Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever e analisar o processo de preservação e de refuncionalização do patrimônio industrial do Vale do Ruhr a partir de uma pesquisa de campo realizada na região entre outubro de 2023 e julho de 2024. Para tal finalidade, iniciaremos contextualizando o processo de industrialização e de desindustrialização ocorridos nos últimos 150 anos, no Vale do Ruhr, demonstrando suas conexões com a urbanização da área, bem como com a construção de uma identidade coletiva local fundamentada na memória do passado mineiro e industrial. Em seguida, demonstraremos como ocorreu o processo político e econômico que levou à formação da Rota do Patrimônio Industrial do Ruhr, um conjunto de espaços industriais de interesse histórico agora protegidos e reconvertidos a novas finalidades. 202 2024 finalidade 15 anos área seguida finalidades 20 1 2

Abstract This article aims to describe and analyze the process of preservation and repurposing of industrial heritage in the Ruhr Valley based on field research conducted in the region between October 2023 and July 2024. To achieve this, we will begin by contextualizing the industrialization and deindustrialization process that has been occurring over the last century and a half in the Ruhr Valley. We will demonstrate its connections with the urbanization of the area and the construction of a local collective identity grounded on the memory of the mining and industrial past. Then, we will explore the political and economic processes that led to the formation of the Ruhr Industrial Heritage Route, a collection of industrial sites of historical interest now protected and repurposed. 202 2024 this past Then Route repurposed 20 2

Die prosesse wat gebruik word om onroerende eiendom van verkoper na koper in Suid-Afrika oor te dra, is verouderd en nie outomaties nie. Dokumente in papierformaat verhoog die risiko vir bedrog en wanvoorstellings. Hierdie artikel oorweeg die implementering van 'n wolkgebaseerde, gesentraliseerde databasis met eiendomsaanvoerkettingvennote, om deursigtigheid, omkeertyd en sekuriteit te verbeter, terwyl die risiko en koste geminimaliseer word. Die digitalisering van eiendomsprosesse sou lei tot die dematerialisering van die titelbewys, en nie bloot outomatisering van die papiergebaseerde stelsel nie. Die kwalitatiewe navorsing was verkennend, en halfgestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer met rolspelers betrokke by eiendomsoordragte in Suid-Afrika. Dit het die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank, die Departement van Landbou, Grondhervorming en Landelike Ontwikkeling, die Prokureursorde van Suid-Afrika, verbandopstellers, Die Bankvereniging, die Departement van Binnelandse Sake, die registrateur van die aktekantoor, die landmeter-generaal, munisipaliteite, sagtewaremaatskappye, die Nasionale Tesourie, Suid-Afrika se Sentrale Sekuriteitebewaarplek, sowel as die Tshwane Munisipaliteit se Raad, ingesluit.

The processes used to transfer immovable property from a seller to a buyer in South Africa are outdated and not digitised. Paper-based documents increase the risk of fraud and misrepresentation. This study considered the implementation of a cloud-based centralised database for property supply chain partners to enhance transparency, turnaround times, and security while minimising risks and costs. Digitalised property processes would result in title deeds' dematerialisation and not merely the automation of the paper-based system. This qualitative study was exploratory, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with role-players involved with property transfers in South Africa. These included the South African Reserve Bank, the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, the Law Society of South Africa, mortgage originators, The Banking Association, the Department of Home Affairs, the Registrar of each Deeds Office, the Surveyor General's office, municipalities, software companies, National Treasury, South Africa's Central Securities Depository (Strate Ltd), and the Tshwane Mettropolitan Municipal Council.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos de la transformación digital en el sector contable y financiero en Ecuador. Para lograr este objetivo se establecieron tres objetivos específicos, que fueron: identificar los cambios que la transformación digital ha generado en los procesos contables y financieros en empresas ecuatorianas de diversos sectores industriales, analizar las percepciones de los contadores y financieros sobre la adopción de tecnologías digitales en sus tareas cotidianas y cómo afecta a su desempeño laboral, y evaluar la efectividad de las soluciones tecnológicas implementadas en el sector contable y financiero en Ecuador, en términos de eficiencia, reducción de costos y mejora en la toma de decisiones. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se utilizó un diseño de investigación no experimental de tipo transversal y se aplicó un cuestionario a 150 contadores y financieros de diferentes empresas de Ecuador. Los resultados de la investigación indican que la transformación digital ha tenido un impacto positivo en el sector contable y financiero en Ecuador, ya que ha permitido una mayor eficiencia en los procesos, reducción de costos y mejora en la toma de decisiones. Asimismo, los contadores y financieros perciben que la adopción de tecnologías digitales en sus tareas cotidianas ha mejorado su desempeño laboral y les ha permitido enfocarse en tareas más estratégicas. En cuanto a las soluciones tecnológicas implementadas en el sector contable y financiero, se encontró que las más utilizadas son el software de contabilidad y finanzas, los sistemas de gestión de recursos empresariales y los sistemas de gestión documental. Estas soluciones han demostrado ser efectivas en la mejora de los procesos y en la reducción de costos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to analyze the effects of digital transformation in the accounting and financial sector in Ecuador. To achieve this objective, three specific objectives were established, which were: to identify the changes that digital transformation has generated in accounting and financial processes in Ecuadorian companies from various industrial sectors, to analyze the perceptions of accountants and financiers about the adoption of digital technologies in their daily tasks and how it affects their work performance, and evaluate the effectiveness of the technological solutions implemented in the accounting and financial sector in Ecuador, in terms of efficiency, cost reduction and improvement in decision making. To carry out this research, a non-experimental cross-sectional research design was used and a questionnaire was applied to 150 accountants and financiers from different companies in Ecuador. The results of the research indicate that digital transformation has had a positive impact on the accounting and financial sector in Ecuador, since it has allowed greater efficiency in processes, cost reduction, and improved decision-making. Likewise, accountants and financiers perceive that the adoption of digital technologies in their daily tasks has improved their work performance and has allowed them to focus on more strategic tasks. Regarding the technological solutions implemented in the accounting and financial sector, it was found that the most used are accounting and finance software, business resource management systems and document management systems. These solutions have proven to be effective in improving processes and reducing costs.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the energy storage capacity of the material obtained from cocoa husks in a capacitor configuration. The lignocellulosic material comes from Ecuadorian cocoa harvests used in agro-industrial processes. Analysis of the volatiles generated during instant pyrolysis was conducted using GC/MS technique. Additionally, a comparison of the capacitor with two different electrolytes was made: sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The material processing involved carbonization and chemical activation processes, carried out in a pyrolysis reactor under an inert nitrogen (N2) atmosphere at a heating rate of 20 °C min-1, and activated at 850 °C in the same atmosphere for 4 hours. Electrodes were prepared from this material and tested using cyclic voltammetry to assess energy storage at different scan rates for five cycles. The results of the GC/MS analysis and cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that the prepared secondary raw material can be used to obtain high-value added products. The main identified volatile compounds include phenols, acetic acid, and alcohols. The maximum potential was 1,1 kW kg-1 with NaCl electrolyte, and the maximum durability was achieved with H2SO4 electrolyte with a power of 0,29 kW kg-1; these values were obtained at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la capacidad de almacenamiento energético del material obtenido de cascarilla de cacao en configuración de capacitor. El material lignocelulósico proviene de la cosecha de cacao ecuatoriano utilizado en procesos agroindustriales. Se realizó el análisis de los volátiles generados durante la pirólisis instantáneo mediante la técnica GC/MS; además, de la comparación del capacitor con dos electrólitos diferentes: ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) y cloruro de sodio (NaCl). El procesamiento del material se realizó mediante un proceso de carbonización y otro de activación por vía química, los cuales se llevaron a cabo en un reactor de pirólisis en atmósfera inerte de nitrógeno (N2) a una velocidad de calefacción de 20 oC min-1 y se activaron a 850 oC en la misma atmósfera por 4 horas. A partir de este material se prepararon los electrodos y se probó mediante voltametría cíclica el almacenamiento de energía a diferentes velocidades de barrido para cinco ciclos. Los resultados del análisis GC/MS y de voltametría cíclica demostraron que la materia prima secundaria preparada puede utilizarse para obtener productos de alto valor agregado. Los principales compuestos volátiles identificados corresponden a fenoles, ácido acético y alcoholes. El máximo potencial fue de 1,1 kW kg-1 con electrolito de NaCl y, la máxima durabilidad se logró con electrolito de H2SO4 con una potencia de 0,29 kW kg-1 estos valores fueron obtenidos a una velocidad de 100 mV s-1.

Abstract Aspergillus niger HPD-2 has interesting growth characteristics, it grows at a temperature of 38 ºC and pH of 3, it is also known to produce various enzymes of commercial interest such as glucoamylase, which is present in the medium even under non-inducible conditions and has important activity characteristics such as an optimum temperature of 70 ºC and an optimum pH of 3-4. These features are very important because they will help to minimize microbial contamination risk in industrial hydrolysis processes. For the characterization of A. niger HPD-2 glucoamylase, the presence and activity of the enzyme were verified in a non-inducing medium. The apparent kinetic parameters K m , K i and V max were determined at 6.66 mM, 0.601 M and 66.5 mM/min, respectively, as well as its optimum pH and temperature activity (pH 3 and 70 °C). Comparatively speaking, these data are competitive against those reported for similar purified enzymes. On the other hand, DNA sequence analysis of A. niger HPD-2 glucoamylase gene showed no changes in the promoter region or starch-binding domains. Therefore, the presence of the enzyme in a non-inducing medium could be related to changes in a repressor protein CreA.

Resumen Aspergillus niger HPD-2 presenta características particulares de cultivo, crece a una temperatura de 38 ºC y a un pH de 3, además se sabe que produce diversas enzimas de interés comercial como la glucoamilasa, que se encuentra presente en el medio aún bajo condiciones no inducibles y tiene características de actividad interesantes como son, una temperatura óptima de 70 ºC y un pH óptimo de 3-4. Estas características son muy importantes porque ayudarán a minimizar el riesgo de contaminación microbiana en procesos de hidrólisis industrial. Para la caracterización de la glucoamilasa de A. niger HPD-2 se comprobó la presencia y actividad de la enzima en un medio no inductor. Se determinaron los parámetros cinéticos aparentes K m , K i , y V max , 6.66 mM, 0.601 M y 66.5 mM/min respectivamente, así como su temperatura y pH óptimos de actividad (pH 3 y 70 °C). Comparativamente hablando, estos datos son bastante competitivos que aquellos reportados para enzimas similares purificadas. Por otro lado, el análisis de la secuencia de ADN del gen de la glucoamilasa de A. niger HPD-2 mostró que no existen cambios en la región promotora ni en los dominios de unión al almidón. Por lo que la presencia de la enzima en un medio no inductor podría estar relacionada con cambios en una proteína represora CreA.

Abstract Considering that currently in Mexico there is a trend toward greater consumption of natural products that benefit health and that, in the long term, do not produce adverse effects, the objective of this research is to evaluate if the main extracts and by-products derived from the roselle flower can be considered strategic, based on its properties, impact on health, value chain and that Mexico is one of the 10 main producers worldwide. For this, the following method was used: a) research on the roselle flower and its benefits to humans were compiled and analyzed; b) the information was analyzed with the Delphi tool; c) a dendrogram was developed to categorize the relevance in its use, and, d) the value chain of the processes that make up its supply chain was analyzed to determine its conditions and potential. The results show that it does not present toxic or mutagenic activity and that it has a great impact in 3 aspects: alternative medicine, as a disinfectant and food supplement. It was found that its value chain is incipient, but with potential in: planting regions, research centers and links with the industrial sector for its use, marketing and sales coverage.

Resumen Actualmente, en México existe la tendencia hacia un mayor consumo de productos naturales que beneficien la salud y a largo plazo no produzcan efectos negativos, por lo cual, el objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar si los principales extractos y subproductos de la flor de jamaica se pueden considerar estratégicos, en función de sus propiedades, impacto en la salud, cadena de valor, pues México es uno de los 10 principales productores a nivel mundial. Para esto, se utilizó el siguiente método: a) se recopilaron y analizaron investigaciones sobre la flor de jamaica y beneficios al ser humano; b) se analizó la información con la herramienta Delphi; c) se desarrolló un dendrograma para categorizar la relevancia en su uso, y, d) se determinaron las condiciones y potencial de la cadena de valor de los procesos que integran su cadena de suministro. Los resultados muestran que no presenta actividad tóxica o mutagénica y que tiene un gran impacto en 3 vertientes: medicina alternativa, como desinfectante y complemento alimenticio. Se encontró que su cadena de valor es incipiente, pero con potencial en: regiones de siembra, centros de investigación y vinculación con el sector industrial para su aprovechamiento, cobertura de comercialización y venta.

This study aims to improve the fabric-cutting process of cotton garment-exporting micro and small businesses by identifying and eliminating waste, defined as the processes that do not add value in cutting area of a textile company. In addition, the lean manufacturing approach is applied by employing tools such as value stream mapping (VSM), single-minute exchange of dies (SMED), and work standardisation. The proposed philosophy is based on data analysis, economic validation, and simulation using the historical data from the company under study. Consequently, a decline in default rework and delayed processes along with an increase in the productivity index is expected.

Hierdie studie het ten doel om die materiaal snyproses van katoen-klere-uitvoer mikro en klein besighede te verbeter deur die vermyding en verwydering van afval, gedefinieer as die prosesse wat geen waarde toevoeg nie, binne die sny-area van 'n tekstielmaatskappy te identifiseer. Daarbenewens sal die skraal vervaardiging-benadering toegepas word deur die gebruik van gereedskap, soos waarde-stroomkaarte (VSM), enkele-minuut-die-uitruiling (SMED), en werkstandaardisering. Die voorgestelde filosofie is gebaseer op data-analise, ekonomiese validasie, en simulasie met behulp van die historiese data van die maatskappy onder studie. Gevolglik word 'n afname in standaard herskrywings en vertraagde prosesse, tesame met 'n toename in die produktiwiteitsindeks, verwag.

Adoption of automation has become the norm in the South African banking industry, owing to competition. Conventional banking institutions are uncertain of the possible adverse effects of integrating automation into banking processes to serve more customers with fewer resources. This study sought to investigate and model the extent to which the integration of automation could be the exogenous factor of the nine endogenous factors identified in this study. The five most prominent banking institutions in South Africa, were used as a case study. The study used a quantitative approach, and 223 bank employees were selected to contribute to the questionnaire survey, and the primary data were analysed using the structural equation modelling (SEM) technique to test the proposed hypotheses. The secondary information was extracted from the banks' annual integrated reports and fact sheets to generate additional insights into the primary data findings. The findings revealed that service delivery automation is a significant and direct predictor of productivity, efficiency, flexibility, operations costs, and the generation of new job opportunities (positive effects). Similarly, the adoption of bank automation was found to be significantly related to the generation of job losses, the changing nature of work, unbalanced demand for required skills, and inequality in wages of employees, which are described as adverse effects.

As gevolg van mededinging, het die aanneming van outomatisering die norm in die Suid-Afrikaanse bankbedryf geword. Konvensionele bankinstellings is onseker oor die moontlike nadelige gevolge van die integrasie van outomatisering in bankprosesse om meer kliënte met minder hulpbronne te bedien. Hierdie studie poog om die mate waarin die integrasie van outomatisering die eksogene faktor van die nege endogene faktore wat in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer is, te ondersoek en te modelleer. Die vyf mees prominente bankinstellings in Suid-Afrika, is as gevallestudie gebruik. Die studie het 'n kwantitatiewe benadering gebruik, en 223 bankwerknemers is gekies om by te dra tot die vraelysopname, en die primêre data is ontleed deur gebruik te maak van die strukturele vergelyking modellering (SEM) tegniek om die voorgestelde hipoteses te toets. Die sekondêre inligting is uit die banke se jaarlikse geïntegreerde verslae en feiteblaaie onttrek om bykomende insigte in die primêre databevindinge te genereer. Die bevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat dienslewering outomatisering 'n beduidende en direkte voorspeller is van produktiwiteit, doeltreffendheid, buigsaamheid, bedryfskoste en die generering van nuwe werksgeleenthede (positiewe effekte). Net so is gevind dat die aanvaarding van bankoutomatisering beduidend verband hou met die generering van werkverliese, die veranderende aard van werk, ongebalanseerde vraag na vereiste vaardighede en ongelykheid in lone van werknemers, wat as nadelige gevolge beskryf word.

The Internet of Things is an important element of Industry 4.0, which has brought innovative technological contributions to the energy sector; Industry 4.0 allows organisations to transition to intelligent companies through the use of the Internet of Things and technologies that favour manufacturing and production processes to be more efficient. The aim of this paper is to identify how the application of the Internet of Things has had benefits in the energy sector. This paper presents a literature review in a traditional way, to identify the importance of the Internet of Things and its application in the energy sector in the field of wind, solar, hydroelectric, and fossil energy. The analysis of the literature shows that there are studies that indicate the benefit of the internet of Things in the energy sector, with 48 documents being recognised, of which 25 publications belong to the year 2022.

Die Internet van Dinge (loT) is 'n belangrike element van Industrie 4.0, wat innoverende tegnologiese bydraes tot die energie sektor gebring het. Industrie 4.0 stel organisasies in staat om oor te skakel na intelligente ondernemings deur die gebruik van IoT en tegnologieë wat vervaardigings- en produksieprosesse bevoordeel om doeltreffender te wees. Die doel van hierdie artikel is hoe die toepassing van IoT voordele in die energie sektor gehad het, te identifiseer. Hierdie artikel bied 'n literatuuroorsig op 'n tradisionele manier aan om die belangrikheid van die IoT en die toepassing daarvan in die energie sektor op die gebied van wind, sonkrag, hidro-elektriese, sowel as fossiel energie te identifiseer. Die ontleding van die literatuur toon dat daar studies is wat die voordeel van die IoT in die energie sektor aandui, met 48 dokumente wat erken word, waarvan 25 publikasies in 2022 was.

This paper presents a methodological approach to conducting a literature review on additive manufacturing (AM), which is a groundbreaking manufacturing technique that involves the successive layering of materials to create components. The use of AM not only reduces manufacturing waste but also saves time and simplifies assembly processes. The current research focused on exploring the advances of AM in fabricating self-lubricating components. By using specific keywords, relevant data sources were extracted from databases. The literature review highlights the extensive exploration of AM in tribological research, demonstrating its successful application in creating self-lubricating components that have yielded positive results.

Hierdie artikel bied 'n metodologiese benadering tot die uitvoer van 'n literatuuroorsig oor laag-op-laag vervaardiging, 'n baanbreker-vervaardigingstegniek waarin materiale in opeenvolgende lae neergelê word om komponente te vervaardig. Die gebruik van laag-op-laag vervaardiging verminder nie alleen vervaardigingsafval nie, maar spaar ook tyd en vereenvoudig samestellingsprosesse. Hierdie navorsing het gefokus op die ondersoek van vooruitgang in laag-op-laag vervaardiging in die maak van selfsmerende komponente. Deur spesifieke sleutelwoorde te gebruik, is relevante databronne verkry vanuit databasisse. Hierdie literatuuroorsig beklemtoon die uitgebreide verkenning van laag-op-laag vervaardiging in tribologiese navorsing, en demonstreer die suksesvolle toepassing daarvan in die maak van selfsmerende komponente wat positiewe resultate opgelewer het.

ABSTRACT The evolution towards Industry 4.0 starts from previous industrial revolutions and culminates in the convergence of advanced technologies today. Industry 4.0 uses technologies such as the internet of things, big data analysis, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, among others, to improve the efficiency and adaptability of companies; organizational productivity is focused on the modernization of processes with emerging technologies. In this context, the accounting profession is undergoing significant changes such as the automation of routine tasks allowing accountants to focus on strategic analysis. Technology impacts accounting by improving efficiency, accuracy, and data security. Accountants must acquire technological competencies, such as proficiency in accounting software and skills in data analytics, cybersecurity, and digital communication. In terms of accounting ethics, the importance of confidentiality, integrity and transparency in the digital age is highlighted. Accountants must maintain high ethical standards and adapt to technological evolution. The research concludes that the accounting profession has transformed into a more strategic role, demanding technological skills and ethics adapted to the digital era. The connection between education, industry and technology skills is essential to prepare accountants for today's challenges.

RESUMEN La evolución hacia la Industria 4.0 parte de las revoluciones industriales anteriores y culmina en la convergencia de tecnologías avanzadas en la actualidad. La Industria 4.0 emplea tecnologías como el internet de las cosas, el análisis de grandes volúmenes de datos (big data), la inteligencia artificial, la realidad aumentada, entre otras, para mejorar la eficiencia y la adaptabilidad de las empresas, la productividad organizacional se centra en la modernización de procesos con tecnologías emergentes.En este contexto, la profesión contable experimenta cambios significativos como son en la automatización de tareas rutinarias, permite a los contadores enfocarse en análisis estratégicos. La tecnología impacta la contabilidad al mejorar la eficiencia, la precisión y la seguridad de los datos. Los contadores deben adquirir competencias tecnológicas, como el dominio de software contable y habilidades en análisis de datos, ciberseguridad y comunicación digital.En cuanto a la ética contable, se destaca la importancia de la confidencialidad, integridad y transparencia en la era digital. Los contadores deben mantener altos estándares éticos y adaptarse a la evolución tecnológica. La investigación concluye que la profesión contable se ha transformado en un papel más estratégico, exigiendo habilidades tecnológicas y una ética adaptada a la era digital. La conexión entre la educación, la industria y las competencias tecnológicas es esencial para preparar a los contadores para los desafíos actuales.

Abstract The tanning industry needs to implement changes and adopt innovative technologies to guarantee efficient management, focused on environmental, social and economic sustainability. The work was carried out in 2022, in order to propose improvements to the "Leather Art" project on the Isla de la Juventud, especially to treat the cattle skins generated in the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" Meat-Based Business Unit. Data collection was carried out through various sources, including the production technology area, interviews with mini-industry producers and the "Abel Santamaría" Meat-Based Business Unit, as well as through direct observations of technological processes. Among the problems identified are: difficulties in processing, obsolete equipment, insufficient capacity, limited transportation and lack of economic study. Among the highlighted results, the need to coordinate with livestock production units for the care and marking of animal skins is emphasized, thus guaranteeing the optimal use of all available hides. Fulfillment of the objective not only yielded concrete results, but was also involved in the promotion of leather processing through a mini-tannery industry, with the collaboration of local actors to strengthen the project. Specific actions were proposed that not only improved the efficiency and sustainability of the production process, but also guaranteed the availability of raw materials at the local level to consolidate the project as a reference for the use of skins generated by the meat industry.

Resumo A indústria de curtumes precisa implementar mudanças e adotar tecnologias inovadoras para garantir uma gestão eficiente, com foco na sustentabilidade ambiental, social e econômica. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no ano de 2022, com o objetivo de propor melhorias para o projeto "Arte do Couro" na Ilha da Juventude, especialmente para o tratamento de peles bovinas geradas na Unidade de Negócios de Base de Carne "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado". A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de várias fontes, incluindo a área de tecnologia de produção, entrevistas com produtores da mini-indústria e da Unidade Empresarial de Base Cárnica "Abel Santamaría", bem como por meio de observações diretas dos processos tecnológicos. Entre os problemas identificados estavam: dificuldades de processamento, equipamentos obsoletos, capacidade insuficiente, transporte limitado e falta de estudos econômicos. Entre os resultados destacados estava a necessidade de coordenar com as unidades de produção de gado para assegurar que as peles dos animais sejam cuidadosamente marcadas, garantindo assim o uso ideal de todas as peles disponíveis. A realização do objetivo não só produziu resultados concretos, mas também envolveu a promoção do processamento de peles por meio de uma indústria de mini curtumes, com a colaboração de atores locais para fortalecer o projeto. Foram propostas ações específicas que não só melhoraram a eficiência e a sustentabilidade do processo de produção, mas também garantiram a disponibilidade de matéria-prima em nível local para consolidar o projeto como uma referência para o uso de peles geradas pela indústria de carnes.

Resumen La industria curtidora necesita implementar cambios y adoptar tecnologías innovadoras para garantizar una gestión eficiente, enfocada en la sostenibilidad ambiental, social y económica. El trabajo se desarrolló en el año 2022, con el fin de proponer mejoras al proyecto "Arte del Cuero" en la Isla de la Juventud, especialmente para tratar las pieles de ganado vacuno generadas en la Unidad Empresarial de Base Cárnico "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado". La recopilación de datos se realizó a través de diversas fuentes, incluyendo el área de tecnología de producción, entrevistas a los productores de la minindustria y a la Unidad Empresarial de Base Cárnico "Abel Santamaría", así como mediante observaciones directas de los procesos tecnológicos. Entre los problemas identificados se encuentran: dificultades en procesamiento, equipamiento obsoleto, capacidad insuficiente, transporte limitado y falta de estudio económico. Entre los resultados destacados, se enfatiza la necesidad de coordinar con las unidades productivas pecuarias para el cuidado en el marcaje de las pieles de los animales, lo que garantiza así la utilización óptima de todos los cueros disponibles. El cumplimiento del objetivo no solo arrojó resultados concretos, sino que también se implicó en la promoción del procesamiento de pieles mediante una minindustria de tenería, con la colaboración de actores locales para fortalecer el proyecto. Se propusieron acciones específicas que no solo mejoraron la eficiencia y sostenibilidad del proceso productivo, sino que también garantizaron la disponibilidad de materia prima a nivel local para consolidar así el proyecto como un referente para el aprovechamiento de las pieles generadas por la industria cárnica.

Abstract MS surface deterioration is one of the most challenging problems, since it can be exacerbated by several industrial processes, such as descaling and pickling. In the proposed investigation, chemical and electrochemical techniques determined COLE IE(%) on MS corrosion in a 1 M HCl medium. COLE contains many Pc responsible for an excellent IE(%), since it forms a coating that adsorbs onto the metal surface and shields it from corrosion. Tafel polarization curves outcomes demonstrated that COLE is a mixed kind of CI. According to EIS measurements, Rct rose as Ct of COLE was increased. The relationship between T and MS corrosion behaviour in 1 M HCl with COLE addition was investigated from 300 to 320±1 K. G, which was determined from Langmuir’s isotherm model, revealed that COLE molecules predominantly blocked HCl attack by mixed physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms. Surface morphology studies validated electrochemical and chemical findings by FT-IR, SEM and WCA techniques. Furthermore, DFT computations demonstrated COLE effective interfacial adsorption onto the MS surface.

Abstract The study evaluates the generation and recovery capacity of methane at the Villavicencio Landfill in Colombia, using the LandGEM model. It shows a significant increase in methane generation, rising from about 1.5 million cubic meters in 2010 to over 8.5 million in 2020, indicating a growing urgency to implement effective mitigation measures. It was estimated that by the year 2042, the electrical energy production from methane could be 248.067 kW/day, capable of supplying about 43.705 homes monthly. Additionally, thermal energy generation would be 468.572 kWh/day, useful for industrial processes. Management scenarios were proposed, where, for example, operational optimization could increase electric production to 342.333 kW/day, benefiting more than 60.000 homes monthly. The conclusions highlight the direct correlation between the amount of waste and methane generation, and the significant potential for converting these emissions into energy, pointing towards regional energy self-sufficiency and sustainability. Methane recovery represents a valuable alternative to the dependence on fossil fuels and for the development of a circular economy.

Resumen El estudio evalúa la generación y capacidad de recuperación de metano en el Relleno Sanitario de Villavicencio, Colombia, mediante el modelo LandGEM. En donde se observa un aumento significativo en la generación de metano, pasando de alrededor de 1,5 millones de metros cúbicos en 2010 a más de 8,5 millones en 2020, lo que indica una creciente urgencia por implementar medidas de mitigación efectivas. Se estimó que, para el año 2042, la producción de energía eléctrica del metano podría ser de 248.067 kW/día, capaz de abastecer a unos 43.705 hogares mensualmente. Asimismo, se generaría energía térmica de 468.572 kWh/día, útil para procesos industriales. Se plantearon escenarios de gestión, donde, por ejemplo, la optimización operacional podría aumentar la producción eléctrica a 342.333 kW/día, beneficiando a más de 60.000 hogares mensualmente. Las conclusiones resaltan la correlación directa entre la cantidad de residuos y la generación de metano, y el significativo potencial de convertir estas emisiones en energía, apuntando hacia la autosuficiencia y sostenibilidad energética regional. El aprovechamiento del metano representa una alternativa valiosa frente a la dependencia de combustibles fósiles y para el desarrollo de una economía circular.

Abstract This work aims to analyze the outstanding role that foreign capital, companies and entrepreneurs had in promoting the industrialization process in the city of Querétaro (Mexico) and its metropolitan area, which includes the municipalities of Corregidora, El Marqués and Colón, among 1943-2018, within the framework of a historical period in which two economic models were developed: Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) and neoliberalism. The main axis is the importance of foreign investments, understood as foreign companies and private Mexican business groups, for the implementation of said industrial development over more than seven decades, as well as investigating the types and industrialization processes that occurred in that period and their relationships with socio-technical and work areas. It is suggested as a hypothesis that said industrialization process can be defined as artificial and exogenous. First, because there was no local business community to carry out this process, as happened in other cities in Mexico -such as Monterrey-, and exogenous because, through national capital from other regions of the country, and especially from abroad, it was carried out the industrialization of the city. From the above, a process of dependent industrialization emerges, inserted in the periphery that has limited endogenous capacity in technological terms, but also in labor terms, a situation that has tended to worsen in the 1980s and that has continued its course to the present.

Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el destacado papel que tuvieron los capitales, empresas y empresarios foráneos para potenciar el proceso de industrialización en la ciudad de Querétaro (México) y su zona metropolitana, que incluye los municipios de Corregidora, El Marqués y Colón, entre 1943-2018, en el marco de un periodo histórico en que se desarrollaron dos modelos económicos: la Industrialización por Sustitución de Importaciones (ISI) y el neoliberalismo. Se tiene como eje principal la importancia que tuvieron las inversiones foráneas, entendido este término como empresas extranjeras y de grupos empresariales privados mexicanos para la puesta en práctica de dicho desarrollo industrial a lo largo de más de siete décadas, así como indagar en los tipos y procesos de industrialización que se dieron en ese periodo y sus relaciones con ámbitos socio-técnicos y de trabajo. Se sugiere como hipótesis que dicho proceso de industrialización se puede definir como artificial y exógeno. Primero, porque no existió un empresariado local que llevara a cabo dicho proceso, como sucedió en otras ciudades de México -como Monterrey-, y exógeno porque, mediante capitales nacionales de otras regiones del país, y sobre todo del extranjero, se llevó a cabo la industrialización de la ciudad. De lo anterior se desprende un proceso de industrialización dependiente, inserto en la periferia que ha limitado la capacidad endógena en términos tecnológicos, pero también laborales, situación que ha tendido a agravarse en la década de 1980 y que ha seguido su curso hasta la actualidad.