Abstract This paper examines the heterogeneity in the environmental field, specifically in the emission of the main of the greenhouse gases, CO2, within the 3 countries composing the North American region. On the one hand, the United States is a large emitter of CO2 (19% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020), only surpassed by China as of 2005. On the other hand, Canada and Mexico are relatively small emitters on a global scale (1.8% and 1.4% of global emissions accumulated in 1990-2020, respectively), but with large economic and technological differences. Under these conditions, the objective of this research is to find differences and similarities between the three countries regarding CO2 emissions trends and their driving structural factors: scale, technological and composition effects, based on annual data from 2001 to 2014. With a structural decomposition analysis, we found that, in general, the scale effect was polluting and dominating in the period, while the technological effect was anti-polluting, in addition to a small and ambivalent composition effect (positive in some years and negative in others). It is concluded that there is a process of convergence in the intensity of emissions per GDP value and with respect to the three mentioned effects. It is also concluded that the characteristics of the three effects in Mexico were like those of the United States, while Canada approached along the analysis period.

Resumen Este artículo examina la heterogeneidad, en el ámbito ambiental, de los 3 países que componen la región de Norteamérica, específicamente en la emisión de CO2, el principal gas efecto invernadero. Por un lado, Estados Unidos es un gran emisor de CO2 (19% de las emisiones globales acumuladas en 1990-2020), solamente superado por China a partir de 2005. Por otro lado, Canadá y México son emisores relativamente pequeños a escala global (respectivamente 1.8% y 1.4% de las emisiones globales acumuladas en 1990-2020), pero con grandes diferencias económicas y tecnológicas. En estas condiciones, el objetivo de la investigación es encontrar diferencias y similitudes entre los tres países respecto de las tendencias de emisiones de CO2 y sus factores estructurales conductores: los efectos escala, tecnológico y composición, con base en datos anuales de 2001 a 2014. Con un análisis de descomposición estructural, se encontró que, en general, el efecto escala fue contaminante y dominó en el periodo, mientras que el efecto tecnológico resultó anticontaminante, además de un efecto composición pequeño y ambivalente (positivo en unos años y negativo en otros). Se concluye que hay un proceso de convergencia en la intensidad de emisiones por valor del PIB y respecto de los tres efectos mencionados. También se concluye que las características de los tres efectos en México fueron parecidas a las de Estados Unidos, a las cuales Canadá se aproximó durante el periodo de análisis.

Abstract: This paper studies the evolution of the productive structure of Puerto Rico between 1967 and 1992. In order to examine the evolution, Input-Output, and network analysis techniques were used, which allowed us to illustrate the significant relationships in the structure. Diameter and Density were estimated, and it was found that economic activity increased between 1967 and 1977. However, between 1982 and 1992, economic activity decreased. In addition, it was found that Electricity and Chemical Products had significant Outdegree measures but had minimal Indegree measures, so they bought small amounts from the rest of the economy.

Resumen: Este trabajo estudia la evolución de la estructura productiva de Puerto Rico entre 1967 y 1992. Para examinar la evolución se utilizaron técnicas de Insumo-Producto y Análisis de Redes, que permitieron ilustrar las relaciones significativas en la estructura. Se estimó el Diámetro y la Densidad, y se encontró que la actividad económica aumentó entre 1967 y 1977. Sin embargo, entre 1982 y 1992 la actividad económica disminuyó. Además, se encontró que Electricidad y Productos Químicos tenían medidas significativas de Outdegree pero tenían medidas mínimas de Indegree, por lo que compraban pequeñas cantidades del resto de la economía.

Ten spyte van onlangse voortuigang, moet Suid-Afrika nog sy ekonomiese potensiaal in die mediese tegnologie bedryf ten volle ontwikkel. Tog bly dit onseker watter dele van die uitgebreide mediese toestelbedryf Suid-Afrika moet prioritiseer. Hierdie artikel gebruik die inset-uitset produkruimte (IO-PS) metodologie om sleutelareas binne die mediese toestelbedryf te identifiseer wat die bedryf se potensiaal sal ontsluit in Suid-Afrika. Die analise het die gebruik van 'n hiërargiese kartering van die industrie as inset tot die 'IO-PS'-analise, behels. Daarna is die uitset van die metode ontleed en geïnterpreteer. Die mees belowende produkte vir verdere ontwikkeling onder verskeie scenario's was geïdentifiseer.

Despite recent gains, South Africa is yet to fully develop its economic potential in the medical technologies industry. Yet it remains uncertain which parts of the extended medical technologies industry South Africa should prioritise. This paper uses the input-output product space (IO-PS) methodology to identify key areas in the medical technologies industry that are likely to unlock the industry's potential in South Africa. The analysis involved using a hierarchical mapping of the industry as input to the IO-PS analysis. Thereafter, the outputs of the methodology were analysed and interpreted. The most promising products for further development under various scenarios were identified.

ABSTRACT This research aims to assess the role of manufacturing in modernizing the productive structure of a sample of 66 low, middle, and high-income countries based on the OECD’s international input-output tables. Unlike other authors, we use value added in final demand to calculate the economic complexity index to cover all productive activities, not just tradable ones. Using the generalized method of moments, we assess the effect on complexity of variables representing global economic growth, natural resource endowments, among others. Thus, we find that the manufacturing industry remains the main driver of structural change, while a highly complementary relationship has been established between imported and local value added in manufacturing in general and in capital goods in particular.

RESUMEN Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el papel de la manufactura en la modernización de la estructura productiva de una muestra de 66 países de ingresos bajos, medianos y altos, con datos de las tablas insumo-producto internacionales de la OCDE. A diferencia de otros autores, calculamos el valor agregado en la demanda final para obtener el índice de complejidad económica, incluyendo todas las actividades productivas y no sólo las transables. Con el método generalizado de momentos evaluamos el efecto sobre la complejidad de variables que representan el crecimiento de la economía mundial, la dotación de recursos naturales, entre otras. Así, constatamos que la industria manufacturera continúa siendo el principal impulsor del cambio estructural, al mismo tiempo que se ha establecido una relación de alta complementariedad entre el valor agregado importado y local en la manufactura en general y en los bienes de capital en particular.

Abstract The study analyzes the level of technical efficiency of public investment in Education at the primary and secondary level in Peru, 2016 to 2022. Data envelopment analysis - DEA was used and for the association between the provision of resources and educational quality. the panel data fixed effects model. The results indicate that there are relative differences in efficiency between the regions, registering an average score of 49% for the primary level and 38% for the secondary level, with the most efficient being Moquegua, Tacna, Arequipa and Ica, and the least efficient being Loreto, Huánuco, Ucayali, and San Martín. From the input-output association, classroom size, infrastructure in good condition and public investment have a direct relationship, while students per teacher and per computer, the relationship is inverse with respect to educational achievement in communication and mathematics at the primary and secondary level. This suggests that inefficient regions should increase educational attainment at the primary and secondary levels by an average of 51% and 62%, respectively, while maintaining the same level of spending. Therefore, to improve their efficiency within the framework of public policies, they can adopt the management implemented by regions such as Moquegua and Tacna.

Resumen El estudio analiza el nivel de eficiencia técnica de la inversión pública en Educación en el nivel primario y secundario en Perú, 2016 a 2022. Se utilizó el análisis envolvente de datos - DEA y para la asociación entre la dotación de recursos y la calidad educativa, el modelo panel data efectos fijos. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias relativas de eficiencia entre las regiones, registrando una puntuación promedio de 49 % para el nivel primario y 38 % para el nivel secundario, siendo los más eficientes Moquegua, Tacna, Arequipa e Ica, y los menos eficientes Loreto, Huánuco, Ucayali, y San Martín. De la asociación insumo - producto, tamaño del aula, infraestructura en buen estado e inversión pública tienen relación directa, en tanto que alumnos por docente y por computadora, la relación es inversa respecto al logro educativo en comunicación y matemática a nivel primario y secundario. Ello sugiere que las regiones ineficientes deben aumentar en promedio 51 % y 62 % los logros educativos en el nivel primario y secundario respectivamente, manteniendo el mismo nivel de gasto. Por tanto, para mejorar su eficiencia en el marco de políticas públicas, pueden adoptar la gestión implementada por las regiones como Moquegua y Tacna.

Resumen Este artículo examina los vínculos de producción de las actividades características del turismo en la economía brasileña y desglosa la variación de la producción de estas actividades en cambios tecnológicos y efectos de la demanda final. Para ello, utilizamos los métodos de extracción hipotética y descomposición estructural basados en las matrices input-output brasileñas de 2010 y 2015. Los principales resultados muestran que la ausencia de actividades turísticas causaría una reducción del 0,83% en la producción total de la economía brasileña. y los impactos causados por la ausencia de estructuras de compra y venta de estas actividades fueron relativamente bajos, lo que puede explicarse en parte por el hecho de que las actividades turísticas están orientadas a la demanda final. Además, las variaciones en la producción de las actividades turísticas se explican predominantemente por el comportamiento de la demanda final, con un reducido impacto del progreso técnico. El consumo de los hogares y las exportaciones son los que más contribuyeron a las variaciones del producto. final ello inputoutput input output 201 2015 083 0 83 0,83 bajos Además técnico producto 20 08 8 0,8 2 0,

Abstract This paper examines the production linkages of Tourism Characteristic Activities in the Brazilian economy and breaks down the output variation of these activities into technological change and final demand effects. To do so, we use the hypothetical extraction and structural decomposition methods based on the Brazilian input-output matrices of 2010 and 2015. The main results show that the absence of tourist activities would cause a 0.83% reduction in the total output in Brazilian economy, and the impacts caused by the absence of the purchasing and selling structures of these activities were relatively low, which can be partially explained by the fact that tourist activities are oriented towards final demand. Furthermore, variations in the output of tourist activities are predominantly explained by the behavior of final demand, with a reduced impact of technical progress. Household consumption and exports are the ones that contributed the most to the variations in output. effects so inputoutput input 201 2015 083 0 83 0.83 low Furthermore progress 20 08 8 0.8 2 0.

Resumo Este artigo analisa os encadeamentos produtivos das Atividades Características do Turismo na economia brasileira e decompõe a variação do produto dessas atividades em mudanças tecnológicas e efeitos de demanda final. Para tanto, foram utilizados os métodos de extração hipotética e decomposição estrutural baseados nas matrizes brasileiras de insumo-produto de 2010 e 2015. Os principais resultados mostram que a ausência de atividades turísticas causaria uma redução de 0,83% na produção total da economia brasileira e os impactos causados pela retirada das estruturas de compra e venda destas atividades foram relativamente baixos, o que pode ser parcialmente explicado pelo fato das atividades turísticas estarem orientadas para a demanda final. Além disso, as variações na produção das atividades turísticas são predominantemente explicadas pelo comportamento da demanda final, com impacto reduzido do progresso técnico. O consumo das famílias e as exportações foram os que mais contribuíram para as variações do produto. final tanto insumoproduto insumo 201 2015 083 0 83 0,83 baixos disso técnico 20 08 8 0,8 2 0,

Abstract The objective of this study is to measure the countries' agribusiness in terms of income (Gross Domestic Product - GDP) and water (water footprint), in addition to estimating a sustainability indicator (water per unit of income). The methodology is based on the input-output matrix and was applied to 189 countries with a focus on the twenty largest economies (GDP) in 2015. The GDP of world agribusiness was US$12.3 trillion and the water footprint of 151 trillion cubic meters, the values represented respectively 18% and 97.5% of the total production system. The share of agribusiness income in the total productive system of the countries ranged from 4% to 61%. The highest agribusiness GDP figures were obtained for China (US$ 2.5 trillion), the United States (US$ 1.4 trillion), India (US$ 0.67 trillion), Japan (US$ 0.5 trillion) and Brazil (US$ 0.43 trillion). The environmental cost of agribusiness measured in cubic meters of water per thousand dollars of income generation (m3/US$) ranged from less than one hundred cubic meters for every thousand dollars of income generated to more than 200 thousand, which indicates that there is the possibility of increasing the efficiency of water use and sustainability through the development of new technologies. Gross footprint, , footprint) income. . income) inputoutput input output 18 (GDP 2015 US123 US 12 3 US$12. 15 975 97 5 97.5 4 61 61% US$ (US 25 2 2. trillion, 14 1 1. 067 0 67 0.6 05 0. 043 43 0.4 trillion. m3/US$ m3US mUS m3 m (m3/US$ 20 technologies 201 US12 US$12 9 97. 6 06 04 m3/US (m3/US US1 US$1

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo é dimensionar o agronegócio dos países em termos de renda (Produto Interno Bruto - PIB) e água (pegada hídrica), além de estimar um indicador de sustentabilidade (água por unidade de renda). A metodologia é baseada na matriz insumo-produto e foi aplicada para 189 países com enfoque sobre as vinte maiores economias (PIB) no ano de 2015. O PIB do agronegócio mundial era de US$12,3 trilhões e a pegada hídrica de 151 trilhões de metros cúbicos, os valores representavam respectivamente 18% e 97,5% dos totais do sistema produtivo. A participação da renda do agronegócio no total do sistema produtivo dos países variou entre 4% e 61%. Os maiores valores do PIB do agronegócio foram obtidos para a China (US$ 2,5 trilhões), Estados Unidos (US$ 1,4 trilhão), Índia (US$ 0,67 trilhão), Japão (US$ 0,5 trilhão) e Brasil (US$ 0,43 trilhão). O custo ambiental do agronegócio mensurado em metros cúbicos de água para mil dólares de geração de renda (m3/US$) variou entre menos de cem metros cúbicos para cada mil dólares de renda gerada para mais de 200 mil, o que indica que existe a possibilidade do aumento da eficiência do uso da água e sustentabilidade por meio do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias. Produto hídrica, , hídrica) renda. . renda) insumoproduto insumo produto 18 (PIB 2015 US123 US 12 3 US$12, 15 975 97 5 97,5 4 61 61% US$ (US 25 2 2, trilhões, trilhões) 14 1 1, trilhão, trilhão 067 0 67 0,6 05 0, 043 43 0,4 trilhão. m3/US$ m3US mUS m3 m (m3/US$ 20 tecnologias 201 US12 US$12 9 97, 6 06 04 m3/US (m3/US US1 US$1

Abstract This paper estimates the potential impacts of a possible diesel shortage on the Brazilian economy. To this end, an input-output model integrated with linear programming procedures is used to simulate direct, indirect, and induced effects on income and job creation. The results reveal significant socioeconomic implications for short periods (10 days) of restricted availability and point to significant potential losses due to the characteristics of the productive structure, particularly those relating to the transport sector. More specifically, the results show a potential impact of reducing Brazilian GDP by R$76.28 billion, equivalent to 1.5% of 2015 GDP. Estimates show a potential drop that could reach 1.8 million jobs. The evidence obtained contributes to guiding public energy planning policies and draws attention to the need to build strategic diesel stocks. economy end inputoutput input output direct indirect creation 10 (1 days structure sector specifically R7628 R 76 28 R$76.2 billion 15 1 5 1.5 201 18 8 1. jobs stocks ( R762 7 2 R$76. 20 R76 R$76 R7 R$7 R$

Resumo Este artigo estima os impactos potenciais de um eventual desabastecimento do diesel sobre a economia brasileira. Para tanto, utiliza-se um modelo insumo-produto integrado a procedimentos de programação linear a fim de simular efeitos diretos, indiretos e induzidos sobre a renda e a geração de empregos. Os resultados revelam implicações socioeconômicas expressivas para curtos períodos (10 dias) de restrição na disponibilidade e apontam para perdas potenciais significativas devido às características da estrutura produtiva, em particular relativas ao setor de transporte. Mais especificamente, os resultados mostram um impacto potencial de redução de R$ 76,28 bilhões do PIB brasileiro, o equivalente a 1,5% do PIB de 2015. As estimativas mostram queda potencial que poderia atingir 1,8 milhões de postos de trabalho. As evidências obtidas contribuem para orientar políticas públicas de planejamento energético e chamam atenção para a necessidade de formação de estoques estratégicos de diesel. brasileira tanto utilizase utiliza se insumoproduto insumo produto diretos empregos 10 (1 dias produtiva transporte especificamente R 7628 76 28 76,2 brasileiro 15 1 5 1,5 2015 18 8 1, trabalho ( 762 7 2 76, 201 20

BACKGROUND: The green economy has long been important in public discourses, as has been the forecasting of macroeconomic phenomena. AIM: The purpose with this study was to construct a regional input-output model for the South African economy. SETTING: The model is a coupled input-output/system dynamics model. It is dynamic in the sense that sector growth follows the 'limits to growth' hypothesis. The model is used to explore the impact on the green economy, and also on poverty indices. METHOD: It was constructed using Vensim®, a system dynamics modelling package. Bayesian methods were utilised to estimate realistic values for the multipliers. Type I multipliers for output, income, employment and gross value added (GVA) are estimated. The model was then 'tested' by forecasting various resource sectors' GVA (i.e. agriculture, mining, water, electricity. RESULTS: The model fits the historical data well, replicating provincial GVA as well as national GVA to an acceptable standard. The multipliers fell within appropriate ranges, and followed a priori expectations. CONCLUSION: The model provides 'highly accurate' forecasts of various macroeconomic parameters, including the resources sectors. The impact of different multipliers in the three resources sectors on various poverty indices in South Africa was also assessed. CONTRIBUTION: The model has great potential for further use in the agricultural, energy and resource sectors, but also has wider application since it provides a means for generating an input- output table for any specific year based on the forecasting of input - output elements.

Abstract: This paper studies the integration of Canada and Mexico with the United States of America (USA) prior to the North American Free Trade Agreement. Input-Output techniques were used, and it was found that Canada and Mexico were integrated with the USA but with different characteristics. Since most Canadian industries with greater integration are not linked to the automotive industry, these results are curious because, during practically the entire period, the free trade agreement in force was that of the automotive industry. Among the most integrated Mexican industries are some associated with maquiladoras, which suggests a concordance between Mexico’s policies and its integration with the USA.

Resumen: Este trabajo estudia la integración de Canadá y México con Estados Unidos previo al Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. Se utilizaron técnicas de Insumo-Producto y se encontró que Canadá y México estaban integrados con Estados Unidos, pero con características distintas. Ya que la mayoría de las industrias canadienses con mayor integración no están vinculadas a la industria automotriz, estos resultados son curiosos porque durante prácticamente todo el periodo el tratado de libre comercio vigente era el de la industria automotriz. Entre las industrias mexicanas más integradas se encuentran algunas asociadas con las maquiladoras, lo cual sugiere una concordancia entre las políticas de México y su integración con Estados Unidos.

This paper evaluates the different socioeconomic impacts of the biodiesel sector on family farming and other sectors of the economy of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso, which are the largest biodiesel producers in Brazil and have structural and regional differences. The Input-Output Theory was the methodology used to measure the direct and indirect effects on the jobs generated and on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The research shows that the production of biodiesel via family farming in Rio Grande do Sul is 66 times that of Mato Grosso, generating approximately 19,000 jobs, which is explained by the greater development of the agricultural sector in Rio Grande do Sul. Compared to fossil diesel, one million barrels of oil equivalent of family biodiesel in Rio Grande do Sul generates 7,700 jobs, while the fossil route generates 1,600 jobs.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar os diferentes impactos socioeconômicos do setor do biodiesel na agricultura familiar e demais setores da economia dos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e do Mato Grosso, que são os maiores produtores de biodiesel no Brasil e possuem diferenças estruturais e regionais. Utilizou-se como base metodológica a Teoria de Insumo-Produto para mensurar os efeitos diretos e indiretos nas ocupações geradas e no Produto Interno Bruto (PIB). Os resultados indicam que a produção de biodiesel via agricultura familiar no Rio Grande do Sul é 66 vezes àquela no Mato Grosso, gerando aproximadamente 19 mil ocupações, que é explicado pelo maior desenvolvimento do setor agrícola gaúcho. Na comparação com o diesel fóssil, um milhão de barris equivalentes de petróleo (bep) de biodiesel familiar no Rio Grande do Sul gera 7,7 mil ocupações, enquanto na rota fóssil gera 1,6 mil ocupações.

This research aimed to analyze the exchange rate pass-through in Brazil between 1995 and 2019. Using Input-Output Analysis (IOA) was investigated cost-push channel exerted by exchange rate variations, in addition to analyzing the role of imported final goods and the participation and relevance of specific sectors in price formation. The results suggest that changes in the structure of intermediate consumption may be causing a higher cost pressure in recent years. Furthermore, the effects disaggregated by sector are revealed, in which sectors such as automobiles, food, pharmaceuticals, oil refining and wholesale and retail trade have greater participation in the exchange rate pass-through.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o pass-through cambial aos preços domésticos no Brasil entre 1995 e 2019. Utilizando Análise Insumo-Produto (AIP) foi investigada a pressão de custos exercida por variações cambiais (cost-push channel), além de serem analisados o papel dos bens finais importados e a participação e relevância de setores específicos na formação de preços. Os resultados sugerem que mudanças na estrutura de consumo intermediário podem estar provocando maior pressão de custos nos últimos anos. Além disso, são revelados os efeitos desagregados setorialmente, mostrando que setores como o automobilístico, alimentício, farmacêutico, de refino do petróleo e de comércio por atacado e varejo têm maior participação no repasse cambial.

Abstract The objective of this paper is to quantify the land use from the primary activities in terms of consumption in Mexico. To do this, we assign data on the land use for agriculture, livestock, productive forestry, and aquaculture to the primary economic activities represented in the 2018 input-output table. Also, the input-output model of land use is complemented with statistical information from the import matrix and the social accounting matrix of 2018. The results indicate that the land foot-print amounts to 61 745 416 hectares and 0.49 hectares per capita. This means that 73% of the land footprint is represented by land areas within our country and 27% by areas in other countries. The land demand derived from the consumption of the population in Mexico is greater than the land areas used in the production of primary activities. This study has two limitations: one referred to the assumptions of the input-output model and another, to the concept of land use. The originality and value of the article consist in analyzing the demand for land for food production in Mexico, which represents the greatest threat to the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems and the ecological services that emanate from it.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es cuantificar el uso de suelo del sector primario en términos del consumo en México. Para ello, se asignan datos sobre áreas del uso de suelo para la producción agrícola, pecuaria, forestal y acuícola a las actividades económicas primarias representadas en la matriz de insumo-producto de 2018 del país. Además, el modelo de insumo-producto del uso de suelo se complementó con la información estadística proveniente de la Matriz de Importaciones y la Matriz de Contabilidad Social de 2018. Los resultados indican que la huella de suelo de la actividad del sector primario asciende a 61 745 416 hectáreas y 0.49 hectáreas per cápita. Esto implica que 73% de esta huella de suelo está representada por áreas dentro del país y 27% por áreas en otros países. La demanda derivada de suelo correspondiente al consumo de la población en México es mayor a las áreas de suelo empleadas en la producción doméstica de las actividades primarias. Este estudio tiene dos limitaciones: una referida a los supuestos del modelo de insumo-producto y otra, al concepto sobre el uso de suelo. La originalidad y el valor del artículo consisten en analizar la demanda de suelo para la producción de alimentos en México, la cual representa la mayor amenaza para la conservación de los ecosistemas terrestres y los servicios ecológicos que de ella emanan.

Abstract The central objective of this work is to identify the most important state-sectors for the Mexican economy based on their productive linkages through the application of the hypothetical extraction method within the framework of interregional input-output analysis. The most important state-sectors tend to concentrate in the central subregion of the country, especially in Mexico City and Estado de Mexico; in the northeast subregion, particularly in Nuevo León, and in the southeastern oil subregion. The most important productive chain due to its backward and forward linkages is associated with petroleum mining and petroleum derivatives, chemicals, and plastics. Electrical, electronic, and transportation products show considerable backward linkages but have a high export orientation accompanied by intensive use of imported inputs. Services located in the biggest metropolitan areas of the country are another important sector for the economy. The results of this work provide inputs for the formulation of a regional industrial policy and for the study of the effects of economic crises on Mexico’s state level productive structure. Ultimately, progress must be made toward sectoral diversification and the integration of federal entities and subregions that present the greatest disconnection.

Resumen El objetivo central de este trabajo es identificar los sectores-estado más importantes para la economía mexicana según sus encadenamientos productivos mediante la aplicación del método de extracción hipotética en el marco del análisis insumo-producto interregional. Los sectores-estado más importantes tienden a concentrarse en la subregión centro del país ―especialmente en la Ciudad de México y el Estado de México―, en la subregión noreste ―particularmente en Nuevo León― y en la subregión petrolera del sureste. La cadena productiva más importante por sus encadenamientos hacia atrás y hacia adelante es la asociada con la minería petrolera y los derivados de petróleo, química y plásticos. Los productos eléctricos, electrónicos y de transporte muestran niveles considerables de encadenamientos hacia atrás, pero presentan una orientación exportadora alta acompañada por un uso intensivo de insumos importados. Otro sector importante es el de los servicios ubicados en las zonas metropolitanas más importantes del país. Los resultados de este trabajo brindan insumos para la formulación de una política industrial de alcance regional y para el estudio de los efectos de las crisis económicas sobre la estructura productiva de México a nivel estatal. En definitiva, se debe avanzar hacia la diversificación sectorial y la integración de las entidades federativas y las subregiones que presentan la mayor desconexión.

Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of trade with China on the productive structures of Latin American economies. For this, a structural decomposition analysis is carried out based on the input-output matrices of the Asian Development Bank for the period 2007-2017. The document shows that the effects of import substitution (negative) and exports (positive) on the change in gross production reflect the growing importance that China has acquired in recent decades as a source of imports and as a destination of exports of various sectors for Latin America. Results are included for Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.

Resumen En este documento se estudia la relación comercial entre América Latina y China con especial atención en los efectos o las implicaciones en sus estructuras productivas. Se realiza un análisis de descomposición estructural con base en las matrices insumo-producto del Banco Asiático de Desarrollo para 2007-2017. Los resultados indican que los efectos de la sustitución de las importaciones (negativos) y de las exportaciones (positivos) en el cambio de la producción bruta reflejan la creciente importancia que ha adquirido China en las décadas recientes como origen de las importaciones y como destino de las exportaciones de diversos sectores para varios países latinoamericanos. Se incluyen resultados para Argentina, Brasil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela.