RESUMO A introdução da soja tolerante a 2,4-D (ENLIST®) oferece um novo potencial para a aplicação de herbicidas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo: (a) avaliar o efeito das combinações de herbicidas pós-emergentes no controle de Conyza spp., e (b) a seletividade da associação de herbicidas pós-emergentes em soja, garantindo uma aplicação eficaz sem comprometer a saúde da cultura. Um experimento de campo com soja tolerante ao 2,4-D utilizou um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com 14 tratamentos em quatro repetições. Os tratamentos incluíram várias combinações de 2,4-D com glifosato, chlorimuron, cloransulam, imazethapyr, bentazona e imazamox. Estes foram aplicados como um único tratamento ou sequencialmente 15 dias após o tratamento (DAT) usando glufosinato de amônio, juntamente com dois controles sem aplicação de herbicida. Os resultados mostraram menos de 15% de fitotoxicidade em todos os tratamentos. Aos 21 DAT, apenas os tratamentos aplicados sequencialmente mostraram controle significativo, com eficácia superior a 80% contra Conyza spp. Em contraste, as aplicações únicas das combinações de herbicidas com 2,4-D foram ineficazes para o controle pós-emergência de Conyza spp. 2,4D 24D D 2,4 2 4 ENLIST® ENLIST (ENLIST® forma objetivo (a pósemergentes pós emergentes spp b (b cultura casualizados 1 repetições glifosato chlorimuron cloransulam imazethapyr imazamox DAT (DAT amônio herbicida significativo 80 contraste pósemergência emergência 4D 24 2, (ENLIST 8

ABSTRACT The introduction of 2,4-D-tolerant soybeans (ENLIST®) offers a new potential for herbicide application. Therefore, the present study aimed to (a) evaluate the effect of combinations of post-emergent herbicides on the control of Conyza spp. and (b) assess the selectivity of the post-emergent herbicide association in soybeans, ensuring effective application without compromising the health of the crop. A field experiment with 2,4-D-tolerant soybeans utilized a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments across four replications. Treatments included various combinations of 2,4-D with glyphosate, chlorimuron-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, imazethapyr, bentazon, and imazamox. These were applied either as a single treatment or sequentially 15 days after treatment (DAT) using glufosinate-ammonium alongside two controls without herbicide application. The results showed less than 15% control across all treatments. At 21 DAT, only the treatments applied sequentially showed significant control, with effectiveness exceeding 80% against Conyza spp. In contrast, the single applications of the herbicide combinations with 2,4-D were ineffective for post-emergence control of Conyza spp. 2,4Dtolerant 24Dtolerant Dtolerant 2,4 D tolerant 2 4 ENLIST® ENLIST (ENLIST® Therefore (a postemergent post emergent spp b (b crop 1 replications 2,4D 24D glyphosate chlorimuronethyl, chlorimuronethyl chlorimuron ethyl, ethyl chlorimuron-ethyl cloransulammethyl, cloransulammethyl cloransulam methyl, methyl cloransulam-methyl imazethapyr bentazon imazamox DAT (DAT glufosinateammonium glufosinate ammonium 80 contrast postemergence emergence 4Dtolerant 24 2, (ENLIST 4D 8

Abstract Introduction: Almost 800 female deaths occur daily due to preventable causes associated with complications during or after pregnancy or childbirth, equivalent to two maternal deaths per minute. Objective: To develop a nursing care process for a pregnant woman who suffered from hyperthyroidism using diagnostic taxonomies, results and nursing interventions with a focus on Orem's theory. Methodology: Case study of a pregnant woman treated in a second level care hospital, the Orem assessment guide was used, developing the stages: assessment, diagnosis, planning, execution and evaluation, individualized care plans were designed and executed. Privacy was protected by omitting identity, respecting the rights and well-being of the participant. Results: The risk conditioning factor that compromised the health of the mother-child binomial gave way to care planning aimed at the process of ineffective motherhood and ineffective self-management of health, establishing interventions such as high-risk pregnancy care and teaching the process of illness and prescribed medications, an improvement was obtained in the patient's health status, which allowed her discharge and adequate management of the high-risk pregnancy. Conclusion: The nursing care process exposed the context in which the pregnant woman with known uncontrolled pathology is admitted, which compromised maternal-fetal well-being. Nursing education is required to promote preconception maternal health for future pregnancies.

Abstrato Introdução: Quase 800 mortes femininas ocorrem diariamente por causas evitáveis associadas a complicações durante ou após a gravidez ou o parto, o equivalente a duas mortes maternas por minuto. Objetivo: Desenvolver um processo de cuidado de enfermagem a uma gestante portadora de hipertireoidismo utilizando taxonomias diagnósticas, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem com enfoque na teoria de Orem. Metodologia: Estudo de caso de uma gestante atendida em um hospital de atenção secundária, utilizou-se o guia de avaliação de Orem, desenvolvendo as etapas: avaliação, diagnóstico, planejamento, execução e avaliação, foram desenhados e executados planos de cuidados individualizados. A privacidade foi protegida pela omissão da identidade, respeitando os direitos e o bem-estar do participante. Resultados: O fator condicionante de risco que comprometia a saúde do binômio mãe-filho deu lugar ao planejamento do cuidado voltado ao processo de maternidade ineficaz e à autogestão ineficaz da saúde, estabelecendo intervenções como o cuidado à gravidez de alto risco e ensinando o processo e medicamentos prescritos, houve uma melhora no estado de saúde da paciente, o que permitiu sua alta e o gerenciamento adequado da gravidez de alto risco. Conclusão: O processo de cuidado de enfermagem expôs o contexto em que a gestante com patologia conhecida não controlada é internada, o que compromete o bem-estar materno-fetal. A educação em enfermagem é necessária para promover a saúde materna pré-concepcional em futuras gestações.

Resumen Introducción: Casi 800 muertes de mujeres en forma diaria ocurren por causas prevenibles asociadas a complicaciones durante o después del embarazo o el parto, equivaliendo dos muertes maternas por minuto. Objetivo: Desarrollar un proceso de atención de enfermería a gestante que cursó con hipertiroidismo empleando las taxonomías diagnósticas, resultados e intervenciones de enfermería con enfoque de la teoría de Orem. Metodología: Estudio de caso a mujer gestante atendida en hospital de segundo nivel de atención, se empleó la guía de valoración de Orem desarrollando las etapas: valoración, diagnóstico, planeación, ejecución y evaluación, se diseñaron y ejecutaron planes de cuidados individualizados. Se protegió la privacidad omitiendo identidad, respetando los derechos y bienestar de la participante. Resultados: El factor condicionante de riesgo que comprometía la salud del binomio madre-hijo, dio paso a la planificación del cuidado encaminado al proceso de maternidad ineficaz y autogestión ineficaz de la salud, estableciendo intervenciones como cuidados del embarazo de alto riesgo y enseñanza del proceso de enfermedad y medicamentos prescritos, se obtuvo mejora en el estado de salud de la paciente, lo que permitió su alta y un adecuado manejo del embarazo de alto riesgo. Conclusión: El proceso de atención de enfermería expuso el contexto en el que ingresa la mujer gestante con patología conocida no controlada, lo que comprometía el bienestar materno-fetal. Se requiere educación por parte de enfermería para fomentar la salud materna preconcepcional para futuros embarazos.

Abstract: In November 2021, the President of Mexico (2018-2024) declared that the priority megaprojects of the National Development Plan (Maya Train, Isthmus of Tehuantepec Interoceanic Corridor, Dos Bocas Refinery) fall within the realm of national security. Public and private investments in these projects are directed towards southeastern Mexico, covering the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán, and Tabasco. These regions are home to indigenous peoples and communities that hold 45% of Mexico’s total social property. In some cases, these communities are visibly linked to national political organizations that defend land and territory. The decree is considered a state of exception applied to land-territory use, with dual implications. On one hand, it represents the undivided social field monopolized by monetary metrics. On the other hand, it signifies the expansion of a neocolonial condition promoted by the Mexican federal government, which marginalizes the voice of resistance in favor of adopting the capital logic defined by the stratification of the global economy. The methodology involves participatory action research since 2019, collaborative research through the coordination of workshops, caravans, marches, and political-community meetings, promoted in conjunction with assemblies fighting for territorial defense. We anticipate the increased use of such state of exception in response to the intertwined rise of health, environmental, and economic contingencies that drive the economic cycle, coupled with ineffective governmental policies formulated for regular times. In other words, the state of exception is activated to ensure the continuity of capital accumulation driven by the concentration of private property.

Resumo: Em novembro de 2021, o chefe do Poder Executivo federal do México (2018-2024) decretou os megaprojetos prioritários do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (Tren Maya, Corredor Interoceânico do Istmo de Tehuantepec, Refinaria Dos Bocas) no campo da segurança nacional. Os investimentos públicos e privados nesses projetos são destinados ao sudeste do México, que inclui os estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán e Tabasco. Esses estados abrigam povos e comunidades indígenas que detêm 45 % da propriedade social total do México e, em alguns casos, estão visivelmente ligados a espaços nacionais de organização política em torno da defesa do território. Consideramos que esse decreto é um estado de exceção exercido sobre o uso da terra-território, com uma dupla implicação. Por um lado, a indivisão do campo social provocada pelo direito monopolizado pela métrica monetária. Por outro, a expansão da condição neocolonial promovida pelo governo federal do México ao deslocar a voz da resistência para adotar a lógica do capital, conforme definido pela estratificação da economia mundial. A metodologia está inscrita no processo de pesquisa-ação participativa desde 2019, pesquisa colaborativa por meio da coordenação de oficinas, caravanas, marchas e reuniões político-comunitárias, promovidas em conjunto com assembleias de luta e resistência pela defesa territorial. Prevemos o uso crescente desse tipo de estado de exceção diante do aumento entrelaçado das contingências sanitárias, ambientais e econômicas, que marcam o ritmo do ciclo econômico, e da ineficácia da política governamental formulada para tempos regulares. Em outras palavras, o estado de exceção é viabilizado para garantir a perpetuidade da acumulação de capital gerada pela concentração da propriedade privada.

Resumen: En noviembre de 2021, el titular del poder ejecutivo federal de México (2018-2024) decretó los megaproyectos prioritarios del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo (Tren Maya, Corredor Interoceánico del Istmo de Tehuantepec, Refinería Dos Bocas) en el ámbito de seguridad nacional. Las inversiones públicas y privadas de aquellas obras tienen como destino el sureste de México que abarca los estados de Oaxaca, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Yucatán y Tabasco. Albergan allí pueblos originarios y comunidades que detentan el 45 % del total de la propiedad social de México y, en algunos casos, es visible su vinculación a espacios nacionales de organización política en torno a la defensa de la tierra-territorio. Ese decreto lo consideramos un estado de excepción ejercido sobre el uso de la tierra-territorio, con una doble implicación. Por un lado, la indivisión del campo social que trae consigo el derecho monopolizado por la métrica monetaria. Por el otro, la expansión de la condición neocolonial promovida por el Gobierno federal de México al desplazar la voz de la resistencia para adoptar la lógica del capital que se encuentra definida por la estratificación de la economía-mundo. La metodología se inscribe en el proceso de investigación acción participante desde 2019, investigación colaborativa por medio de la coordinación de talleres, caravanas, marchas y encuentros político-comunitarios, promovidos en conjunto con asambleas en lucha y resistencia por la defensa territorial. Anticipamos el uso creciente de esta clase de estado de excepción ante el incremento imbricado de las contingencias sanitarias, ambientales y económicas, que marcan el ritmo del ciclo económico, y la inefectiva política gubernamental formulada para tiempos regulares. En otras palabras, el estado de excepción es habilitado para garantizar la perpetuidad de la acumulación de capital gestada con la concentración de la propiedad privada.

The utilisation of online platform Blackboard Learn for Teaching and Learning (T & L) has become an essential and obligatory component of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). This study research aims to examine the difficulties and potential of its implementation at a Historically Disadvantaged Institution (HDI) like University of Limpopo (UL), with a focus on the Bachelor of Arts (BA) programme in Criminology and Psychology (Crim & Psych) as guided by University of Limpopo Faculty of Humanities Multimodal Teaching and Learning Plan (UL FHMTLP). This qualitative study employed an empirical research design, selecting Twelve (12) permanent Academics/Lecturers from the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at UL for interview purposes. The verbatim responses from the interviews were analysed to identify the key themes and sub-themes of the study using the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) method. This study revealed that there is a lack of utilisation of Blackboard Learn at UL, as well as ineffective adaptation of current strategies and UL FHMTLP implementations. Many Lecturers still depend on contact T & L and the use of Blackboard Learn to connect the operations of this programme is currently unsuccessful. Recommendations consist of regular training and refreshment courses on the application of this technology, such as the Learning Management System (LMS) provided by the Information and Communications Technology [ICT]-electronic-(e)-Learning Unit. This could potentially facilitate collaborations between Natural Sciences (Technology - Blackboard Learn) and Human Sciences (Crim & Psych) to generate new knowledge, while also clearly providing the advantages of technology utilisation for T & L at UL. This kind of innovation could accommodate "economical, educational, technical, and social transformations" to address the mentioned challenges and opportunities, while making contributions to the field of professorship, with a focus on the South African Future Professors Programme (FPP) Phase 2 Cohort 1 2022-2023, utilising Blackboard Learn for T & L in a HDI to outline the existing challenges and possibilities.

Abstract A basic iron profile often provides a useful approach to ferropenic or iron-sequestered inflammatory conditions, but sometimes also to the primary suspicion of iron overloading pathologies, which may or may not, at last, harbor a real iron overload. Therefore, a thoughtful interpretation of the results is mandatory to avoid misdiagnosis. The serum iron concentration reflects the quantity of iron moving at one moment from ferroportin- to transferrin receptor-1-expressing cells, while the transferrin concentration reflects the organism avidity for iron. But serum ferritin concentration may reflect iron deposits as well as inflammatory conditions, hence being difficult the interpretation of its normal or high values. In this paper I distinguish, among abnormal iron profiles, those with evident iron overload from those with hiperferritinemia without (clear) evidence of iron overload, although there is a frequent overlap between these two conditions. Secondary reactive hiperferritinemia is, by far, much more common than hiperferritinemia related to iron overload, as it is also frequent to deal with patients with more than one cause for their hiperferritinemia. "Reactive hiperferritinemia of unknown origin" should be the temporary diagnosis for patients with (yet) no evident etiology for their hiperferritinemia. Some patients have clearly absence or presence of iron overload, but in many cases this condition is doubtful, incomplete or intermittent. Hence, it is difficult in some cases to decide the need for chelation therapy. Iron overload, if present, may be secondary (basically to ineffective erythropoiesis) or primary. Primary iron overload may be, in turn, classified as hemochromatosic (HFE or non HFE) or non hemochromatosic. Although very rare, the non hemochromatosic primary iron overloads have confounding iron profiles, but with an easy approach if suspected. One of them, the ferroportin disease, just the opposite of hemochromatosis, deserves some attention, for it is not very infrequent. Finally, the diagnosis of hemochromatosis must be supported by an unequivocal typical iron profile and by biallelic severe HFE mutations or, rarer, mutations in non-HFE genes. The last but not the least, mild HFE mutations, as H63D, either mono o biallelic, do not justify by themselves any typical iron overload. In presence of such a genetic diagnosis, other cause(s) of iron overload must be looked for: non-HFE hemochromatosis if the iron profile is typically hemochromatosic, non-hemochromatosic iron overload (primary o secondary) if not. The risk of considering a mild HFE mutation (even in the case of HFE C282Y/H63D double heterozygous) as responsible for an iron overload or a hiperferritinemia is to overlook other causes for these conditions that may deserve particular and, eventually, more imperative attention and treatment.

Resumen Con frecuencia un perfil básico de hierro orienta hacia condiciones ferropénicas o de secuestro inflamatorio del hierro, pero a veces también hacia la sospecha de patologías con sobrecarga de hierro, que pueden o no terminar confirmándose. Por lo tanto, es necesaria una interpretación precisa de los resultados para evitar errores diagnósticos. La ferremia refleja la cantidad de hierro en tránsito en un momento determinado desde células que expresan la ferroportina hacia las que expresan el receptor de transferrina-1, mientras que la transferrinemia refleja la avidez del organismo por el hierro. Pero la ferritinemia puede ser reflejo tanto de los depósitos de hierro como de condiciones inflamatorias, con la consiguiente dificultad para interpretar sus resultados normales o elevados. En este articulo diferencio, entre los perfiles de hierro sugestivos de sobrecarga, los que cursan con una sobrecarga de hierro evidente de los que presentan sólo una hiperferritinemia sin evidencia (franca) de sobrecarga de hierro, aunque la superposición entre ambas situaciones es frecuente. La hiperferritinemia secundaria reactiva es, por mucho, más frecuente que la vinculada a sobrecarga de hierro, así como es común encontrar pacientes con más de una causa de hiperferritinemia. "Hiperferritinemia reactiva de origen desconocido" puede ser un rótulo diagnóstico provisorio para aquellos pacientes sin una causa (hasta el momento) evidente de su hiperferritinemia. Algunos pacientes tienen claramente presencia o ausencia de sobrecarga de hierro, pero en muchos casos la situación es dudosa, incompleta o intermitente. En consecuencia, es a veces difícil decidir sobre la indicación o no de una terapia quelante. La sobrecarga de hierro, de estar presente, puede ser secundaria (básicamente a patologías con eritropoyesis inefectiva) o primaria. Ésta, a su vez, puede ser clasificada como hemocromatósica (HFE o no HFE) o no hemocromatósica. Aunque muy raras, las sobrecargas de hierro primarias no hemocromatósicas tienen perfiles de hierro confundentes, pero fácilmente interpretables si se las sospecha. Una de ellas, la enfermedad por ferroportina, en las antípodas de las hemocromatosis, merece ser tenida en cuenta, ya que no es muy infrecuente. Finalmente, el diagnóstico de una hemocromatosis debe estar apoyado en un perfil de hierro inequívoco y confirmado por mutaciones HFE severas bialélicas o, más raramente, por mutaciones en genes no HFE. Por el contrario, mutaciones HFE leves, como la H63D, tanto en condición mono como bialélica, no justifican por sí solas una sobrecarga de hierro típica. Frente a esta situación debemos investigar otra(s) causa(s) de sobrecarga de hierro: hemocromatosis no HFE si el perfil de hierro es típicamente hemocromatósico, o sobrecargas de hierro no hemocromatósicas (primarias o secundarias) en caso contrario. El riesgo de considerar una mutación HFE leve (aún en la condición doble heterocigota HFE C282Y/H63D) como responsable única de la sobrecarga de hierro o de una hiperferritinemia, es dejar de lado otras condiciones que pueden merecer atención y tratamiento quizás más prioritarios.

Abstract Violence against women is a serious public health problem, with a marked social and economic impact. The objective of this article is to synthesize the theories that explain violence against women, contributing, from a theoretical perspective, to the understanding of risk factors. The research is basic and descriptive; the analytical-synthetic method was used to establish the essential elements of the information collected and formalize conclusions in this regard. The search for bibliographic sources was carried out in the Google Scholar database. Theories such as the cycle of violence, traumatic union, paradoxical punishment, battered women, among others, are presented. In addition, the importance of factors such as poverty, victimization, dysfunctional families, ineffective educational and judicial systems is recognized. Risk factors for gender violence were identified according to the different theoretical positions analyzed. The conclusions recognize the conduct of a significant amount of research on violence against women in the context of the pandemic. The proposal of theoretical foundations for each of the risk factors was made, which contributes to future research, especially in the Latin American space. It is considered that theories must be understood within the very dynamics that this phenomenon presents, focused on the variety of criteria, elements, variables, causes, consequences, conditions, etc.

Resumen La violencia contra la mujer constituye un grave problema de salud pública, con un marcado impacto social y económico. El objetivo de este artículo es sintetizar las teorías que explican la violencia contra la mujer, contribuyendo desde una perspectiva teórica a la comprensión los factores de riesgo. La investigación es básica y descriptiva; el método analítico-sintético se utilizó para establecer los elementos esenciales de la información recopilada y formalizar conclusiones al respecto. Se efectuó la búsqueda de fuentes bibliográficas en la base de datos Google Scholar. Se presentan teorías como el ciclo de la violencia, la unión traumática, el castigo paradójico, la mujer maltratada, entre otras. Además, se reconoce la importancia de factores como la pobreza, la victimización, familias disfuncionales, sistemas educativos y judiciales poco efectivos. Se identificaron los factores de riesgo para la violencia de género según las distintas posiciones teóricas analizadas. Las conclusiones reconocen la realización de una cantidad importante de investigaciones sobre violencia contra la mujer en el contexto de la pandemia. Se realizó la propuesta de fundamentos teóricos para cada uno de los factores de riesgo, lo que contribuye para futuras investigaciones, sobre todo en el espacio latinoamericano. Se considera que las teorías deben comprenderse dentro de la propia dinámica que presenta este fenómeno, centrados en la variedad de criterios, elementos, variables, causas, consecuencias, condiciones, etc.

ABSTRACT Lowland rice in Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, is grown as a sole crop, which has aggravated problems with weeds. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of weed management systems in soybean crops to decrease weed infestation in lowland rice production areas, using pre- and post-emergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted in Turvo, SC, from August 2021 to April 2022. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 6 × 5 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of six pre-emergence herbicides treatments (S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, and a control without herbicide), and five post-emergence herbicide treatments: control without herbicide, glyphosate at two rates (930 and 1,550 g a.e. ha-1), applied alone or in combination with clethodim. The herbicide sulfentrazone caused persistent phytotoxicity and resulted in the lowest soybean grain yield. The herbicide S-metolachlor was ineffective in controlling weed species, except barnyard grass, even when combined with post-emergence application. The poor control of these weed species does not result in significant interference, causing no significant decreases in grain yield of soybean crops grown in floodplain soils. The use of S-metolachlor, diclosulam, and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combined with post-emergence application of glyphosate (930 g a.e. ha-1), resulted in highly effective control of barnyard grass, inhibiting weed seed production. Only the combination of glyphosate (1,550 g a.e. ha-1) with clethodim can suppress barnyard grass seed production without using pre-emergence herbicides. SC , (SC) Brazil crop weeds context areas pre postemergence post emergence Turvo 202 2022 used arrangement preemergence Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor (S-metolachlor diclosulam diuron flumioxazin herbicide) 930 (93 1550 1 550 1,55 ae e a.e ha1, ha1 ha interference soils (1,55 ha-1 (SC 20 93 (9 155 55 1,5 (1,5 ha- 2 9 ( 15 1, (1, (1

RESUMO O arroz irrigado em Santa Catarina é cultivado em monocultivo, o que tem agravado os problemas com plantas daninhas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja sobre a redução da infestação de plantas daninhas em uma área de produção de arroz irrigado, utilizando para isso herbicidas em pré e/ou pós-emergência da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Turvo - SC no período de agosto de 2021 a abril de 2022. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com tratamentos organizados em esquema fatorial 6 × 5, com quatro repetições. O fator A constou de seis tratamentos aplicados em pré-emergência, os herbicidas utilizados foram: S-metolachlor, diclosulam, sulfentrazone, sulfentrazone + diuron, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, além de uma testemunha sem herbicida. Já o fator B constou de cinco tratamentos aplicados em pós-emergência: testemunha sem herbicida, gyphosate em duas doses (930 e 1550 g e.a. ha-1), aplicadas de forma isoladas ou em associação com clethodim. O herbicida S-metolachlor foi ineficiente para o controle de outras plantas daninhas, mesmo quando combinado com a aplicação em pós-emergência. O controle deficiente destas espécies não resulta em significativa interferência, não causando decréscimo na produtividade de grãos da soja, em ambientes de terras baixas. O uso dos herbicidas S-metolachlor, diclosulam e pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, combinados com a aplicação em pós-emergência de glyphosate (930 g e.a. ha-1) resultou em controle eficiente de capim-arroz e inibiu a produção de sementes. Apenas a associação de glyphosate (1550 g e.a. ha-1) com clethodim suprimiu a produção de sementes de capim-arroz, sem a aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência. monocultivo modo eou pósemergência pós emergência 202 2022 Utilizouse Utilizou se 5 repetições préemergência, préemergência emergência, pré-emergência foram Smetolachlor, Smetolachlor S metolachlor, metolachlor diuron flumioxazin 930 (93 155 ea e.a ha1, ha1 ha 1 , pósemergência. emergência. interferência baixas ha-1 capimarroz capim (155 capimarroz, arroz, préemergência. 20 93 (9 15 ha- (15 2 9 ( (1

Abstract Proximity to services is crucial to reduce social inequalities. Spatial coverage of schools/hospitals is estimated here, it is also analyzed if variations in the amount of service received are associated with the socioeconomic level of the neighborhoods. We start from the assumption that the geography of service is ineffective and inequitable. With calculation of buffers, zone statistics and linear regressions, it was found that the service of high schools and hospitals is centralized, but not the distribution of elementary/middle schools, in addition, disadvantaged groups receive less offer of services, but this is weakly related to the socioeconomic factor.

Resumen La proximidad de los servicios es crucial para reducir las desigualdades sociales. Aquí se estima la cobertura espacial de escuelas/hospitales; también se analiza si las variaciones en la cantidad de servicio recibido se asocian con el nivel socioeconómico de los vecindarios. Partimos del supuesto de que la geografía del servicio es ineficaz e inequitativa. Con el cálculo de buffers, estadísticas de zona y regresiones lineales, se encontró que el servicio de bachilleratos y hospitales está centralizado, no así la distribución de primarias/secundarias; además, los grupos desfavorecidos reciben menor oferta de servicios, pero esto débilmente se relaciona con el factor socioeconómico.

Resumen Introducción: El presente artículo presenta la percepción de las personas residentes de Rincón Grande de Pavas, conjunto de barrios vulnerables que se encuentran en la capital costarricense, al accionar policial en la lucha a la venta de drogas a escala local, y los rumores negativos que circulan a respecto. Dichos rumores reflejan el descontento de tal población hacia las fuerzas de policía que llevan a cabo sus labores en el área analizada. Objetivo: En Costa Rica no se han realizado estudios sobre el control policial de la venta de drogas en zonas urbano-marginalizadas del país y sus consecuencias respecto a la relación entre las fuerzas de policía y la población local. El presente artículo busca colmar este vacío y, para hacerlo, se enfoca en el análisis del caso de Rincón Grande de Pavas. Metodología: Para llegar a las conclusiones aquí presentadas, el autor se basa en 67 entrevistas en profundidad que llevó a cabo, principalmente, con residentes de la zona analizada, entre marzo 2019 y marzo 2020; además de un grupo focal realizado con cinco policías de Pavas en febrero del 2019. Resultados: Los resultados presentados establecen que, según las personas residentes de Rincón Grande de Pavas, la policía en esta localidad, en general, es ineficaz y, respecto a la venta de drogas, participa activamente a los mercados ilegales y hace un uso excesivo e indiscriminado de la fuerza. Estos los elementos que generan mayor aversión entre quienes habitan la zona, mermando así la legitimidad de las fuerzas de policía.

Abstract Introduction: This article shows that among residents of Rincon Grande of Pavas, a group of vulnerable neighborhoods in capital of Costa Rica, circulate negative rumors regarding police activity against drug dealing. These rumors reflect discontent of local population towards police forces in the analyzed area. Objective: There are no studies in Costa Rica about police control over drug dealing in marginalized urban areas, and its consequences with regards to the relation between the police forces and the local population. This article seeks to bridge this gap and, to do so, analyzes the case of Rincon Grande of Pavas. Methodology: In order to reach the conclusions presented in this article, the author uses 67 in depth interviews carried out mainly with residents of the analyzed area between March 2019 and March 2020, and a focus group with five police officers in February 2019. Results: Results show that, according to the residents of Rincon Grande of Pavas, police in this area in general is ineffective and, regarding drug dealing, has an active participation in illegal marketsand makes an excessive and indiscriminate use of force. These are the elements that produce the most aversion among the inhabitants of the area, thus reducing the legitimacy of police forces.

Abstract Ecuadorean Armed Forces have been arguably ineffective in confronting transnational organised crime (TOC). The study argues that this ineffectiveness is due to the adoption of the Westphalian approach, which considers that the objective of the military is the defense of the different territorial dimensions of a State against conventional threats. This approach, still in force in Ecuador's defence policy, is not in tune with new threats such as TOC and related crimes. Based on a historical-conceptual overview and a review of the national defence policy (2002 and 2018), the research concludes that the solution consists not only in a legal and constitutional expansion of the powers of the Armed Forces in the field of public order and internal security, but also in questioning and expanding the approach to sovereignty beyond its classic notions in the face of central threats to the State such as TOC.

Resumen Según este artículo, el trabajo complementario de las Fuerzas Armadas de Ecuador ha sido ineficaz para confrontar el crimen organizado transnacional (COT). Se argumenta que esta inefectividad responde al enfoque westfaliano de la soberanía, el cual considera que el objetivo de los cuerpos militares es la defensa de las diferentes dimensiones territoriales de un Estado frente a amenazas convencionales. Este enfoque, aún vigente en la política de defensa ecuatoriana, no está en sintonía con nuevas amenazas como el COT y delitos conexos. A partir de un recorrido histórico-conceptual y una revisión de la política de defensa nacional (2002 y 2018), se concluye que la solución no radica en sólo una ampliación jurídica y constitucional de las atribuciones de las Fuerzas Armadas en la esfera del orden público y la seguridad interna, sino en cuestionar y ampliar el enfoque de soberanía, más allá de sus nociones clásicas frente a amenazas centrales para el Estad, como el COT.

Resumen Debido a su aporte de vitaminas A, C, K y B6, magnesio, hierro y potasio, la manzana es uno de los productos frutícolas de mayor consumo en el mundo. En 2021 se produjeron y consumieron, respectivamente, 632 y 931 mil toneladas de manzana en México, de ahí que el saldo comercial es deficitario. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el mercado de la manzana en México para conocer los factores que lo determinan. La metodología consistió en la estimación de un modelo econométrico de ecuaciones simultáneas, que utilizó series de tiempo de 2000 a 2021. La oferta (0.01) y demanda (0.94) resultaron inelásticas a sus precios y el precio internacional se transmite de forma inelástica (0.04) al precio al mayoreo. La temperatura mínima promedio (-1.26), el precio al consumidor (-3.34) y el ingreso nacional disponible (6.09) resultaron elásticos respecto al saldo de comercio exterior. El déficit comercial puede mejorar si aumenta la oferta, pero medidas que influyan en el precio al productor de manzana y del fertilizante serán poco efectivas. Se recomiendan acciones que fomenten inversiones en protección de cultivos ante eventos climáticos desfavorables.

Summary Due to its contribution of vitamins A, C, K and B6, magnesium, iron and potassium, apple is one of the most consumed fruit products in the world. In 2021, 632 and 931 thousand tons of apple were produced and consumed, respectively, in Mexico; hence, the trade balance is in deficit. The objective of this study was to analyze the apple market in Mexico to know the factors that determine it. The methodology consisted in estimating an econometric model of simultaneous equations, which used time series from 2000 to 2021. The supply (0.01) and demand (0.94) were inelastic at their prices and the international price is transmitted inelastically (0.04) at the wholesale price. The average minimum temperature (-1.26), the consumer price (-3.34) and the national disposable income (6.09) were elastic with respect to the foreign trade balance. The trade deficit may improve if the supply increases, but measures affecting the producer price of apple and fertilizer will be ineffective. Actions are recommended to encourage investments in crop protection in the face of adverse climatic events.

Resumo Introdução: Os doentes com síndroma de apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) sob ventiloterapia, após alta da consulta hospitalar, devem manter o seguimento nos cuidados de saúde primários, para monitorização terapêutica. Objetivos: Melhorar o seguimento de doentes com SAOS sob ventiloterapia e sem acompanhamento hospitalar, numa Unidade de Saúde Familiar (USF). Outcome secundário: avaliação do número de referenciações hospitalares por terapêutica ineficaz/baixa adesão. Métodos: Estudo quasi-experimental, pré-pós intervenção, numa USF. Foram identificados doentes com diagnóstico de Perturbação do Sono (P06 - ICPC2), com SAOS, sob ventiloterapia, sem seguimento em consulta hospitalar. Analisados os dados do processo clínico relativos a interpretação de relatório de ventiloterapia, realização de consulta de seguimento e referenciação hospitalar. A primeira avaliação incidiu sobre o período entre janeiro e dezembro/2019. Posteriormente foram realizadas sessões formativas, com envolvimento da equipa multiprofissional. Desenvolvido procedimento de atuação para otimizar o pedido de relatórios por parte da equipa administrativa. Fornecido material auxiliar de memória e criada pasta informática com guião de seguimento de utentes, documento modelo para solicitação de relatório e panfleto sobre SAOS. A segunda avaliação incidiu sobre janeiro e dezembro/2021. Foram estabelecidas as seguintes metas, após discussão em reunião médica: taxa de consultas de seguimento ≥20%; taxa de interpretação de relatórios de ventiloterapia ≥20%. Resultados: Na primeira avaliação não se verificou a realização de consultas de seguimento de SAOS na USF. Em 2021 atingiu-se uma taxa de interpretação de relatórios de ventiloterapia de 25,47%, uma taxa de consultas de seguimento de 15,09% e foram realizadas cinco referenciações hospitalares por terapêutica inadequada. Conclusões: Apesar da meta definida para consultas de seguimento não ter sido atingida, este estudo promoveu o envolvimento de toda a equipa multiprofissional e a implementação de uma estratégia simples de acompanhamento e otimização terapêutica de doentes com SAOS na USF.

Abstract Background: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), undergoing treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), after discharge from the hospital consultation, should maintain follow-up in primary health care, for therapeutic monitoring. Objectives: To improve the follow-up of patients with OSAS with CPAP and without sleep medicine consultation follow-up, in a Family Health Unit (FHU). Secondary outcome: number of hospital referrals due to ineffective therapy. Methods: Quasi-experimental, pre- and post-intervention study; in a FHU. Patients diagnosed with “Perturbação do Sono” (P06 - ICPC2), with OSAS, undergoing treatment with CPAP, and without Sleep Medicine Consultation follow-up were included. Data from the clinical process related to the follow-up consultations, CPAP device data report (DDR), and hospital referrals were analyzed. A first evaluation was carried out in 2019 (January-December). Subsequently, clinical sessions at the FHU for the multidisciplinary team and an action procedure to request DDR by the administrative team were made. Pocket-sized memory aids were provided. A computer folder was shared with the user follow-up guide, a model document for DDR requests, and a pam-phlet on OSAS. The second evaluation focused on January-December 2021. After discussion at a medical meeting, the defined outcomes were a rate of follow-up appointments ≥20% and a DDR interpretation rate ≥20%. Results: It was found that no patient had an adequate follow-up in the first evaluation. In 2021, a DDR interpretation rate of 25.47% and a follow-up appointment rate of 15.09% were reached. Five hospital referrals were made for ineffective therapy. Conclusion: Although the goal set for follow-up consultations was not reached, this study promoted the involvement of the entire team and the implementation of a simple strategy for OSAS follow-up in the primary healthcare setting.

Abstract: Introduction: The increasing acceptance of cannabinoids for therapeutic purposes has been linked to changes in legislation, high prevalence and ineffective control of chronic pain with conventional analgesics. Objective: Determine the prevalence of chronic pain, the analgesic treatment modality with herbal therapies (cannabis) in adults in southeastern Mexico. Material and methods: A cross-sectional and ethnographic study was carried out on 267 people with chronic pain and regular use of herbal medicine for analgesic purposes. Hypothesis tests were carried out to evaluate differences between average values, age and pain intensity, comparing the use of cannabis with the type of pain, gender, algological diagnoses and comorbidities. Results: An association was observed between chronic pain: diabetes, hypertension, neoplasms in women, in older adults. 46% of the participants suffered from osteoarthritis and 20.9% had other diagnoses. The preferred modality for the topical administration of cannabis was tinctures in Mezcal or alcohol and to a lesser extent macerated in oils and inhalation. Conclusions: The findings do not allow cannabis to be considered as monotherapy for chronic pain in patients with chronic pain. However, they offer a promising field in the search for analgesic alternatives that avoid the chronic consumption of opiates or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Resumen: Introducción: La creciente aceptación de los cannabinoides con fines terapéuticos se ha vinculado a cambios en la legislación, alta prevalencia y control ineficaz de dolor crónico con analgésicos convencionales. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del dolor crónico, la modalidad de tratamiento analgésico con terapias herbales (cannabis) en adultos del sureste de México. Material y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio transversal y etnográfico en 267 personas con dolor crónico y empleo regular de la herbolaria con fines analgésicos. Se efectuaron pruebas de hipótesis para evaluar diferencias entre valores promedio, edad e intensidad del dolor, comparándose el empleo de cannabis con el tipo de dolor, género, diagnósticos algológicos y comorbilidades. Resultados: Se observó asociación entre dolor crónico con: diabetes, hipertensión, neoplasias en mujeres, adultos mayores. El 46% de los participantes padecía osteoartritis y 20.9% presentaba otros diagnósticos. Las modalidades preferidas para la administración tópica de cannabis fueron tinturas en mezcal o en alcohol y, en menor proporción, macerados en aceites e inhalación. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos no permiten considerar a la cannabis como monoterapia para pacientes con dolor crónico. Sin embargo, ofrecen un campo promisorio en la búsqueda de alternativas analgésicas que eviten el consumo crónico de opiáceos o antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE).

BACKGROUND: Diabetic foot syndrome is defined as the presence of a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) associated with neuropathy, peripheral artery disease and infection. While the use of antimicrobials in the treatment of DFU infection remains a mainstay, the choice of antimicrobial remains problematic owing to the presence of multidrug-resistant polymicrobial infections. In the South African public healthcare sector, the treatment of DFUs is based on the Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) and the Essential Drug List. These guidelines are developed using evidence-based medicine and are based on global susceptibility patterns rather than local susceptibility data, and may not provide the most appropriate treatment options OBJECTIVES: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of DFUs isolated from patients visiting selected Gauteng provincial public hospitals in order to determine a clinically effective treatment protocol for the management of these infections METHODS: Sample swabs were taken from 51 DFUs using the Levine method. Each sample swab was spread onto blood agar plates and thereafter, individual pathogens were isolated. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of all isolated pathogens were determined using zone of inhibition measurements. Pathogens were grouped according to macromorphological characteristics as well as susceptibility patterns, and a representative isolate from each group was then identified RESULTS: A total of 51 DFU ulcer swabs from 45 patients were included in the study. From the sample swabs, a total of 445 pathogens were isolated. The most effective antimicrobial was found to be gentamicin, followed by ciprofloxacin. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, the first line treatment according to the STGs, was found to be ineffective for many of the isolated pathogens. The most commonly isolated pathogens were Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the urgent need to reassess the STGs and base treatment plans on local epidemiological data. This study provides valuable data on common causative pathogens in DFU infections, as well as the resistance patterns of these pathogens, forming a baseline with which to base future DFU treatment plans

Abstract This review focuses on the pathophysiology of digital vasculopathy in patients with systemic sclerosis and discusses studies published between 2017 and 2023. Several mechanisms of vascular damage that explain the pathophysiology of digital vasculopathy in patients with systemic sclerosis are discussed, such as uncontrolled activation of the immune system that does not allow control of profibrotic changes, predominance of vasoconstriction phenomena over vasodilatation phenomena, modification of vascular cytoarchitecture, ineffective angiogenesis, decrease in the number of endothelial cell progenitors, release of inhibitory molecules of the neurovascular relationship, increase of adhesion molecules that promote fibrosis and the appearance of digital ulcers, and stimulation of a complex process of mesenchymal endothelial transition. These mechanisms could amplify the damage established by increased oxidative stress and autoantibodies. They also point to the complexity of digital vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis and open new possibilities to improve the diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Resumen Esta revisión se enfoca en la fisiopatología de la vasculopatía digital en pacientes con esclerosis sistémica y en ella se analizan estudios publicados entre los años 2017 y 2023. Se comentan varios mecanismos de daño vascular que explican la fisiopatología de la vasculopatía digital en pacientes con esclerosis sistémica, como la activación no controlada del sistema inmunitario que no permite controlar los cambios profibróticos, predominio de fenómenos de vasoconstricción sobre los de vasodilatación, modificación de la citoarquitectura vascular, angiogénesis ineficaz, disminución de la cantidad de progenitores de células endoteliales, liberación de moléculas inhibitorias de la relación neurovascular, aumento de moléculas de adhesión que promueven la fibrosis y la aparición de úlceras digitales y estimulación de un proceso complejo de transición endotelio-mesénquima. Estos mecanismos pueden amplificar el daño establecido por el creciente estrés oxidativo y los autoanticuerpos, y apuntan a la complejidad de la vasculopatía digital en la esclerosis sistémica; y también permiten abrir nuevas posibilidades para mejorar el diagnóstico y tratamiento de estos pacientes.