Resumen: La universidad merece contemplar el desarrollo de competencias necesarias para la transformación. El objetivo del trabajo es describir el desarrollo de competencias de liderazgo en la formación académica en el Instituto Universitario River Plate (2021-22). El análisis se configura desde la fenomenología hermenéutica de las ciencias sociales, por medio de la interpretación de las tramas de significados en la universidad. Trata de un estudio con carácter crítico y único, a través de un muestreo intencional de 12 personas, donde se analizan entrevistas, grupos focales y documentos institucionales. El modelo de competencias de liderazgo educativo en este trabajo contempla: pensamiento estratégico, gestión del aprendizaje, relación con las personas y creación y animación de estructuras organizativas. Como resultado, el desarrollo de competencias de liderazgo institucional se caracteriza por presentar rasgos de mayor permeabilidad por encontrarse cercana a su génesis. Esto le otorga bases más flexibles ante la alta burocracia y menor resistencia en cambios e innovaciones que emerjan para la mejora educativa. Se concluye que la perspectiva de la comunidad académica presenta un reconocimiento sobre los esfuerzos y el trabajo que se realiza por medio de objetivos estratégicos en la búsqueda por la mejora de la calidad educativa, crecimiento, desarrollo de sus áreas y expansión institucional.

Resumo: A universidade merece contemplar o desenvolvimento de competências necessárias à transformação. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever o desenvolvimento de competências de liderança na formação acadêmica no Instituto Universitário River Plate (2021-22). A análise configura-se a partir da fenomenologia hermenêutica das Ciências Sociais, através da interpretação das teias de significados na universidade. É um estudo de carácter crítico e único, através de uma amostragem intencional de 12 pessoas onde são analisadas entrevistas, grupos focais e documentos institucionais. O modelo de competências de liderança educativa neste trabalho inclui: Pensamento estratégico, Gestão da aprendizagem, Relacionamento com pessoas e Criação e animação de estruturas organizacionais. Como resultado, o desenvolvimento de competências de liderança institucional caracteriza-se por apresentar traços de maior permeabilidade por estar próximo da sua génese. O que lhe confere bases mais flexíveis diante da alta burocracia e menor resistência às mudanças e inovações que surgem para a melhoria educativa. Conclui- se que a perspectiva da comunidade acadêmica apresenta um reconhecimento dos esforços e trabalhos realizados através de objetivos estratégicos na busca pela melhoria da qualidade educativa, crescimento, desenvolvimento de suas áreas e expansão institucional.

Abstract: The university deserves to consider the development of competencies necessary for transformation. The objective of this paper is to describe the development of leadership competencies in academic training at the River Plate University Institute (2021-22). The analysis is configured from the hermeneutic phenomenology of the social sciences, through the interpretation of the webs of meaning in the university. It is a study with a critical and unique character, through a purposive sampling of 12 people, where interviews, focus groups and institutional documents are analyzed. The model of educational leadership competencies in this work considers: Strategic thinking, learning management, relationship with people and creating and animating organizational structures. As a result, the development of institutional leadership competencies is characterized by presenting characteristics of greater permeability due to its proximity to its genesis. This gives it a more flexible basis in the face of high bureaucracy and less resistance to changes and innovations that emerge for the improvement of education. It is concluded that the perspective of the academic community represents a recognition of the efforts and work carried out through strategic objectives in the search for the improvement of educational quality, growth, development of its areas and institutional expansion.

Este estudio analiza la evolución del papel de la Presidencia del Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) en Brasil, resaltando su creciente influencia política e institucional. La investigación examina cómo los presidentes del STF pasaron de un rol principalmente ceremonial a una posición de liderazgo estratégico. La pregunta central es: ¿cómo ejerce la Presidencia del STF su representación institucional y qué factores determinan su actuación? El estudio analiza las agendas oficiales de los presidentes del STF entre 2001 y 2021, identificando tendencias y variaciones en su desempeño. Los resultados indican que el perfil personal de los ministros y el contexto político influyen en el grado de protagonismo de la presidencia. El estudio propone una tipología de las presidencias del STF, clasificándolas en modelos ceremoniales, negociadores, independientes y protagonistas. La conclusión destaca que la Presidencia del STF se ha convertido en un actor político clave, con un papel estratégico en la gobernabilidad y la mediación entre poderes. Esta transformación refleja la creciente judicialización de la política y la necesidad de mayor transparencia y articulación del Poder Judicial.

This study examines the evolving role of the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) presidency, emphasizing its growing political and institutional influence. The research explores how STF presidents have expanded their role from a primarily ceremonial function to one of significant leadership. The main research question is: how does the STF presidency exercise institutional representation, and what factors shape its role? The study analyzes the official agendas of STF presidents from 2001 to 2021, identifying trends and variations in presidential actions. Findings suggest that both the personal profiles of justices and the broader political context directly impact the presidency’s degree of influence. The study proposes a typology of STF presidencies, categorizing them into ceremonial, negotiating, independent, and leading models. The conclusion highlights that the STF presidency has become a key political player, strategically mediating governance and intergovernmental relations. This institutional transformation reflects the increasing judicialization of politics and the demand for greater transparency and engagement from the judiciary.

Este estudo analisa a evolução do papel da Presidência do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) no Brasil, destacando sua crescente relevância política e institucional. A pesquisa investiga como os presidentes do STF ampliaram sua influência, saindo de uma função predominantemente cerimonial para uma posição de grande protagonismo. A principal pergunta de pesquisa é: como a presidência do STF exerce sua representação institucional e quais fatores determinam sua atuação? O estudo utiliza a análise das agendas institucionais dos presidentes entre 2001 e 2021 para identificar padrões e variações na atuação presidencial. Os resultados indicam que o perfil dos ministros e o contexto político influenciam diretamente o grau de protagonismo da presidência. O estudo propõe uma tipologia das presidências do STF, classificando-as em modelos cerimoniais, negociadores, independentes e protagonistas. A conclusão aponta que a presidência do STF se tornou um ator político central, desempenhando um papel estratégico na governabilidade e na mediação entre os poderes. Essa transformação institucional reflete a crescente judicialização da política e a necessidade de maior transparência e articulação por parte do Judiciário.

The process of transitioning into new roles within academia often engenders a profound culture shock, accompanied by pervasive feelings of self-doubt and inadequacy, commonly referred to as impostor phenomenon. These sentiments persist despite the accumulation of years of education, experience and notable accomplishments. The impostor phenomenon exerts a detrimental influence, leading to elevated stress levels and burnout, reduced productivity and diminished job satisfaction among academic newcomers. These negative consequences, in turn, may hinder effective career planning, dampen motivation for leadership roles and impede the full development of an academic identity. This paper presents a personal narrative describing the author's experience of navigating the foreign and uncertain academic environment during their transition. The narrative explores a range of strategies employed to combat the impostor phenomenon, including heightened self-awareness, mentorship relationships, support from institutional networks, solicitation of recognition and feedback, active pursuit of professional development and the cultivation of self-compassion. Recognising the pervasive impact of impostor phenomenon, this narrative underscores the importance of providing robust support structures for new academics. Such support systems hold the potential to enhance retention rates and foster deeper engagement within the academic community, nurturing the formation of both personal and professional identities among emerging scholars.

Resumen El artículo analiza la cúpula corporativa industrial como parte de la elite económica corporativa argentina durante los años del kirchnerismo y su objetivo es explorar y describir a la elite corporativa industrial a partir de las características de los individuos que ocuparon las máximas posiciones dirigenciales en la UIA focalizando en sus trayectorias corporativas. Para el caso de Argentina, este análisis se justifica por la relevancia y el rol histórico que las corporaciones tuvieron a través del tiempo en la dinámica política, institucional y económica de nuestro país. Pese a distintos momentos históricos e institucionales2, la perdurabilidad de la UIA en la escena nacional, su rol como actor político y su representatividad a nivel nacional de su sector de actividad la hace relevante como unidad de análisis para desde un abordaje sociológico brindar información sobre la estabilidad/inestabilidad, multiposicionalidad, apertura/cerrazón dirigencial y articulación pública/privada de la elite corporativa industrial. La hipótesis del trabajo es que más allá de las particularidades del contexto en el cual está inserta una asociación empresaria existen ciertos rasgos formales e informales que imprimen y refuerzan ciertas particularidades y lógicas de funcionamiento a estas élites a través del tiempo. Estas singularidades son relevantes ya que, por un lado, permiten visibilizar que, pese a los cambios en el plano político y económico atravesados por nuestro país, la elite corporativa industrial evidencia signos de estabilidad y permanencia que, por otro lado, caracterizan el accionar político de esta asociación empresaria.

Abstract This article analyses the industrial corporate leadership as part of the Argentinean corporate economic elite during the Kirchner years and its objective is to explore and describe the industrial corporate elite based on the characteristics of the individuals who occupied the highest leadership positions in the UIA, focusing on their corporate trajectories. In the case of Argentina, this analysis is justified by the relevance and historical role that corporations have played over time in the political, institutional and economic dynamics of our country. Despite different historical and institutional moments, the durability of the UIA on the national scene, its role as a political actor and its national representation of its sector of activity make it relevant as a unit of analysis to provide information on the stability/instability, multi-positionality, openness/closeness of leadership and public/private articulation of the industrial corporate elite from a sociological approach. The hypothesis of the paper is that beyond the particularities of the context in which a business association is inserted, there are certain formal and informal features that imprint and reinforce certain particularities and logics of functioning of these elites over time. These singularities are relevant because, on the one hand, they allow us to see that, despite the political and economic changes in our country, the industrial corporate elite shows signs of stability and permanence which, on the other hand, characterise the political actions of this business association.

BACKGROUND. Recently, there has been a notable rise in requests for research ethics training from institutions across the Southern African Developing Community (SADC) region. This surge prompted the Southern African Research and Innovation Research Management Association (SARIMA) to seek input from all stakeholders to guide their efforts. SARIMA aims to enhance the professionalisation of research management and administration throughout SADC, thereby complementing the portfolio of skills for research administrators and managers who support Research Ethics Committees (RECs). OBJECTIVE. To gauge the needs and requirements for research ethics training within the SADC region and to determine the themes and topics that require attention and in-depth focus to support and facilitate ethical research development. METHODS. This quantitative study surveyed SARIMA members. In total, 84 professionals working in research ethics and integrity responded to the survey. The geographical scope was Southern Africa, encompassing 16 member states of the SADC region. RESULTS. Most respondents indicated strong institutional support or a positive attitude from institutional leadership toward RECs and related matters. Institutions were recognised for their responsibility in providing training in ethics and research conduct across the research ecosystem, including postgraduate students, researchers, managers and administrators. There are Communities of Practice in Research Ethics and Integrity in the SADC region under the auspices of SARIMA with the required knowledge and expertise to deliver such training upon request. CONCLUSION. Providing training in ethics and research conduct for all involved in the research ecosystem is a collective responsibility shared by institutions and researchers. Research management and administration professionals play a vital role in ensuring training initiatives in research ethics and integrity are available to their research community.

RESUMEN Una multiplicidad de “líderes de sector”, sin capacidad de imponerse uno sobre otros, configuró al Partido Justicialista de Santa Fe (PJSF) entre 1983 y 1991 mientras, al mismo tiempo, gobernaba la provincia. La organización careció, según los términos de la narrativa peronista, de un “conductor político” local. A partir del análisis de entrevistas propias y de terceros, del análisis de contenido de la prensa local y del diálogo con bibliografía secundaria, el artículo indaga en el modo en el que los líderes del peronismo santafesino tramitaron esa situación de equilibrio de fuerzas y en el tipo de prácticas que desplegaron una vez que dicho equilibrio se rompió. Se identifica, así, un primer periodo (1983-1988) en el que se desplegaron tres tipos de prácticas: la realización regular de elecciones internas directas para definir candidaturas; la convocatoria a congresos partidarios para dirimir asuntos institucionales internos; y la distribución de cargos de gobierno entre las distintas fracciones del partido. En un segundo momento (1989-1991), se observa la interrupción de dichas prácticas y la implementación de otras nuevas. Se trató de la implementación de la ley de Lemas; de la destitución del vicegobernador de la provincia promovida por parte de los propios peronistas; y de la intervención y suspensión de la vida interna del PJSF por parte de las autoridades nacionales del justicialismo. Se concluye que la cambiante paleta de prácticas observada en uno y otro momento está asociada a determinadas ideas que los dirigentes peronistas tienen sobre la política y sobre cómo hacer política, en particular, sobre la noción de la “conducción” y sobre el rol de las estructuras partidarias en su propia praxis política.

ABSTRACT Between 1983 and 1991, the Justicialist Party of Santa Fe (PJSF) was formed by a multiplicity of "sector leaders", unable to impose themselves on each other, while, at the same time, it ruled the province. The organization lacked, in the terms of the Peronist narrative, a local "political leader." Based on the analysis of our own interviews and interviews of others, the content analysis of the local press and the dialogue with secondary bibliography, the article investigates the way in which the leaders of Santa Fe Peronism processed this situation of balance of forces and the type of practices they deployed once this balance was broken. Thus, a first period (1983-1988) is identified in which three types of practices were deployed: the regular practice of direct internal elections to define candidates; the announcement of party congresses to settle internal institutional issues; and the distribution of government positions between the different factions of the party. In a second moment (1989-1991), the interruption of these practices and the implementation of new ones were observed. These included the implementation of Lemas Law; of the dismissal of the vice-governor of the province promoted by the Peronists themselves; and the intervention and suspension of the internal life of the PJSF by the national Justicialist authorities. It is concluded that the changing variety of practices observed at both times is associated with certain ideas that Peronist leaders have about politics and how to do politics, in particular, about the notion of “leadership” and on the role of party structures in their own political praxis.

RESUMO Entre 1983 e 1991, o Partido Justicialista de Santa Fé (PJSF) foi formado por uma multiplicidade de “líderes setoriais”, incapazes de se impor uns aos outros, enquanto, ao mesmo tempo, governavam a província. A organização carecia, nos termos da narrativa peronista, de um “líder político” local. A partir da análise de entrevistas próprias e de terceiros, da análise de conteúdo da imprensa local e do diálogo com a bibliografia secundária, o artigo investiga o modo como as lideranças do peronismo de Santa Fé processaram essa situação de equilíbrio de forças e o tipo de práticas que implantaram uma vez rompido esse equilíbrio. Assim, identifica-se um primeiro período (1983-1988) em que foram implantados três tipos de práticas: a realização regular de eleições internas diretas para definição de candidatos; a convocação de congressos partidários para resolver questões institucionais internas; e a distribuição de cargos no governo entre as diferentes facções do partido. Em um segundo período (1989-1991), observou-se a interrupção dessas práticas e a implementação de novas. Tratava-se da implementação da Lei das Lemas; a demissão do vice-governador da província promovida pelos próprios peronistas; e a intervenção e suspensão da vida interna da PJSF pelas autoridades justicialistas nacionais. Conclui-se que a variedade mutável de práticas observadas em ambos os momentos está associada a certas ideias que os líderes peronistas têm sobre política e como fazer política, em particular, sobre a noção de "liderança" e sobre o papel das estruturas partidárias em sua própria práxis política.

Abstract: This study aims to review the existing literature on the concepts of diversity, institutional learning, and academic performance to determine, from a theoretical perspective, possible relationships between them. A set of hypotheses is postulated that allow building an integrative model through analytical induction. The results show that academic performance (teaching, research, and community engagement) are determined by institutional learning: knowledge acquisition, information distribution and interpretation, and organizational memory development. Institutional learning is, in turn, impacted by the diversity (gender, roles, expertise, and leadership) of the universities' management team. It is concluded that managing the relationships between these dimensions would have the potential to strengthen the universities’ academic processes and results, and that, in the face of profound, unstoppable, and accelerated changes of today, institutional learning would be a key factor in the adaptation processes of universities.

Resumen: El propósito de este trabajo es llevar a cabo una revisión de la literatura existente sobre los conceptos diversidad, aprendizaje institucional y quehacer académico para determinar, desde la perspectiva teórica, posibles relaciones entre ellos. Se postulan un conjunto de hipótesis que permiten construir mediante inducción analítica un modelo integrador. Los resultados muestran que el quehacer académico (docencia, investigación y vinculación con el medio) estaría determinado por el aprendizaje institucional: adquisición de conocimientos, distribución e interpretación de la información y desarrollo de una memoria organizacional. El aprendizaje académico, a su vez, se vería impactado por la diversidad (género, funcional, formación, liderazgo) del equipo directivo de las universidades. Se concluye que la articulación de las relaciones entre estas dimensiones tendría el potencial de robustecer los procesos y resultados académicos de las universidades, y que, frente a los cambios profundos, imparables y acelerados del contexto, el aprendizaje institucional sería un factor clave en el proceso de adaptación de estas instituciones de educación terciaria.

Resumen En Costa Rica, existen grandes desafíos en materia de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Este trabajo evaluó la gestión de aguas residuales ordinarias en Costa Rica, dando énfasis al perfil tecnológico, al uso de sistemas anaeróbicos y a la recuperación de los subproductos generados. Se consideró un abordaje mixto, combinando información secundaria de bases de datos, consultas a expertos y talleres participativos. Se logró evidenciar que la mayoría de los sistemas que existen trabaja con lodos activados y con vertido directo a cuerpo receptor. Además, se evidenciaron brechas importantes para la implementación de los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, en especial para los sistemas anaeróbicos. Desde el punto de vista técnico, se identificó la falta de capacitación y de confianza en diseñarlos y operarlos, aunado a la relevancia de controlar el tratamiento de contaminantes emergentes; desde el punto de vista económico, se apunta hacia la falta de sostenibilidad financiera de los proyectos y poca capacidad de pago de los usuarios, falta de incentivos o de sistemas tarifarios escalonados; dentro de las brechas institucionales, la principal es la necesidad de tener una rectoría más clara del sector y evitar la duplicidad de funciones. Se demostró que lo anterior requiere ir ligado de una normativa robusta y clara, que permita la innovación en los sistemas a implementar. Finalmente, se pudo detectar que, para que el principio de economía circular sea una realidad, se requiere trabajar en un cambio cultural y en romper el paradigma de que las aguas residuales solo sirven para desecharlas.

Abstract In Costa Rica, there are significant challenges regarding wastewater treatment. This study evaluated the management of municipal wastewater in Costa Rica, with emphasis on the technological profile, the use of anaerobic systems, and the recovery of generated by-products. A mixed approach was used, combining secondary information from databases, expert consultations, and participatory workshops. It was found that most existing systems work with activated sludge and direct discharge to receiving bodies. Additionally, significant gaps were identified for the implementation of anaerobic systems for wastewater treatment. From a technical standpoint, the lack of training and confidence in designing and operating these systems was noted, along with the relevance of controlling the treatment of emerging contaminants. From an economic standpoint, the lack of financial sustainability of projects, low capacity for user payment, and lack of incentives or tiered tariff systems were identified. Within institutional gaps, the main issue was the need for clearer sectoral leadership and avoiding duplication of functions. All the above requires robust and clear regulations that allow for innovation in the systems to be implemented. Finally, it was found that, for the circular economy principle to become a reality, cultural change is required, and the paradigm that wastewater is only meant for disposal must be changed.

Abstract: This research study aims to analyze leadership in a post COVID-19 scenario in the public health sector, in the hospitals of La Serena and Coquimbo, from the Coquimbo region (Chile). A relational model with fourteen hypotheses is proposed, using structural equations through the partial least squares method. The results show that service quality is a consequence of the positive, direct, and indirect influence of effective communication and work team empowerment, where its variance is explained by 53.4%, while organizational development has an incidence of 43.8% and 53.1%, respectively. It is concluded that it is important to encourage the development of empathetic leadership within public health organizations and their work teams, not only for good care directed to patients and families, but also as a means to raise institutional reputation.

Resumen: Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar el liderazgo en un escenario post COVID-19 en el sector de salud pública, en los hospitales de La Serena y Coquimbo, en la región de Coquimbo (Chile). Se propone un modelo relacional con catorce hipótesis, utilizando ecuaciones estructurales a través del método de mínimos cuadrados parciales. Los resultados muestran que la calidad del servicio es consecuencia de la influencia positiva, directa e indirecta de la comunicación efectiva y el empoderamiento del equipo de trabajo, donde su varianza es explicada en un 53.4%, mientras que el desarrollo organizacional tiene una incidencia de 43.8% y 53.1%, respectivamente. Se concluye que es importante incentivar el desarrollo de un liderazgo empático dentro de las organizaciones de salud pública y sus equipos de trabajo, no solo para una buena atención dirigida a los pacientes y familias, sino también como un medio para lograr elevar la reputación institucional.

Abstract University management involves a series of key actors in the decision-making and strategic direction of higher education institutions. One of these actors is student co-government, a fundamental component in many universities that seeks to give voice and representation to students in academic and administrative matters. The main objective of the research is to analyze student participation and representation in academic processes, whose contribution has strengthened the institutional management of University San Gregorio of Portoviejo during the period 2021-2023. The applied methodology had a quantitative-qualitative approach of a descriptive, non-experimental and transversal type. Initially, a survey was carried out with the purpose of determining the main needs of the students in their different academic aspects; the results led to the implementation of certain actions that sought to respond to the identified needs. Additionally, to identify the level of satisfaction with the quality of co-government management, a survey was applied to determine the criteria and opinions of students regarding the performance and influence of student representatives in the institutional management of the University. The results allowed for the consolidation of alliances between other university representatives of the province, better communication with institutional authorities, and student leadership was forged through teamwork, responsibility, loyalty, the sense of belonging and the humanistic quality that characterizes the Gregorians to constitute a reference in higher education.

Resumen La gestión universitaria involucra una serie de actores claves en la toma de decisiones y la dirección estratégica de las instituciones de educación superior. Uno de estos actores es el cogobierno estudiantil, un componente fundamental en muchas universidades que busca dar voz y representación a los estudiantes en asuntos académicos y administrativos. El objetivo principal de la investigación es analizar la participación y representación estudiantil en los procesos académicos, cuya contribución ha fortalecido la gestión institucional de la Universidad San Gregorio de Portoviejo durante el período 2021-2023. La metodología aplicada tuvo un enfoque cuanti-cualitativo de tipo descriptiva, no experimental y transversal. Inicialmente se realizó una encuesta con la finalidad de determinar las principales necesidades de los estudiantes en sus diferentes aspectos académicos, los resultados originaron la implementación de ciertas acciones que pretendían dar respuesta a las necesidades identificadas. Adicionalmente, para identificar el nivel de satisfacción sobre la calidad de gestión del cogobierno se aplicó una encuesta para determinar los criterios y opiniones de los estudiantes respecto del desempeño e influencia de los representantes estudiantiles en la gestión institucional de la Universidad. Los resultados permitieron consolidar alianzas entre otros representantes universitarios de la provincia, una mejor comunicación con autoridades institucionales, y se forjó el liderazgo estudiantil a través del trabajo en equipo, la responsabilidad, la lealtad, el sentido de pertenencia y la calidad humanística que caracteriza a los gregorianos para constituir un referente en la educación superior.

Abstract The institutional climate is an aspect of interest for educational institutions that seek to improve the performance of their teachers. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to determine if the institutional climate influences the performance of teachers at a public educational institution in Lima, Peru. A methodology was used under a quantitative approach, causal correlational level and non-experimental design. The census sample was made up of 85 teachers, to whom two questionnaires were applied to measure their perception. According to the findings, the institutional climate is at a low level and teaching performance has a poor level, determining that the institutional climate affects teaching performance in a direct and significant way.

Resumen El clima institucional, es un aspecto de interés para las instituciones educativas que buscan la mejora del desempeño de sus docentes. Por ello, la finalidad de la investigación fue determinar si el clima institucional incide en el desempeño de los docentes de la Institución Educativa Emblemática Ricardo Bentín, Lima, Perú. Fue utilizada una metodología bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, nivel correlacional causal y diseño no experimental. La muestra censal se conformó por 85 docentes, a quienes se les ha aplicado dos cuestionarios para la medición de su percepción. Según los hallazgos, el clima institucional se encuentra en un nivel bajo y el desempeño docente posee un nivel deficiente, determinándose que el clima institucional incide en el desempeño docente de forma directa y significativa.

Resumen El presente estado del arte aporta un análisis acerca de la producción investigativa sobre coordinación e integración de políticas, en coyunturas de incertidumbre y ambigüedad, como la vivida por la crisis sanitaria del COVID-19. Se realizó revisión de estudios en Europa y América, especialmente entre 2015 y 2022. Se concluye que la puesta en marcha de la integración y coordinación depende de las diferencias de los sistemas políticos, las características sociales y culturales, las orientaciones partidistas y los estilos de liderazgo; que son más factibles los esquemas de coordinación en gobiernos centrales fuertes y más frecuente la integración en países de mayores autonomías subregionales, el COVID-19 fue una “prueba de fuego”. Latinoamérica denota mayor complejidad por las debilidades institucionales y estructurales que facilitaron la mayor concentración del poder presidencial y la “normalización” en el recorte de libertades, lo mismo que la toma de decisiones a partir de “estados de excepción”.

Abstract This state-of-the-art analysis provides a review of research production on policy coordination and integration during times of uncertainty and ambiguity, such as the COVID-19 health crisis. A review of studies conducted in Europe and America, particularly between 2015 and 2022, was undertaken. The conclusion drawn is that the implementation of integration and coordination depends on the differences in political systems, social and cultural characteristics, partisan orientations, and leadership styles. Coordination schemes are more feasible in strong central governments, and integration is more frequent in countries with greater sub-regional autonomy. The COVID-19 crisis served as a “litmus test”. Latin America presents greater complexity due to institutional and structural weaknesses that facilitated the concentration of presidential power and the “normalization” of curtailed freedoms, as well as decision-making based on “states of exception”.

RESUMEN Los Centros Regionales Universitarios de la Universidad de Panamá responden a las necesidades regionales en materia de educación superior, de las provincias donde fueron creadas, y lo hacen conforme al Plan de Desarrollo Institucional de la Universidad de Panamá (PDI) 2017-2021 y del Plan Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (PENCYT) 2019-2024, conscientes de cambios importantes requeridos en materia de planificación, organización, ejecución y evaluación institucional, contribuyendo así, al cumplimiento de su misión. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente trabajo es caracterizar la situación actual que presenta la gestión institucional, visto desde el modelo de ejecución de la gestión en el Centro Regional Universitario de Azuero. Se realizó una investigación mixta concurrente por etapas, articulando métodos del nivel teórico (inducción-deducción, análisis-síntesis), empírico (análisis documental, encuesta, entrevista, grupo focal) y elementos de la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Se pudo constatar que, en el PDI aprobado para la ejecución de la Universidad de Panamá no se declara ni se contempla la gestión en todos los procesos universitarios necesarios para el desarrollo de los Centros, y existe limitado nivel de conocimientos de los directivos, profesores y servidores públicos administrativos con funciones de jefatura acerca de la gestión universitaria, limitando las acciones que realizan. El análisis preliminar determinó debilidades, amenazas, fortalezas y oportunidades en la gestión, evidenciando insuficiencias que requieren de un abordaje científico, para que la institución desarrolle una gestión institucional eficiente y eficaz para el cumplimiento de la misión universitaria, y con ello lograr nuevas políticas públicas en Panamá.

ABSTRACT The Regional University Centers of the University of Panama respond to the regional needs in terms of higher education, of the provinces where they were created, and do so in accordance with the Institutional Development Plan of the University of Panama (PDI) 2017-2021 and the Science, Technology and Innovation National Plan (PENCYT) 2019-2024, aware of the important changes required in terms of planning, organization, execution, and institutional evaluation, thus contributing to the fulfillment of its mission. In this sense, the objective of this work is to characterize the current situation of institutional management, seen from the management execution model at the Azuero Regional University Center. Mixed concurrent research was carried out in stages, articulating methods from the theoretical level (induction-deduction, analysis-synthesis), empirical (document analysis, survey, interview, focus group) and elements of descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found that the PDI approved for the execution of the University of Panama does not declare or contemplate management in all the university processes necessary for the development of the Centers, and there is a limited level of knowledge of the directors, professors and administrative public serves with leadership functions regarding university management, limiting the actions they carry out. The preliminary analysis determined weaknesses, threats, strengths and opportunities in management, evidencing insufficiencies that require a scientific approach, so that the institution develops efficient and effective institutional management to fulfill the university mission and thereby achieve new public policies in Panama.

Resumen Este artículo indaga los fundamentos económicos que facilitaron el liderazgo de Buenos Aires en su disputa con la Confederación Argentina, durante el período 1852-1862. A diferencia de una parte de la literatura que enfatiza la relevancia de las reformas fiscales y monetarias impulsadas por las autoridades porteñas como causa de la estabilización económica e institucional de esa provincia, el trabajo plantea que el aspecto decisivo para dirimir la disputa fue el histórico poder financiero que le confirió su moneda fiduciaria. Dicho poder le permitió un financiamiento militar prácticamente ilimitado, que no tuvo alteraciones con posterioridad a la batalla de Caseros. A estos fines se consideran trabajos distinguidos de la historiografía argentina que respaldan la hipótesis sostenida. JEL: E42, H77, N46. Argentina 18521862. 18521862 1852 1862. 1862 1852-1862 provincia fiduciaria ilimitado Caseros sostenida JEL E42 E H77 H N46 N 1852186 185 186 1852-186 E4 H7 N4 185218 18 1852-18 18521 1 1852-1 1852-

Abstract This article analyzes the economic foundations that facilitated the leadership of Buenos Aires in its dispute with the Argentine Confederation during the period 1852-1862. Unlike a part of the literature that emphasizes the relevance of the fiscal and monetary reforms promoted by the Buenos Aires authorities (as a cause of the economic and institutional stabilization of that province), the work proposes that the decisive aspect to settle the dispute was the historical financial power that its fiduciary currency conferred on it. This power allowed it a practically unlimited military financing, which was not altered after the Battle of Caseros. For these purposes, distinguished works of Argentine historiography that support the sustained hypothesis are considered. 18521862. 18521862 1852 1862. 1862 1852-1862 as province, province , province) financing Caseros purposes considered 1852186 185 186 1852-186 185218 18 1852-18 18521 1 1852-1 1852-

Resumo Este artigo investiga os fundamentos econômicos que facilitaram a liderança de Buenos Aires em sua disputa com a Confederação Argentina durante o período de 1852 a 1862. Ao contrário de parte da literatura que destaca a importância das reformas fiscais e monetárias promovidas pelas autoridades portenhas como causa da estabilização econômica e institucional da província, o trabalho argumenta que o elemento decisivo para resolver a disputa foi o histórico poder financeiro conferido pela moeda fiduciária. Esse poder permitiu um financiamento militar praticamente ilimitado, sem alterações significativas após a batalha de Caseros. Para respaldar essa hipótese, são considerados trabalhos destacados da historiografia argentina. 185 1862 província fiduciária ilimitado Caseros hipótese argentina 18 186 1

Abstract The Chilean educational system has had to face important challenges derived from the covid-19 pandemic. In the case of early childhood education, these challenges are also include its entry into the new Quality Assurance System. In 2021, the level officially enters this system, already having the necessary instruments to evaluate, supervise, guide, and support the work of pre-schools and their pedagogical labor. Given the context of the institutional reform and the construction of meaning of this reform in Chilean pre-schools, this study aims to explore how leaders address the challenges of the new post-pandemic institutionality, through the perspective of ten principals. To answer the research question, a qualitative design was chosen (Creswell, 2013), the objective of which is to investigate the perspectives and subjectivities of the participants and thereby give an account of a particular phenomenon, in order to facilitate its better understanding and knowledge. In this case, the phenomenon to be investigated is the new institutionality of early childhood education and how it is approached from the leadership of its principals. The selection of the sample was intentional (Robson, 2011; Sandelowski, 1995) by contacting the principals of ten pre-schools belonging to the JUNJI, both directly administered (AD) and via transfer of funds (VTF). Although the results show a diversity of experiences during the incorporation of pre-schools into the SAC in the context of a pandemic and post-pandemic, there are shared elements reported by the participating principals. One of them is the induction that the principals of the pre-schools received, through training in virtual format, without personalized assistance from their supporters. Thus, the responsible organizations favored massive induction processes on the new platform where the different stages and tools associated with the SAC (Comprehensive Performance Diagnosis, Annual Planning, Implementation and Evaluation) are recorded, the way in which this information was received by the leaders and subsequently disseminated with their respective teams was subject to the conditions, resources, skills, dispositions, and knowledge available in each pre-school. The results show that most principals have a positive vision of the process, seeing it as a learning opportunity, building meaning with their pedagogical team. Notwithstanding that, some principals report rather negative experiences, where the new requirements are worked on mechanically, without understanding the meaning that this reform brought with it, or in a isolated way, without involving the pedagogical team. Variables that favored and hindered the construction of meaning (Weick and Sutcliffe, 2007), implemented or not by principals, related to this educational policy are discussed. These results show important challenges to consider for the successful implementation of this new institutionality.

Resumen El sistema educativo chileno ha debido enfrentar importantes desafíos derivados de la pandemia por covid-19. En el caso de la educación parvularia, a estos desafíos se añade además su ingreso al nuevo Sistema de Aseguramiento de la Calidad. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, y considerando las particularidades del liderazgo en educación parvularia, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar cómo las líderes abordan los desafíos de la nueva institucionalidad en el período postpandemia. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de las directoras tiene una visión positiva del proceso, viéndolo como una oportunidad de aprendizaje, construyendo sentido con su equipo pedagógico. Sin perjuicio de aquello, algunas directoras advierten de experiencias más bien negativas, en donde los nuevos requerimientos son trabajados de forma mecánica, sin entender el sentido que traía consigo esta reforma. Estos resultados dan cuenta de importantes desafíos que considerar para la implementación exitosa de esta nueva institucionalidad.