ABSTRACT The life of man is surrounded by spectacular technological advances derived mostly from Industry 4.0; They have fostered multiple transformations demanding a process of adaptation to the conditions they impose, and for this, they have required the involvement of underdeveloped countries in the participation and management for their global reproduction, with which most of the structural problems have not been resolved that these economies have, are only perpetuated and reproduced. Faced with this situation, Latin America has the great task of reorienting, from a critical vision, the objectives of science, technology and innovation policies to promote and develop STI projects that promote social inclusion and sustainable development in the region.

RESUMEN La vida del hombre está rodeada por espectaculares avances tecnológicos derivados en su mayoría de la Industria 4.0; estos han propiciado múltiples transformaciones, exigiendo un proceso de adaptación a las condiciones que imponen, y para ello, han requerido implicar a los países subdesarrollados en la participación y gestión para su reproducción mundial, con lo cual no se han resuelto la mayoría de los problemas estructurales que tienen estas economías, solo se perpetúan y se reproducen. Ante esta situación, América Latina tiene la gran tarea de reorientar, desde una visión crítica, los objetivos de las políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación para impulsar y desarrollar proyectos de CTI que propicien la inclusión social y el desarrollo sostenible en la región.

Abstract Paper aims Due to the scarcity of research that approaches the Lean Office in conjunction with Industry 4.0 Technologies, this article aims to discuss, understand and analyze the associations between these two concepts, as well as identify gaps to be explored. Originality This research contributes with guidelines for applying Industry 4.0 Technologies in administrative areas and possibilities of an association with the Lean for the development of the Smart Office. Research method Based on a systematic review of the literature, with a basic purpose, a descriptive objective, and qualitative data, a framework for developing the Smart Office is presented. Main findings An association model between Lean Office tools and Industry 4.0 Technologies is provided. It even classifies and addresses the impact and trends in administrative environments so that managers can develop the Smart Office. Implications for theory and practice Industry 4.0 technologies have been widely discussed in companies that seek to improve processes, mainly industries; however, there are still few applications in administrative environments. The applicability and association of new technologies for Smart Office can explore future studies and contribute to the growth of these areas in addition to the creation of new articles relating to technologies in this environments.

RESUMEN Introducción: La impresión tridimensional es una de las tecnologías que promueve el cambio a nivel económico y social, y uno de los elementos fundamentales de la industria 4.0. Asimismo, constituye un enorme potencial para el futuro de la medicina, estableciéndose como un nuevo paradigma. A pesar de sus ventajas, su explotación en nuestro medio es incipiente. Objetivos: Diseñar y desarrollar soluciones basadas en tecnologías tridimensionales para la enseñanza y la práctica de las ciencias biomédicas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una investigación colaborativa, de desarrollo tecnológico entre el Centro de Fabricación Asistida y Sostenible de la Universidad de Matanzas y la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, entre septiembre de 2019 y julio de 2022. Los diseños y fabricaciones se realizaron a partir de la adquisición de imágenes de tomografía computarizada, o desde un escáner de superficie, las que luego se procesaron, se convirtieron en formato Standard Tessellation Language, se imprimieron y posprocesaron. Los diseños virtuales se desarrollaron empleando un software de diseño asistido por computadora. Resultados: Se desarrollaron varias soluciones que incluyen varios prototipos: biomodelos para reparación de craneosinostosis y figuras anatómicas, molde de prótesis craneal personalizada, prótesis de mano, divisores de líneas de O2, andamios tisulares, pistola portajeringas, protectores faciales, prótesis de mama, molde para restauración autóloga y expansor tisular. Conclusiones: En todas las áreas de aplicación de esta tecnología en medicina―salvo en la impresión de medicamentos, en el contexto actual―, es factible obtener soluciones en el territorio de Matanzas. Es un imperativo, pues, que directivos y la comunidad médica en general, comiencen a adquirir conciencia, conocimientos y experiencias para garantizar la utilización óptima de esta tecnología.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Three-dimensional printing is one of the technologies that promote change at an economic and social level, and one of the fundamental elements of industry 4.0. It has enormous potential for the future of medicine, establishing itself as a new paradigm. Despite its advantages, its use in our environment is incipient. Objective: To design and develop solutions based on three-dimensional technologies for the teaching and practice of biomedical sciences. Materials and methods: A technological development investigation was carried out between the Center for Assisted and Sustainable Manufacturing of the University of Matanzas and Matanzas University of Medical Sciences, between September 2019 and July 2022. The designs and fabrications were made from the acquisition of computed tomography images, or from a surface scanner, which were then processed, converted into Standard Tessellation Language format, printed, and post-processed. Virtual designs were developed using computer-aided design software. Results: Various solutions were developed including prototypes: biomodels for craniosynostosis repair and anatomical figures, custom cranial prosthesis mold, hand prosthesis, O2 line splitters, tissue scaffolds, syringe gun, face shields, breast prosthesis; autologous restoration mold and tissue expander. Conclusions: In all areas of application of this technology in medicine―except the printing of medicines, in the current context―, it is feasible to obtain solutions in the territory of Matanzas. It is therefore imperative that managers and the medical community in general, begin to acquire awareness, knowledge, and experience to ensure the optimal use of this technology.

Hierdie navorsing is 'n empiriese studie van die slim fabrieke (SF) konsep in 'n agri-verwerking omgewing. Dit stel voor hoe Industrie 4.0 (I4.0) ingespan kan word deur 'n toekomstige konsep virtuele 3D-model in vergelyking met die huidige toestand te ontwerp. 'n Toekomstige fabriek met ses SF-beginsels word aanbeveel in ooreenstemming met I4.0-perspektiewe. 'n Gevallestudie word uitgevoer en 'n 3D-model word in SIMIO (SIMIO LLC 2018) ontwerp. Hierdie huidige toestand ontwerp, saam met kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe data, vorm die aanbevelings. Metingsparameters word gekies wat gekoppel is aan die waargenome maatstawwe van die gevalmaatskappy, naamlik uitset, kwaliteit, koste en benutting. 'n Produktiwiteitsmaatstaf word bygevoeg om die sukses of mislukking van die modelle te meet. Die bewering is dat SF-konsepte, wanneer dit toegepas word, produktiwiteit verbeter. Laastens word 'n maatstaf-kriteriablad vir SF-opwekking ontwikkel om te help met toekomstige fabriekskonsepte.

This research is an empirical study of the smart factories (SF) concept in an agri-processing environment. It suggests how Industry 4.0 (I4.0) could be harnessed by designing a future-concept virtual 3D model compared with the current state. A future factory with six SF principles is recommended in line with I4.0 perspectives. A case study is carried out and a 3D model is designed in SIMIO (SIMIO LLC 2018). This current-state design, along with quantitative and qualitative data, forms the recommendations. Measurement parameters are chosen that are linked to the observed metrics of the case company, namely output, quality, cost, and utilisation. A productivity metric is added to gauge the success or failure of the models. The claim is that SF concepts, when applied, improve productivity. Finally, a benchmark criteria sheet for SF generation is developed to assist with future factory concepts.

Indonesia has the lowest Industry 4.0 (I4.0) readiness in South East Asia, and uses the INDI 4.0 instrument (Indonesia Industry 4.0 readiness index), which is not as comprehensive and accurate as it could be. An Initial survey confirmed that only 56.86% of respondents agreed that INDI 4.0 accurately measured readiness in manufacturing operations. Unlike the primary I4.0 indices, INDI 4.0 lacks comprehensive I4.0 dimensions and characteristics. This paper aims to identify the dimensions and indicators of I4.0 readiness to enhance INDI 4.0 through an exploratory mixed-method research approach with a multiphase research design. The first phase consisted of a qualitative approach through a documentary review, interviews, and observations to explore the dimensions and indicators of I4.0 readiness. This phase successfully identified four dimensions that experts, academics, and practitioners validated: technology, data life cycle, I4.0 design principles, and smart factory. These dimensions were broken down into 27 indicators of I4.0 readiness, then validated again through a statistical approach before being affirmed by a survey with a Pearson's correlation > 0.361 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.987, which indicated validity and reliability. The second phase, using a quantitative approach through a survey, confirmed the four dimensions and 27 indicators for measuring I4.0 readiness levels; these were 'not ready', 'early stage', 'moderate readiness', 'readiness ripe', and 'already implemented'. This finding comprehensively measured I4.0 readiness based on feedback from industries struggling to adopt I4.0, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. This finding also differed from existing indices (Acatech, RAMI 4.0, Dreamy, SIMMI 4.0. IMPULS) from developed countries and industries already stable in implementing 14.0.

Indonesië het die laagste industrie 4.0 (14.0) gereedheid in Suidoos-Asië, en gebruik die Indonesië Industrie 4.0 indeks (INDI 4.0) instrument, wat nie so omvattend en akkuraat is as wat dit kan wees nie. 'n Aanvanklike opname het bevestig dat slegs 56,86% van die respondente saamgestem het dat INDI 4.0 die gereedheid in vervaardigingsbedrywighede akkuraat gemeet het. Anders as die primêre I4.0-indekse, het INDI 4.0 nie omvattende I4.0-dimensies en -eienskappe nie. Hierdie artikel het ten doel om die dimensies en aanwysers van I4.0-gereedheid te identifiseer om INDI 4.0 te verbeter deur 'n verkennende gemengde-metode navorsingsbenadering met 'n multifase navorsingsontwerp. Die eerste fase het bestaan uit 'n kwalitatiewe benadering deur 'n literatuur oorsig, onderhoude en waarnemings om die dimensies en aanwysers van 14.0-gereedheid te verken. Hierdie fase het vier dimensies suksesvol geïdentifiseer wat deur kundiges, akademici en praktisyns bevestig is: tegnologie, datalewensiklus, I4.0-ontwerpbeginsels en slim fabriek. Hierdie dimensies is opgebreek in 27 aanwysers van I4.0 gereedheid, dan weer bekragtig deur 'n statistiese benadering voordat dit bevestig is deur 'n opname met 'n Pearson se korrelasie > 0.361 en Cronbach se alfa van 0.987, wat geldigheid en betroubaarheid aangedui het. Die tweede fase, met behulp van 'n kwantitatiewe benadering deur 'n opname, het die vier dimensies en 27 aanwysers vir die meting van I4.0-gereedheidsvlakke bevestig; dit was 'nie gereed', 'vroeë stadium', 'matige gereedheid', 'gereedheid ryp', en 'reeds geïmplementeer'. Hierdie bevinding het I4.0-gereedheid omvattend gemeet op grond van terugvoer van nywerhede wat sukkel om I4.0 aan te neem, veral in ontwikkelende lande soos Indonesië. Hierdie bevinding het ook verskil van bestaande indekse (Acatech, RAMI 4.0, Dreamy, SIMMI 4.0. IMPULS) van ontwikkelde lande en nywerhede wat reeds stabiel is in die implementering van I4.0.

RESUMEN La manufactura inteligente y la innovación de la industria 4.0 a nivel mundial forman parte de la transformación tecnológica para crear sistemas de gestión y formas de hacer negocios, que permitan optimizar los procesos de fabricación, alcanzar una mayor flexibilidad y eficiencia, así como responder de forma oportuna a las necesidades de su mercado. El aprendizaje de máquina constituye una tecnología que es capaz de predicir con fiabilidad determinados resultados a partir de un modelo preparado entrenándolo con datos de entrada anteriores y su comportamiento de salida. La investigación realizada se propuso como objetivo la comparación de modelos de aprendizaje de máquina para la detección de fallas en turborreactores de doble flujo extraído del Repositorio del Centro de Excelencia de Pronósticos de la NASA. Los resultados obtenidos se comparan con datos reales para verificar la exactitud dando como resultado el algoritmo Random Forest como el mejor modelo ejecutado con parámetros normales y optimizados con un f1-score de 99.949% y 99.99% respectivamente. Finalmente se conoce que en la base de datos no es posible realizar una extracción fiable y válida de las principales características mediante el aprendizaje automático, debido a su particularidad en las condiciones operativas. También es importante mencionar que el modelo SVM no fue ejecutado con hiperparámetros. Es recomendable utilizar métodos de comparación de aprendizaje profundo por su precisión al momento de clasificar los datos reduciendo drásticamente la carga computacional al momento de ejecutar el modelo.

ABSTRACT Smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 innovation worldwide are part of the technological transformation to create management systems and ways of doing business that optimize manufacturing processes, achieve greater flexibility and efficiency, and respond in a timely manner to the needs of their market. Machine learning is a technology that is able to reliably predict certain outcomes from a prepared model by training it with previous input data and its output behavior. The research carried out was aimed at comparing machine learning models for the detection of failures in twin-flow turbojets extracted from the NASA Prediction Centre of Excellence Repository. The results obtained are compared with real data to verify the accuracy resulting in the Random Forest algorithm as the best model run with normal and optimized parameters with an f1-score of 99.949% and 99.99% respectively. Finally, it is known that in the database it is not possible to perform a reliable and valid extraction of the main features by machine learning, due to its particularity in the operating conditions. It is also important to mention that the SVM model was not run with hyperparameters. It is advisable to use deep learning matching methods because of their accuracy in classifying the data and drastically reducing the computational load when running the model.

Advanced technologies are satisfying the demands of individuals and of industry. But what about employees? Various organisations have begun to explore adopting new technologies and increasing employee buy-in. 'Digital Ubuntu' is a newly coined term that describes collaborating with each other to solve a problem digitally. This discussion paper aims to explore the use and unpack the implications of using the term "Digital Ubuntu" around the adoption of advanced technology in South Africa. This paper concludes that Digital Ubuntu could significantly impact employee buy-in, the adoption of advanced technology, and policymaking. This study offers direction for further exploration of Digital Ubuntu.

Gevorderde tegnologieë voldoen aan die eise van individue en van die industrie. Maar wat van werknemers? Verskeie organisasies het begin om nuwe tegnologieë aan te neem en werknemers se inkoop te verhoog. 'Digitale Ubuntu' is 'n nuutgemaakte term wat die samewerking met mekaar beskryf om 'n probleem digitaal op te los. Hierdie besprekingsartikel het ten doel om die gebruik te ondersoek en die implikasies van die gebruik van die term 'Digitale Ubuntu' in die aanvaarding van gevorderde tegnologie in Suid-Afrika te verken. Hierdie artikel kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat Digitale Ubuntu 'n beduidende impak op werknemersinkoop, die aanvaarding van gevorderde tegnologie en beleidmaking kan hê. Hierdie studie bied rigting vir verdere verkenning van Digitale Ubuntu.

Abstract: The Industry 4.0 paradigm aims to obtain high levels of productivity and efficiency, more competitive final products and compliance with the demanding regulations related to industrial safety. To achieve these objectives, the industrial systems must be equipped with condition monitoring systems for early detection, isolation, and location of faults. The paper presents a proposal for a condition monitoring system characterized by its robustness in presence of noise and missing variables in the measurements. The proposal combines the use of simple and effective imputation algorithms with a fuzzy classification kernel algorithm based on the use of the non-standard Pythagorean fuzzy sets. The proposed scheme was validated using the known DAMADICS test problem with excellent results.

Abstract We propose and experimentally investigate two distinct power-over-Fiber (PoF) approaches, aiming to remotely power Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensing systems for Industry 4.0 environments. The first proof-of-concept is focused on demonstrating a 1-W optical power transmission through a 50-m-fiber-optic link for powering an Arduino Uno, a temperature sensor (DS1820B), and a 433-MHz transceiver (FS1000A). The designed PoF link is able to provide up to 280 mW with power transmission efficiency (PTE) of 28.9%. The second implementation is based on a 100-m PoF link capable of transmitting over 0.6-W optical power and delivering 140-mW electrical power with PTE of 23%. In this scheme, an Arduino Pro Mini, another temperature sensor (LM35), and a 2.4-GHz transceiver (nRF24L01+) are employed. A voltage stability analysis enables to demonstrate that our PoF system is capable of delivering stable output voltage at 8.5 V and 5 V, with only 0.6% and 0.2% voltage fluctuations. In addition, an industrial oven is employed to evaluate the sensor performance considering temperature measurements from both sensing systems. The obtained results demonstrate that PoF might be considered as a potential technology to optically-power IoT wireless sensing systems for Industry 4.0 scenarios.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the technology war between China and the USA in a context of exacerbation of techno-nationalist strategies for industrial and technological development. This analysis refers mainly to the Chinese strategy to deploy Industry 4.0 and the implications derived from US imposed restrictions on Chinese efforts to develop indigenous technologies that are central in the forthcoming paradigm. The hypothesis is that such policies, by boosting Industry 4.0, aim to create a new techno-economic paradigm and thus reconfigure the bases of inter-capitalist and interstate competition. The main contribution to the literature is providing an analysis of the implications of the technology war between China and the USA in different layers of the Industry 4.0 techno-economic paradigm, in addition to the mainstream debate about the transition to 5G communication networks.

RESUMO Este artigo analisa a evolução da guerra tecnológica entre China e EUA em um contexto de exacerbamento das estratégias tecnonacionalistas de desenvolvimento industrial e tecnológico. Esta análise concentra-se majoritariamente na estratégia chinesa de fomento à Indústria 4.0 e nas implicações das restrições impostas pelos EUA a sua busca pelo desenvolvimento autônomo de tecnologias centrais no paradigma em gestação. Parte-se da hipótese de que tais políticas, ao impulsionarem as tecnologias características da Indústria 4.0, têm como objetivo forjar um novo paradigma tecnoeconômico e reconfigurar as bases sobre as quais se assentam a dinâmica da concorrência intercapitalista e interestatal. A principal contribuição pretendida pelo trabalho é a análise das implicações da Guerra Tecnológica entre China e EUA a partir da segmentação do paradigma tecno-econômico da Indústria 4.0 em diferentes camadas, para além do debate tradicional acerca da transição para as redes 5G.

Resumen: Los sistemas tradicionales de producción y manufactura se basan en una producción en masa o en lotes donde los productos poseen las mismas características para todos los clientes. Ante los cambios en las tendencias tecnologías y requerimientos de los clientes, surge la producción personalizada, en la cual el cliente es una fuente de información para la línea de fabricación inteligente. En el presente trabajo, se diseña un dispensador inteligente de frutos secos con el cual los clientes puedan realizar el pedido seleccionando la cantidad en gramos de cuatro tipos de frutos secos. En el sistema se implementa una arquitectura de Internet de las Cosas (IoT) compuesta de tres capas: dispositivos, procesamiento y servicios en la nube. La capa de dispositivos utiliza sensores, actuadores, y mecanismos para la dispensación. La capa de procesamiento de datos en la niebla se realiza mediante las tarjetas electrónicas Arduino Mega y ESP8266. En la capa de servicios en la nube, se desarrolló las interfaces Web para clientes y administradores, estas interactúan permanentemente con una base de datos MySQL. En las pruebas se obtuvo un tiempo máximo de retardo de actualización de datos de 1,3 segundos, el tiempo promedio de llegada de un nuevo pedido fue de 1,7 segundos y un error promedio de 0.8 gramos en la dispensación. El dispensador posee características como flexibilidad al preparar el producto, conectividad, interacción constante con los usuarios, y actualizaciones de estado del sistema en tiempo real que lo integran a las tecnologías usadas en la Industria 4.0.

Abstract: Traditional production and manufacturing systems are based on mass or batch production where products have the same characteristics for all customers. Given the changes in technology trends and customer requirements, personalized production arises, in which the customer is a source of information for the intelligent manufacturing line. In the present work, an intelligent dispenser of mixed nuts is designed in which customers can place the order by selecting the quantity in grams of four types of nuts. The system implements an architecture of Internet of the Things (IoT) composed of three layers: devices, processing, and cloud services. The device layer uses sensors, actuators, and mechanisms in the dispensing system. The processing layer is done by fog computing with the Arduino Mega and ESP8266 electronic cards. In the cloud services layer, the Web interfaces for clients and administrators were developed, these interact permanently with a MySQL database. In the tests, the maximum data update delay time was 1.3 seconds, the average arrival time of a new order was 1.7 seconds, and an average error was 0.8 grams in dispensing. The smart dispenser has features that integrate it with the technologies used in Industry 4.0, such as: flexibility when preparing the product, connectivity, constant interaction with users, and real-time system status updates.

Abstract The definition of a common standard for the interconnection of electronic equipment for agricultural production is a nodal point in the path of convergence between the agricultural machinery and implements industry and the new digital technologies of Agriculture 4.0. The definition of standards is as important as the control, through alliances, acquisitions and/or mergers, of the emerging technological firms in which the new functionalities of Agriculture 4.0 are developed. In order to expand our knowledge on the diffusion and implementation of the ISOBUS standard and its implications in the agricultural machinery sector, we propose to advance in an analysis of the origins, operation and composition of the Agricultural Industry Electronics Foundation (AEF). We use a qualitative methodological approach, based on the review of documentation and bibliographic analysis of secondary academic, journalistic and business sources of different kinds.

Resumen La definición de un estándar común para la interconexión de equipos electrónicos destinados a la producción agrícola constituye un punto nodal en el sendero de convergencia entre la industria de maquinaria agrícola e implementos y las nuevas tecnologías digitales de la Agricultura 4.0. Las estrategias empresariales para la definición de estándares resultan tan importantes como el control, mediante alianzas, adquisiciones y/o fusiones, de las firmas tecnológicas emergentes en las que se desarrollan las nuevas funcionalidades propias de la Agricultura 4.0. A fin de ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre la difusión e implementación del estándar ISOBUS y sus implicancias en el sector de la maquinaria agrícola, nos proponemos avanzar en un análisis de los orígenes, el funcionamiento y la composición de la Agricultural Industry Electronics Foundation (AEF). Utilizamos un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, a partir de la revisión de documentación y análisis bibliográfico de fuentes secundarias académicas, periodísticas y empresariales de diferente índole.

BACKGROUND: The oil and gas industry faces significant challenges in the management of oily waste, which requires effective reverse logistics practices. The incorporation of software in reverse logistics can potentially enhance the management of oily waste in the industry, but their effectiveness and implementation require exploration. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to explore the role of effective software in managing oily waste within the reverse logistics processes of the oil and gas industry, highlight their importance and identify industry-specific software. METHOD: A literature review was conducted, and industry-specific software was identified through website analysis. RESULTS: Specific software solutions were found to be effective in managing oily waste in reverse logistics, and their use promotes sustainability in the supply chain. CONCLUSION: The use of software in reverse logistics is an effective approach for managing oily waste and promoting sustainability in the oil and gas industry. Incorporating technology into reverse logistics practices can help to address the challenges of oily waste management.. CONTRIBUTION: This study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the potential of software in reverse logistics for effective oily waste management in the oil and gas industry.

ABSTRACT In the Brazilian Semi-arid Region, extensive livestock farming with ecoproductive management is the most efficient way to maintain and increase the production of goat products (e.g., meat) with of not depleting environmental resources. This set of actions (induced goat migration and pasture closure) is part of Livestock 4.0, in which Industry 4.0 feed areas are efficiently managed using artificial intelligence and deep learning properly monitored by the producer and the consumer. The objective of this work was to identify pasture areas with Opuntia ficus-indica (Mill, Cactaceae) forage palm species for breeding and production of Capra aegagrus-hircus goats (Lineu, Bovidae) using aerial survey images captured by drones classified using deep learning techniques. The methodological steps of the Industry Architecture Reference Model 4.0 were adapted to the field situation (Semi-arid Region) including (A) study area delimitation, (B) image collection (by drones), (C) deep learning training, convolutional neural network (CNN) training, (D) training accuracy analysis, and (E) automatic goat production evaluation and validation. The area classification based on the forage palm density allowed us to measure the environmental degradation caused by livestock. Stimulated goat migration reduced this degradation as well as increased goat biomass and volume production.

RESUMO No Semiárido Brasileiro, a pecuária extensiva em manejo ecoprodutivo é a forma mais eficiente de manter e aumentar a produção de produtos caprinos (e.g. carne), além de não esgotar os recursos ambientais. Esse conjunto de ações (migrações induzidas e defeso de pastagem) faz parte da chamada Pecuária 4.0, em que as áreas de alimentação das Indústrias 4.0 são gerenciadas de forma eficiente por inteligência artificial e aprendizagem profunda, e devidamente monitoradas pelo produtor e consumidor. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar áreas de pastagem com espécies de palmeiras forrageiras Opuntia ficus-indica (Mill, Cactaceae), para reprodução e produção de caprinos Capra aegagrus-hircus (Lineu, Bovidae) por meio de levantamento aéreo a partir de imagens capturadas por drones e classificação por técnica de aprendizagem profunda. As etapas metodológicas seguiram o Modelo de Referência para Arquitetura da Indústria 4.0 adaptada para a situação de campo (Semiárido), com: (A) delimitação da área de estudo, (B) coleta de imagens (por drones), (C) treinamento de aprendizagem profunda, treinamento de rede neural convolucional - RNC, (D) análise da precisão do treinamento, e (E) avaliação e validação automática da produção caprina. A classificação das áreas pela densidade da palmeira forrageira permitiu medir a degradação ambiental da pecuária. A partir disso, a migração de cabras estimulada reduziu essa degradação, bem como aumentou a biomassa caprina e a produção de volume.

Abstract This theoretical essay explores theories related to business models and dynamic knowledge-based capabilities in the digital transformation scenario. First, the main theoretical foundations that conceptualize the themes of business models, innovation in business models, digital transformation, and dynamic capabilities based on knowledge are pointed out. Subsequently, two propositions are presented and discussed. We propose that digital capability is dynamic as it affects the company’s knowledge capacity, just as the dynamic knowledge capability can stimulate digital capability. We also propose that not only dynamic knowledge-based capability is necessary for developing a sustainable business model, but the emergence of immediate profits can affect the business model in the company’s future. This essay brings theoretical contributions, which can be used in future works, and practical and managerial contributions, which managers and decision-makers can use.

Resumen Este es un ensayo teórico con un enfoque crítico, que busca explorar teorías relacionadas con modelos de negocio y capacidades dinámicas basadas en el conocimiento en el escenario de la transformación digital. En primer lugar, se señalan los principales fundamentos teóricos que conceptualizan los temas de modelos de negocio, innovación en modelos de negocio, transformación digital y capacidades dinámicas basadas en el conocimiento. Posteriormente, se presentan y discuten las dos proposiciones encontradas. Se propone que la capacidad digital es una capacidad dinámica ya que afecta la capacidad de conocimiento de la empresa, así como la capacidad de conocimiento dinámico puede estimular la capacidad digital. También se propone que no solo la capacidad dinámica basada en el conocimiento es necesaria para el desarrollo de un modelo de negocio sostenible, sino que la aparición de beneficios inmediatos puede afectar al modelo de negocio de la empresa. Este ensayo trae aportes teóricos, que pueden ser utilizados en futuros trabajos, y aportes prácticos y gerenciales, que pueden ser utilizados por los gerentes y tomadores de decisiones.

Resumo Este ensaio teórico tem abordagem crítica e busca explorar as teorias relacionadas com modelos de negócios, bem como as capacidades dinâmicas baseadas em conhecimento no cenário de transformação digital. Em primeiro lugar, são apontados os principais fundamentos que conceituam os temas modelos de negócios (MNs), inovação nos modelos de negócios (IMNs), transformação digital (TD) e capacidades dinâmicas baseadas em conhecimento (CDBC). Na sequência, são apresentadas e discutidas as 2 proposições encontradas. Defende-se que a capacidade digital é dinâmica, uma vez que afeta a capacidade de conhecimento da empresa, assim como pode vir a estimular a capacidade digital. Propõe-se também que não somente a capacidade dinâmica baseada em conhecimento é necessária para o desenvolvimento de um modelo de negócios sustentável; a emergência de lucros imediatos pode afetar o modelo de negócios da empresa. O presente ensaio traz contribuições teóricas que poderão ser utilizadas em trabalhos futuros, além de contribuições práticas e gerenciais que poderão ser aproveitadas por gestores e tomadores de decisão.