ABSTRACT The present study investigated the impact of different concentrations of Trichoderma harzianum on the growth variables of tomato plants infected with both root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) and the bacterial wilt pathogen (Ralstonia solanacearum). Application of T. harzianum significantly improved growth variables such as shoot and root lengths and shoot weight (p 0.001), with the highest growth observed at the concentration of 1×104 spores/mL. Lower concentrations (8×103 and 2×103 spores/mL) also enhanced growth, but to a lesser extent. Notably, root weight decreased, indicating reduced gall formation, a positive outcome against nematode infestation. The study revealed that T. harzianum significantly reduced the number of galls, eggmasses, and nematode reproduction factors (p 0.001). The highest concentration (1×104 spores/mL) was most effective, followed by 8×103 spores/mL, demonstrating a dose-responsive reduction in these parameters. Regression analysis showed positive correlations between decreased gall numbers and increased shoot and root lengths and weights, as well as between reduced eggmasses and improved growth variables. Regarding disease severity, increasing concentrations of T. harzianum notably decreased the severity of both root-knot nematodes and bacterial wilt compared to the control. The control treatment exhibited a 72.5% severity, whereas treatments with T. harzianum reduced severity to 51–55.5%, and the highest concentration reduced it to 2.5%. This trend was consistent for bacterial wilt severity. The results indicate that T. harzianum effectively colonizes tomato roots, inhibiting pathogen entry and reducing disease severity more effectively at higher concentrations. rootknot knot Meloidogyne incognita Ralstonia solanacearum. solanacearum . solanacearum) T p 0.001, 0001 0.001 , 0 001 0.001) 1104 1 104 1×10 sporesmL spores mL spores/mL 8103 8 103 (8×10 2103 2 2×10 extent Notably formation infestation galls 0.001. (1×10 effective 8×10 doseresponsive dose responsive parameters weights 725 72 5 72.5 51555 51 55 51–55.5% 25 2.5% roots 000 0.00 00 110 10 1×1 810 (8×1 210 2×1 (1×1 8×1 7 72. 5155 51–55.5 2.5 0.0 11 1× 81 (8× 21 2× (1× 8× 515 51–55. 2. 0. (8 (1 51–55 ( 51–5 51–

Resumen Introducción. La producción de banano es una de las actividades económicas más significativas para el país. Sin embargo, enfrenta serios desafíos debido a la presencia de diversos patógenos, entre los más significativos se encuentran los nematodos fitoparásitos que afectan el rendimiento y la calidad del cultivo. El uso de hongos nematófagos (HN) para el control biológico de nematodos es una alternativa para reducir la aplicación de productos químicos en cultivos agrícolas. En Costa Rica existe gran variedad de hongos debido a la diversidad de los suelos, por lo que el aislamiento y la correcta identificación de estos hongos es crucial para determinar su potencial antagonista. Objetivo. Aislar e identificar potenciales hongos nematófagos (PHN) presentes en muestras de suelo de plantaciones de banano de la región Huetar Atlántica. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron seis muestras de suelo provenientes de cinco cantones de la región Huetar Atlántica de Costa Rica mediante el método de espolvoreado en placas con agar-agua en búsqueda de PHN. Para la selección y purificación de los PHN se utilizaron placas Petri con papa dextrosa agar (PDA), identificando las estructuras morfológicas para el diagnóstico a nivel de género. Los hongos identificados morfológicamente se replicaron y se conservaron en viales con PDA y en aceite mineral a 4°C. Se extrajo ADN de los PHN y mediante amplificación por PCR (Reacción de Cadena de la Polimerasa) y secuenciación de diferentes regiones del genoma (ITS, tef 1-alfa, rpb2 y β-tubulina), se identificaron molecularmente. Resultados. Se aislaron e identificaron doce hongos, entre ellos Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium steckii, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sp., Fusarium pseudocircinatum, y Talaromyces sp. Conclusión. El descubrimiento e identificación correcta de PHN subraya la importancia de investigar su aplicación en programas de manejo integrado de plagas, así como la necesidad de evaluar su eficacia y seguridad en diferentes condiciones agroecológicas para maximizar su impacto positivo en la agricultura.

Abstract Introduction. Banana production is one of the most significant economic activities for the country. However, it faces serious challenges due to the presence of various pathogens, among the most significant are plant-parasitic nematodes that affect crop yield and quality. The use of nematophagous fungi (NF) for biological control of nematodes is an alternative to reduce the application of synthetic chemicals in agricultural crops. In Costa Rica there is a great variety of fungi due to the diversity of soils. Therefore, the isolation and correct identification of these fungi is crucial to determine their antagonistic potential. Objective. To isolate and identify the potential nematophagous fungi (PNF) present in soil samples from banana plantations at the Huetar Atlantic region. Materials and methods. Six soil samples from the Huetar Atlantic region of Costa Rica were analyzed by the agar-water sprinkling plates method in search of PNF. For PNF selection and purification, Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) were used, identifying morphological structures for diagnosis at genus level. Morphologically identified fungi were replicated and preserved in vials with PDA and in mineral oil at 4°C. DNA was extracted from the isolated PNF and through PCR amplification (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and sequencing of different regions of the genome (ITS, tef 1-alpha, rpb2 and β-tubulin), they were molecularly identified. Results. Twelve fungi were isolated and identified, including Trichoderma asperellum, Penicillium steckii, Purpureocillium lilacinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sp., Fusarium pseudocircinatum, and Talaromyces sp. Conclusion. The correct discovery and identification of PNF underscores the importance of investigating its application in integrated pest management programs, as well as the need to evaluate its efficacy and safety under different agroecological conditions to maximize its positive impact on agriculture.

Resumen Introducción: La mosca de las indias occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), es una de las plagas más importantes económicamente en el cultivo de mango de México y el neotrópico. Objetivo: Analizamos los patrones de la población adulta de A. obliqua y su relación con factores locales y del paisaje. Métodos: Un total de 11 huertos de mango “Manila” fueron caracterizados en estructura biofísica y configuración del paisaje. Los adultos de A. obliqua fueron capturados con trampas (botellas de polietileno cebadas con una proteína) durante tres semanas en junio de 2022. Resultados: Se capturaron 1 869 adultos de A. obliqua, de los cuales 75 % fueron hembras y 25 % machos. La abundancia varió de 68 a 490 moscas adultas por huerto, mientras que la frecuencia de captura de 0.36 a 1.8 moscas/trampa/día. La abundancia incrementó en huertos altamente sombreados y decreció en huertos con suelos compactos. La abundancia y frecuencia incrementaron en huertos cercanos a árboles de Spondias spp. y decreció en huertos cercanos a plantaciones de caña de azúcar. El manejo de la sombra puede ser utilizado como una estrategia efectiva para promover las interacciones que regulan naturalmente la población de A. obliqua, mientras que la compactación del suelo representa una condición ecológica limitante que podría impactar severamente en la supervivencia de larvas de moscas de la fruta. Conclusión: La población adulta de A. obliqua depende de varios factores locales y del paisaje que indican disponibilidad de recursos y condiciones ecológicas. Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse en las estrategias del manejo integrado de esta plaga para promover la protección y el mejoramiento de la calidad de frutos en el cultivo de mango.

Abstract Introduction: The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most economically important pests of mangoes in Mexico and the Neotropics. Objective: To analyze adult population patterns of A. obliqua and their relation to local and landscape factors. Methods: We selected 11 “Manila” mango orchards along the middle part of La Antigua River, which were characterized to determine their biophysical structure and landscape configuration considering their distance to six different land uses/land covers. Anastrepha obliqua population was estimated by collecting adult flies in colorless polyethylene plastic bottle traps baited with a protein for three weeks in June 2022. Results: A total of 1 869 adults of A. obliqua were trapped, of which 75 % were females and 25 % were males. Abundance varied from 68 to 490 adult flies per orchard, while capture frequency from 0.36 to 1.8 flies/trap/day. Abundance increased in highly shaded orchards, and capture frequency decreased in orchards with highly soil compaction. Abundance and the frequency of capture increased in orchards near isolated trees of Spondias spp. and decreased in orchards near sugarcane plantations. Shade management in mango orchards may be used as an effective strategy to promote biotic interactions to naturally regulate A. obliqua populations, meanwhile, soil compaction represents a limiting ecological condition, which might severely impact fruit fly larvae survival. Conclusions: Adult population of A. obliqua depends on several local and landscape factors because they indicate resource availability and ecological conditions. These findings could be considered for control strategies in the integrated management of this pest to promote protection and improve the fruit quality of mango crop.

Resumen Introducción. La percepción de que las plantas nativas de campos agrícolas no aportan nada bueno a los sistemas productivos y deben ser eliminadas en su totalidad ha provocado múltiples problemas agronómicos, ambientales y sociales en los agroecosistemas alrededor del mundo, tales como selección de plantas resistentes a herbicidas, contaminación de cuerpos de agua, pérdida de biodiversidad, aumento en las poblaciones de insectos plaga y afectación de la salud de trabajadores agrícolas debido al uso intensivo de herbicidas. Objetivo. Analizar el origen de las malezas en la agricultura, las características biológicas que las hacen perjudiciales para las actividades del ser humano y sus funciones ecológicas en el agroecosistema, así como proponer la aplicación del concepto de biodiversidad funcional para el manejo agroecológico de la vegetación en campos agrícolas. Desarrollo. En este momento de cambio hacia una producción agrícola con un menor uso de plaguicidas, el manejo de las malezas sigue siendo un gran reto. Para lograr que el manejo integrado de malezas avance hacia estrategias agroecológicas que permitan una reducción del uso de herbicidas es necesario promover las interacciones bióticas benéficas que regulan de forma natural a las malezas. El estudio y aplicación de la biodiversidad funcional en los agroecosistemas surge entonces como una necesidad para manejar la vegetación de forma tal que se minimicen los efectos negativos de las malezas en los cultivos y se maximicen los servicios agroecosistémicos de las arvenses. Conclusión. La diferenciación entre malezas y arvenses como parte de un manejo agroecológico de los sistemas de cultivo permitiría mantener un balance positivo entre productividad y biodiversidad en los agroecosistemas.

Abstract Introduction. The perception that native plants in agricultural fields do not contribute positively to productive systems and should be eliminated in their entirety has caused multiple agronomic, environmental and social problems in agroecosystems around the world, such as selection of herbicide-resistant plants, contamination of water bodies, loss of biodiversity, increase in pest insect populations, and impact on the health of agricultural workers due to the intensive use of herbicides. Objective. To provide basic information on the origin of weeds in agriculture, the biological characteristics that make them harmful to human activities, and their ecological functions in the agroecosystem, as well as to propose the application of the concept of functional biodiversity for the agroecological management of weeds in crop fields. Development. In this moment of change towards agricultural production with less use of pesticides, weed management is still a great challenge. To ensure that integrated weed management advances towards agroecological strategies that allow a reduction in the use of herbicides, it is necessary to promote the beneficial biotic interactions that naturally regulate weeds. The study and application of functional biodiversity in agroecosystems then emerges as a need to manage vegetation in such a way that the negative effects of weeds on crops are minimized and the agroecosystem services of weeds are maximized. Conclusion. The differentiation between weeds and segetal vegetation as part of an agroecological management of cropping systems would allow maintaining a positive balance between productivity and biodiversity in agroecosystems.

Resumen La araña roja, Tetranychus urticae Koch, es la principal plaga del cultivo de rosas para corte (Rosa hybrida). Observaciones preliminares indican que plantas con alta densidad de araña roja presentan deficiencias nutrimentales, pero no existe información cuantitativa al respecto. El objetivo fue determinar la relación que existe entre la densidad de araña roja y el estado nutrimental de rosal ‘Polo’. En cuatro muestreos, se seleccionaron 60 plantas libres de araña roja y 60 plantas con más de 60 ácaros por hoja (infestación alta). En ambos casos se determinó, mediante análisis químico foliar, la cantidad de macro y micronutrimentos, así como el índice de desbalance nutricional (IDN). Las plantas con presencia de araña roja muestran desequilibrio nutrimental debido a la reducción en la concentración foliar de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio, manganeso y cobre. El porcentaje de reducción de la concentración de dichos elementos osciló entre 0.3 y 29 % respecto al testigo.

Abstract The two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is the key pest in rose cut. Preliminary observations show that plants with high density of two-spotted mite exhibit nutritional imbalance, but there is not quantitative information about it. The objective was to determine the relation between two-spotted mite´s density and nutritional status of cut rose crop ‘Polo’. In four samplings, 60 spotted mite-free and 60 plants with over 60 mites per leaf (high infestation) were selected. In both cases, foliar analyses were carried out to determine the micro and macro elements as well as the Nutritional Unbalanced Index (IDN). The plants infested with two-spotted mite showed a nutritional disequilibrium due to reduced foliar concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, manganese and copper. The percentage reduction in the concentration of these elements fluctuated between 0.3 to 29 % compared against control.

Resumen Introducción El mosco fungoso negro Bradysia impatiens Johannsen es una plaga de importancia en los viveros forestales tecnificados de México, debido a que ocasiona mortalidad de la planta; sin embargo, los estudios sobre monitoreo de adultos son escasos. Objetivos Determinar la trampa más adecuada para el monitoreo de B. impatiens, caracterizar sus niveles poblacionales e identificar organismos asociados, entre ellos sus enemigos naturales. Materiales y métodos Se evaluó el efecto de atracción de B. impatiens a dos tipos de trampas pegajosas amarillas (circulares y bandera) y una incolora. Después de la selección de la mejor trampa, se comparó la captura de B. impatiens y organismos asociados en cuatro viveros forestales para determinar niveles poblacionales de la especie. Los datos de captura se analizaron con modelos lineales generalizados mediante regresión binomial negativa. Resultados y discusión La trampa bandera fue la más eficiente para la captura de adultos. Con base en la captura semanal, se calificaron subjetivamente tres niveles poblacionales: baja (<30 adultos), media (30-60 adultos) y alta (>60 adultos). Se encontró a Coenosia attenuata Stein como enemigo natural de la plaga; sin embargo, el porcentaje de captura fue bajo (1.78 %), por lo que las trampas no representan amenaza para sus poblaciones. También se encontró a Kleidotoma sp., posible parasitoide de la plaga y de C. attenuata. Conclusiones Es necesario un plan de manejo integrado de plagas para B. impatiens, que incluya la trampa bandera y el depredador C. attenuata como control biológico en viveros. La mosca C. attenuata, depredadora de B. impatiens, se registra por primera vez en Tlaxcala.

Abstract Introduction The Dark Winged Fungus Gnat, Bradysia impatiens Johannsen, is a significant pest in modern forest nurseries in Mexico, as it causes plant mortality. However, studies on adult monitoring are scarce. Objectives Determine the most suitable trap for monitoring B. impatiens, characterize its population levels and identify associated organisms, including its natural enemies. Materials and methods The attraction effect of B. impatiens to two types of yellow sticky traps (circular and flag paper trap) and a colorless trap was evaluated. After selecting the best trap, the capture of B. impatiens and associated organisms was compared across four forest nurseries to determine the species' population levels. Capture data were analyzed using generalized linear models with negative binomial regression. Results and discussion Flag paper trap was the most efficient for capturing adults. Based on weekly captures, three population levels were subjectively rated: low (<30 adults), medium (30-60 adults), and high (>60 adults). Coenosia attenuata Stein was found as a natural enemy of the pest; however, the capture percentage was low (1.78 %), so the traps do not pose a threat to their populations. Kleidotoma sp., a possible parasitoid of the pest and C. attenuata, was also found. Conclusions An integrated pest management plan for B. impatiens is necessary, including flag paper trap and the predator C. attenuata as biological control in nurseries. C. attenuata, a predator of B. impatiens, is recorded for the first time in Tlaxcala.

RESUMEN Introducción: La invasión de especies exóticas es una de las principales amenazas para los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad, con un impacto directo en la economía. Objetivo: Diseñar un programa para la alerta temprana, diagnóstico rápido y mitigación de los daños que la plaga invasora Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) pudiera ocasionar, ante su eventual introducción a Cuba. Métodos: Se diseñó un programa de prevención y mitigación de daños para el enfrentamiento del insecto mediante la evaluación de la respuesta del microlepidóptero frente al cultivar cubano de tomate Vyta y las potencialidades de 2 míridos depredadores: Macrolophus basicornis (Stal) y Engytatus varians (Distant) como agentes de control biológico a través de estudios de interacción y preferencia alimentaria frente a T. absoluta y presas alternativas. Se actualizó la presencia de los depredadores en solanáceas (tomate y tabaco) en Cuba. Resultados: Los valores de los parámetros biológicos de T. absoluta sobre Vyta fueron bajos. Asimismo, la polilla mostró preferencia por la parte superior y media de las plantas para poner huevos y alimentación larval, sin embargo, Vyta fue menos preferido para la oviposición en comparación con el resto de los cultivares evaluados, lo que demuestra su resistencia frente al insecto. Los míridos mostraron mayor consumo de huevos y larvas de primer instar, con una combinación positiva de ambas especies para el control. Se reafirman las potencialidades de los míridos como agentes de control biológico, seleccionando M. basicornis como el candidato más promisorio a partir de la metodología de preferencia alimentaria empleada. Asimismo, M. basicornis completa su ciclo biológico y permanece en el cultivo alimentado con áfidos como presas alternativas. Conclusiones: Los nuevos hallazgos unido a la capacitación del personal especializado, permitió establecer las bases científicas y metodológicas para el desarrollo de un programa de prevención y mitigación del impacto de T. absoluta en Cuba.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The invasion of exotic species is one of the main threats to ecosystems and biodiversity, with a direct impact on the economy. Objective: To design a program for the early detection, rapid response and application of measures to minimize possible damages produced by the invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), before its eventual introduction into Cuba. Methods: It was designed a prevention and damage mitigation program to deal with the insect through the evaluation of the response of the microlepidoptera against the Cuban tomato cultivar Vyta and the potentialities of two mirid predators: Macrolophus basicornis (Stal) and Engytatus varians (Distant) as biological control agents through interaction and food preference studies against T. absolute and alternative preys. It was updated the presence of predators in Solanaceae (tomato and tobacco) in Cuba. Results: The values of the biological parameters of T. absoluta on Vyta were low. Likewise, the leaf miner showed preference for the upper and middle strata of the plants for laying eggs and larval feeding, however Vyta was less preferred for oviposition in comparison with the rest of the cultivars assessed, which demonstrates its resistance against the insect. Mirids showed higher consumption of eggs and first instar larvae, with positive combination of both predator species for the control. They are confirmed potentialities of mirids as biological control agents and M. basicornis is selected as the most promising candidate based on the food preference methodology used. Likewise, M. basicornis completes its lifespan and remains in the crop fed with aphids as alternative prey. Conclusions: The new findings, together with the training of specialized personnel, strengthen the scientific and methodological bases within a program of prevention and mitigation of the impact of T. absoluta in Cuba.

RESUMEN Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) es una plaga importante en los cereales almacenados en Colombia, que causa pérdidas significativas en la producción. El control químico es la principal herramienta utilizada en el país, a pesar del uso común de insecticidas, como la deltametrina, se ha observado resistencia en algunas poblaciones colombianas, pero es un problema mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia de la deltametrina y la combinación de deltametrina más butóxido de piperonilo en poblaciones colombianas de R. dominica. Pruebas de falla de control y supervivencia, revelaron que las dosis recomendadas en las etiquetas de los productos eran insuficientes para proteger el grano de esta plaga. La falla de control mostró a que la mortalidad no superó el 80 por ciento en las poblaciones estudiadas. Se observaron diferencias de susceptibilidad entre poblaciones, destacando El Espinal y Neiva como las menos susceptibles y Pore como la más sensible a la acción de los insecticidas. La combinación de deltametrina y butóxido de piperonilo redujo la supervivencia del insecto, pero no lo controló eficazmente (0-20%). Estos resultados sugieren que R. dominica puede estar desarrollando resistencia a los insecticidas, como se ha constatado en otros países. Esto subraya la importancia de realizar estudios toxicológicos y la necesidad de investigar moléculas con diversos modos de acción, contribuyendo al fortalecimiento de las estrategias de manejo químico. Para lograr un control eficaz, es necesario aplicar el manejo integrado de plagas enfocándose en métodos de control alternativos al químico.

ABSTRACT Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) is a major pest in stored cereals in Colombia, which causes significant losses in production. Chemical control is the main tool used in the country, and despite the common use of insecticides such as deltamethrin, resistance has been observed in some Colombian populations but is a worldwide problem. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of deltamethrin and the combination of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide in Colombian populations of R. dominica. Failure to control and survival tests showed that the recommended doses on product labels were insufficient to protect the grain from this pest. Failure control demonstrated that mortality did not exceed 80 percent in the populations studied. Differences in susceptibility were observed between populations, with El Espinal and Neiva highlighted as less susceptible and Pore as the most sensitive to the action of insecticides. The combination of deltamethrin and piperonyl butoxide reduced insect survival but did not effectively control it (0-20%). These results suggest that R. dominica may be developing resistance to insecticides, as has been found in other countries. This underscores the importance of conducting toxicological studies and the need to investigate molecules with diverse modes of action, contributing to the strengthening of chemical management strategies. To achieve effective control, it is necessary to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) with a focus on alternative methods to chemical control.

Abstract: Increasing concerns over the environmental impact of chemical pesticides have prompted the exploration of alternative, and eco-friendly solutions for controlling insect pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) as a biological control agent is of paramount importance. We aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations ofMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin on larval mortality and pupal formation, of sawfly larvae, a major pest of rose plants. Our study revealed a concentration-dependent effect ofM. anisopliaeon sawfly larvae. At 7 days after EPF exposure, the highest concentration (1 × 109conidia/ml) led to a mortality rate of 65.0% and at the 11th day, the larval mortality was reached up to 82.5%. The highest EPF concentration resulted in a minimal pupal formation (7.5%). This study demonstrates the potential ofM. anisopliaeas a valuable biological control agent against sawfly larvae infestations in rose plants.

Resumen: La creciente preocupación por el impacto ambiental de los pesticidas químicos ha impulsado la exploración de soluciones alternativas y ecológicas para controlar las plagas de insectos. El uso de hongos entomopatógenos (FPE) como agente de control biológico es de suma importancia. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones deMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin sobre la mortalidad larvaria y la formación de pupas de larvas de mosca sierra, una plaga importante de las plantas de rosas. Nuestro estudio reveló un efecto dependiente de la concentración deMetarhizium anisopliaesobre las larvas de mosca sierra. A los 7 días después de la exposición al EPF, la concentración más alta (1 × 109conidios/ml) condujo a una tasa de mortalidad del 65.0 % y al día 11 la mortalidad larvaria alcanzó hasta el 82.5 %. La concentración más alta de EPF resultó en una formación de pupas mínima (7.5 %). Este estudio demuestra el potencial deMetarhizium anisopliaecomo un valioso agente de control biológico contra las infestaciones de larvas de mosca sierra en plantas de rosas.

Abstract The harmful effects of chemicals in conventional agriculture and the growing demand for food free of toxic residues has developed environmentally sustainable strategies. An effective alternative for integrated pest management in agricultural crops are biopesticides formulated with microorganic structures or from the production of active compounds. This paper describes the production processes of Beauveria bassiana for formulating biopesticides for agricultural use. The information was collected through a systematic search in Research Gate, Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed, using keywords such as production, Beauveria bassiana, solid fermentation, liquid fermentation and metabolites. The results affirm that B. bassiana is one of the microorganisms with great potential to produce biopesticides, due to the entomopathogenic mechanism of action and secondary metabolites, which can be used for the biological control of phytophagous insects. Likewise, for the formulation of B. bassiana it should be considered a profitable culture medium for large-scale production, also the control of environmental variables such as temperature at 25 ◦C, relative humidity 65-70 %, pH of 5.4, propagation time between 4 to 8 days, and for the liquid fermentation process, a constant agitation between 200 to 400 rpm must be maintained. Biological products represent an alternative to minimize the use of synthetic pesticides, reduce environmental pollution and ensure food safety and security.

Resumen Los efectos nocivos de los productos químicos en la agricultura convencional y la creciente demanda de alimentos libres de residuos tóxicos, ha dado lugar al desarrollo de estrategias sostenibles con el medio ambiente. Una alternativa eficaz para el manejo integrado de plagas en los cultivos agrícolas son los bioplaguicidas formulados con estructuras de microorganismos o a partir de la producción de los compuestos activos. En este contexto, el presente trabajo describe los procesos de producción de Beauveria bassiana para la formulación de bioplaguicidas de uso agrícola. La recolección de la información se realizó mediante una búsqueda sistemática en ResearchGate, Google Académico, ScienceDirect y PubMed, empleando palabras claves como producción, Beauveria bassiana, fermentación sólida, fermentación líquida y metabolitos. A partir de los resultados de la investigación se afirma que B. bassiana es uno de los microorganismos con gran potencial para la producción de bioplaguicidas, por el mecanismo de acción entomopatógeno y los metabolitos secundarios, que pueden ser utilizados para el control biológico de insectos fitófagos. Así mismo, en la producción de B. bassiana se debe considerar un medio de cultivo rentable a gran escala, además de controlar las variables ambientales como temperatura a 25 ◦C, humedad relativa 65-70 %, pH de 5.4, tiempo de propagación entre 4 a 8 días, y para el proceso de fermentación líquida agitación constante entre 200 a 400 rpm. Los productos biológicos representan una alternativa para minimizar el uso de plaguicidas sintéticos, reducir la contaminación ambiental y garantizar la seguridad e inocuidad de los alimentos.

ABSTRACT The freshwater swampland in Indonesia covers an area of 13.28 million hectares, with approximately 8.88 million hectares suitable for agriculture. However, only 1.55 million hectares are utilized for paddy field. These lands are predominantly found in several provinces such as South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, South Sumatra, Jambi, Riau, Lampung, and Papua. The impact of El Niño on Indonesian freshwater swampland has positive effects. During extreme El Niño climatic conditions in 2015, there was an expansion in the utilization of freshwater swamplands compared to normal climate conditions. In the region of South Kalimantan, the influence of El Niño led to an 11.06% increase in the rice planting area, which consequently resulted in an overall harvested area increase of 13.20% and a 12.49% rise in rice production compared to a normal year. In order to optimize the potential of freshwater swamplands as a food buffer during El Niño, it is imperative to intensify efforts by focusing on the improvement of water management infrastructure and the implementation of integrated crop management such as cultivating adaptive varieties, applying the Legowo planting system with ratios of 2:1 or 4:1, utilizing fertilization practices to meet crop requirements, adopting integrated pest management practices, and embracing mechanized harvest techniques.

The insecticidal effect of four crude olive pomace oils extracted from pomace collected from four localities of Kabylia, refined olive pomace oil and extra virgin olive oil were assessed under laboratory conditions for the control of adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)) and Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The doses used ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 ml/25 g of durum and soft wheat seeds. In addition, the quality indices and the fatty acid composition of these oils were evaluated. The results show that the legal quality indices were well within the legal limits for crude olive-pomace oil (COP), refined pomace oil (ROP) and extra-virgin olive oil (EVO) categories. The effectiveness of these vegetable oils is highly dependent on the insect species, the dose rate, the exposure time and the type of oil tested The main fatty acids from all samples tested, were oleic (61.89-79.25%), palmitic (8.34-15.71%) and linoleic (8.17-16.52%) acids. For both species and substrates tested, mortality is dose and time of exposure dependent. The highest dose (0.4 ml/25 g) causes > 63.75% mortality, after 24 h of exposure. Comparison of LD50 (ml/25 g) indicates that olive oil was generally more toxic than crude and refined pomace oils, for both insects and substrates, values varies from 0.005 to 0.189. The most sensitive insect was S. oryzae for most vegetable oils tested. Likewise, oils significantly reduced the F1 offspring of both insects and seed weight losses. No progeny were observed in the two pests at the highest dose, and therefore no weight loss was recorded. The results also revealed that the six oils affect the germination capacity of durum and soft wheat seeds when the dosage is increased. The results collected remain encouraging for the recommendation of natural substances as part of integrated pest management programmes against insect pests of stored grains.

The use of protective netting is becoming an increasingly popular practice in the citrus industry in South Africa. However, data on its effects on biotic factors, particularly insect pests, are limited. This study focused on the effect nets have on key citrus pests in the Eastern Cape province. Orchards under nets and open orchards, of similar cultivars, ages and management practices, were monitored at several sites over two seasons for pest infestation and damage. Weekly monitoring was conducted for Thaumatotibia leucotreta infestation. Other pests were monitored either monthly or once a season. During the first season, T. leucotreta infestation was higher in orchards under nets, probably because, unlike the open orchards, the nets provided protection for the existing high levels of T. leucotreta. No T. leucotreta infestation was recorded in both orchard types in 2019. This was due to generally lower than usual pest abundance and dramatically improved area-wide management of T. leucotreta. Pheromone traps were used to monitor T. leucotreta males, including sterile moths used in a sterile insect technique programme. Although higher catches of wild T. leucotreta moths were recorded in orchards under nets, so too were there higher numbers of sterile moths and a higher ratio of sterile to wild moths, indicating the potential for better pest suppression for orchards under nets. Various other key pests were monitored during this time, with variable results for each species. Pests that were elevated under nets include Planococcus citri and Aonidiella aurantii. Pests that seemed to be lower under nets were Ceratitis capitata and Scirtothrips aurantii. Nets had no effect on Empoasca distinguenda, Penthimiola bella and Eriophyes sheldoni. These differences in pest levels in netted and open orchards trigger an important debate on whether nets are beneficial for or detrimental to the successful implementation of an integrated pest management programme.

Resumen Musca domestica Linnaeus, (Diptera: Muscidae) llamada mosca común o doméstica, es una plaga de importancia para la salud pública porque es vector de muchas enfermedades en humanos y animales. La aplicación de insecticidas sintéticos es la principal estrategia para controlar a estas moscas, pero el uso excesivo e indebido de estas sustancias pueden tener efectos adversos para el hombre y el medio ambiente. Además, esta mosca ha desarrollado resistencia a diversos insecticidas. Las mezclas de aceites esenciales son alternativas naturales para complementar el uso de insecticidas sintéticos para el control de esta plaga. En este estudio, comparamos los efectos insecticidas de una mezcla de cinco aceites esenciales comerciales y del piretroide lambda-cialotrina contra larvas y adultos de la mosca común. Además, describimos la influencia que tienen ambos tratamientos en el desarrollo de esta especie cuando fue tratado en el estado larval. Finalmente, analizamos la composición química de la mezcla mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (CG-EM), para correlacionar la actividad biológica con los compuestos presentes en la mezcla. La mezcla de aceites esenciales mostró un mayor efecto larvicida en comparación con la lambda-cialotrina (5% de ingrediente activo) y mostró un efecto letal similar en los adultos. Ambos tratamientos provocaron efectos nocivos similares en el ciclo de vida de M. domestica. El análisis químico de la mezcla mostró la presencia de terpenos, terpenoides y un hidrocarburo. Encontramos diferencias en la composición química de los volátiles de la mezcla según el método de muestreo. Discutimos nuestros hallazgos en términos del manejo integrado de vectores.

Abstract Musca domestica Linnaeus, (Diptera: Muscidae), commonly named the housefly, is a pest of public health importance because it is a vector of many diseases in humans and animals. Synthetic insecticide application is the primary strategy for controlling houseflies, but overreliance and misuse of these substances can adversely affect man and the environment. In addition, this fly has developed resistance to various insecticides. Blends of essential oils are natural alternatives to complement synthetic insecticides to control this pest. In this study, we compared the insecticidal effects of a blend of five commercial essential oils and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin against larvae and adults of the housefly. Additionally, we described the influence of both treatments on the development of this species when treated in the larval stage. Finally, we analyzed the chemical composition of the blend using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to correlate the biological activity with compounds present in the blend. The essential oil blend showed a higher larvicidal effect than lambda-cyhalothrin (5% active ingredient) and a similar lethal effect on adults. Both treatments caused similar deleterious effects on the life cycle of M. domestica. The chemical analysis of the blend showed the presence of terpenes, terpenoids, and one hydrocarbon. Differences were observed in the chemical composition of the headspace of the blend accordingly to the sampling method. We discuss our findings in terms of an integrated vector management framework.

RESUMO O aumento de resíduos de pesticidas em alimentos é extremamente perigoso para os seres humanos. Objetivouse determinar as concentrações de resíduos de pesticidas remanescentes em mangas, após serem expostas a vários módulos de mitigação de resíduos de pesticidas (MMRP). Dentre estes, quatro módulos foram utilizados como candidatos a abordagens de manejo integrado de pragas, enquanto o quinto era tradicional e serviu como controle. Resíduos dos pesticidas lambdacialotrina, cipermetrina, indoxacarbe, imidaclopride, piriproxifeno, acetamipride, buprofezina e clorpirifós foram avaliados em mangas colhidas em pomares. A técnica QuEChERS foi utilizada para extrair as amostras de resíduos e a GC-MS para a sua quantificação. Um aumento significativo na porcentagem de amostras contaminadas foi registrado durante as safras de 2019-2020 e 2020-2021. As amostras do MMRP-I apresentaram 16,67 % (2019-2020) e 25,29 % (2020-2021) de contaminação, em relação ao controle. As amostras do MMRP-II coletadas durante 2019-2020 e 2020-2021 mostraram, respectivamente, 58,13 e 53,13 % de contaminação. Durante 2020-2021, 66,67 e 67,00 % das amostras foram contaminadas no MMRP-III e MMRP-IV, respectivamente. As recuperações variaram de 88,37 a 99,02 %, com desvio padrão relativo de 1,07 a 3,97 % para todas as amostras, em ambas as safras. O MMRP-IV apresentou nível de contaminação maior do que os outros módulos e o controle. humanos MMRP. MMRP . (MMRP) estes pragas controle lambdacialotrina cipermetrina indoxacarbe imidaclopride piriproxifeno acetamipride pomares GCMS GC MS quantificação 20192020 2019 2020 2019-202 20202021. 20202021 2021. 2021 MMRPI I 1667 16 67 16,6 (2019-2020 2529 25 29 25,2 (2020-2021 MMRPII II 2020-202 mostraram respectivamente 5813 58 13 58,1 5313 53 53,1 20202021, 2021, 6667 66 66,6 6700 00 67,0 MMRPIII III MMRPIV, MMRPIV IV, IV 8837 88 37 88,3 9902 99 02 99,0 107 1 07 1,0 397 3 97 3,9 (MMRP 2019202 201 202 2019-20 2020202 166 6 16, (2019-202 252 2 25, (2020-202 2020-20 581 5 58, 531 53, 666 66, 670 0 67, 883 8 88, 990 9 99, 10 1, 39 3, 201920 20 2019-2 202020 (2019-20 (2020-20 2020-2 20192 2019- 20202 (2019-2 (2020-2 2020- (2019- (2020- (2019 (2020 (201 (202 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT The increase of pesticide residues in food is extremely dangerous for humans. This research aimed to determine the concentrations of left-over pesticides residues on mangoes after they were exposed to pesticide residue mitigation modules (PRMM). Among these, four modules were used as candidate for integrated pest management approaches, while the fifth was traditional and served as a control. Residues of the lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, indoxacarb, imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen, acetamiprid, buprofezin and chlorpyrifos pesticides were assessed from mangoes taken from orchards. The QuEChERS technique was used to extract the residue samples and the GC-MS for their quantification. A significant increase in the percentage of contaminated samples was recorded during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons. Samples belonging to PRMM-I showed 16.67 % (2019-2020) and 25.29 % (2020-2021) of contamination over the control. The samples collected during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 from PRMM-II showed, respectively, 58.13 and 53.13 % of contamination. During 2020-2021, 66.67 and 67.00 % of the samples were contaminated for PRMM-III and PRMM-IV, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 88.37 to 99.02 %, with 1.07 to 3.97 % relative standard deviation, for all samples, in both seasons. PRMM-IV showed a greater contamination than the other modules and the control. humans leftover left PRMM. PRMM . (PRMM) these approaches control lambdacyhalothrin, lambdacyhalothrin lambda cyhalothrin, cyhalothrin lambda-cyhalothrin cypermethrin indoxacarb imidacloprid pyriproxyfen acetamiprid orchards GCMS GC MS quantification 20192020 2019 2020 2019-202 20202021 2021 2020-202 seasons PRMMI I 1667 16 67 16.6 (2019-2020 2529 25 29 25.2 (2020-2021 PRMMII II respectively 5813 58 13 58.1 5313 53 53.1 20202021, 2021, 6667 66 66.6 6700 00 67.0 PRMMIII III PRMMIV, PRMMIV IV, IV 8837 88 37 88.3 9902 99 02 99.0 107 1 07 1.0 397 3 97 3.9 deviation (PRMM 2019202 201 202 2019-20 2020202 2020-20 166 6 16. (2019-202 252 2 25. (2020-202 581 5 58. 531 53. 666 66. 670 0 67. 883 8 88. 990 9 99. 10 1. 39 3. 201920 20 2019-2 202020 2020-2 (2019-20 (2020-20 20192 2019- 20202 2020- (2019-2 (2020-2 (2019- (2020- (2019 (2020 (201 (202 (20 (2 (