistémicas asociadas con esta identificación. Propone que las injusticias epistémicas normalizadas ocurren en la intersección de dos ámbitos: un sistema hermenéutico capacitista y una agencia epistémica restringida en la que se producen al menos tres tipos de configuraciones: no agencia, agencias epistémicas disminuidas y agencias epistémicas en resistencia. Pensar las injusticias epistémicas considerando el peso de la “normalidad” en la constitución como sujetos de las personas con discapacidad permite reconocer una situación crítica de exclusión epistémica para algunas personas, mientras que otras resisten y luchan por ser comprendidas en los recursos hermenéuticos colectivos.

Abstract: Epistemic injustices refer to those forms of unfair treatment that are related to the production, transmission, or use of knowledge by the subjects. The ethical-epistemic and socio-epistemic framework provided by these injustices is linked to themes that cross the main philosophical traditions such as pragmatism, phenomenology, and critical theory. These injustices are further intertwined with social and intellectual movements such as feminism, critical race theory, critical disability studies, and decolonizing epistemologies. However, there is a question that people with disabilities have not been sufficiently addressed. This article is positioned in the current debates on epistemic injustices and disability, and its purpose is to contribute the concept of "normalized epistemic injustices". Starting from the verification of the ways in which subjects with disabilities are oppressively recognized, as far from the "norm", it establishes that there are epistemic injustices associated with this identification. It proposes that normalized epistemic injustices occur at the intersection of two realms: a capacitist hermeneutic system and a constrained epistemic agency where at least three types of configurations are produced: non-agency; diminished epistemic agencies and epistemic agencies in resistance. Thinking about epistemic injustices considering the weight of "normality" in the constitution as subjects of people with disabilities allows us to recognize a critical situation of epistemic exclusion for some people, while others resist and fight to be understood in collective hermeneutical resources.

Resumo: As injustiças epistêmicas referem-se àquelas formas de tratamento injusto que estão relacionadas à produção, transmissão ou uso do conhecimento pelos sujeitos. O enquadramento ético-epistêmico e socioepistêmico proporcionado por essas injustiças está vinculado a temas que atravessam as principais tradições filosóficas como o pragmatismo, a fenomenologia e a teoria crítica. Essas injustiças estão ainda mais entrelaçadas com movimentos sociais e intelectuais como o feminismo, a teoria crítica da raça, os estudos críticos da deficiência e as epistemologias descolonizadoras. No entanto, há uma questão de que as pessoas com deficiência não foram suficientemente abordadas. Este artigo se posiciona nos debates atuais sobre injustiças epistêmicas e deficiência, e seu objetivo é contribuir com o conceito de "injustiças epistêmicas normalizadas". A partir da verificação das formas como os sujeitos com deficiência são opressivamente reconhecidos, como distantes da "norma", constata-se que existem injustiças epistêmicas associadas a essa identificação. Propõe que injustiças epistêmicas normalizadas ocorrem na interseção de dois domínios: um sistema hermenêutico capacitista e uma agência epistêmica restrita onde pelo menos três tipos de configurações são produzidas: não-agência; agências epistêmicas diminuídas e agências epistêmicas em resistência. Pensar as injustiças epistêmicas considerando o peso da "normalidade" na constituição como sujeitos das pessoas com deficiência permite reconhecer uma situação crítica de exclusão epistêmica para algumas pessoas, enquanto outras resistem e lutam para serem compreendidas em recursos hermenêuticos coletivos.

ABSTRACT The dizzying development of the scientific-technical revolution and its impact on the educational sphere require the continuous improvement of the directors of special education educational institutions, since it is their responsibility to scientifically direct the educational processes, advise teachers, families and coordinate with the socio-educational agents of the school network to achieve in students the development of practical-social skills and quality learning for life, so that they graduate fit and capable of interacting appropriately in their socio-family environment. Hence, the need to implement actions aimed at the professional improvement of the director. The article exposes a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform the modes of action of special education managers in the direction of scientific-methodological work aimed at the development of self-determination skills in students with intellectual disabilities. Theoretical and empirical methods were used to identify and solve the improvement needs of managers. The novelty of the strategy lies in the articulated conception of the different forms of improvement, established in Advanced Education, from the municipality's work system, with a systemic, planned and conscious character. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of the managers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

RESUMO O vertiginoso desenvolvimento da revolução técnico-científica e o seu impacto na esfera educativa exigem o aperfeiçoamento contínuo dos dirigentes das instituições de ensino de educação especial, uma vez que lhes compete dirigir cientificamente os processos educativos, aconselhar os professores, as famílias e coordenar com o sector sócio-económico. -os agentes educativos da rede escolar conseguirem nos alunos o desenvolvimento de competências prático-sociais e uma aprendizagem de qualidade para a vida, para que se formem aptos e capazes de interagir adequadamente no seu ambiente sócio-familiar. Daí a necessidade de implementar ações que visem ao aperfeiçoamento profissional do diretor. O artigo expõe uma estratégia de aprimoramento pedagógico que visa transformar os modos de atuação dos gestores de educação especial para direcionar o desenvolvimento de competências de autodeterminação em alunos com deficiência intelectual. Métodos teóricos e empíricos foram utilizados para identificar e solucionar as necessidades de melhoria dos gestores. A novidade da estratégia reside na concepção articulada das diferentes formas de melhoria, estabelecidas na Educação Avançada, a partir do sistema de trabalho do município, com caráter sistêmico, planejado e consciente. Com a sua implementação, melhorou-se o desempenho profissional e pessoal dos gestores e alunos, que se formaram com a capacitação de competências para tomar decisões, fazer escolhas, resolver problemas e estabelecer metas e objetivos.

RESUMEN El vertiginoso desarrollo de la revolución científico técnica y su incidencia en la esfera educacional exigen de la superación continúa de los directores de las instituciones educativas de la educación especial, pues a ellos les corresponde dirigir científicamente los procesos educativos, asesorar a docentes, familias y coordinar con los agentes socioeducativos de la red escolar para lograr en los educandos, el desarrollo de habilidades prácticas - sociales y un aprendizaje de calidad para toda la vida, de manera que egresen aptos y capaces de interactuar adecuadamente en su entorno socio familiar. De ahí, la necesidad de implementar acciones orientadas a la superación profesional del director. El artículo expone una estrategia pedagógica de superación dirigida a transformar los modos de actuación de los directivos de la educación especial para direccionar el desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Fueron empleados métodos del nivel teórico y empírico para la identificación y solución de las necesidades de superación de los directivos. La novedad de la estrategia radica en la concepción articulada de las diferentes formas de superación, establecidas en la Educación de Avanzada, desde el sistema de trabajo del municipio, con un carácter sistémico, planificado y consiente. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los directivos y los educandos quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

ABSTRACT The continuous improvement of Physical Education teachers constitutes a need that has transcended different generations of teachers, determined by the growing development of science and technology, the demands of the third Cuban educational improvement, the demands in the preparation and training of teachers and the need for its impact on the training of a qualified graduate capable of developing not only physical skills and abilities, but also for life, which allow them to act in the social, family and work environment. The objective of this research was to design a pedagogical improvement strategy to transform the modes of action of Physical Education teachers, in the direction of the teaching-learning process, based on the development of self-determination skills in students in situations of intellectual disability. The investigative methods used in the theoretical and empirical order were analysis and synthesis, historical-logical, inductive-deductive, modeling and systemic-structural-functional; In addition to the interview, observation, survey, document analysis, expert judgment and multiple triangulations, which allowed us to reveal the causes that affect the normal development of self-determination skills, as well as to develop the strategy. With its implementation, the professional and personal performance of teachers and students was improved, who graduated with the empowerment of skills for making decisions, making choices, solving problems and establishing goals and objectives.

RESUMEN La superación continua de los profesores de Educación Física constituye una necesidad que ha transcendido diferentes generaciones de docentes, determinada por el desarrollo creciente de la ciencia y la técnica, las exigencias del tercer perfeccionamiento educacional cubano, las demandas en la preparación y capacitación del profesorado y la necesidad de su incidencia en la formación de un egresado apto y capaz de desarrollar no solo habilidades y capacidades físicas, sino también para la vida, que les permitan actuar en el medio social, familiar y laboral. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en diseñar una estrategia pedagógica de superación para transformar los modos de actuación de los profesores de Educación Física, en la dirección del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, en función del desarrollo de habilidades de autodeterminación en los educandos en situación de discapacidad intelectual. Los métodos investigativos utilizados en el orden teórico y empírico fueron el análisis y síntesis, el histórico-lógico, el inductivo-deductivo, la modelación y el sistémico-estructural-funcional; además de la entrevista, la observación, la encuesta, el análisis de documentos, el criterio de expertos y la triangulación múltiple, los que permitieron revelar las causales que inciden en el normal desarrollo de las habilidades de autodeterminación, así como elaborar la estrategia. Con su implementación se perfeccionó el desempeño profesional y personal de los profesores y los educandos, quienes egresaron con el empoderamiento de habilidades para la toma de decisiones, la realización de elecciones, la resolución de problemas y el establecimiento de metas y objetivos.

RESUMO O aperfeiçoamento contínuo dos professores de Educação Física constitui uma necessidade que transcendeu as diferentes gerações de professores, determinada pelo crescente desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia, pelas exigências do terceiro melhoramento educacional cubano, pelas exigências na preparação e formação de professores e pela necessidade de seu impacto na formação de um egresso qualificado, capaz de desenvolver não apenas competências e habilidades físicas, mas também para a vida, que lhe permitam atuar no ambiente social, familiar e de trabalho. Discapacidade intelectual. Os métodos investigativos utilizados na ordem teórica e empírica foram análise e síntese, histórico-lógico, indutivo-dedutivo, modelagem e sistêmico-estrutural-funcional; Além da entrevista, observação, inquérito, análise documental, peritagem e triangulação múltipla, que permitiram revelar as causas que afetam o normal desenvolvimento das competências de autodeterminação, bem como desenvolver a estratégia. Com a sua implementação melhorou-se o desempenho profissional e pessoal de professores e alunos, que se formaram com a capacitação de competências para tomar decisões, fazer escolhas, resolver problemas e estabelecer metas e objetivos.

Abstract People with cognitive disabilities face multiple challenges concerning oral health and frequently show oral tissue decay because of the barriers society imposes upon them, and due to financial issues, professional and family lack of knowledge, limitations regarding access to services, lack of empowering-driven actions, among others. Positive knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding oral health, developed during the course of a lifetime, help in preserving good health. The aim of the current study is to describe oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices in people with cognitive disabilities participating in the Institutional Program for the Inclusion of People with Cognitive Disabilities in Higher Education at the University of Costa Rica (PROIN, in Spanish), during 2021. A descriptive study with mixed focus was performed; a representative sample comprised of 86 students enrolled in PROIN was used for the quantitative approach, while the qualitative approach used a criteria sample along with an opinion sample, limiting size due to information overload. The survey, along with its corresponding questionnaire and the semi-structured interview, were used as data gathering techniques. It was evidenced that certain issues need to be readdressed, such as bleeding gums, the importance of preserving dental pieces, as well, the practice of flossing, which many students expressed difficulties doing. Good attitudes were found, such as dentist visits; however, access barriers for this population must be overthrown. This article showed the importance of training professionals in disabilities as well as developing oral health promotion programs aimed at people with cognitive disabilities.

Resumen La población con discapacidad cognitiva enfrenta múltiples retos en cuanto a la salud oral, presentado comúnmente un deterioro de los tejidos orales; esto como consecuencia a las barreras impuestas por la sociedad, factores económicos, desconocimiento de los profesionales y familiares, limitaciones en el acceso a la atención, falta de acciones para fomentar su autonomía, entre otras. Los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas favorables en salud oral ayudan a conservar una buena salud, los cuales se desarrollan a lo largo de la vida. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de salud oral en las personas con discapacidad cognitiva que participaron en el Programa Institucional de Inclusión de Personas con Discapacidad Cognitiva a la Educación Superior de la Universidad de Costa Rica (PROIN) durante el año 2021. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con un enfoque mixto, para el enfoque cuantitativo se utilizó una muestra representativa de 86 estudiantes matriculados en PROIN y para la parte cualitativa se utilizó una muestra por criterio con un muestreo opinático, estableciendo el tamaño por saturación de la información. Se utilizaron como técnicas de recolección de datos la encuesta con su respectivo cuestionario y la entrevista semiestructurada. Se evidenció que existen temas que se deben reforzar, como lo es el sangrado de encías, la importancia de conservar las piezas dentales, así como la práctica de uso de hilo dental, donde la mayoría de los estudiantes expresaron tener dificultades para su utilización. Además, se encontró buenas actitudes con respecto a la visita al odontólogo, sin embargo, se debe derribar barreras de acceso que se presentan para esta población. Este estudio demostró la necesidad de capacitar a los profesionales en el tema de discapacidad y desarrollar programas de promoción de la salud oral específicos para personas con discapacidad cognitiva.

RESUMEN Frente a los cambios que las personas con discapacidad en el Ecuador han experimentado a partir de los estatutos establecidos en la Constitución del 2008 y las leyes y propósitos subsecuentes, nace la necesidad de realizar la presente investigación sobre el impacto que ha tenido una educación especializada y un apoyo profesional y continuo, en la inclusión tanto social como laboral de las personas con Síndrome de Down, y que de alguna manera permite visualizar la realidad a la que se han enfrentado. El presente trabajo es un estudio de caso de cuatro personas con Síndrome de Down incluidos laboralmente en una empresa privada del Ecuador, de tecnología y servicios petroleros, quienes han mantenido procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje desde hace varios años en una Institución particular de Educación Especial, la cual ha auspiciado su educación y su inclusión social y laboral mediante el Programa de “Empleo Presencial con Tutoría permanente”. Con la realización de entrevistas a los funcionarios de la empresa, encuestas a los padres de familia, con la observación directa de la situación laboral de estas personas, se pudo concluir que su entrenamiento pre laboral dentro de la institución educativa y la metodología seguida para la inclusión social y laboral, ha facilitado su adaptación a un ambiente real de trabajo y ha permitido que la experiencia resulte positiva para todos quienes participan de la misma, y sobre todo ha hecho posible que puedan mantener sus puestos de trabajo.

ABSTRACT Faced with the changes that people with disabilities in Ecuador have experienced from the statutes established in the 2008 Constitution and the subsequent laws and purposes, the need arises to carry out this investigation on the impact that specialized education and professional and continuous support, in both the social and labor inclusion of people with Down Syndrome, and that in some way allows them to visualize the reality they have faced. The present work is a case study of four people with Down Syndrome included in the work force in a private oil technology and services company in Ecuador, who have maintained teaching and learning processes for several years in a private Special Education Institution. which has sponsored their education and their social and labor inclusion through the “In-Person Employment with Permanent Tutoring” Program. By conducting interviews with officials of the company, surveys with parents, with direct observation of the employment situation of these people, it was possible to conclude that their pre-employment training within the educational institution and the methodology followed for social and labor inclusion, it has facilitated their adaptation to a real work environment and has allowed the experience to be positive for all those who participate in it, and above all it has made it possible for them to keep their jobs.

Resumo Os desafios que a escola e a pedagogia hoje exigem requerem a concepção e aplicação de uma intervenção pedagógica baseada num processo de motivação verdadeiramente personalizado, estimulante, orientador, funcional, integral e com uma nova concepção do futuro cidadão que educamos. Nesse sentido, a busca de meios para atender e solucionar as dificuldades que surgem no processo ensino-aprendizagem de escolares com deficiência intelectual é necessária e imprescindível. O presente trabalho aborda a necessidade de favorecer o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da matemática a partir do desenvolvimento de habilidades para o cálculo escrito de adição e subtração em alunos com deficiência intelectual.

Resumen Los retos que hoy exige la escuela y la pedagogía obligan a diseñar y a aplicar una intervención pedagógica basada en un proceso de motivación verdaderamente personalizado, estimulador, orientador, funcional, integral y con una nueva concepción sobre el futuro ciudadano que educamos. En esta dirección se hace necesaria e imprescindible la búsqueda de las vías para atender y solucionar las dificultades que se presentan en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los escolares con discapacidad intelectual. El presente trabajo aborda la necesidad de favorecer el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la matemática a partir del desarrollo de habilidades para el cálculo escrito de adición y sustracción en escolares con discapacidad intelectual.

Abstract The challenges demanded nowadays by school and pedagogy require the design and application of a pedagogical intervention based on a truly personalized, stimulating, guiding, functional, comprehensive motivation process and with a new conception of the future citizens we educate. In this sense, the search for ways to attend and solve the difficulties that arise in the teaching-learning process of students with intellectual disabilities is necessary and essential. The present work addresses the need to improve the teaching-learning process of mathematics from the development of skills for the written calculation of addition and subtraction in students with intellectual disabilities.

ABSTRACT Physical activity is a right of every human being, it affects the strengthening of conditions for work; transformation of nature; the struggle and preservation of peace; in the physical-functional development of the individual and the formation of character; ethical, moral and volitional qualities in the individual and social. The research aims to assess the possibilities of physical activity to favor social skills in students with intellectual disabilities, by contributing to the promotion of a healthy generation, physically prepared according to their potentialities, their development needs corrective work and/or compensatory that improves and increases the possibilities of movements, towards the development of social relations in the contexts where it develops; For its development, theoretical, empirical and mathematical statistical methods were used, which made it possible to verify the declared scientific problem from the characterization of the selected sample, from the determination of the dimensions and indicators that allowed arriving at regularities, a great importance is attributed to it. educational value by exploring the environment and developing communicative relationships, as well as, they can build topological, temporal and spatial notions in different situations of movement, it also places the student with intellectual disability in situations of interaction with others, and requires him to seek resources or help to solve the activity, this favors relationships with others and achieve independent action.

RESUMEN La actividad física es un derecho de todo ser humano, repercute en el fortalecimiento de condiciones para el trabajo, en la transformación de la naturaleza, en la la lucha y preservación de la paz, en el desarrollo físico-funcional del individuo y en la formación del carácter; cualidades éticas, morales y volitivas en lo individual y social. La investigación tiene como objetivo valorar las posibilidades de la actividad física para favorecer las habilidades sociales en los educandos con discapacidad intelectual, al contribuir a la promoción de una generación saludable, físicamente preparada según sus potencialidades; su desarrollo necesita de un trabajo correctivo y/o compensatorio que perfeccione y aumente las posibilidades de movimientos hacia el desarrollo de las relaciones sociales en los contextos donde se desarrolla. Para su desarrollo se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadístico-matemáticos, los que posibilitaron la constatación del problema científico declarado a partir de la caracterización de la muestra seleccionada, desde la determinación de las dimensiones e indicadores que permitieron arribar a regularidades. A estos métodos se les atribuye un gran valor educativo al explorar el entorno y desarrollar las relaciones comunicativas, así como que pueden construir nociones topológicas, temporales y espaciales en diferentes situaciones de movimiento; además, sitúa al educando con discapacidad intelectual en situaciones de interacción con los demás, y le exige buscar recursos o ayuda para solucionar la actividad, lo que favorece las relaciones con los demás y logra una actuación con independencia.

RESUMO A atividade física é um direito de todo ser humano, tem impacto no fortalecimento das condições de trabalho, na transformação da natureza, na luta e preservação da paz, no desenvolvimento físico-funcional do indivíduo e na formação. personagem; qualidades éticas, morais e volitivas em nível individual e social. A pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar as possibilidades da atividade física para promover habilidades sociais em alunos com deficiência intelectual, contribuindo para a promoção de uma geração saudável, preparada fisicamente de acordo com o seu potencial; O seu desenvolvimento requer um trabalho corretivo e/ou compensatório que aperfeiçoe e aumente as possibilidades de movimentos em direção ao desenvolvimento das relações sociais nos contextos onde se desenvolve. Para o seu desenvolvimento foram utilizados métodos teóricos, empíricos e estatístico-matemáticos, que permitiram verificar o problema científico declarado a partir da caracterização da amostra selecionada, a partir da determinação das dimensões e indicadores que permitiram chegar às regularidades. A esses métodos é atribuído grande valor educativo na exploração do ambiente e no desenvolvimento de relações comunicativas, bem como podem construir noções topológicas, temporais e espaciais em diferentes situações de movimento; Além disso, coloca o aluno com deficiência intelectual em situações de interação com outras pessoas e exige que ele busque recursos ou ajuda para resolver a atividade, o que favorece o relacionamento com os outros e alcança a ação independente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: intellectual disability implies special needs in the individuals who suffer from it and constitutes a health problem that affects patients, family members and the community because it generates a great impact on health and social systems. Objective: compile updated information on intellectual disability, types, characteristics and causes, among other aspects of interest for professionals who care for people with intellectual disabilities. Methods: a bibliographic study was carried out for which 43 publications available in Google Scholar were reviewed, all after 2015 (19 journal articles, 13 websites, five textbooks, three theses and three regulatory documents). Development: the information obtained was organized as follows: generalities, some historical considerations, definition of intellectual disability, classification, characteristics of the different degrees of intellectual disability, psychological characteristics, particularities of personality formation, characteristics of the emotional sphere volitional and interventions. Conclusions: people who present difficulties in the intellectual sphere should receive individualized attention, the importance of intervening in the training of people with this disability was evident in order to achieve their insertion into the family and social context, as well as their independence.

RESUMEN Introducción: la discapacidad intelectual implica necesidades especiales en los individuos que las padecen y constituye un problema de salud que afecta a los pacientes, a los familiares y a la comunidad porque generan un gran impacto en los sistemas sanitarios y sociales. Objetivo: compilar información actualizada sobre discapacidad intelectual, tipos, características y causas, entre otros aspectos de interés para los profesionales que atienden a personas con discapacidad intelectual. Métodos: se realizó un estudio bibliográfico para el que se revisaron 43 publicaciones disponibles en Google Académico, todas posteriores al año 2015 (19 artículos de revistas, 13 sitios web, cinco libros de texto, tres tesis y tres documentos normativos). Desarrollo: la información obtenida se ordenó de la siguiente forma: generalidades, algunas consideraciones históricas, definición de discapacidad intelectual, clasificación, características de los diferentes grados de discapacidad intelectual, características sicológicas, particularidades de la formación de la personalidad, características de la esfera emotivo volitiva e intervenciones. Conclusiones: las personas que presentan dificultades en la esfera intelectual deben recibir atención individualizada, se evidenció la importancia de intervenir en la capacitación de las personas con esta discapacidad a favor de lograr su inserción en el contexto familiar y social, así como su independencia.

With this study we aimed to investigate the impact of a 12-week manipulative skills exercise programme on the motor proficiency of young individuals with intellectual disabilities. A total of 32 learners diagnosed with mild intellectual disabilities, with an average age of 17.81 ± 1.44 years, were divided into 2 equal-sized groups: a control group and an experimental group engaged in a manipulative skills intervention programme. Motor proficiency was assessed using the short form of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT™-2), while the participants' coordination level was evaluated using the Body Coordination composite of the BOT™-2. Results show that the manipulative skills intervention programme led to significant improvements in the experimental group's total motor proficiency score on the short form BOT™-2 (45.31 ± 12.01 vs. 37.12 ± 7.00, ANCOVA: F = 48.65, p = 0.00) as well as the Body Coordination composite (42.69 ± 11.31 vs. 39.84 ± 11.75, ANCOVA: F = 44.35, p = 0.00). These findings suggest that the experimental exercise programme had a positive effect on enhancing the motor proficiency of young individuals with mild intellectual disabilities.

ABSTRACT Down Syndrome is the most common genetic condition and a leading cause of intellectual disability. Individuals in rural areas, particularly those with disabilities, often face disparities in healthcare access. Analyzing clinical records of patients diagnosed with Down Syndrome between 2013 and 2022 by the Institute of Genetics at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés in La Paz, Bolivia, this study examined the time to diagnosis for 250 patients with Down Syndrome. The findings revealed that patients from rural areas with Down Syndrome take an average of five months to receive a diagnosis, compared to two months in urban areas (p<0.001). No significant differences were found in the time to diagnosis based on gender. However, a higher proportion of males from rural areas was observed (p=0.03). The results suggest that individuals in rural areas face challenges in receiving a timely diagnosis. On the other hand, women may not be brought to cities for proper diagnosis and treatment due to gender biases in certain communities. The importance of improving access to early diagnosis and treatment in rural areas is emphasized.

RESUMEN El síndrome de Down es la condición genética más común y una causa principal de discapacidad intelectual. Las personas en áreas rurales, especialmente aquellas con discapacidades, a menudo enfrentan desigualdades en el acceso a la salud. A partir de los registros clínicos de pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de síndrome de Down entre 2013 y 2022, por el Instituto de Genética de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia, se analizó, analizó el tiempo hasta el diagnóstico de 250 pacientes con síndrome de Down, mostró que los pacientes procedentes de áreas rurales con síndrome de Down tardan cinco meses en promedio en recibir un diagnóstico, comparado a los dos meses en zonas urbanas (p<0,001). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tiempo hasta el diagnostico según el sexo. Sin embargo, se evidenció una mayor proporción de varones provenientes de áreas rurales (p=0,03). Los hallazgos sugieren que los individuos de áreas rurales enfrentan dificultades para recibir el diagnóstico. Por otro lado, las mujeres quizás no sean llevadas a ciudades para un diagnóstico y tratamiento adecuado debido a sesgos de género en ciertas comunidades. Se subraya la importancia de mejorar el acceso a diagnósticos y tratamientos tempranos en áreas rurales.