Abstract Monkey mortality in Costa Rica is due, in most cases, to anthropogenic factors, such as deforestation, forest fragmentation, lack of tree connectivity, and tourism development in most coastal areas. The latter factor has caused the death of at least 450 monkeys per year due to electrocution, as a result of the increase in electrical wiring that has arisen in the different regions with urban development. Faced with this threat, proposals have been developed to avoid the danger, such as the construction of appropriate passage infrastructure for monkeys, the placement of insulated wiring, and the protection of electrical transformers. Using the morphometric measurements of the four species of monkeys native to Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii, and Cebus imitator), a model of safe and functional aerial passages or bridges for them was designed, the foundations of which are discussed in this article.

Resumen La mortalidad de los monos en Costa Rica se debe, en la mayoría de los casos, a factores antropogénicos, como la deforestación, la fragmentación de los bosques, la falta de conectividad arbórea y el desarrollo turístico en la mayoría de las zonas costeras. Este último factor ha provocado la muerte de al menos 450 monos por año debido a la electrocución, a raíz del aumento del cableado eléctrico que ha surgido en las diferentes regiones con desarrollo urbanístico. Ante esta amenaza se han elaborado propuestas para evitar el peligro, como la construcción de infraestructura de paso apropiada para los monos, la colocación de cableado aislado y la protección de los transformadores eléctricos. Utilizando las medidas morfométricas de las cuatro especies de monos nativas de Costa Rica (Alouatta palliata, Ateles geoffroyi, Saimiri oerstedii y Cebus imitator), se diseñó un modelo de pasos aéreos o puentes seguros y funcionales para ellos, cuyos fundamentos se discuten en el presente artículo.

Abstract Hub Criativo do Beato is an infrastructure targeted at digital innovation in the city of Lisbon, Portugal, that has been constituted, since 2016, through a process that I call continuous and flexible repurposing of an old military-industrial complex. I also understand it as an anchor for urban rehabilitation and as a representation apparatus for a city that competes internationally to attract capital in the context of the global rise of the digital economy. A multiplicity of ideas, experiments, and openness to change and adaptations guide its projects. The article seeks to critically understand the connections between urban production and the digital economy. This case study derives from qualitative research of an explanatory--interpretive nature based on grounded theory. Lisbon Portugal constituted 2016 militaryindustrial military industrial complex economy ideas experiments projects explanatoryinterpretive explanatory interpretive theory 201 20 2

Resumo Hub Criativo do Beato é uma infraestrutura voltada à inovação digital da cidade de Lisboa, Portugal, que vem sendo constituída, desde 2016, por um processo que chamo de refuncionalização contínua e flexível de um antigo complexo industrial militar. Também a compreendo como âncora de reabilitação urbana e como dispositivo de representação para uma Lisboa que compete internacionalmente por atração de capitais em contexto de ascensão global da economia digital. Multiplicidade de ideias, experimentações, aberturas a mudanças e adaptações dão o tom dos projetos lá realizados. O artigo busca compreender criticamente os enlaces possíveis entre produção do urbano e economia digital. Trata-se de um estudo de caso derivado de pesquisa qualitativa de caráter explicativo-interpretativo e baseada no modelo grounded theory. Portugal constituída 2016 militar ideias experimentações realizados Tratase Trata se explicativointerpretativo explicativo interpretativo theory 201 20 2

Resumo Introdução: Pesquisa multicêntrica em centros de diálise brasileiros são escassas. Descrevemos as fases de recrutamento e implementação do estudo SARC-HD, visando investigar a sarcopenia e seu impacto em desfechos clínicos adversos. Métodos: O SARC-HD é um estudo de coorte realizado com pacientes em hemodiálise no Brasil. A fase de recrutamento foi considerada o período entre convite ao centro e início da inclusão de pacientes, enquanto a fase de implementação durou a partir de então até a conclusão do recrutamento e coleta de dados basais. Após a implementação, um questionário estruturado foi distribuído para coletar feedback dos principais pesquisadores. Resultados: 21 centros de três regiões brasileiras consentiram em participar, com duas desistências. Dez pesquisadores principais supervisionaram 19 locais. Nove centros (47%) eram totalmente financiados por planos de saúde. 1525 pacientes foram avaliados para elegibilidade e 1008 foram incluídos, com taxa de recrutamento de 66,1%. Recrutamento e coleta de dados basais levaram 12 semanas [intervalo interquartil: 5–15]. A análise qualitativa de conteúdo identificou barreiras como falta de infraestrutura e logística para pesquisa. Os facilitadores incluíram gestão e organização do comitê gestor. Os desafios da coleta de dados foram relatados principalmente quanto à avaliação global subjetiva de 7 pontos e o questionário internacional de atividade física. O principal desafio para a fase de manutenção será a falta de informações padronizadas nos prontuários eletrônicos. Conclusões: As fases de recrutamento e implementação do estudo multicêntrico SARC-HD foram viáveis. Barreiras e facilitadores identificados pelos pesquisadores principais podem auxiliar futuras iniciativas multicêntricas a integrar tarefas relacionadas à pesquisa na rotina clínica, facilitando experiências bem-sucedidas. Introdução escassas SARCHD, SARCHD SARC HD, HD adversos Métodos Brasil Resultados 2 participar desistências 1 locais 47% 47 (47% saúde 152 100 incluídos 661 66 66,1% intervalo interquartil 5–15. 515 5–15 . 5 15 5–15] gestor física eletrônicos Conclusões viáveis clínica bemsucedidas. bemsucedidas bem sucedidas. sucedidas bem-sucedidas 4 (47 10 6 66,1 51 5–1 (4 66, 5– (

Abstract Introduction: Multicenter research initiatives in Brazilian dialysis centers are scarce. We described the recruitment and implementation phases of the SARC-HD study, aimed at investigating sarcopenia and its impact on adverse clinical outcomes. Methods: The SARC-HD is a cohort study being conducted with patients on hemodialysis in Brazil. The recruitment phase was defined as the period from the invitation to the center until the start of patient enrollment, whereas the implementation phase lasted from then until the completion of enrollment and baseline data collection. Upon implementation, a structured questionnaire was distributed to collect feedback from principal investigators. Results: 21 centers from three Brazilian regions consented to participate, with two dropping out. Ten principal investigators oversaw the 19 sites. Nine centers (47%) were funded entirely by health insurance companies. A total of 1525 patients were screened for eligibility and 1008 were enrolled, with a 66.1% recruitment rate. Recruitment and baseline data collection took 12 [interquartile range: 5–15] weeks. Qualitative content analysis identified barriers such as a lack of infrastructure and logistics for research. Facilitators included the management and organization of the steering committee. Data collection challenges were mainly reported with the subjective 7-point global assessment and the international physical activity questionnaire. The main challenge for the ongoing maintenance phase will be the lack of standardized information in electronic health records. Conclusions: The recruitment and implementation phases of the multicenter SARC-HD study were feasible. Barriers and facilitators identified by principal investigators may help future multicenter initiatives to integrate research-related tasks into clinical routine, facilitating successful experiences. Introduction scarce SARCHD SARC HD outcomes Methods Brazil Results 2 participate out 1 sites 47% 47 (47% companies 152 100 enrolled 661 66 66.1 rate interquartile range 5–15 515 5 15 weeks committee 7point point 7 records Conclusions feasible researchrelated related routine experiences 4 (47 10 6 66. 5–1 51 (4 5– (

Chitosan (CS) blends with collagen (CL) and Aloe vera (AV) have gained significant attention in the biomedical field due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and potential for wound healing applications. In this study, we investigated the preparation and characterization of CS/CL and CS/AV blends using selective precipitation and co-precipitation techniques. The synthesis processes were analyzed for yield and 4-hydroxyproline content (in CS/CL blends). The materials were characterized using bromatological analyses, viscosity measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These eco-friendly methods effectively promoted interactions between the biopolymers, resulting in homogeneous blends with tunable properties. Besides, they are simple, fast, safe, and require minimal infrastructure. This study demonstrated that selective precipitation and co-precipitation are effective methods for producing chitosan/collagen and chitosan/Aloe vera blends. These methods foster interactions and miscibility between the biopolymers, as confirmed by FTIR, XRD, viscosity, and 4-Hy content analyses. They also align with green chemistry principles by avoiding organic solvents, reducing environmental risks, and minimizing waste. The high yields achieved, especially for CS/AV blends (exceeding 96%), make these materials compatible with lyophilization procedures. The absence of segregated phases after appropriate washing underscores their suitability for pharmaceutical formulations and other applications. CS (CS CL (CL AV (AV biocompatibility biodegradability applications CSCL CSAV coprecipitation co techniques 4hydroxyproline hydroxyproline 4 . blends) analyses measurements Fouriertransform Fourier transform FTIR , (FTIR) Xray X ray XRD (XRD) SEM. SEM (SEM) ecofriendly eco friendly biopolymers properties Besides simple fast safe infrastructure chitosancollagen chitosan chitosanAloe 4Hy Hy solvents risks waste achieved exceeding 96%, 96 96% 96%) procedures (FTIR (XRD (SEM 9

Abstract: This article presents the application of the Multiple Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) method, enhanced with specifically tuned parameters using the Taguchi method, for optimizing bridge and viaduct designs. Unlike conventional approaches, the optimization in this study encompasses the entire structure rather than focusing solely on the deck. This approach is illustrated through case studies on two viaducts located in Atalaia and Mandaguaçu along the BR-376 highway in Paraná, Brazil. In Atalaia, the optimized solutions achieved reductions in construction costs by 10.5% to 22.7%, CO2 emissions by 8.9% to 21.2%, and extended the design service life by 24.0% to 540.7%. Similarly, in Mandaguaçu, the optimizations resulted in cost reductions ranging from 9.1% to 23.2%, decreases in CO2 emissions from 12.7% to 23.5%, and increases in the design service life by up to 540.7%. The study also revealed consistent patterns between the degrees of freedom and objective functions; specifically, larger cross-sectional dimensions tended to lower costs, while smaller dimensions were associated with reduced CO2 emissions. These findings illustrate the real-world performance improvements afforded by the optimization process, which not only reduces the global cost per year of service compared to the original designs but also enhances economic and environmental performance, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of MOPSO in structural optimization for sustainable infrastructure development. Abstract (MOPSO method approaches deck BR376 BR 376 BR-37 Paraná Brazil 105 10 5 10.5 227 22 7 22.7% CO 89 8 9 8.9 212 21 2 21.2% 240 24 0 24.0 5407 540 540.7% Similarly 91 1 9.1 232 23 23.2% 127 12 12.7 235 23.5% functions crosssectional cross sectional realworld real world process development BR37 37 BR-3 10. 22.7 8. 21.2 24. 54 540.7 9. 23.2 12. 23.5 BR3 3 BR- 22. 21. 540. 23.

Resumo: Este artigo apresenta a aplicação do método de Otimização por Enxame de Partículas com Múltiplos Objetivos (Multiple Objective Particle Swarm Optimization, MOPSO), aprimorado com parâmetros especificamente ajustados pelo método de Taguchi, para a otimização de projetos de pontes e viadutos. Diferente das abordagens convencionais, a otimização neste estudo engloba toda a estrutura, em vez de se concentrar apenas no tabuleiro. Essa abordagem é ilustrada por meio de estudos de caso em dois viadutos localizados em Atalaia e Mandaguaçu ao longo da rodovia BR-376 no Paraná, Brasil. Em Atalaia, as soluções otimizadas alcançaram reduções nos custos de construção de 10,5% a 22,7%, emissões de CO2 de 8,9% a 21,2%, e estenderam a vida útil do projeto de 24,0% a 540,7%. De forma similar, em Mandaguaçu, as otimizações resultaram em reduções de custo de 9,1% a 23,2%, diminuição das emissões de CO2 de 12,7% a 23,5%, e aumentos na vida útil do projeto de até 540,7%. O estudo também revelou padrões consistentes entre os graus de liberdade e as funções objetivas; especificamente, dimensões transversais maiores tendiam a reduzir custos, enquanto dimensões menores estavam associadas a reduções nas emissões de CO2. Esses achados ilustram as melhorias de desempenho no mundo real proporcionadas pelo processo de otimização, que não apenas reduz o custo global por ano de serviço em comparação com os projetos originais, mas também aprimora o desempenho econômico e ambiental, demonstrando assim a eficácia do MOPSO na otimização estrutural para o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas mais sustentáveis. Resumo Multiple Optimization MOPSO, , MOPSO) Taguchi convencionais estrutura tabuleiro BR376 BR 376 BR-37 Paraná Brasil 105 10 5 10,5 227 22 7 22,7% CO 89 8 9 8,9 212 21 2 21,2% 240 24 0 24,0 5407 540 540,7% similar 91 1 9,1 232 23 23,2% 127 12 12,7 235 23,5% objetivas originais ambiental sustentáveis BR37 37 BR-3 10, 22,7 8, 21,2 24, 54 540,7 9, 23,2 12, 23,5 BR3 3 BR- 22, 21, 540, 23,

Abstract The study of environmental comfort in open urban spaces has undergone constant updates in the last decades. In the meantime, the specific analysis of these aspects within the context of walkability stands out as an area with considerable potential to be investigated. In this context, this article aims to explore walkability in pedestrian routes and its relationship with environmental comfort, proposing a more systematized approach for its application in the strategic planning of cities. Therefore, we proposed the construction of a Pedestrian Walkability and Comfort Index (ICCP), composed of three partial indices that consider thermal, acoustic, and ergonomic aspects of pedestrian paths. The methodology is based on street visualization tools and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to spatialize and systematize the interactions between walkability and environmental comfort. The research concludes that ICCP is a valid tool for measuring walkability at meso and micro scales, and it can be replicated in other urban contexts. Furthermore, the development and application of ICCP also highlight that rethinking walkability with environmental comfort in urban areas requires an integrated approach to the entire mobility system and urban infrastructure of cities. decades meantime investigated cities Therefore ICCP, , (ICCP) thermal acoustic paths GIS (GIS scales contexts Furthermore (ICCP

Resumo O estudo do conforto ambiental em espaços urbanos abertos está em constante crescimento. Contudo, a análise específica desses aspectos no contexto da caminhabilidade destaca-se como uma área com considerável potencial a ser investigado. Neste contexto, este artigo busca explorar a caminhabilidade nos percursos de pedestres e sua relação com o conforto ambiental, propondo uma abordagem sistematizada para sua aplicação no planejamento urbano estratégico. Propõe-se, assim, a construção de um Índice de Caminhabilidade e Conforto do Pedestre (ICCP) composto por três índices parciais que levam em consideração aspectos térmicos, acústicos e ergonômicos dos percursos de pedestres. A metodologia utilizada é baseada no uso de ferramentas de visualização de ruas e ferramentas de Sistemas de Informação geográfica (SIG) para espacializar e sistematizar as interações entre caminhabilidade e conforto ambiental. A pesquisa conclui que o ICCP se constitui como ferramenta válida para aferição da caminhabilidade na meso e microescalas, podendo ser replicada em outros contextos urbanos. Por último, a construção e aplicação do ICCP evidenciam, ainda, que repensar a caminhabilidade com conforto ambiental no meio urbano requerem uma abordagem integrada de todo o sistema de mobilidade e de infraestrutura urbana das cidades. crescimento Contudo destacase destaca investigado estratégico Propõese, Propõese Propõe se, Propõe-se assim (ICCP térmicos SIG (SIG microescalas último evidenciam ainda cidades

RESUMEN La presencia de agrupaciones del crimen organizado transnacional junto a otros aspectos en el contexto penitenciario y las condiciones de infraestructura y de dotación de los centros de rehabilitación social que se conjugan con la sobrepoblación que ocasiona el hacinamiento, se ubican como las principales causas de la crisis del sector penitenciario que ha traído como consecuencia situaciones de extrema violencia. La investigación realizada se enmarca en el estudio de la crisis carcelaria como un problema global, y tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de la crisis penitenciaria en el Ecuador y la intervención de la cooperación internacional como un mecanismo para coadyuvar en asuntos de seguridad interna, especialmente mediante el apoyo a la lucha contra el crimen transnacional organizado, el cual se ha infiltrado en los centros de privación de la libertad. Mediante el empleo del método de análisis documental, se ha procurado el estudio de la situación carcelaria, la incidencia del crimen organizado y la necesidad de plantear soluciones en la esfera de la cooperación internacional; particularmente se describen los aspectos más relevantes del Programa de Asistencia contra el Crimen Transnacional Organizado Europa Latinoamérica (EL PAcCTO) procurando mostrar las posibles soluciones a la crisis descrita. Como conclusión, se muestra la relación existente entre distintos flagelos como la corrupción y la vulneración de los derechos humanos como aspectos que deberán ser atendidos.

ABSTRACT The presence of transnational organized crime groups, along with other aspects in the prison context, and the conditions of infrastructure and equipment of social rehabilitation centers, which combine with overcrowding, causing overcrowding, are the main causes of the crisis in the prison sector, which has resulted in situations of extreme violence. The research carried out is framed in the study of the prison crisis as a global problem, with the objective of carrying out an analysis of the prison crisis in Ecuador and the intervention of international cooperation as a mechanism to contribute to matters of internal security, especially by supporting the fight against transnational organized crime, which has infiltrated the centres of deprivation of liberty. Using the documentary analysis method, the study of the prison situation and the incidence of organized crime and the need to propose solutions in the field of international cooperation have been attempted, particularly the most relevant aspects of the Assistance Program against Transnational Organized Crime Europe Latin America (EL PAcCTO) are described, trying to show the possible solutions to the crisis described. In conclusion, the relationship between different scourges such as corruption and the violation of human rights is shown as aspects that must be addressed.

Abstract: Urban freight transport in the historic central business districts show management challenges, due their urban dynamics and their road infrastructure characteristics. For the above, this research aims to analyze the characteristics, demand and behavioral patterns of the urban freight transport in its deliveries, considering, on the one hand, the type of retail trade and, on the other, the supplier. Through interviews in the establishments and an observational study, the data are analyzed by statistical methods. The results shown the delivery characteristics and road management proposals are defined to improve the distribution.

Resumen: El transporte urbano de carga ocasiona desafíos en la gestión de los centros históricos, debido a su particular dinámica urbana y a las características de su infraestructura vial. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo proponer un sistema de gestión del transporte urbano de carga (TUC) adecuado a las características, demanda y patrones de comportamiento del transporte de mercancías al realizar sus entregas, considerando, por un lado, el giro del establecimiento comercial y, por el otro, el tipo de distribuidor. Los resultados obtenidos, mediante entrevistas a los responsables de los establecimientos y un estudio observacional, muestran las principales características en la entrega, y a partir de ellos se definen propuestas de gestión vial para ordenar la distribución.

Abstract. The search for missing persons, within the context of the war on drugs, takes on a different character when conducted in a city versus a small municipality, distant from the main political-economic centers. One might think there is no need to compare such contrasting realities, but the experiences of searching mothers living in municipalities far from urban areas indicate otherwise. This is expressed in the testimonies of my interlocutors who reside in Norte Grande -a fictitious name I use to refer to the area where I conduct ethnographic work. One of the main findings of this research is how the searchers vocalize a feeling of abandonment, largely stemming from the minimal presence of bureaucratic search infrastructure in their territories. In this regard, the concept of margin is essential for analyzing the impacts of the war in places we know as periphery or province.

Resumen. La búsqueda de personas desaparecidas, en el contexto de la guerra contra las drogas, se torna distinta cuando se desarrolla en una ciudad o un municipio pequeño; alejado de los principales centros político-económicos. Podríamos pensar que no existe la necesidad de cotejar dos realidades tan contrastantes, pero las experiencias de madres buscadoras que habitan municipios alejados de las urbes indican lo contrario. Así lo expresan los testimonios de mis interlocutoras que habitan Norte Grande -nombre ficticio que utilizo para referirme a la zona en que realizo trabajo etnográfico. Entre los resultados principales de esta investigación destaca la forma en que las buscadoras vocalizan un sentimiento de desamparo, que en buena parte radica en la manera en la cual la infraestructura burocrática de búsqueda tiene una baja presencia en sus territorios. En dicho sentido, el concepto de margen es fundamental para analizar los impactos de la guerra en aquellos lugares que conocemos como periferia o provincia.

Resumen La construcción de una red carretera en Argentina constituyó un eje clave de la agenda pública durante los años treinta. Si bien la principal meta era abaratar los costos de producción también se pensó como un elemento indispensable para impulsar el turismo. Esta actividad se presentaba como una verdadera promesa de progreso para las provincias más pobres, entre ellas Salta. Resultaba perentorio el abordaje de la cuestión de la materialidad vial, para lo cual el Estado, a través de sus agencias expertas, estaba resuelto a actuar como actor protagonista. Así pues, el objetivo de este artículo consiste en analizar el desenvolvimiento de la Dirección Nacional de Vialidad (DNV) y la Dirección de Vialidad de Salta (DVS) en la producción de infraestructuras viales con fines turísticos en dicha provincia durante el periodo 1932- 1943. Para llevar a cabo tal pesquisa se recuperaron documentos de Estado tales como memorias descriptivas de las reparticiones expertas, boletines oficiales de rango nacional y provincial, diarios de sesiones parlamentarios y prensa escrita, destacando aquella especializada en asuntos de transporte. Este trabajo demostró que la habilitación de carreteras en Salta hacia sus distintos espacios turísticos dependió del grado y el tipo de articulación establecido entre las dependencias de vialidad nacional y provincial.

Abstract The construction of a highway network in Argentina was a key axis of the public agenda during the 1930s. Although the main goal was to lower production costs, it was also thought of as an essential element to promote tourism. This activity was presented as a true promise of progress for the poorest provinces, including Salta. It was imperative to address the issue of road materiality, for which the State, through its expert agencies, was determined to act as a leading actor. Thus, the objective of this article is to analyze the development of the National Road Directorate (DNV) and the Salta Road Directorate (DVS) in the production of road infrastructure for tourist purposes in said province during the period 1932-1943. To carry out such a research, official documents were recovered such as descriptive reports of the expert departments, official bulletins of national and provincial level, diaries of parliamentary sessions and written press, highlighting those specialized in transportation matters. Finally, this work demonstrated that the authorization of roads in Salta towards its different tourist areas depended on the degree and type of articulation established between the national and provincial road agencies.

Abstract This article empirically analyzes the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth (EG) in the Pacific Alliance countries. Quarterly data was used for each variable, performing unit root, cointegration, and causality tests. Additionally, a mul-tivariate error correction model and impulse response functions were estimated. The main hypotheses were that FDI promotes the recipient countries' EG and contributes to attracting higher FDI flows. The results showed that in some countries, foreign investment promoted EG and, in turn, EG contributed to attracting higher investment flows. However, in other cases, this relationship did not hold. These results suggest that factors such as infrastructure, financial market development, macroeconomic stability, institutional quality, and human capital are determinants of maximizing FDI benefits. JEL classification: F21, F43, F15.

Resumen En este artículo, se analiza de forma empírica la relación entre la inversión extranjera directa (IED) y el crecimiento económico (CE) en los países de la Alianza del Pacífico. Se utilizaron datos trimestrales para cada variable y se aplicaron pruebas de raíz unitaria, cointegración y causalidad. Además, se estimó un modelo multivariante de corrección de errores y funciones de impulso respuesta. Las principales hipótesis fueron que la IED fomenta el CE de los países receptores y que el CE contribuye a atraer mayores flujos de IED. Los resultados mostraron que, en algunos países, la inversión extranjera promueve el CE y, a su vez, el CE contribuye a atraer mayores flujos de inversión. Sin embargo, en otros casos, esta relación no se mantiene. Estos resultados sugieren que factores como la infraestructura, el desarrollo del mercado financiero, la estabilidad macroeconómica, la calidad institucional y el capital humano son determinantes para maximizar los beneficios de la IED.

Resumo A evolução dos centros universitários tem sido orientada para a reconfiguração dos seus espaços abertos como uma extensão natural dos ambientes de treino indoor e ao mesmo tempo servindo não apenas como recipientes para as diversas interações sociais dos seus ocupantes, mas também como ambientes benéficos para a saúde física. mental. As referências apresentadas estão localizadas na cidade de Lima e refletem a valorização e configuração protagonizada dos espaços abertos através do seu posicionamento como eixos principais do design, corroborando o que afirma a literatura científica. Este artigo busca contribuir para uma mudança de perspectiva dos diferentes tipos de espaços abertos universitários, percebidos como vazios externos de natureza passiva, negligenciados durante a fase de crescimento da infraestrutura educacional latino-americana das últimas décadas, e apresentá-los como componentes dinâmicos, elementares e facilitadores das atividades informais do aluno, capazes de cooperar com os espaços formais de ensino na obtenção de ambientes favoráveis aos processos integrais de aprendizagem.

Abstract The evolution of university centers has been oriented towards the reconfiguration of their open spaces as a natural extension of the indoor training environments and at the same time serving not only as containers for the various social interactions of their occupants but also as beneficial settings for physical health. mental. The references shown are located in the city of Lima and reflect the valuation and leading configuration of open spaces through their positioning as main axes of design, supporting what is stated in the scientific literature. This article seeks to contribute to a change of perspective of the different types of university open spaces, perceived as external voids of a passive nature, neglected during the growth stage of the Latin American educational infrastructure of recent decades, and present them as dynamic components, elementary and facilitators of the student's informal activities capable of cooperating with formal teaching spaces in obtaining favorable environments for integral learning processes.

Resumen La evolución de los centros universitarios viene orientándose hacia la reconfiguración de sus espacios abiertos como una extensión natural de los ambientes formativos interiores y a su vez desempeñándose no solo como contenedores de las diversas interacciones sociales de sus ocupantes sino también como escenarios benefactores para la salud físico-mental. Los referentes mostrados se ubican en la ciudad de Lima y reflejan la valoración y configuración protagónica de los espacios abiertos a través de su posicionamiento como ejes principales de diseño respaldando lo enunciado en la literatura científica. El presente artículo busca contribuir a un cambio de perspectiva de los diferentes tipos de espacios abiertos universitarios, percibidos como los vacíos exteriores de naturaleza pasiva, desatendidos durante la etapa de crecimiento de la infraestructura educativa latinoamericana de las últimas décadas, y presentarlos como componentes dinámicos, elementales y facilitadores de las actividades informales del estudiante capaces de cooperar con los espacios de enseñanza formal en la obtención de entornos favorables para los procesos integrales del aprendizaje.

ABSTRACT Paraguay has increased investment in education over the past decade through the National Fund for Public Investment and Development (FONACIDE), whose goal is to address the deficiencies affecting Paraguayan education. Considering the growing concern over the management of public resources given the inadequate infrastructure and poor school lunch service, this paper aims to analyze the efficiency of public spending management in education by FONACIDE in the departments of Paraguay during the period 2015 to 2017. This is achieved through the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique with window analysis and variable returns to scale with product orientation. The DEA technique with window analysis measures the efficiency level of several Decision-Making Units (DMUs) over different periods based on the moving averages principle. The results show that the average national pure technical inefficiency is 11.04%, meaning that the departments, in general, could improve their educational indicators using the same funding levels. Additionally, greater access to resources is not linked to better educational outcomes. Therefore, to enhance educational performance, it is necessary to establish other budget redistribution criteria for FONACIDE, considering the need for infrastructure and the number of enrolled students per department

RESUMEN Paraguay ha aumentado la inversión en educación en la última década por medio del Fondo Nacional de Inversión Pública y Desarrollo (FONACIDE) cuya finalidad consiste en abordar las carencias que afectan a la educación paraguaya. Entonces, considerando la creciente preocupación por la gestión de los recursos públicos dada la escasa infraestructura y el deficiente servicio del almuerzo escolar, en este trabajo se pretende analizar la eficiencia de la gestión de los gastos públicos en educación del FONACIDE de los departamentos de Paraguay durante el período 2015 a 2017, a través de la aplicación de la técnica Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) con análisis de ventana y retornos variables de escala con orientación producto. La técnica DEA con análisis de ventana consiste en medir el nivel de eficiencia de varias Decision Making Units (DMUs) en diferentes períodos de tiempo basado en el principio de promedios móviles. Los resultados muestran que la ineficiencia técnica pura media nacional es del 11,04%, por tanto, los departamentos en general podrían mejorar sus indicadores educativos utilizando los mismos niveles de financiamiento. Además, el mayor acceso a recursos no está vinculado a mejores rendimientos educativos. Por tanto, para potenciar el rendimiento educativo es necesario establecer otros criterios de redistribución presupuestaria del FONACIDE, considerando la necesidad de infraestructura y número de alumnos matriculados por departamento.

Abstract Introduction: Urban development and expansion have led to the loss and transformation of Andean ecosystems. However, remnant forests that maintain biodiversity still exist around Colombia’s major cities, but these forests are threatened by the road infrastructure. Road ecology in the Neotropics has been focused specifically in documenting the effects of roadkill from a taxonomic point of view, mainly in rural areas. Objective: To evaluate ecologically and spatially, the collision of fauna on roads located in areas of urban expansion in the Northern Colombian Andes. Methods: We assessed vertebrate mortality rate and identified the critical areas of roadkill by taxonomic and functional groups. This was achieved through spatial ecology analysis, specifically Kernel density analysis and hotspot spatial statistical analysis. Additionally, we identified landscape features associated with road mortality and assessed the role of roads as resistance and permeability factors. Results: A total of 279 roadkilled animals belonging to 64 species were found, accounting for 28 % of the 273 vertebrate species recorded in the reserve near the studied roads. The average mortality rate for vertebrates was estimated from 42 to 170 individuals annually. Differential patterns were detected in roadkill density across taxonomic and functional groups, where nocturnal species and the trophic guilds are the most vulnerable. Likewise, it was found that the sections of the roads close to the forest have a greater roadkill species richness with greater ecological requirements. These sections constitute an important resistance to species movement in the area. Conclusions: Road mortality in the study area exhibits heterogeneous spatial patterns not only at a taxonomic but also at a functional level, suggesting the deterioration of protected ecosystems in adjacent peri-urban areas.

Resumen Introducción: El desarrollo y expansión urbana han generado la pérdida y transformación de los ecosistemas andinos. Sin embargo, alrededor de las grandes ciudades colombianas aún se encuentran relictos boscosos que mantienen gran riqueza de biodiversidad, la cual es amenazada por la infraestructura vial. El énfasis de los trabajos de Ecología de Carreteras en el Neotrópico ha estado centrado en el efecto del atropellamiento de fauna desde el punto de vista taxonómico. Objetivo: Evaluar, ecológica y espacialmente, el atropellamiento de la fauna en carreteras ubicadas en zonas de interés para la expansión urbana del norte de los Andes colombianos. Métodos: Se evaluaron la tasa de mortalidad de vertebrados, las zonas críticas de atropellamientos por grupo taxonómico y grupos funcionales. Esto se realizó por medio de análisis de ecología espacial, específicamente análisis de densidad de Kernel y análisis de estadística espacial de puntos calientes. Adicionalmente, se identificó las características del paisaje asociadas al atropellamiento y se evaluó el papel de las vías como factor de resistencia y permeabilidad. Resultados: Se encontraron 279 animales atropellados de 64 especies que representan el 28 % de las 273 especies vertebradas presentes en las áreas protegidas en inmediaciones de las carreteras estudiadas. Se estimó una tasa promedio entre 42 y 170 individuos atropellados por año. Se detectaron patrones diferenciales en la densidad de atropellamiento por grupos taxonómicos y funcionales, donde las especies nocturnas y el tipo de gremio trófico son los más vulnerables. Asimismo, se encontró que los tramos de las vías en cercanía a coberturas boscosas presentan mayor riqueza de especies atropelladas y con mayores requerimientos ecológicos. Estos tramos representan una resistencia importante al movimiento de las especies de la zona. Conclusiones: El atropellamiento presenta patrones espaciales heterogéneos, no solo a nivel taxonómico, sino también a nivel funcional, lo cual representa un deterioro para los ecosistemas protegidos en zonas periurbanas.

Abstract Introduction. The coffee agroecosystems holds significant environmental, social, and economic importance in the subtropical regions of Mexico, but it is vulnerable to unexpected events such as climate change. In recent history, it has been documented that the coffee agroecosystem undergoes a constant process of self-organization based on adaptation and learning in the face of various adverse scenarios. Objective. To determine the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem in the central region of the Veracruz state. Materials and methods. The research was conducted from December 2017 to November 2018 in Tezonapa, Veracruz, Mexico. Fifty-two interviews were conducted with coffee growers to measure the resilience index, which is composed of thirty variables corresponding to seven factors (social, economic, technological, infrastructure, communications, institutional, and environmental). These factors were normalized using the mim-max scaling method. Resilience was estimated on a scale of 0-1, where values close to zero represent low resilience capacity and values close to one, represent high resilience. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Chi-squared tests. Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were found for the economic (0,06) and technological (0,22) dimensions indicators, which had the lowest contribution to resilience. Conversely, the social (0,78) and environmental (0,74) dimensions had a the highest contribution to resilience capacity, determined by the altitudinal gradient. Conclusion. The indicators that contributed the most to the resilience capacity of the coffee agroecosystem were those in the social and environmental dimensions, while the economic and technological dimensions contributed the least.

Resumen Introducción. El agroecosistema de café presenta gran importancia ambiental, social y económica en regiones subtropicales de México, pero también es vulnerable a eventos inesperados como el cambio climático. En la historia reciente, se ha documentado que el agroecosistema de café presenta un proceso constante de autoorganización basada en la adaptación y el aprendizaje ante los diversos escenarios adversos. Objetivo. Determinar la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema cafetalero en la región centro del estado de Veracruz. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2017 a noviembre de 2018 en Tezonapa, Veracruz, México. Se realizaron 52 entrevistas a caficultores para medir el índice de resiliencia, integrado por treinta variables, correspondientes a siete factores (social, económico, tecnológico, infraestructura, comunicaciones, institucional y ambiental). Estos factores fueron normalizados por el método de escalamiento mínimo-máximo. La resiliencia se estimó en una escala de 0-1, donde valores cercanos a cero representan baja capacidad de resiliencia y cercanos a uno, alta resiliencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva y pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y chi-cuadrado. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,5) para los indicadores de las dimensiones económica (0,06) y tecnológica (0,22), con la menor contribución a la resiliencia. Por el contrario, las dimensiones sociales (0,78) y ambiental (0,74) tuvieron mayor contribución a la capacidad de resiliencia, determinado por el gradiente altitudinal. Conclusiones. Los indicadores con el mayor aporte a la capacidad de resiliencia del agroecosistema de café fueron los de dimensiones social y ambiental, y con bajo aporte las dimensiones económica y tecnológica.