Abstract The two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is the key pest in rose cut. Preliminary observations show that plants with high density of two-spotted mite exhibit nutritional imbalance, but there is not quantitative information about it. The objective was to determine the relation between two-spotted mite´s density and nutritional status of cut rose crop ‘Polo’. In four samplings, 60 spotted mite-free and 60 plants with over 60 mites per leaf (high infestation) were selected. In both cases, foliar analyses were carried out to determine the micro and macro elements as well as the Nutritional Unbalanced Index (IDN). The plants infested with two-spotted mite showed a nutritional disequilibrium due to reduced foliar concentration of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, manganese and copper. The percentage reduction in the concentration of these elements fluctuated between 0.3 to 29 % compared against control.

Resumen La araña roja, Tetranychus urticae Koch, es la principal plaga del cultivo de rosas para corte (Rosa hybrida). Observaciones preliminares indican que plantas con alta densidad de araña roja presentan deficiencias nutrimentales, pero no existe información cuantitativa al respecto. El objetivo fue determinar la relación que existe entre la densidad de araña roja y el estado nutrimental de rosal ‘Polo’. En cuatro muestreos, se seleccionaron 60 plantas libres de araña roja y 60 plantas con más de 60 ácaros por hoja (infestación alta). En ambos casos se determinó, mediante análisis químico foliar, la cantidad de macro y micronutrimentos, así como el índice de desbalance nutricional (IDN). Las plantas con presencia de araña roja muestran desequilibrio nutrimental debido a la reducción en la concentración foliar de nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, calcio, manganeso y cobre. El porcentaje de reducción de la concentración de dichos elementos osciló entre 0.3 y 29 % respecto al testigo.

Abstract Introduction: The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is one of the most economically important pests of mangoes in Mexico and the Neotropics. Objective: To analyze adult population patterns of A. obliqua and their relation to local and landscape factors. Methods: We selected 11 “Manila” mango orchards along the middle part of La Antigua River, which were characterized to determine their biophysical structure and landscape configuration considering their distance to six different land uses/land covers. Anastrepha obliqua population was estimated by collecting adult flies in colorless polyethylene plastic bottle traps baited with a protein for three weeks in June 2022. Results: A total of 1 869 adults of A. obliqua were trapped, of which 75 % were females and 25 % were males. Abundance varied from 68 to 490 adult flies per orchard, while capture frequency from 0.36 to 1.8 flies/trap/day. Abundance increased in highly shaded orchards, and capture frequency decreased in orchards with highly soil compaction. Abundance and the frequency of capture increased in orchards near isolated trees of Spondias spp. and decreased in orchards near sugarcane plantations. Shade management in mango orchards may be used as an effective strategy to promote biotic interactions to naturally regulate A. obliqua populations, meanwhile, soil compaction represents a limiting ecological condition, which might severely impact fruit fly larvae survival. Conclusions: Adult population of A. obliqua depends on several local and landscape factors because they indicate resource availability and ecological conditions. These findings could be considered for control strategies in the integrated management of this pest to promote protection and improve the fruit quality of mango crop.

Resumen Introducción: La mosca de las indias occidentales, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), es una de las plagas más importantes económicamente en el cultivo de mango de México y el neotrópico. Objetivo: Analizamos los patrones de la población adulta de A. obliqua y su relación con factores locales y del paisaje. Métodos: Un total de 11 huertos de mango “Manila” fueron caracterizados en estructura biofísica y configuración del paisaje. Los adultos de A. obliqua fueron capturados con trampas (botellas de polietileno cebadas con una proteína) durante tres semanas en junio de 2022. Resultados: Se capturaron 1 869 adultos de A. obliqua, de los cuales 75 % fueron hembras y 25 % machos. La abundancia varió de 68 a 490 moscas adultas por huerto, mientras que la frecuencia de captura de 0.36 a 1.8 moscas/trampa/día. La abundancia incrementó en huertos altamente sombreados y decreció en huertos con suelos compactos. La abundancia y frecuencia incrementaron en huertos cercanos a árboles de Spondias spp. y decreció en huertos cercanos a plantaciones de caña de azúcar. El manejo de la sombra puede ser utilizado como una estrategia efectiva para promover las interacciones que regulan naturalmente la población de A. obliqua, mientras que la compactación del suelo representa una condición ecológica limitante que podría impactar severamente en la supervivencia de larvas de moscas de la fruta. Conclusión: La población adulta de A. obliqua depende de varios factores locales y del paisaje que indican disponibilidad de recursos y condiciones ecológicas. Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse en las estrategias del manejo integrado de esta plaga para promover la protección y el mejoramiento de la calidad de frutos en el cultivo de mango.

Abstract Introduction The Dark Winged Fungus Gnat, Bradysia impatiens Johannsen, is a significant pest in modern forest nurseries in Mexico, as it causes plant mortality. However, studies on adult monitoring are scarce. Objectives Determine the most suitable trap for monitoring B. impatiens, characterize its population levels and identify associated organisms, including its natural enemies. Materials and methods The attraction effect of B. impatiens to two types of yellow sticky traps (circular and flag paper trap) and a colorless trap was evaluated. After selecting the best trap, the capture of B. impatiens and associated organisms was compared across four forest nurseries to determine the species' population levels. Capture data were analyzed using generalized linear models with negative binomial regression. Results and discussion Flag paper trap was the most efficient for capturing adults. Based on weekly captures, three population levels were subjectively rated: low (<30 adults), medium (30-60 adults), and high (>60 adults). Coenosia attenuata Stein was found as a natural enemy of the pest; however, the capture percentage was low (1.78 %), so the traps do not pose a threat to their populations. Kleidotoma sp., a possible parasitoid of the pest and C. attenuata, was also found. Conclusions An integrated pest management plan for B. impatiens is necessary, including flag paper trap and the predator C. attenuata as biological control in nurseries. C. attenuata, a predator of B. impatiens, is recorded for the first time in Tlaxcala.

Resumen Introducción El mosco fungoso negro Bradysia impatiens Johannsen es una plaga de importancia en los viveros forestales tecnificados de México, debido a que ocasiona mortalidad de la planta; sin embargo, los estudios sobre monitoreo de adultos son escasos. Objetivos Determinar la trampa más adecuada para el monitoreo de B. impatiens, caracterizar sus niveles poblacionales e identificar organismos asociados, entre ellos sus enemigos naturales. Materiales y métodos Se evaluó el efecto de atracción de B. impatiens a dos tipos de trampas pegajosas amarillas (circulares y bandera) y una incolora. Después de la selección de la mejor trampa, se comparó la captura de B. impatiens y organismos asociados en cuatro viveros forestales para determinar niveles poblacionales de la especie. Los datos de captura se analizaron con modelos lineales generalizados mediante regresión binomial negativa. Resultados y discusión La trampa bandera fue la más eficiente para la captura de adultos. Con base en la captura semanal, se calificaron subjetivamente tres niveles poblacionales: baja (<30 adultos), media (30-60 adultos) y alta (>60 adultos). Se encontró a Coenosia attenuata Stein como enemigo natural de la plaga; sin embargo, el porcentaje de captura fue bajo (1.78 %), por lo que las trampas no representan amenaza para sus poblaciones. También se encontró a Kleidotoma sp., posible parasitoide de la plaga y de C. attenuata. Conclusiones Es necesario un plan de manejo integrado de plagas para B. impatiens, que incluya la trampa bandera y el depredador C. attenuata como control biológico en viveros. La mosca C. attenuata, depredadora de B. impatiens, se registra por primera vez en Tlaxcala.

Abstract: Increasing concerns over the environmental impact of chemical pesticides have prompted the exploration of alternative, and eco-friendly solutions for controlling insect pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) as a biological control agent is of paramount importance. We aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations ofMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin on larval mortality and pupal formation, of sawfly larvae, a major pest of rose plants. Our study revealed a concentration-dependent effect ofM. anisopliaeon sawfly larvae. At 7 days after EPF exposure, the highest concentration (1 × 109conidia/ml) led to a mortality rate of 65.0% and at the 11th day, the larval mortality was reached up to 82.5%. The highest EPF concentration resulted in a minimal pupal formation (7.5%). This study demonstrates the potential ofM. anisopliaeas a valuable biological control agent against sawfly larvae infestations in rose plants.

Resumen: La creciente preocupación por el impacto ambiental de los pesticidas químicos ha impulsado la exploración de soluciones alternativas y ecológicas para controlar las plagas de insectos. El uso de hongos entomopatógenos (FPE) como agente de control biológico es de suma importancia. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones deMetarhizium anisopliae(Metschnikoff) Sorokin sobre la mortalidad larvaria y la formación de pupas de larvas de mosca sierra, una plaga importante de las plantas de rosas. Nuestro estudio reveló un efecto dependiente de la concentración deMetarhizium anisopliaesobre las larvas de mosca sierra. A los 7 días después de la exposición al EPF, la concentración más alta (1 × 109conidios/ml) condujo a una tasa de mortalidad del 65.0 % y al día 11 la mortalidad larvaria alcanzó hasta el 82.5 %. La concentración más alta de EPF resultó en una formación de pupas mínima (7.5 %). Este estudio demuestra el potencial deMetarhizium anisopliaecomo un valioso agente de control biológico contra las infestaciones de larvas de mosca sierra en plantas de rosas.

Resumo Myochrous armatus (Baly, 1865) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) causa perdas consideráveis às lavouras de soja no Brasil e em vários outros países da América do Sul. A aplicação de inseticidas biológicos pode ser uma alternativa eficaz para suprimir esta praga. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de inseticidas microbiológicos formulados a partir dos fungos Beauveria bassiana + Metarhizium anisopliae (Bometil) e B. bassiana (Ballvéria), e bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis (Acera) isoladamente e em combinação com os inseticidas químicos fipronil, etiprole e clorpirifós, contra adultos de M. armatus. Os inseticidas à base de B. bassiana + M. anisopliae foram mais patogênicos que os à base de B. bassiana, causando taxas de mortalidade acumuladas nos dez dias com 85,0 e 65,0% respectivamente. Em contraste, B. thuringiensis causou 92,5% de mortalidade. Estes produtos sozinhos e em combinação foram eficazes para o controlo nas suas concentrações mais baixas. Portanto, o uso de inseticidas microbiológicos individualmente ou em combinação com inseticidas químicos é uma alternativa promissora para o manejo integrado de M. armatus. Baly, Baly (Baly 1865 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Sul praga Bometil (Bometil B Ballvéria, Ballvéria , (Ballvéria) Acera (Acera fipronil clorpirifós M 850 85 0 85, 650 65 65,0 respectivamente contraste 925 92 5 92,5 baixas Portanto 186 (Ballvéria 8 6 65, 9 92, 18 1

Abstract Myochrous armatus (Baly, 1865) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) causes considerable losses to soybean crops in Brazil and several other South American countries. Applying biological insecticides can be an effective alternative to suppressing this pest. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of microbiological insecticides formulated from the fungi Beauveria bassiana + Metarhizium anisopliae (Bometil) and B. bassiana alone (Ballvéria), and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Acera) alone and in combination with the chemical insecticides fipronil, ethiprole and chlorpyrifos, against M. armatus adults. The insecticides based on B. bassiana + M. anisopliae were found to be more pathogenic than those based on B. bassiana, causing cumulative mortality rates in the ten days of 85.0 and 65.0% respectively. In contrast, B. thuringiensis caused 92.5% mortality. These products alone and in combination were effective for control at their lowest concentrations. Therefore, the use of microbiological insecticides individually or in combination with chemical insecticides is a promising alternative for the integrated management of M. armatus. Baly, Baly (Baly 1865 Coleoptera (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae countries pest Bometil (Bometil B Ballvéria, Ballvéria , (Ballvéria) Acera (Acera fipronil chlorpyrifos M adults 850 85 0 85. 650 65 65.0 respectively contrast 925 92 5 92.5 concentrations Therefore 186 (Ballvéria 8 6 65. 9 92. 18 1

Resumo Earias vittella Fabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) é considerada uma das pragas mais destrutivas de algodão e quiabo no mundo, incluindo a Ásia. Essa praga estabeleceu resistência a vários inseticidas sintéticos. O uso de biopesticidas é uma das abordagens não convencionais para desenvolver um ecossistema saudável sem prejudicar as pragas não alvo e a fauna natural benéfica de insetos. No presente estudo, os níveis de toxicidade do extrato de semente de Citrullus colocynthis foram avaliados nas populações de E. vittella em condições de laboratório padronizadas. Os efeitos tóxicos de C. colocynthis nos períodos de desenvolvimento, conteúdo de proteína e atividade esterase das fases de vida de E. vittella também foram avaliados. Os níveis de toxicidade de metanol, etanol, hexano, água e profenofós foram avaliados em larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. As concentrações de LC30 e LC80 apresentaram eficácia do extrato de sementes de C. colocynthis à base de metanol contra larvas de 1º instar de E. vittella. Os períodos larval e pupal aumentados foram revelados nas amostras tratadas durante a comparação com as amostras não tratadas. A taxa intrínseca de aumento e a taxa reprodutiva líquida nas concentrações de larvas expostas LC30 e LC80 permaneceram menores do que o tratamento controle. A fecundidade, a atividade da esterase e o conteúdo de proteína diminuíram nas amostras tratadas com LC30 e LC80 em comparação com o controle. As presentes descobertas sugerem que os extratos de C. colocynthis à base de inseticidas botânicos são benéficos, sustentáveis para o ecossistema e podem ser integrados com programas de manejo de insetos do ponto de vista da segurança ambiental.

Abstract Earias vittellaFabricius, 1794 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is deliberated to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra vegetation in the world including Asia. The pest has established resistance to various synthetic insecticides. The use of bio-pesticide is one of the unconventional approaches to develop a vigorous ecosystem without harming non- target pests and beneficial natural insect fauna. In the present study, the toxicity levels of Citrullus colocynthis seed extract have been evaluated against the populations of E. vittellaunder standardized laboratory conditions. The toxic effects of C. colocynthis on development periods, protein contents and esterase activity of the life stages of E. vittella were also evaluated. The toxicity levels of methanol, ethanol, hexane, water and profenofos were evaluated on the 1st instar larvae of E. vittella. LC30 and LC80 concentrations exhibited the effectiveness of methanol-based C. colocynthis seed extract against 1st instar larvae of E. vitella. The enhanced larval and pupal periods were revealed in treated samples during the comparison with untreated samples. The intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate in the LC30 and LC80 concentrations exposed larvae remained less than the control treatment. Fecundity, the esterase activity and protein contents were declined in LC30 and LC80 treated samples as compared to the control. The present findings suggest that C. colosynthis extracts based botanical insecticides are beneficial, ecosystem sustainable and can be integrated with insect management programs from environment safety perspective.

Abstract The present study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of two sprays of seven pesticides at recommended dose on citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis and the side effects on their predatory mites, Euseius scutalis, Amblyseius swirskii, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under field conditions at 2022 & 2023 seasons. The obtained results show that, all tested pesticides achieved high reduction % of E. orientalis ranged between (82.1-90.0%) and (81.6-87.1%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2022 season, where it ranged between (84.9- 88.7%) and ( 79.7- 88.7%) after 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. Abamectin recorded the highest reduction % against the citrus brown mite, whereas Congest pesticide recorded the lowest reduction % after the two sprays along 2022 & 2023 seasons. As for the side effects of tested pesticides on associated predatory mites, all pesticides were safely for E. scutalis numbers recording decrease % between (18.4-28.6%) and (16.2 -26.1%) after the 1st and 2nd spray at 2022 season , where it ranged between (15.3- 29.1%) and (19.6-32.0%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. On contrary, imidacloprid was unsafely for E. scutalis numbers recording the highest mean decrease % after 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. Also, all tested pesticides were safely for A. swirskii numbers, after the 1st and 2nd sprays of the two seasons recording decrease (from 10.9 to 28.1%) & (24.4 to 31.4%) for the 2022 season, and (19-38.9%) & (18.7-39.4%) at 2023 season. On contrary, imidacloprid was unsafely for A. swirskii numbers recorded the highest decrease % after 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. As for, Ph. Persimilis numbers, all tested pesticides were safely, where it recorded low decrease % ranged between (17-33.8%) & (20.4-34.8%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2022 season, and (24.3-39%) & (20.2-28.9%) after the 1st and 2nd sprays of 2023 season. On the other side, imidacloprid was unsafely for Ph. persimilis numbers recording the highest decrease % after the 1st and 2nd sprays during the two seasons. The present study proved that all tested pesticides were high effective against E. orientalis and appeared to be safely and selective for associated predatory mites except imidacloprid which was very harmful for all tested predatory mites, and it could be concluded that the tested pesticides, Fenpyroximate, Hexythiazox , Congest , Spirodiclofen, Abamectin, and Chlorfenapyr could be used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for E. orientalis at citrus orchards. mite Acari (Acari Phytoseiidae 202 E 82.190.0% 821900 82.1 90.0% 82 1 90 0 (82.1-90.0% 81.687.1% 816871 81.6 87.1% 81 6 87 (81.6-87.1% st nd 84.9 849 84 9 (84.9 88.7% 887 88 7 79.7 797 79 18.428.6% 184286 18.4 28.6% 18 4 28 (18.4-28.6% 16.2 162 16 2 (16. 26.1% 261 26 -26.1% 15.3 153 15 3 (15.3 29.1% 291 29 19.632.0% 196320 19.6 32.0% 19 32 (19.6-32.0% contrary Also A from 109 10 10. 28.1% 281 24.4 244 24 (24. 31.4% 314 31 1938.9% 19389 38.9% 38 (19-38.9% 18.739.4% 187394 18.7 39.4% 39 (18.7-39.4% Ph 1733.8% 17338 17 33.8% 33 8 (17-33.8% 20.434.8% 204348 20.4 34.8% 20 34 (20.4-34.8% 24.339% 24339 24.3 39% (24.3-39% 20.228.9% 202289 20.2 28.9% (20.2-28.9% Fenpyroximate Spirodiclofen IPM (IPM orchards 190 82.190.0 82190 821 82. 900 90.0 (82.1-90.0 687 81.687.1 81687 816 81. 871 87.1 (81.6-87.1 84. (84. 88.7 79. 428 18.428.6 18428 184 18. 286 28.6 (18.4-28.6 16. (16 26.1 -26.1 15. (15. 29.1 632 19.632.0 19632 196 19. 320 32.0 (19.6-32.0 28.1 24. (24 31.4 1938 1938.9 389 38.9 (19-38.9 739 18.739.4 18739 187 394 39.4 (18.7-39.4 1733 1733.8 338 33.8 (17-33.8 434 20.434.8 20434 204 20. 348 34.8 (20.4-34.8 339 24.339 2433 243 (24.3-39 228 20.228.9 20228 289 28.9 (20.2-28.9 82.190. 8219 90. (82.1-90. 68 81.687. 8168 87. (81.6-87. (84 88. 42 18.428. 1842 28. (18.4-28. (1 26. -26. (15 29. 63 19.632. 1963 32. (19.6-32. (2 31. 193 1938. 38. (19-38. 73 18.739. 1873 39. (18.7-39. 173 1733. 33. (17-33. 43 20.434. 2043 34. (20.4-34. 24.33 (24.3-3 22 20.228. (20.2-28. 82.190 (82.1-90 81.687 (81.6-87 (8 18.428 (18.4-28 -26 19.632 (19.6-32 (19-38 18.739 (18.7-39 (17-33 20.434 (20.4-34 (24.3- 20.228 (20.2-28 82.19 (82.1-9 81.68 (81.6-8 18.42 (18.4-2 -2 19.63 (19.6-3 (19-3 18.73 (18.7-3 (17-3 20.43 (20.4-3 (24.3 20.22 (20.2-2 (82.1- (81.6- (18.4- - (19.6- (19- (18.7- (17- (20.4- (20.2- (82.1 (81.6 (18.4 (19.6 (19 (18.7 (17 (20.4 (20.2 (82. (81. (18. (19. (20. (82 (81 (18 (20

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de duas pulverizações de sete pesticidas na dose recomendada sobre o ácaro marrom dos citros, Eutetranychus orientalis, e os efeitos colaterais sobre seus ácaros predadores, Euseius scutalis, Amblyseius swirskii, Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) em campo, nas condições das temporadas de 2022 e 2023. Os resultados obtidos mostram que todos os pesticidas testados alcançaram alta redução (%) de E. orientalis, a qual variou entre (82,1-90,0%) e (81,6-87,1%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2022. A redução variou entre (84,9-88,7%) e (79,7-88,7%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada 2023. A abamectina registrou a maior redução (%) contra o ácaro marrom dos citros, enquanto o pesticida Congest registrou a menor redução (%) após as duas pulverizações ao longo das temporadas de 2022 e 2023. Quanto aos efeitos colaterais dos pesticidas testados em ácaros predadores associados, todos os pesticidas foram seguros para números de E. scutalis, registrando diminuição (%) entre (18,4-28,6%) e (16,2-26,1%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações na temporada de 2022, a qual variou entre (15,3-29,1%) e (19,6-32,0%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da safra 2023. Pelo contrário, o imidaclopride não foi seguro para os números de E. scutalis, registando a maior diminuição média (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas estações. Além disso, todos os pesticidas testados foram seguros para números de A. swirskii, após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações das duas temporadas, registrando diminuição (de 10,9 para 28,1%) e (de 24,4 para 31,4%) para a temporada de 2022, e (19-38,9%) e (18,7-39,4%), na temporada de 2023. Pelo contrário, o imidaclopride não era seguro para A. swirskii e os números registraram a maior diminuição (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas estações. Quanto aos números de P. Persimilis, todos os pesticidas testados foram seguros, em que se registrou baixa porcentagem de redução, variando entre (17-33,8%) e (20,4-34,8%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2022, e (24,3-39%) & (20,2-28,9%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações da temporada de 2023. Por outro lado, o imidaclopride não foi seguro para os números de P. persimilis, registando a maior diminuição (%) após a primeira e a segunda pulverizações durante as duas épocas. O presente estudo provou que todos os pesticidas testados foram altamente eficazes contra E. orientalis e parecem ser seguros e seletivos para os ácaros predadores associados, exceto o imidaclopride, que foi muito prejudicial para todos os ácaros predadores testados. Pôde-se concluir que os pesticidas testados, Fenpiroximato, Hexitiazox, Congest, Espirodiclofeno, Abamectina e Clorfenapir, poderiam ser usados nos programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) para E. orientalis em pomares cítricos. citros scutalis Acari (Acari Phytoseiidae campo 202 2023 % (% E 82,190,0% 821900 82,1 90,0% 82 1 90 0 (82,1-90,0% 81,687,1% 816871 81,6 87,1% 81 6 87 (81,6-87,1% 84,988,7% 849887 84,9 88,7% 84 9 88 7 (84,9-88,7% 79,788,7% 797887 79,7 79 (79,7-88,7% associados 18,428,6% 184286 18,4 28,6% 18 4 28 (18,4-28,6% 16,226,1% 162261 16,2 26,1% 16 2 26 (16,2-26,1% 15,329,1% 153291 15,3 29,1% 15 3 29 (15,3-29,1% 19,632,0% 196320 19,6 32,0% 19 32 (19,6-32,0% contrário estações disso 109 10 10, 28,1% 281 244 24 24, 31,4% 314 31 1938,9% 19389 38,9% 38 (19-38,9% 18,739,4%, 187394 18,7 39,4% , 39 (18,7-39,4%) P Persimilis 1733,8% 17338 17 33,8% 33 8 (17-33,8% 20,434,8% 204348 20,4 34,8% 20 34 (20,4-34,8% 24,339% 24339 24,3 39% (24,3-39% 20,228,9% 202289 20,2 28,9% (20,2-28,9% lado épocas Pôdese Pôde Fenpiroximato Hexitiazox Espirodiclofeno Clorfenapir MIP (MIP cítricos ( 190 82,190,0 82190 821 82, 900 90,0 (82,1-90,0 687 81,687,1 81687 816 81, 871 87,1 (81,6-87,1 988 84,988,7 84988 849 84, 887 88,7 (84,9-88,7 788 79,788,7 79788 797 79, (79,7-88,7 428 18,428,6 18428 184 18, 286 28,6 (18,4-28,6 226 16,226,1 16226 162 16, 261 26,1 (16,2-26,1 329 15,329,1 15329 153 15, 291 29,1 (15,3-29,1 632 19,632,0 19632 196 19, 320 32,0 (19,6-32,0 28,1 31,4 1938 1938,9 389 38,9 (19-38,9 739 18,739,4% 18739 187 394 39,4 (18,7-39,4% 1733 1733,8 338 33,8 (17-33,8 434 20,434,8 20434 204 20, 348 34,8 (20,4-34,8 339 24,339 2433 243 (24,3-39 228 20,228,9 20228 289 28,9 (20,2-28,9 82,190, 8219 90, (82,1-90, 68 81,687, 8168 87, (81,6-87, 98 84,988, 8498 88, (84,9-88, 78 79,788, 7978 (79,7-88, 42 18,428, 1842 28, (18,4-28, 22 16,226, 1622 26, (16,2-26, 15,329, 1532 29, (15,3-29, 63 19,632, 1963 32, (19,6-32, 31, 193 1938, 38, (19-38, 73 18,739,4 1873 39, (18,7-39,4 173 1733, 33, (17-33, 43 20,434, 2043 34, (20,4-34, 24,33 (24,3-3 20,228, (20,2-28, 82,190 (82,1-90 81,687 (81,6-87 84,988 (84,9-88 79,788 (79,7-88 18,428 (18,4-28 16,226 (16,2-26 15,329 (15,3-29 19,632 (19,6-32 (19-38 18,739, (18,7-39, (17-33 20,434 (20,4-34 (24,3- 20,228 (20,2-28 82,19 (82,1-9 81,68 (81,6-8 84,98 (84,9-8 79,78 (79,7-8 18,42 (18,4-2 16,22 (16,2-2 15,32 (15,3-2 19,63 (19,6-3 (19-3 18,739 (18,7-39 (17-3 20,43 (20,4-3 (24,3 20,22 (20,2-2 (82,1- (81,6- (84,9- (79,7- (18,4- (16,2- (15,3- (19,6- (19- 18,73 (18,7-3 (17- (20,4- (24, (20,2- (82,1 (81,6 (84,9 (79,7 (18,4 (16,2 (15,3 (19,6 (19 (18,7- (17 (20,4 (24 (20,2 (82, (81, (84, (79, (18, (16, (15, (19, (1 (18,7 (20, (2 (82 (81 (84 (79 (18 (16 (15 (20 (8 (7

Resumo O setor florestal brasileiro se destaca pela tecnologia, práticas de manejo florestal, responsabilidade social e ambiental e, principalmente, alta produtividade, mas pragas exóticas podem reduzir isto. O parasitoide Psyllaephagus bliteus (Riek, 1962) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), percevejos predadores e fungos entomopatogênicos como Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são inimigos naturais usados no controle biológico do psilídeo-de-concha do eucalipto Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), praga em plantios de eucalipto. A utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos contra pragas exóticas vem aumentando no setor florestal e a prospecção e identificação de isolados fúngicos é importante para o manejo integrado de pragas. O objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento e identificação molecular de Cordyceps spp. e avaliar a patogenicidade dos isolados de Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) e Cordyceps fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 e LCBPF 63), obtidos de adultos de Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), ao psilídeo-de-concha G. brimblecombei. Os fungos foram isolados de adultos de B. tabaci encontrados em culturas de soja e tomate e identificados molecularmente. Os conídios foram suspensos em solução com Tween 80 (0,1%) na concentração de 1,0 x 108 conídios/mL e pulverizados sobre dez ninfas de G. brimblecombei por folha de Eucalyptus cortada e colocada sobre gel hidrorretentor no interior de placas de Petri por repetição. O número de insetos mortos foi quantificado, diariamente, por sete dias e transferidos para câmaras úmidas. Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) e C. fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 e LCBPF 63) foram identificados por análise molecular e todos os isolados foram patogênicos para os insetos. Isto indica serem importantes para o manejo de G. brimblecombei e confirma relatos de que, normalmente, fungos causam maiores mortalidades em insetos da mesma ordem daquela da qual foram isolados.

Abstract The Brazilian forestry sector stands out for its technology, forestry management practices, social and environmental responsibility and, mainly, for its high productivity and exotic pests can reduce it. The red gum lerp psyllid Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) is an important pest in Eucalyptus plantations. The parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus (Riek, 1962) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), predatory bugs and entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the natural enemies and used in the biological control of the red gum lerp psyllid. The use of entomopathogenic fungi against exotic pests is increasing in the forestry sector and the prospecting and identification of fungus isolates is important for integrated pest management. The objective of this work was the isolation and molecular identification of Cordyceps spp. And to evaluate the pathogenicity of isolates, obtained from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) adults, against to the red gum lerp psyllid G. brimblecombei. The fungi were isolated from B. tabaci adults found in soybean and tomato crops and molecularly identified. The conidia obtained were suspended in solution with Tween 80 (0.1%) at a concentration of 1.0 × 108 conidia/mL and sprayed on ten G. brimblecombei nymphs per Eucalyptus leaf cut and placed on a hydroretentive gel inside per Petri dishes as a replication. The number of dead insects was quantified, daily, for seven days, and transferred to humid chambers. Cordyceps javanica (LCBPF 11) and C. fumosorosea (LCBPF 12 and LCBPF 63) were identified with a molecular analysis and all isolates were pathogenic to the insects and indicates that they could be used to manage G. brimblecombei and adds to reports that, normally, fungi cause greater mortality on insects of the same order as that from which they were isolated.

Resumo A cultura da cana-de-açúcar Saccharum spp. (Poales: Poaceae) produz diferentes derivados para o mundo: açúcar, etanol e bioenergia. Apesar da aplicação de pesticidas, os insetos-praga ainda causam prejuízos econômicos, dentre eles a cochonilha rosada da cana-de-açúcar Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) causando danos diretos e indiretos à planta. Este estudo avaliou a virulência de três espécies de nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) e suas bactérias simbiontes contra a cochonilha rosada da cana-de-açúcar, em condições de laboratório. Quatorze tratamentos representados pelo controle (água destilada), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (HB EN01) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema rarum (Doucet, 1986) (PAM25) e Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955 (All) (Rhabditida: Steinermatidae) nas concentrações de 25, 50, 75 e 100 juvenis infectantes (JIs)/inseto, e o produto químico padrão, tiametoxam, foram testados. Em um segundo experimento, a bactéria Photorhabdus luminescens (Thomas e Poinar, 1979), Xenorhabdus szentirmaii Lengyel, 2005 e Xenorhabdus nematophila (Poinar e Thomas, 1965) (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae) em 3,0 x 109 células/ml foram avaliadas para cada tratamento. Dez repetições foram estabelecidas, cada uma contendo dez fêmeas/cochonilhas dentro de uma placa de Petri de 10 cm, totalizando 100 indivíduos/tratamento. Todos os tratamentos foram mantidos em condições estáveis (25±1 ºC, U 70±10%, no escuro). Todas as espécies de nematoides infectaram S. sacchari. Steinerma rarum (PAM25) proporcionou a maior mortalidade contra a cochonilha rosada da cana-de-açúcar (79,25%), seguida por H. bacteriophora (HB EN01) (58,25%) e S. carpocapsae (All) (42,50%) (P<0,001). As taxas de mortalidade causada por X. szentirmaii, P. luminescens e X. nematophila foram de 40, 45 e 20%, respectivamente. Steinerma rarum (PAM25) tem condições de ser um agente potencial a ser incorporado ao manejo integrado de pragas da cana-de-açúcar.

Abstract Sugarcane crops Saccharum spp. (Poales: Poaceae) produces different derivatives to the world: sugar, ethanol and bioenergy. Despite the application of pesticides, insect pests still cause economic losses, among these the pink sugarcane mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) causing direct and indirect damage to the plant. This study assess the virulence of three entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) species and their symbiont bacteria against the pink sugarcane mealybug, under laboratory conditions. Fourteen treatments represented by control (distilled water), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (HB EN01) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema rarum (Doucet, 1986) (PAM25) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser, 1955 (All) (Rhabditida: Steinermatidae) at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/insect, and the standard chemical product, thiamethoxam, were assayed. In a second experiment, the bacteria Photorhabdus luminescens (Thomas and Poinar, 1979), Xenorhabdus szentirmaii Lengyel, 2005 and Xenorhabdus nematophila (Poinar and Thomas, 1965) (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae) at 3.0 x 109 cells/ml were assessed for each treatment. Ten replications were stablished, each one counting ten females/mealybugs inside a 10 cm Petri dish, amounting 100 individuals/treatment. All treatments were kept under stable conditions (25±1 ºC, H 70±10%, in the dark). All nematodes species infected S. sacchari. Steinerma rarum (PAM25) provided the highest mortality against the pink sugarcane mealybug (79.25%), followed by H. bacteriophora (HB EN01) (58.25%) and S. carpocapsae (All) (42.50%) (P<0.001). The mortality rate caused by X. szentirmaii, P. luminescens and X. nematophila were 40, 45 and 20%, respectively. Steinerma rarum (PAM25) has conditions to be a potential agent to be incorporate into the integrated pest management in sugarcane.

ABSTRACT: The spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836), is one of the most important pests of strawberry production systems worldwide. Because plant resistance is an important integrated management strategy, the present study investigated the effects of 12 strawberry genotypes on the biological characteristics of this pest under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2 °C and RH 60 ± 10%; 12:12-hour photophase). The experiment was carried using 12 treatments (genotypes), divided into 20 replications each, in a completely randomized design. The response variables were the biological parameters of the spider mite and its survival rate. The development and survival of T. urticae were influenced by different strawberry genotypes. The Camarosa cultivar together with genotypes Selection 05 and 2017-04-03 negatively affected the development and survival of T. urticae. The Selection 02 genotype had greatest susceptibility to the spider mite, which allowed fast development and high survival rate. The reproductive parameters of T. urticae were affected differently as a function of the strawberry genotype, with the Camarosa cultivar and the genotypes Selection 05 and 2017-04-03 being unfavorable to development, suggesting a possible resistance based on antibiosis. ABSTRACT Koch, Koch (Koch 1836, 1836 , 1836) worldwide strategy 1 25 (2 C 6 10% 10 1212hour hour photophase. photophase . photophase) genotypes, (genotypes) each design rate T 0 20170403 2017 04 03 2017-04-0 antibiosis 183 ( (genotypes 2017040 201 2017-04- 18 201704 2017-04 20170 2017-0 2017-

RESUMO: O ácaro-rajado, Tetranychus urticae (KOCH, 1836), é uma das pragas mais importantes dos sistemas de produção de morangos em todo o mundo. Considerando a resistência de plantas como importante estratégia de manejo integrado, o presente estudo investigou os efeitos de 12 genótipos nas características biológicas desta praga, em condições de laboratório (25 ± 2 °C e UR 60 ± 10%; fotofase de 12 horas). O experimento foi realizado em condições de Laboratório sendo utilizado 12 tratamentos (genótipos), divididos em 20 repetições cada, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis resposta foram os parâmetros biológicos do ácaro-rajado e taxa de sobrevivência. O desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de T. urticae foram influenciados pelos diferentes genótipos de morangueiro. A cultivar Camarosa junto ao genótipo Seleção 05 e 2017-04-03 afetaram negativamente o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de T. urticae. O genótipo Seleção 02 demonstrou maior suscetibilidade ao ácaro-rajado, o qual apresentou rápido desenvolvimento e elevada taxa de sobrevivência. Conclui-se que os parâmetros reprodutivos de T. urticae são afetados em função do genótipo de morangueiro, sendo ‘Camarosa’ e os genótipos Seleção 05 e 2017-04-03 desfavoráveis ao desenvolvimento, sugerindo uma possível resistência do tipo antibiose. RESUMO ácarorajado, ácarorajado ácaro rajado, rajado KOCH, KOCH (KOCH 1836, 1836 , 1836) mundo integrado 1 praga 25 (2 C 6 10% 10 horas. horas . horas) genótipos, (genótipos) cada casualizado T morangueiro 0 20170403 2017 04 03 2017-04-0 Concluise Conclui se ‘Camarosa antibiose 183 ( (genótipos 2017040 201 2017-04- 18 201704 2017-04 20170 2017-0 2017-

ABSTRACT Drosophila suzukii is an exotic pest identified in Brazil in 2013 that has the potential to cause quantitative and qualitative losses to small fruit crops. Its wide range of hosts and short life cycle combined with continuous fruit availability make its management challenging. Insecticide application is the main control strategy currently used; however, this control method is highly harmful to human health and the environment. The strategy of using toxic bait contributes to reductions in insecticide application in in terms of total area. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of toxic baits on adult Drosophila suzukii under laboratory conditions. Four bioassays with different treatments were conducted to test different ready-to-use toxic baits, as well as homemade and commercial bait formulations combined with insecticide. Twenty µL of each toxic bait were offered to 5 five-day-old pairs of D. suzukii for 2 hours. Adult mortality was assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after exposure. All toxic baits caused mortality ranging from 10% to 65%. The toxic bait Droskidrink + 0.15% malathion + 0.3% sugar resulted in 65% adult mortality, denoting potential for evaluating the management of D. suzukii in semi-field and field studies. 201 crops challenging used however environment area Thus conditions readytouse ready use fivedayold five day old D 4 6 8 10 12 24 48 72 9 exposure 65 015 0 15 0.15 03 3 0.3 semifield semi studies 20 1 7 01 0.1 0.

RESUMO Drosophila suzukii é uma praga exótica identificada no Brasil em 2013, que tem potencial para causar danos quantitativos e qualitativos em pequenas fruteiras. Devido à sua ampla gama de hospedeiros, disponibilidade contínua de frutos e ciclo de vida curto, seu manejo é desafiador. A principal estratégia de controle atualmente utilizada é o uso de inseticidas. No entanto, essa estratégia de controle é altamente prejudicial à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente. A estratégia de iscas tóxicas reduz a aplicação de inseticidas na área total. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de iscas tóxicas em adultos de Drosophila suzukii em condições de laboratório. Foram realizados quatro bioensaios com diferentes tratamentos, onde foram testadas diferentes formulações de iscas de pronto uso, caseiras e comerciais, e suas combinações com inseticida. 20 µL de cada isca tóxica foram oferecidos a 5 casais de D. suzukii com 5 dias de idade por 2 horas. A mortalidade adulta foi avaliada 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após a exposição. Todas as iscas tóxicas causaram mortalidade variando de 10 a 65%. A Droskidrink + 0,3% de açúcar + 0,15 malationa causou 65% de mortalidade de adultos, mostrando-se promissora para futuros estudos de campo e semi-campo para o manejo de D. suzukii. 2013 fruteiras hospedeiros curto desafiador entanto ambiente total Assim laboratório tratamentos comerciais inseticida D 4 6 8 12 24 48 7 9 exposição 1 65 03 0 3 0,3 015 15 0,1 mostrandose mostrando se semicampo semi 201 0, 01

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the behaviour of bacterial biocontrol agents (BBAs) selected to control disease in irrigated rice, in the presence of pesticides, and to study changes in the soil microbiota. We assessed the compatibility between these BBAs and pesticides using different doses of each compound, besides the impact of the BBAs on the quality and diversity of the soil microbiota under field conditions. For the microbial evaluations, rice seeds were treated with the same BBAs, in addition to the following combinations: DFs-C6 (DFs185 (Pseudomonas synxantha)/DFs306 (/unidentified)); DFs-C7 (DFs306/DFs416 (Bacillus sp.)) and DFs-C8 (DFs185/DFs306/DFs416). Saline solution was used for the control treatment. Soil samples were collected close to the roots to evaluate basal respiration, organic matter, carbon, and microbial biomass. EcoPlateTM microplates were used to determine the activity and diversity of the microbial metabolic profile. All the BBAs (DFs185, DFs223 (P. fluorescens), DFs306 and DFs416) were tolerant to the fungicides and herbicides regardless of the dose, whereas tolerance to the insecticides occurred only in the DFs416 isolate. Resistance, however, was only seen in the DFs185 (pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole) and DFs223 (azoxystrobin) isolates. There were significant changes to the soil microbiota, especially with the DFsC06 treatment, which was the only treatment to increase the microbial biomass and quotient. Little or no difference was found in microbial metabolic activity or diversity. These results suggest the potential use of these bacterial treatments in integrated pest management, as they are resistant/tolerant to many pesticides used in rice cultivation, and some of them had a positive impact on the soil microbiota. (BBAs compound conditions evaluations combinations DFsC6 DFsC DFs C6 C DFs-C (DFs18 Pseudomonas synxantha/DFs306 synxanthaDFs306 synxanthaDFs synxantha /DFs306 synxantha)/DFs30 /unidentified unidentified (/unidentified)) DFsC7 C7 DFs306/DFs416 DFs306DFs416 DFsDFs (DFs306/DFs41 Bacillus sp. sp sp.) DFsC8 C8 DFs185/DFs306/DFs416. DFs185DFs306DFs416 DFsDFsDFs DFs185/DFs306/DFs416 . (DFs185/DFs306/DFs416) respiration matter carbon profile DFs185, DFs22 P. P (P fluorescens, fluorescens , fluorescens) DFs30 dose DFs41 isolate Resistance however DFs18 pyraclostrobin epoxiconazole azoxystrobin (azoxystrobin isolates DFsC0 quotient management resistanttolerant resistant cultivation (DFs1 synxantha/DFs30 synxanthaDFs30 /DFs30 synxantha)/DFs3 (/unidentified) DFs306/DFs41 DFs306DFs41 (DFs306/DFs4 DFs185DFs306DFs41 DFs185/DFs306/DFs41 (DFs185/DFs306/DFs416 DFs2 DFs3 DFs4 DFs1 (DFs synxantha/DFs3 synxanthaDFs3 /DFs3 synxantha)/DFs (/unidentified DFs306/DFs4 DFs306DFs4 (DFs306/DFs DFs185DFs306DFs4 DFs185/DFs306/DFs4 (DFs185/DFs306/DFs41 synxantha/DFs /DFs DFs306/DFs DFs306DFs DFs185DFs306DFs DFs185/DFs306/DFs (DFs185/DFs306/DFs4 (DFs185/DFs306/DFs

ABSTRACT Resistant genotypes are a valuable tool in integrated pest management programs of insect pests of stored grains. Here, we screened 90 Brazilian common bean genotypes to select promising sources of resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus. Thus, bean samples were infested with newly emerged insects, and the number of eggs, emerged insects, developmental time, and larval viability were assessed in a no-choice test. Genotypes IPR Garça, CHIR 13, IAC Harmonia, CHIR 20, IAC Boreal, and CHIP 312 showed low oviposition. Genotypes IPR Quero-Quero, BRS Notável, CHIC 61 - Cariocão, BRS Ametista, IPR Uirapuru, IAC Imperador, Avaluna, CHP 04-241A-212 - Guapo B. × Uirapuru, CHIB 06, SCS 206 - Potência, CHC 01-175-1 - Campeiro × IAC Tibatã, CHP 01-182-48 - Uirapuru × Campeiro, UEM 266, CHC 04-233-2 - Siriri × Horizonte, CHV 17-64, SCS 205 - Riqueza, CHP 01-238-80 - MN 13337, SM 1510 - preto, BRS Radiante, CHIB 18, CHIR 14, CAV 17 EFM 008, CHIR 04, IPR Campos Gerais, CHV 05-268-02, LP 13-624 - preto, Linhagem 110 - IAC, CHP 01-182-12 - Uirapuru × Campeiro, LP 13-84 - carioca, BRS Esteio, CHV 17-635, CHB 15-518, Arcelina 1, IPR Tuiuiu, SCS 204 - Predileto, TB - 17-02, BRS Estilo, SM 0511 - cavalo preto, Pérola, IPR Tangará, and CNFRj - 15411 reduced oviposition, the number of emerged adults, and larval viability, suggesting antixenosis and/or antibiosis. Thus, these genotypes are promising sources of resistance factors and can be used in breeding programs to obtain lines of common beans resistant to A. obtectus. grains Here 9 obtectus Thus insects eggs time nochoice no choice test Garça 13 Harmonia 20 Boreal 31 oviposition QueroQuero, QueroQuero Quero Quero, Quero-Quero Notável 6 Cariocão Ametista Imperador Avaluna 04241A212 A 04 241A 212 04-241A-21 B 06 Potência 011751 01 175 1 01-175- Tibatã 0118248 182 48 01-182-4 266 042332 233 2 04-233- Horizonte 1764, 1764 64, 64 17-64 Riqueza 0123880 238 80 01-238-8 13337 151 preto Radiante 18 14 008 Gerais 0526802, 0526802 05 268 02, 02 05-268-02 13624 624 13-62 11 0118212 12 01-182-1 1384 84 13-8 carioca Esteio 17635, 17635 635, 635 17-635 15518, 15518 15 518, 518 15-518 Tuiuiu Predileto 1702, 1702 17-02 Estilo 051 Pérola Tangará 1541 adults andor or antibiosis 3 04241A21 0 21 04-241A-2 01175 01-175 011824 4 01-182- 26 04233 23 04-233 176 17-6 012388 8 01-238- 1333 00 052680 05-268-0 1362 62 13-6 011821 138 13- 1763 63 17-63 1551 51 15-51 170 17-0 154 04241A2 04-241A- 0117 01-17 01182 01-182 0423 04-23 17- 01238 01-238 133 05268 05-268- 136 155 5 15-5 04241A 04-241A 011 01-1 0118 01-18 042 04-2 0123 01-23 0526 05-268 15- 01- 04- 012 01-2 052 05-26 05-2 05-

ABSTRACT The increase of pesticide residues in food is extremely dangerous for humans. This research aimed to determine the concentrations of left-over pesticides residues on mangoes after they were exposed to pesticide residue mitigation modules (PRMM). Among these, four modules were used as candidate for integrated pest management approaches, while the fifth was traditional and served as a control. Residues of the lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, indoxacarb, imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen, acetamiprid, buprofezin and chlorpyrifos pesticides were assessed from mangoes taken from orchards. The QuEChERS technique was used to extract the residue samples and the GC-MS for their quantification. A significant increase in the percentage of contaminated samples was recorded during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing seasons. Samples belonging to PRMM-I showed 16.67 % (2019-2020) and 25.29 % (2020-2021) of contamination over the control. The samples collected during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 from PRMM-II showed, respectively, 58.13 and 53.13 % of contamination. During 2020-2021, 66.67 and 67.00 % of the samples were contaminated for PRMM-III and PRMM-IV, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 88.37 to 99.02 %, with 1.07 to 3.97 % relative standard deviation, for all samples, in both seasons. PRMM-IV showed a greater contamination than the other modules and the control. humans leftover left PRMM. PRMM . (PRMM) these approaches control lambdacyhalothrin, lambdacyhalothrin lambda cyhalothrin, cyhalothrin lambda-cyhalothrin cypermethrin indoxacarb imidacloprid pyriproxyfen acetamiprid orchards GCMS GC MS quantification 20192020 2019 2020 2019-202 20202021 2021 2020-202 seasons PRMMI I 1667 16 67 16.6 (2019-2020 2529 25 29 25.2 (2020-2021 PRMMII II respectively 5813 58 13 58.1 5313 53 53.1 20202021, 2021, 6667 66 66.6 6700 00 67.0 PRMMIII III PRMMIV, PRMMIV IV, IV 8837 88 37 88.3 9902 99 02 99.0 107 1 07 1.0 397 3 97 3.9 deviation (PRMM 2019202 201 202 2019-20 2020202 2020-20 166 6 16. (2019-202 252 2 25. (2020-202 581 5 58. 531 53. 666 66. 670 0 67. 883 8 88. 990 9 99. 10 1. 39 3. 201920 20 2019-2 202020 2020-2 (2019-20 (2020-20 20192 2019- 20202 2020- (2019-2 (2020-2 (2019- (2020- (2019 (2020 (201 (202 (20 (2 (

RESUMO O aumento de resíduos de pesticidas em alimentos é extremamente perigoso para os seres humanos. Objetivouse determinar as concentrações de resíduos de pesticidas remanescentes em mangas, após serem expostas a vários módulos de mitigação de resíduos de pesticidas (MMRP). Dentre estes, quatro módulos foram utilizados como candidatos a abordagens de manejo integrado de pragas, enquanto o quinto era tradicional e serviu como controle. Resíduos dos pesticidas lambdacialotrina, cipermetrina, indoxacarbe, imidaclopride, piriproxifeno, acetamipride, buprofezina e clorpirifós foram avaliados em mangas colhidas em pomares. A técnica QuEChERS foi utilizada para extrair as amostras de resíduos e a GC-MS para a sua quantificação. Um aumento significativo na porcentagem de amostras contaminadas foi registrado durante as safras de 2019-2020 e 2020-2021. As amostras do MMRP-I apresentaram 16,67 % (2019-2020) e 25,29 % (2020-2021) de contaminação, em relação ao controle. As amostras do MMRP-II coletadas durante 2019-2020 e 2020-2021 mostraram, respectivamente, 58,13 e 53,13 % de contaminação. Durante 2020-2021, 66,67 e 67,00 % das amostras foram contaminadas no MMRP-III e MMRP-IV, respectivamente. As recuperações variaram de 88,37 a 99,02 %, com desvio padrão relativo de 1,07 a 3,97 % para todas as amostras, em ambas as safras. O MMRP-IV apresentou nível de contaminação maior do que os outros módulos e o controle. humanos MMRP. MMRP . (MMRP) estes pragas controle lambdacialotrina cipermetrina indoxacarbe imidaclopride piriproxifeno acetamipride pomares GCMS GC MS quantificação 20192020 2019 2020 2019-202 20202021. 20202021 2021. 2021 MMRPI I 1667 16 67 16,6 (2019-2020 2529 25 29 25,2 (2020-2021 MMRPII II 2020-202 mostraram respectivamente 5813 58 13 58,1 5313 53 53,1 20202021, 2021, 6667 66 66,6 6700 00 67,0 MMRPIII III MMRPIV, MMRPIV IV, IV 8837 88 37 88,3 9902 99 02 99,0 107 1 07 1,0 397 3 97 3,9 (MMRP 2019202 201 202 2019-20 2020202 166 6 16, (2019-202 252 2 25, (2020-202 2020-20 581 5 58, 531 53, 666 66, 670 0 67, 883 8 88, 990 9 99, 10 1, 39 3, 201920 20 2019-2 202020 (2019-20 (2020-20 2020-2 20192 2019- 20202 (2019-2 (2020-2 2020- (2019- (2020- (2019 (2020 (201 (202 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Currently, agricultural cropping systems have adopted integrated pest management (IPM) as a successful model for pest control. The use of entomopathogenic fungi in IPM has increased because of their great potential for reducing arthropod pest populations without causing harm to human health and ecosystems. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae stand out among the most used fungi in biological control, with many isolates commercialized worldwide. Helicoverpa armigera is an agriculturally important pest in Brazil and worldwide, causing damage to several crops. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biological control potential of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and M. rileyi on H. armigera. The results indicated that the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana (strain ESALQ PL63), M. anisopliae (strain ESALQ E9), and M. rileyi (strain UFMS 03), applied using different methods (direct application and dry film) and concentrations (1 × 107, 1 × 108, and 1 × 109 conidia mL-1), resulted in low mortality and no virulence in first-, third-, and fifth-instar larvae of H. armigera. The death of all individuals subjected to treatment with B. bassiana (strain ESALQ PL63) was confirmed by conidiogenesis. Considering the importance of H. armigera as an agricultural pest and the biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi in Brazil, further investigations on the virulence of fungal strains are necessary to improve the integrated management of lepidopteran pests through microbial control, explore the potential of new strains, and understand the relationships between microorganisms and host defense mechanisms. Currently (IPM ecosystems worldwide crops context M H B strain PL63, PL63 PL , E9, E9 E E9) 03, 03 03) direct film ( 107 108 10 mL1, mL1 mL mL-1) first, first first- third, third third- fifthinstar fifth instar conidiogenesis mechanisms PL6 0 mL-1 mL-

RESUMO Atualmente, os sistemas de cultivo agrícola adotam o manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) como modelo de sucesso para o controle de pragas. O uso de fungos entomopatogênicos tem aumentado no manejo integrado devido ao seu grande potencial em reduzir as populações de pragas agrícolas sem causar danos à saúde humana e aos ecossistemas. Beauveria bassiana e Metarhizium anisopliae são as espécies de fungos mais utilizadas no controle biológico, contando com muitos isolados comercializados no mundo. Helicoverpa armigera é uma praga de importância agrícola, causadora de prejuízos associados a diversas culturas. Assim, esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial virulento de Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae e Metarhizium rileyi no controle biológico dos estágios larvais de H. armigera. Os resultados indicaram que em diferentes concentrações (1 × 107, 1 × 108 e 1 × 109 con.mL-1) e métodos de aplicação (DA ou DF) B. bassiana (cepa ESALQ PL63), M. anisopliae (cepa ESALQ E9) e M. rileyi (cepa UFMS 03) causaram baixa mortalidade e não foram virulentos ao primeiro, terceiro e quinto ínstares de H. armigera. A mortalidade pelo tratamento com B. bassiana (cepa ESALQ PL63) foi confirmada por conidiogênese em todos os cadáveres. Dada a importância de H. armigera como praga agrícola e a biodiversidade de fungos entomopatogênicos no Brasil, novas investigações sobre a virulência de cepas fúngicas são necessárias para aprimorar o manejo integrado de pragas através do controle microbiano, o potencial para novas cepas e o entendimento das relações entre microrganismos e os mecanismos de defesa dos hospedeiros. Atualmente MIP (MIP ecossistemas mundo culturas Assim H ( 107 10 con.mL1 conmL1 conmL con.mL con mL con.mL-1 DA DF B cepa PL63, PL63 PL , M E9 E 03 primeiro cadáveres Brasil microbiano hospedeiros mL1 con.mL- PL6 0