Abstract Introduction. The main control measure for brown spot (BS) caused by Septoria glycines is through the application of foliar fungicide. However, the management of the disease could be accomplished through cultural and genetic practices. Objective. To analyze the evolution of BS in soybean under different production systems. Materials and methods. This study was conducted for two consecutive years (2020 and 2022), in Pergamino, Buenos Aires, using the soybean cultivar DM46i20. The management variables studied were cover crops (CC), rotations (Rt), and timing of foliar fungicide application (MAFF). The evaluated pathometric variable was the area under the progress curve of plant height with symptoms (ABCPAPS), and the quantitative physiology variable was grain yield (R) in kg/ha. Results. Agronomic management practices had a significant effect (p≤0.05) on R and ABCPAPS. CC and MAFF were independent variables and showed a significant response (p<0.0001) on R. On the other hand, there was a significant triple interaction (p<0.0001) among CC, Rt, and MAFF for ABCPAPS, and therefore, the data were explained based on this relationship. Conclusions. The implementation of cover crops, crop rotations, and foliar fungicide significantly reduced (p≤0.05) the evolution of BS in soybean cultivation. There was a significant negative correlation (p≤0.05) between soybean yield and the area under the progress curve of the plant height with BS symptoms.

Resumen Introducción. La principal medida de control de la mancha marrón (MM) causada por Septoria glycines, se realiza mediante la aplicación de fungicida foliar, sin embargo, el manejo de la enfermedad podría realizarse con prácticas de manejo cultural y genético. Objetivo. Analizar la evolución de la MM de la soja en diferentes sistemas de producción. Materiales y métodos. Este estudio se llevó a cabo durante dos años consecutivos (2020 y 2022), en la localidad de Pergamino, Buenos Aires, sobre un cultivar de soja DM46i20. Las variables de manejo fueron cultivos de cobertura (CC), rotaciones (Rt), momento de aplicación del fungicida foliar (MAFF). La variable patométrica evaluada fue el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas (ABCPAPS) y como variable cuantitativa fisiología sobre el cultivo el rendimiento (R) en granos en kg/ha. Resultados. Las prácticas de manejo agronómico tuvieron un efecto significativo (p≤0,05) sobre el R y el ABCPAPS. Las variables CC y MAFF fueron independientes y presentaron una repuesta significativa (p<0,0001) sobre el R. En cambio, hubo una triple interacción significativa (p<0,0001) entre los CC, las Rt y el MAFF para el ABCPAPS y, por lo tanto, los datos fueron explicados con base en esta relación. Conclusiones. La implementación de cultivos de cobertura, de rotaciones de cultivo y de fungicida foliar, redujeron significativamente (p≤0,05) la evolución de la MM en el cultivo de soja. Hubo una correlación negativa y significativa (p≤0,05) entre el rendimiento en soja y el área bajo la curva de progreso de la altura de la planta con síntomas de la MM.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted under the qualitative paradigm, employing data collection techniques, description, analysis, and interpretation, with a participatory action and rural participatory diagnostic design. The general objective was to determine the impact of innovation on sustainable agri-food systems. The "working with people" model was followed to engage with farmers and diagnose the advantages, strengths, and challenges they face in implementing innovation policies, specifically in educational innovation, using training and capacity-building methodologies for farmers, support teams, and technical assistance. It was concluded that educational innovation is the central axis to be integrated for the transformation of sustainable and resilient food systems, ensuring food sovereignty. Such innovation enables the development of conservation family farming, with respect for nature, genetic resources, and the cultural identity of rural areas.

RESUMEN El presente trabajo se desarrolló bajo el paradigma cualitativo, con la aplicación de técnicas de recolección de datos, descripción, análisis e interpretación, con un diseño de acción-participativa y diagnostico rural participativo. El objetivo general se desarrolló en función de la determinación del impacto de la innovación en los sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles. Se siguió el modelo de trabajo con la gente (working with people) para vincularse con los agricultores y de esa forma diagnosticar las ventajas, fortalezas y dificultades que presentan para implementar políticas de innovación, particularizada a la innovación educativa, con metodologías de formación y capacitación a los agricultores, equipos de apoyo y asistencia técnica. Se concluyó que la innovación educativa es el eje central a integrar para la transformación de los sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, resilientes, garantizando la soberanía alimentaria, ya que tal innovación permite el desarrollo de la agricultura familiar de conservación, con respeto a la naturaleza, recursos genéticos y la identidad cultural de las zonas rurales.

Abstract The surging health and financial costs of diseases, disabilities, and disparities support the global acceleration of interests and investments in health AI for better, cheaper, faster, and fairer health solutions globally and locally. Yet there is no consensus on practically operationalizing responsible AI principles across diverse global sectors, states, and belief systems. This proof-of-concept study utilizes the global pluralistic ethical framework (the Personalist Social Contract) to therefore provide the first known Bayesian augmented AI-driven Computational Ethical (AiCE) and policy analysis integrating clinical, cost effectiveness, and healthcare disparity analyses with nationally representative data to estimate the global cost of healthcare disparities in colonoscopy (CS) and the savings from AI-enabled CS to reduce them. It suggests that reversing racial disparities particularly for Hispanics and Asians may save American healthcare systems $17.61 billion annually, with AI-augmented CS potentially contributing savings of $625.40 million for Hispanics and $289.00 million for Asians in particular (with similar cost savings for vulnerable communities in middle and low-income countries also). The above findings support the cost savings imperative for such strategic and capacity-building investment in these AI-driven measures to improve healthcare’s strategic aims of Sustainability, Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (SEEE). Such empirical results inform the larger global bioethical argument from the twin dimensions of human dignity and human security (rooted in the personalist, multicultural, and metaphysical account of the person as a member of the global human family) to highlight the AI ethical imperative to optimize the performance of the global digital health ecosystem. Such an instrumental end is a critical means of advancing toward the ultimate end of the common good, in which the individual good of each person is safeguarded and in which it finds her/his fulfillment working toward.

Resumen El aumento de los costos sanitarios y financieros de las enfermedades, las discapacidades y las disparidades respalda la aceleración mundial de los intereses y las inversiones en IA (inteligencia artificial) sanitaria para lograr soluciones sanitarias mejores, más baratas, más rápidas y justas a escala mundial y local. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre la aplicación práctica de los principios de la IA responsable en diversos sectores, estados y sistemas de creencias de todo el mundo. Este estudio de prueba de concepto utiliza el marco ético pluralista global (el Contrato Social Personalista) para proporcionar, por tanto, el primer análisis conocido de ética computacional (AiCE, por sus siglas en inglés) y política basado en IA aumentada bayesiana que integra análisis clínicos, de rentabilidad y de disparidades en la atención sanitaria con datos representativos a nivel nacional para estimar el costo global de las disparidades en la atención sanitaria en la colonoscopia (CS, por sus siglas en inglés) y el ahorro de la CS habilitada por IA para reducirlas. El estudio sugiere que revertir las disparidades raciales, en particular entre hispanos y asiáticos, puede ahorrar a los sistemas sanitarios estadounidenses 17.610 millones de dólares al año, con un ahorro potencial de 625,40 millones de dólares para los hispanos y 289 millones de dólares para los asiáticos en particular (con un ahorro similar para las comunidades vulnerables en países de ingresos medios y bajos). Los resultados anteriores respaldan el imperativo de ahorro de costos que supone la inversión estratégica y de capacitación en estas medidas impulsadas por la IA para mejorar los objetivos estratégicos de sostenibilidad, eficacia, eficiencia y equidad (SEEE) de la atención sanitaria. Estos resultados empíricos informan el argumento bioético global más amplio de las dimensiones gemelas de la dignidad y la seguridad humanas (arraigadas en el relato personalista, multicultural y metafísico de la persona como miembro de la familia humana global) para destacar el imperativo ético de la IA para optimizar el rendimiento del ecosistema sanitario digital global. Semejante fin instrumental es un medio decisivo para avanzar hacia el fin último del bien común, en el que se salvaguarda el bien individual de cada persona y en el que éste encuentra su realización trabajando hacia él.

RESUMO Os sistemas de produção integrados surgiram como uma estratégia de produção sustentável na intensificação do uso da terra com impacto mínimo nas funções do ecossistema. Este estudo utilizou ferramentas de agricultura de precisão para investigar a variabilidade espacial de propriedades do solo e da vegetação em área de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF) e área de Integração Pecuária-Floresta (IPF) em São Carlos, SP, Brasil. Consequentemente, foram avaliados: (1) as propriedades físico-químicas do solo, (2) a resistividade elétrica, e (3) os atributos da cultura do Eucalyptus urograndis que compõem a área de estudo. As amostragens foram realizadas em (1) agosto de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m; (2) outubro de 2021 nas profundidades de 0-0,5, 0-1,0 e 0-2,0 m; e (3) abril de 2021 e abril de 2022. Os resultados indicaram que os valores dos parâmetros de fertilidade do solo foram adequados ao desenvolvimento da cultura e apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial. As análises de solo indicaram baixa acidez, altos teores de matéria orgânica, teores médios de fósforo, potássio e capacidade de troca catiônica e altos teores de cálcio, magnésio e saturação por base. Entretanto, foram observados locais com maior variabilidade espacial para cálcio, refletindo variabilidade na capacidade de troca catiônica e saturação por base. A granulometria e a resistividade elétrica do solo apresentaram baixa variabilidade espacial na camada superficial. Mesmo sem diferenças nas propriedades do solo, houve diferença de 15% no maior volume de madeira no sistema IPF em comparação ao ILPF. ecossistema LavouraPecuáriaFloresta Lavoura Pecuária Floresta ILPF (ILPF PecuáriaFloresta (IPF Carlos SP Brasil Consequentemente avaliados 1 (1 físicoquímicas físico químicas 2 (2 3 (3 202 00,2 002 0 0,2 0-0, 0,20,4 0204 0,4 4 0,2-0, m 00,5, 005 0,5, 5 0-0,5 01,0 010 1,0 0-1, 02,0 020 2,0 0-2, 2022 acidez orgânica fósforo cálcio base Entretanto superficial 15 ( 20 00 00, 02 0, 0-0 0,20, 04 0,2-0 00,5 05 0,5 01 01, 10 1, 0-1 02, 2, 0-2 0- 0,20 0,2-

ABSTRACT Integrated production systems have emerged as a sustainable production strategy in intensifying land use with minimal impact on ecosystem functions. This study used precision agriculture tools to investigate the spatial variability of soil and vegetation properties in an integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) and in an integrated livestock-forestry (ILF) area of São Carlos city, SP, Brazil. Consequently, the following were assessed: (1) the soil physicochemical properties, (2) the electrical resistivity, and (3) the attributes of the Eucalyptus urograndis crop comprising the study area. Samplings were performed in (1) August 2021 at depths of 0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m; (2) October 2021 at depths of 0-0.5, 0-1.0, and 0-2.0 m; and (3) April 2021 and April 2022. Results indicated that the values for soil fertility parameters were suitable for crop development and presented low spatial variability. Soil analyses indicated low acidity, high levels of organic matter, average cation exchange capacity, phosphorus and potassium contents, high base saturation, and calcium and magnesium levels. However, locations with greater spatial variability for calcium were observed, reflecting cation exchange capacity and base saturation variability. Soil granulometry and electrical resistivity had a low spatial variability at the surface layer. Even without differences in the soil properties, there was a difference of 15% in the larger wood volume in the ILF then ICLF system. functions croplivestockforestry livestock forestry (ICLF livestockforestry (ILF city SP Brazil Consequently assessed 1 (1 2 (2 3 (3 202 00.2 002 0 0.2 0-0. 0.20.4 0204 0.4 4 0.2-0. m 00.5, 005 0.5, 5 0-0.5 01.0, 010 1.0, 0-1.0 02.0 020 2.0 0-2. 2022 acidity matter contents However observed layer 15 system ( 20 00 00. 02 0. 0-0 0.20. 04 0.2-0 00.5 05 0.5 01 01.0 10 1.0 0-1. 02. 2. 0-2 0- 0.20 0.2- 01. 1. 0-1

The objective of this article is to discuss the main challenges in implementing integrated and systemic policies aimed at the sustainable transition of food systems. For this purpose, the Farm to Fork strategy, developed by the European Union to promote a fair and sustainable transition in the continent's food systems, was used as the subject of analysis. Through the examination of documents, plans, reports, and articles, four main challenges for the implementation of the strategy were identified: i) the prevalence of sectoral bias in investments focused on niche markets; ii) the concentration of investments in conventional sectors and the weakness of instruments to regulate corporate actions; iii) the limited impact of institutional and economic incentives on the diversity of production models; and iv) the insufficient investment in territorial policies.

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os principais desafios para a implementação de políticas integradas e sistêmicas, com vistas à transição sustentável dos sistemas alimentares. Para tanto, foi utilizada como objeto a estratégia Farm to Fork, elaborada pela União Europeia para promover uma transição justa e sustentável nos sistemas alimentares do continente. Com base na análise de documentos, planos, relatórios e artigos, foi possível identificar quatro desafios principais para a implementação da estratégia: i) prevalência do viés setorial dos investimentos no fomento a nichos; ii) concentração dos investimentos nos setores convencionais e fragilidade dos instrumentos para condicionar as ações das corporações; iii) baixa incidência dos incentivos institucionais e econômicos sobre a diversidade dos modelos produtivos; e iv) pouco investimento nas ações de caráter territorial.

Poor phase separation and fine dissemination of the desired components within congruous slag phases are key challenges limiting the recoverability of values from slags by conventional beneficiation methods. Slag microstructure conditioning is a pragmatic approach to increasing the value-in-use of discard slags, especially when integrated with the broader smelter infrastructure. Although not yet tested on oxide slag systems, this paper explores the potential application of magnetohydrodynamic principles to the crystallization behaviour of bulk slags. Integrating the slag microstructure conditioning infrastructure to the existing smelter infrastructure is key to unlocking the economic value of slags because it is most economic to condition the properties of molten slag directly after tapping. A new business model that integrates smelting units to transversal economic activities, such as cement production and suppliers of construction aggregates, can significantly increase the circularity of metallurgical slags.

Abstract Introduction: This study examines the technological revolution in the realm of connected medical devices, which are redefining the monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. It analyzes how the integration of advanced technologies is driving personalized and remote healthcare. Objectives: To evaluate the advancements in connected medical devices and their impact on improving disease monitoring and diagnosis. The study investigates how these technologies are changing the dynamics of healthcare delivery and identifies the associated challenges and opportunities. Methodology: A qualitative approach is used, linking research questions with theories and outcomes. The study is based on analyses of wearable devices and implantable systems, combining literature review with expert interviews and data analysis. This methodological approach allows for a deep understanding of the interaction between technology and medical practice. Results: The findings show that connected medical devices offer significant advantages in terms of precision and efficiency, enabling real-time monitoring and better clinical decision-making. Technical, ethical, and regulatory challenges are identified, but innovative solutions to overcome them are also highlighted. Conclusions: The research underscores the importance of a qualitative approach in studying connected medical devices. The results emphasize the need for a robust methodological framework to evaluate both technological advancements and associated challenges. This study contributes to understanding how connected medical devices are transforming healthcare, highlighting the necessity of integrated and multidisciplinary approaches to maximize benefits and minimize risks.

Resúmen Introducción: Este estudio examina la revolución tecnológica en el ámbito de los dispositivos médicos conectados, que están redefiniendo el monitoreo, diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. Se analiza cómo la integración de tecnologías avanzadas está impulsando la atención médica personalizada y a distancia. Objetivos: Evaluar los avances en dispositivos médicos conectados y su impacto en la mejora del monitoreo y diagnóstico de enfermedades. Se investiga cómo estas tecnologías están cambiando la dinámica de la atención médica y cuáles son los desafíos y oportunidades asociados. Metodología: Se utiliza un enfoque cualitativo, vinculando preguntas de investigación con teorías y resultados. El estudio se basa en análisis de dispositivos wearables y sistemas implantables, combinando la revisión de literatura con entrevistas a expertos y análisis de datos. Este enfoque metodológico permite una comprensión profunda de la interacción entre la tecnología y la práctica médica. Resultados: Los hallazgos muestran que los dispositivos médicos conectados ofrecen significativas ventajas en términos de precisión y eficiencia, permitiendo un seguimiento en tiempo real y una mejor toma de decisiones clínicas. Se identifican retos técnicos, éticos y regulatorios, pero también se destacan soluciones innovadoras para superarlos. Conclusiones: La investigación subraya la importancia de un enfoque cualitativo en el estudio de los dispositivos médicos conectados. Los resultados enfatizan la necesidad de un marco metodológico robusto para evaluar tanto los avances tecnológicos como los desafíos asociados. Este estudio contribuye a la comprensión de cómo los dispositivos médicos conectados están transformando la atención médica, enfatizando la necesidad de abordajes integrados y multidisciplinarios para maximizar sus beneficios y minimizar los riesgos.

Resumo Introdução: As doenças respiratórias são uma das principais causas de doença e morte, ocupando o terceiro lugar em Portugal. Globalmente, a Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crónica (DPOC) é a terceira principal causa de morte, a seguir às doenças cardiovasculares e ao acidente vascular cerebral. Identificar indivíduos de alto risco e implementar tratamento precoce é crucial devido à variabilidade dos sintomas e exacerbações na DPOC. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar estratégias eficazes para prevenir exacerbações e complicações relacionadas. Métodos: Foi desenvolvido um estudo Delphi que envolveu 15 especialistas de diversas áreas, incluindo médicos, enfermeiros, gestores de saúde, decisores políticos, especialistas em saúde pública e representantes de organizações de pessoas com doença. Os especialistas utilizaram uma escala, variando de “Concordo” a “Discordo”, para alcançar um nível de consenso de 73,3% para cada estratégia. Foram realizadas três rodadas para abordar seis perguntas relacionadas com o diagnóstico precoce e seguimento dos doentes. A primeira ronda centrou-se na identificação dos principais desafios enfrentados pelo sistema de saúde português na gestão da DPOC, dos obstáculos na identificação e gestão das exacerbações da DPOC e das estratégias eficazes para ultrapassar as barreiras identificadas. A segunda e a terceira rondas envolveram a análise da informação recolhida e a votação de cada indicador para obter consenso. Os indicadores resultantes foram categorizados em dois grupos: barreiras, desafios e constrangimentos na gestão da DPOC e estratégias de ação para melhorar a prevenção, a referenciação e diminuir exacerbações e o peso desta doença. Resultados: De um total de 134 indicadores válidos gerados, 108 obtiveram consenso. Dos indicadores consensualizados pelos peritos, 18 dizem respeito a barreiras, desafios e constrangimentos, enquanto 90 são referentes a estratégias de ação para a DPOC. Entre as estratégias formuladas, 25 indicadores com consenso visam estratégias de prevenção, 24 indicadores com consenso têm como alvo a referenciação da DPOC e 41 indicadores com consenso concentram-se em mitigar as exacerbações da DPOC e reduzir a carga da doença. Discussão/Conclusão: Este estudo enfatiza a necessidade de investimento integrado na saúde respiratória e o reconhecimento do impacto da DPOC na vida das pessoas, nos sistemas de saúde e na economia. A prevenção e o tratamento adequado das exacerbações são cruciais para uma gestão eficaz da DPOC e para reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade associadas. Os especialistas destacam a importância de melhorar a coordenação entre diferentes níveis de cuidados, integrar sistemas de informação e descentralizar as responsabilidades hospitalares. A pandemia da COVID-19 reforçou a importância da saúde respiratória individual e coletiva, enfatizando a necessidade de investir na promoção da saúde e na consciencialização sobre a DPOC.

Abstract Introduction: Respiratory diseases, ranking the third in Portugal, contribute significantly to illness and mortality. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third-leading cause of death globally. Identifying high-risk individuals and implementing early treatment is crucial due to the variability of COPD symptoms and exacerbations. This study aimed to identify effective strategies for preventing exacerbations and complications. Methods: A Delphi involving 15 experts was performed. Experts included physicians, nurses, health managers, policymakers, public health experts, and patient organizations. Consensus was achieved at 73.3% for each strategy using a scale ranging from “agree” to “disagree.” Three rounds were conducted to address six questions related to early diagnosis and patient follow-up. Challenges faced by the Portuguese Health System in managing COPD, obstacles in COPD exacerbation diagnosis and management, and effective strategies to overcome barriers were identified in the first round. The second and third rounds involved analyzing the gathered information and voting on each indicator to achieve consensus, respectively. Indicators were categorized into constraints and barriers, and strategies for reducing COPD exacerbations and disease burden. Results: Out of a total of 134 valid indicators generated, 108 achieved consensus. Among the indicators agreed upon by experts, 18 pertained to barriers, challenges, and constraints, while 90 focused on action strategies for COPD. Among the strategies formulated, 25 consensus indicators target prevention strategies, 24 consensus indicators aim to enhance COPD referrals, and 41 consensus indicators focus on mitigating COPD exacerbations and reducing the overall disease burden. Discussion/Conclusion: This study emphasizes the need for integrated investment in respiratory healthcare and recognition of the impact of COPD on patients, healthcare systems, and economies. Prevention and appropriate treatment of exacerbations are crucial for effective COPD management and reducing associated morbidity and mortality. Experts highlight the importance of improving coordination between different levels of care, integrating information systems, and decentralizing hospital responsibilities. The COVID-19 pandemic has further emphasized the importance of individual and collective respiratory health, necessitating investment in health promotion and COPD awareness.

Abstract Formative assessment contributes to improving the educational process. It collects, interprets, and systematically uses information to verify and provide feedback on achieving learning objectives. Feedback is a fundamental component during formative assessment since, through it, it is possible to receive immediate and personalized information. This reveals, early on, progress in knowledge acquired, contributing to improving learning outcomes and thus to achieving skills. Currently, a number of solutions contribute to the assessment process. But these focus on specific fields of study, which fail to include elements of context by using sensory information from mobile devices to enrich and personalize feedback. This article presents a Conceptual Model of Formative Assessment in Mobile Learning Systems, which explicitly defines the priority components that ought to be considered to support context-based formative assessment processes. The development of a prototype Web Service, based on the proposed model and integrated into the Google Classroom LMS platform, allowed real-time context-based feedback, supporting very effectively the formative feedback process, evidencing a significant increase in student learning. It is important however to expand the study population to generalize the results.

Resumen La evaluación formativa contribuye en la mejora del proceso educativo, ya que recopila, interpreta y usa información de forma sistemática, con el fin de verificar y proveer retroalimentación sobre el logro de los objetivos de aprendizaje. La retroalimentación, es un componente fundamental durante la evaluación formativa, ya que, a través de ella, es posible recibir información inmediata y personalizada, que permite conocer de manera oportuna los avances en términos del conocimiento adquirido, contribuyendo a la mejora en los resultados de aprendizaje y por consiguiente aportando al logro de las competencias. En la actualidad, existen soluciones que contribuyen al proceso evaluativo, pero enfocadas en campos de estudio específico, las cuales no incluyen elementos del contexto con uso de información sensórica de los dispositivos móviles para enriquecer y personalizar la retroalimentación. Este artículo presenta un Modelo Conceptual de Evaluación Formativa en Sistemas de Aprendizaje Móvil, el cual, define de manera explícita los componentes conceptuales, que deben ser considerados para soportar procesos de evaluación formativa. Durante la investigación se desarrolló un prototipo de Servicio Web, basado en el modelo propuesto e integrado en la plataforma LMS Google Classroom que permitió brindar retroalimentación en tiempo real basada en contexto sensible. La aplicación práctica del modelo evidenció un incremento significativo en el nivel de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, sin embargo, es importante ampliar la población de estudio para generalizar los resultados.

A model was composed that integrated demand for railway services, systemic capacity design of production factors, operating efficiency, and the financial viability of the designed railway operations of a dedicated rail freight project. The design model incorporated efficiency measures essential to successfully developing new railway systems. The investment in rail infrastructure concerning the geometric parameters and their effect on the project's viability was deduced. A relationship between the geometric layout of track alignment and the hauling process of freight was determined. Results from simulation work to ascertain the operating efficiency informed the design of train-crossing capacity. The effect of inefficiencies on the performance of the production factors and the influence thereof on the rail tariff and the internal rate of return was determined. The design model covered the range of demand from low volumes of dedicated freight to the advent of heavy-haul operations, and will find its application in cases of new green-field projects. The design parameters applied in sub-models were correlated with the results of field tests and individual new railway projects undertaken in Southern Africa. The results of the effect of systemic operating efficiency on the capacity of the rolling stock fleet were illustrated.

Resumo A importância da agricultura familiar em Nova Friburgo decorre da relevância da produção de hortaliças e flores, da manutenção de fragmentos florestais, da organização social e política para manutenção das conquistas e atendimento de anseios, como as estratégias agroecológicas a partir de evento climático extremo ocorrido em 2011. O objetivo foi caracterizar o município de Nova Friburgo nos aspectos territorial, ambiental, histórico, produtivo e organizacional, assim como destacar a presença de dinâmicas camponesas e empresariais nos sistemas de produção locais. Foram realizadas 47 entrevistas com agricultores e 4 com atores-chave in loco, utilizando de questionário semiestruturado com 57 perguntas, associado à aplicação de ferramenta participativa inovadora em que se diagnosticaram aspectos sociais, produtivos, ambientais e da dinâmica local da transição agroecológica. Ressalta-se a importância de fortalecer a ação de agentes de desenvolvimento rural sustentável, representados pela pesquisa participativa, extensão rural coletiva e assistência técnica continuada em agroecologia, aproximando grupos de agricultura orgânica e agricultura convencional. Conclui-se, a partir da caracterização do município, que a busca da sustentabilidade da agricultura familiar do município deve se apoiar em um processo de gestão social, integrado à ação de agentes externos, representados pela pesquisa participativa, extensão rural coletiva e assistência técnica em agroecologia e de valorização da riqueza histórica e diversidade de cultivos dessa produção, proveniente de agricultores familiares, organizados socialmente de forma associativa, visando ao desenvolvimento rural sustentável. flores florestais anseios 2011 territorial ambiental histórico organizacional locais atoreschave atores chave loco 5 perguntas sociais produtivos agroecológica Ressaltase Ressalta sustentável convencional Concluise, Concluise Conclui se, Conclui-se externos familiares associativa 201 20 2

Abstract The importance of family farming in Nova Friburgo stems from the importance of producing vegetables and flowers, maintaining forest fragments, social and political organization to maintain achievements and meet desires, such as agroecological strategies from the extreme weather event that occurred in 2011. The objective was to characterize the municipality in terms of territorial, environmental, historical, productive and organizational aspects, as well as to highlight the presence of peasant and business dynamics in local production systems. 47 interviews were carried out with farmers and 4 with key actors in loco, using a semi-structured questionnaire with 57 questions, associated with the application of an innovative participatory tool in which was diagnosed social, productive, environmental aspects and the local dynamics of the agroecological transition were characterized. It emphasizes the importance of strengthening the action of sustainable rural development agents, represented by participatory research, collective rural extension and continued technical assistance in agroecology, bringing groups of organic agriculture and conventional agriculture together. It is concluded from the characterization of the municipality, that the quest for sustainability of family farming in the municipality must be based on a social management process, integrated with the action of agents of sustainable rural development, represented by participatory research, collective rural extension and technical assistance in agroecology and valorization of the historical richness and crops diversity of this production, from family farmers, socially organized in an associative way, aiming at sustainable rural development. flowers fragments desires 2011 territorial systems loco semistructured semi structured 5 questions characterized research together process way 201 20 2

Resumen La importancia de la agricultura familiar en Nova Friburgo se deriva de la relevancia de la producción de hortalizas y flores, el mantenimiento de los fragmentos de bosque, la organización social y política para mantenerlos logros y satisfacerlas ansiedades, como las estrategias agroecológicas a partir del evento climático extremo de 2011. El objetivo fue caracterizar el municipio en términos territoriales, ambientales, históricos, productivos y organizacionales, además de destacar la presencia de dinámicas campesinas y empresariales en los sistemas productivos analizados. Se realizaron 47 entrevistas a agricultores y 4 actores clave in loco, mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado con 57 preguntas, asociado a la aplicación de herramienta participativa innovadora, en la que se caracterizaron los aspectos sociales, productivos, ambientales y las dinámicas locales de la transición agroecológica. Se destaca la importancia de fortalecer la acción de los agentes del desarrollo rural sostenible, representado por la investigación participativa, la extensión rural colectiva y la asistencia técnica continua en agroecología, reuniendo a grupos de agricultura orgánica y convencional. Se concluye, de la caracterización del municipio, que la búsqueda de la sostenibilidad de la agricultura familiar en el municipio debe estar sustentada en proceso de gestión social integrada a la acción de los agentes del desarrollo rural sostenible, representada por la investigación participativa, la extensión rural colectiva y la asistencia técnica en agroecología y la valorización de la riqueza histórica y diversidad de cultivos de esta producción, de agricultores familiares, socialmente organizados de forma asociativa, con miras al desarrollo rural sostenible. flores bosque ansiedades 2011 territoriales históricos organizacionales analizados loco 5 preguntas innovadora sociales agroecológica sostenible convencional concluye familiares asociativa 201 20 2

Abstract The taxation systems on corporate profits are grouped into two classes known as integrated and classical, with the latter being more widely recognized in financial literature. Their characteristics impact the firm's value. Using various models to estimate the present value of tax savings, the study describes the systems, sensitizes variables, and quantifies the firm's value through the discounted cash flow model. Subsequently, a descriptive and comparative analysis of tax systems, tax rates, tax savings, cost of capital, and the value of leveraged firm is conducted using the discounted cash flow model. Aggregated financial information from a set of OECD member countries and Latin America is utilized. The results allow for the exposition of common specification errors when directly employing the classical model in company valuation. Additionally, it highlights the existing functional relationships between firm value and tax effects in the different tax systems corresponding to the sample of countries studied.

Resumen Los sistemas de imposición sobre las ganancias empresarias se agrupan en dos clases conocidas bajo la denominación de integrados y clásicos, siendo el último el de mayor difusión en la literatura financiera. Sus características impactan en el valor de la firma. Partiendo de los diferentes modelos para estimar el valor actual de los ahorros fiscales, el trabajo describe los sistemas, sensibiliza variables y cuantifica el valor de la firma mediante el modelo de descuento de flujos de fondos. Seguidamente, se lleva a cabo un análisis descriptivo y comparativo de los sistemas tributarios, alícuotas, ahorro fiscal, costo del capital y valor de la firma apalancada mediante el modelo de descuento de flujo de fondos. Se toma la información financiera agregada de un conjunto de países integrantes de la OCDE y América Latina. Los resultados permiten exponer los errores comunes de especificación al emplear directamente el modelo clásico en la valoración de empresas. Además, expone las relaciones funcionales existentes entre valor de la firma y efecto fiscal en los diferentes sistemas tributarios correspondientes a la muestra de países estudiados.

Abstract The management of silvopastoral systems associated with carob trees (Neltuma spp.) as a tree component constitutes a forestry potential for the Chaco ecoregion, in addition to benefiting animal well-being by providing shade, an alternative source of forage, protection against wind and the effects adverse effects of temperature extremes, and mitigate the effects of climate change by storing carbon in both biomass and soil, thus constituting an integrated sustainable production system for the Paraguayan Chaco. The objective was to evaluate the management of the regeneration of carob trees integrated into silvopastoral systems of the Paraguayan Central Chaco. For this, the survival of carob trees subjected to silvicultural treatments in silvopastoral systems was determined, the increase in diameter of carob trees subjected to silvicultural treatments in silvopastoral systems was evaluated, determining the basal area, volume, biomass, accumulated carbon and carbon dioxide, equivalent carbon in the studied systems, study the phenology and health status of the inventoried tree individuals, characterize the herbaceous animal component and determine the physical and chemical properties of the soils of the paddocks under study. The results obtained refer to a high survival of carob trees in silvopastoral systems, with the averages of the dasometric variables in terms of basal area being 11.99 m2/ha, stem volume being 10.93 m3/ha and total volume being 75. 48 m3/ha. At the time of the inventory, it was recorded that 74% of the individuals were in flowering and 68% were sick. The herbaceous component was made up of Gatton panic (Panicum maximun) with an animal load of 0.8 AU and only one of the three paddocks had compacted soils. The accumulated carbon dioxide content was similar in the three pastures. It is concluded that the silvopastoral systems associated with Neltuma spp. As a tree component, they constitute a forest potential for sustainable production in the Chaco ecoregion.

Resumen El manejo de los sistemas silvopastoriles asociados con los algarrobos (Neltuma spp.) como componente arbóreo constituyen un potencial forestal para la ecorregión chaqueña, además de beneficiar al bienestar animal por suministro de sombra, fuente alternativa de forraje, protección contra el viento y los efectos adversos de los extremos de temperatura, y mitigar los efectos del cambio climático por el almacenamiento de carbono tanto en la biomasa como el suelo, por lo que constituye un sistema integrado de producción sustentable para el Chaco paraguayo. El objetivo fue evaluar la regeneración natural de algarrobos (Neltuma spp.) integrados a sistemas silvopastoriles del Chaco Central Paraguayo como respuesta manejo silvicultural. Para ello, se determinó la sobrevivencia de algarrobos sometidos a tratamientos silviculturales en sistemas silvopastoriles, se evaluó el incremento en diámetro de algarrobos, el área basal, el volumen, la biomasa, el carbono acumulado y dióxido de carbono equivalente, la fenología y el estado sanitario de los individuos arbóreos inventariados, el componente herbáceo y animal, y las propiedades físicas y químicas de los suelos. Los resultados obtenidos refieren una sobrevivencia alta de algarrobos en los sistemas silvopastoriles, siendo los promedios de las variables dasométricas en cuanto a área basal de 11,99 m2/ha, volumen de fuste de 10,93 m3/ha y del volumen total 75,48 m3/ha. Al momento del inventario se registró que 74% de los individuos se encontraban en floración y 68% enfermos. El componente herbáceo estuvo integrado por Gatton panic (Panicum maximun) con una carga animal de 0,8 UA y solo uno de los tres potreros presentó suelos compactados.El contenido de anhidrido carbónico acumulado fue similar en los tres potreros. Se concluye que los sistemas silvopastoriles asociados con Neltuma spp. como componente arbóreo constituyen un potencial forestal para producción sustentable de la ecorregión chaqueña.

Abstract: Recurrent Neural Networks have proven to provide good results in time series prediction. In this paper, an ensemble recurrent neural network, for prediction is used. Euro/Mexican pesos and Euro/Dollar series are utilized to develop a prediction model. The design of this consists of an ensemble recurrent neural network and the optimization of its structure is achieved with the bird swarm algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization. The outputs of the networks are integrated with type-1 and type-2 fuzzy systems. These fuzzy systems are of the Mamdani type. The tests were realized with the designed method and a good result was obtained in the application to time series, as well as a comparison of the two optimization algorithms was made.

Resumen Introducción: La autonomía municipal en la elaboración y ejecución de estrategias de desarrollo local es fundamental para reducir la dependencia del poder central y promover soluciones a problemáticas económicas, sociales y ambientales a nivel comunitario. En este sentido, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades de gestión en cada municipio es crucial para impulsar iniciativas locales que aborden estas problemáticas de manera efectiva. Objetivo: Identificar, desde el vínculo universidad-empresa, modos de actuaciones para la ampliación de las capacidades de gestión del turismo rural como factor de desarrollo local en el ámbito municipal Metodología: Esta investigación se enmarca en un enfoque descriptivo de naturaleza cualitativa. Se emplearon métodos como el análisis documental, la observación científica y entrevistas para fundamentar la propuesta, basándose en experiencias de trabajo en los municipios avileños de Florencia, Chambas y Bolivia. Resultados: Se estructuraron varias acciones y talleres que, integralmente, y en el marco del vínculo universidad-empresa-municipio, aportan un conjunto de herramientas que potencian el aprendizaje y la generación de capacidades de gestión innovadoras en el aspecto municipal, en función del desarrollo local a partir de la actividad turística. Conclusiones: Las acciones y talleres propuestos representan una contribución significativa a la gestión del turismo rural en estos municipios, donde la creación de estructuras y sistemas de trabajo es crucial para impulsar la economía local y sistematizar el conocimiento en materia turística, promoviendo así un impacto directo en el desarrollo local.

Abstract Introduction: Municipal autonomy in crafting and executing local development strategies is pivotal for reducing reliance on central authority and fostering solutions to economic, social, and environmental challenges at the grassroots level. Strengthening management capacities within each municipality is therefore crucial for driving local initiatives that effectively address these issues. Objective: To identify, through university-industry collaboration, strategies for expanding management capacities for rural tourism as a catalyst for local development at the municipal level. Methodology: This research adopts a descriptive, qualitative approach. Methods such as documentary analysis, scientific observation, and interviews were employed to underpin the proposal, drawing from experiences in the Avileño municipalities of Florencia, Chambas, and Bolivia. Results: Several integrated actions and workshops have been structured within the university-industry-municipality framework, offering a suite of tools that enhance learning and foster innovative management capacities at the municipal level, with a focus on leveraging tourism activity for local development. Conclusions: The proposed actions and workshops represent a significant stride in rural tourism management within these municipalities. Establishing structures and operational systems is crucial for driving the local economy and organizing knowledge in tourism, thus facilitating a direct impact on local development.