Resumo Este trabalho apresenta uma nova base de dados com estimativas de despesas em educação e alguns indicadores de viés elitista nas políticas educacionais no Brasil entre 1933 e 2010. As estimativas de despesa pública em educação como proporção do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) (total, educação básica e ensino superior) são semelhantes às apresentadas por Maduro (2007). A novidade do presente trabalho são as séries de estimativas de despesas por ciclo de ensino (EF1, EF2 e EM). A partir destas estimativas, apresenta-se também um indicador de viés elitista: a razão de despesas por estudante no primário (EF1) em relação ao gasto por aluno no ensino superior. Essas razões foram historicamente baixas, mas houve uma elevação abrupta a partir do final da década de 1960. Este aumento se deu mais pela expansão da matrícula no ensino superior do que por uma elevação de gastos por estudante no primário. 193 2010 PIB (PIB total, total (total 2007. 2007 . (2007) EF1, EF1 EF (EF1 EM. EM EM) apresentase baixas 1960 19 201 200 (2007 (EF 196 1 20 (200 2 (20 (2 (

Abstract This paper presents a new dataset with estimates of expenditures on education and some indicators of elite bias in educational policies in Brazil between 1933 and 2010. Estimates of public expenditures on education as a proportion of GDP (total, pre-tertiary education and higher education) are similar to those presented by Maduro (2007). The novelty of this study is the series of expenditure estimates by schooling level (primary, lower secondary and upper secondary). Based on these estimates, we also present an indicator of elite bias: the ratio of expenditures per student in primary education (EF1) in relation to expenditures per student in higher education. These ratios were historically low, but there was an abrupt increase from the late 1960s onwards. Rather than a consequence of an increase in spending per primary school student, the elite bias indicator’s increase resulted mostly from the expansion of enrollment in higher education. 193 2010 total, total (total pretertiary pre tertiary 2007. 2007 . (2007) primary, (primary secondary. secondary) EF1 EF (EF1 low s onwards 19 201 200 (2007 (EF 1 20 (200 2 (20 (2 (

ABSTRACT Public procurement is crucial for the proper functioning of a country, but unfortunately, it can face problems that undermine its efficiency and transparency. For this reason, this research analyzes the top 23 companies that sold over $2.21 billion to the Ecuadorian government between 2015 and 2020. A descriptive methodology and a quantitative approach were used to classify the companies based on their origin, economic activity, and financial situation. The results reveal that 67% of these companies are of Ecuadorian origin. In terms of their financial situation, although they have a strong liquidity position, financing expenses completely dilute their profits, resulting in a negative net profit margin. This finding suggests the need to establish public policies that promote the diversification of economic sectors and the implementation of effective financial management strategies in contracting companies to improve their profitability and long-term financial sustainability.

RESUMEN La contratación pública es crucial para el buen funcionamiento de un país, pero desafortunadamente puede enfrentar problemas que perjudican su eficiencia y transparencia. Por este motivo, esta investigación analiza las 23 principales empresas que entre 2015 y 2020 vendieron más de 2.21 mil millones de dólares con el Estado ecuatoriano. Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva y un enfoque cuantitativo para clasificar a las empresas según su origen, actividad económica y situación financiera. Los resultados revelan que el 67% de estas empresas son de origen ecuatoriano. En cuanto a su situación financiera, aunque tienen una posición sólida en términos de liquidez, los gastos del financiamiento diluyen en su totalidad las utilidades, generando una rentabilidad neta de ventas negativa. Este hallazgo sugiere la necesidad de establecer políticas públicas que promuevan la diversificación de los sectores económicos y la implementación de estrategias de gestión financiera efectivas en las empresas contratistas para mejorar su rentabilidad y sostenibilidad financiera en el largo plazo.

Abstract Sustainable Corporate Finance is an important mechanism to address the climate crisis and its adverse effects on society and the environment. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) criteria have been proposed and implemented as a normative evaluation framework for companies in multiple sectors. However, ESG studies are not yet fully conclusive, but they serve to incorporate more than economic criteria to investment decisions in companies, and in this way, to focus on responsible investments. Among a variety of criteria, corporate responsibility and diversity in top management positions have gained significance today. Given this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the effect of including women in top leadership positions within high-cap companies and their impact on ESG indicators, with a particular focus on organizations in the industrial sector. A longitudinal study was conducted using balanced panel data of the companies that make up the Standard and Poor's 500, linear regression with random effects was estimated, as well as impact analysis using the Synthetic Difference in Difference (SDID). The results show a slight increase in the participation of women in top management (CEO), particularly in the last years (2020-2022). In addition, there is a statistically positive incidence between the participation of a female CEO in a better performance of the ESG indicators of the companies, with an impact of 0.2401 points, being the environmental criterion the most impacted with 0.6522 points.

Resumen Las finanzas corporativas sustentables son un mecanismo importante para hacer frente a la crisis climática y sus efectos adversos a la sociedad y el medio ambiente. Particularmente, se han propuesto e implementado los indicadores Ambiental, Social y Gobierno (ESG, por sus siglas en inglés) como un marco normativo de evaluación para las empresas de múltiples sectores. Los estudios realizados en materia de ESG aun no son concluyentes del todo, pero sirven para incorporar más que criterios económicos a las decisiones de inversión en las empresas y, de esta forma, orientarse en las inversiones responsables. Entre una variedad de criterios, la responsabilidad corporativa y la diversidad en posiciones de alta dirección ha cobrado relevancia en la actualidad. Dado lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el efecto de la inclusión de mujeres en posiciones de liderazgo de alta dirección en las empresas de alta capitalización y su impacto en los indicadores ESG, realizando un especial énfasis en las organizaciones del sector industrial. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal a través de datos panel balanceados de las empresas que componen el índice Standard & Poor's 500, se estimó la regresión lineal con efectos aleatorios, así como del análisis de impacto mediante la Estimación Sintética de las Diferencias (SDID). Los resultados muestran un leve incremento en la participación de las mujeres en los altos mandos (CEO), particularmente en los últimos años (2020-2022). Además, existe una incidencia estadísticamente positiva entre la participación de una mujer CEO en un mejor desempeño de los indicadores ESG de las empresas, con un impacto de 0.2401 puntos, siendo el indicador ambiental el mayor impactado, con 0.6522 puntos.

Resumen La microrregión XVI es un territorio ubicado en el sur del estado de Hidalgo. Presenta en conjunto grandes desequilibrios económicos, pero al mismo tiempo muestra importantes ventajas competitivas que, bien aprovechadas, podrían detonar un polo de desarrollo con múltiples beneficios sociales. El objetivo de la investigación es detectar las actividades productivas con mayor potencial económico en la microrregión XVI; para ello se desarrolla una metodología con enfoque cuantitativo. Esto permite construir un trabajo equilibrado en el que se contemplan indicadores, estadísticas y datos relevantes. La metodología utiliza datos de panel de los años 2004 al 2019. Se concluye que la microrregión XVI tiene una vocación productiva basada en la industria química, de alimentos, bebidas y tabaco, así como en la fabricación de accesorios, electrodomésticos y equipos de generación de energía eléctrica.

Abstract Micro-region XVI is a territory located in the south of Hidalgo State. It presents large economic imbalances but, at the same time, shows important competitive advantages that, if well used, could trigger a development pole with multiple benefits for citizens and enterprises.The objective of the research is to detect the productive activities with the greatest economic potential in the micro-region XVI. To achieve this, a methodology with a quantitative approach was developed. This allows building a balanced work in which indicators, statistics, and relevant data are contemplated. The methodology uses panel data for the years 2004 to 2019. It is concluded that micro-region XVI has a productive vocation based on the chemical, food, beverage, and tobacco industries, as well as the manufacture of accessories, electrical appliances, and electrical energy generation equipment.

Abstract (Introduction): The sustainability of homes is a mayor challenge today. Activities that accelerate environmental degradation are developed on them, for example: poor disposal of urban solid waste, excessive consumption of electricity and water, and use of fossil fuels. (Objective): To determine the level of sustainability of urban homes in the municipality of Macuspana, Tabasco, Mexico. (Methodology): 370 urban house representatives of the total number of urban dwellings inhabited in the city were evaluated, with a confidence level of 95 %. A Sustainability Assessment Framework for Urban Homes (MESHU) created from the selection, measurement, and percentage rank of social, economic, and environmental indicators is proposed. 30 sustainability indicators divided into the following attributes were evaluated: self-management, adaptability, environmental culture, coexistence and productivity. (Results): The sustainability level of the homes was 45 %, this means that they are pretty sustainable. (Conclusions): The sustainability assessment of urban homes allowed an approximation of the reality of practices and use of natural resources in the daily life. It was also evident that homes have a culture toward sustainability.

Resumen (Introducción): La sostenibilidad de los hogares es un gran desafío en la actualidad. En ellos se desarrollan actividades que aceleran la degradación del ambiente como, por ejemplo, la mala disposición de residuos sólidos urbanos, consumo excesivo de energía eléctrica y agua, uso de combustibles fósiles. (Objetivo): Determinar el nivel de sostenibilidad de hogares urbanos del municipio de Macuspana, Tabasco, México. (Metodología): Se evaluaron 370 hogares urbanos representativos al total de viviendas urbanas habitadas en el municipio, con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Se utilizo un marco de evaluación de la sostenibilidad para hogares urbanos (MESHU) creado a partir de la selección, medición y clasificación porcentual de indicadores sociales, económicos y ambientales. Se evaluaron 30 indicadores de sostenibilidad divididos en los siguientes atributos: autogestión, adaptabilidad, cultura ambiental, convivencia y productividad. (Resultados): El nivel de sostenibilidad de los hogares fue del 45 %, es decir, son medianamente sustentables. (Conclusiones): La evaluación de sostenibilidad en hogares urbanos permitió una aproximación a la realidad sobre las prácticas y uso de los recursos naturales en la vida cotidiana. Se evidenció también que existe una cultura en los hogares hacia la sostenibilidad.

Abstract Achieving sustainable agri-food systems (SAS) requires the collaborative work of multiple participants. Using a systemic analytical approach, the limiting factors for the sustainable transition of the agri-food system (AS) of the Mexican avocado value chain (VC) were studied. International, national and government data sources were consulted and complemented by three case studies. Short-term policies, current VC and AS governance structures, inadequate infrastructure for the sustainable use of natural resources and insecurity limit the achievement of the SAS. Acceptable economic indicators for the sector should allow for social and environmental improvements by introducing more efficient irrigation systems and improving current working conditions.

Resumen El poder alcanzar sistemas agroalimentarios sostenibles (SAS) implica el trabajo conjunto de múltiples actores. Utilizando un enfoque analítico sistémico, se estudiaron los factores limitantes para la transición sostenible del sistema agroalimentario (SA) de la cadena de valor (CV) del aguacate mexicano. Se consultaron fuentes de datos internacionales, nacionales y gubernamentales; la información se complementó con tres casos de estudio. Las políticas de corto plazo, las estructuras de gobernanza actuales de la CV y del SA insuficiente infraestructura para el aprovechamiento sostenible de recursos naturales e inseguridad, limitan alcanzar los SAS. Los indicadores económicos aceptables del sector deberían permitir mejoras en el aspecto social y ambiental, al adoptar sistemas de riego más eficientes y mejorar las condiciones laborales actuales.

ABSTRACT In order to achieve the objectives set out in its National Economic and Social Development Plan through 2030, Cuba needs to have a solid, diversified, articulated and complementary productive structure. It represents a challenge for the country to make the changes foreseen in the Conceptualization of the Cuban economic and social development model to adapt the current dynamics and requirements of international economic development. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the current productive structure, measuring the relative importance and complementarity of the sectors in national economy, based on indicators of the National Accounts System. The main results reflect sectoral imbalances and small sectoral complementarity, low productive linkages, asymmetries development of provinces, low complexity exportable products with limited added value.

RESUMEN Para lograr los objetivos planteados en su Plan Nacional de desarrollo económico y social hasta el 2030, Cuba necesita tener una estructura productiva sólida,diversificada, articulada y que se complemente. Representa un reto para el país, hacer los cambios previstos en la Conceptualización del modelo de desarrollo económico y social cubano para adaptarse a las actuales dinámicas y requerimientos del desarrollo económico internacional. El artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la actual estructura productiva, midiendo la importancia relativa y complementariedad de los sectores en la economía nacional, en base a indicadores seleccionados del Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales. Los principales resultados reflejan desequilibrios y poca complementariedad sectoriales, bajos encadenamientos productivos, asimetrías en el desarrollo de las provincias y producciones exportables de baja complejidad con escaso valor agregado.

Resumen La recuperación de dióxido de carbono (CO2) en las destilerías de etanol es un factor importante que aporta beneficios económicos y ambientales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener un modelo de simulación validado para la evaluación de la etapa de recuperación y purificación de CO2 en una destilería cubana. La metodología empleada consistió en obtención y validación del modelo de simulación en Aspen Hysys v.10.0, evaluación de alternativas de mejoras, y realización de un análisis técnico-económico. En el desarrollo de la simulación, se seleccionó NRTL para la estimación de las propiedades para el equilibrio entre el agua y las sustancias orgánicas a bajas presiones en la fase líquida e ideal para la fase vapor. Para el refrigerante, se seleccionó el modelo de Antoine, aplicable para sistemas a bajas presiones y considerando que el comportamiento de la fase líquida es ideal. El modelo de simulación obtenido en el caso base fue validado con los datos reales del proceso con un máximo error relativo inferior al 8 %. Se evaluaron cinco alternativas del ciclo de refrigeración en las que se emplearon nuevos refrigerantes (R-404a, R-290, R-152a, R-600a, R-417a) y se analizó la influencia de las variables de operación en los indicadores de comportamiento del sistema de refrigeración. Desde el punto de vista técnico, la mejor alternativa fue el R-600a, pero en comparación con el caso base, los resultados fueron inferiores. Con el empleo de los nuevos refrigerantes, al rediseñar el ciclo de refrigeración no se obtuvieron rendimientos superiores al 60 %.

Abstract: The recovery of carbon dioxide (CO2) in ethanol distilleries is an important factor that provides both economic and environmental benefits. This research aims to obtain a validated simulation model for evaluating the CO2 recovery and purification stage in a Cuban distillery. The methodology used includes obtaining and validating the simulation model in Aspen Hysys v.10.0, evaluating improvement alternatives, and performing a technical-economic analysis. The simulation utilized the NRTL method to estimate properties for the equilibrium between water and organic substances at low pressures in the liquid phase and ideal for the vapor phase, and the Antoine model was used for the refrigerant in low pressure systems, assuming ideal behavior in the liquid phase. The model was validated with real process data, with a maximum relative error of less than 8%. Five refrigeration cycle alternatives were evaluated using new refrigerants (R-404a, R-290, R-152a, R-600a, R-417a), and the influence of the operating variables on the performance indicators behavior of the refrigeration system was analyzed. The best alternative from a technical point of view was R-600a, but the results were inferior compared to the base case. The redesign of the refrigeration cycle using new refrigerants did not result in efficiencies greater than 60%.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The optimal design of technologies for the production of combined assortments, constitutes a profitable alternative for the development of the cultivation of Manihot esculenta Crantz (cassava) and its industrializable products. Objective: To develop the economic optimization for the design of a combined assortment plant of Manihot esculeta Crantz by semi-mechanized way. Materials and Methods: A hybrid semi-mechanized scheme was devised for the combined production of starch, cassava and flour. A second order extreme vertex design (EVD) was generated for the distribution of cassava in the three productions, and the quadratic models obtained for profit (G), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and discounted payback period (DRP) were optimized. For the evaluation of the indicators, the design of the basic equipment and the material and energy balances were developed. Results and Discussion: The multipurpose semi-mechanized technology uses the same initial stages for the three processes and a common pneumatic drying for the starch and flour processes. The optimal operating parameters correspond to a profit of 236 882 USD/year, a NPV of 1 242 730 USD, an IRR of 33.10 % and a DRP of 3.97 years, and are achieved for a distribution of 60 % for starch, 10 % for cassava and 30 % for flour. Conclusions: With the raw material distribution that optimizes economic and profitability indicators, production feasibility is guaranteed with energetic and environmental compatibility.

RESUMEN Introducción: El diseño óptimo de tecnologías para la producción de surtidos combinados, constituye una alternativa rentable para el desarrollo del cultivo de Manihot esculenta Crantz (yuca) y sus productos industrializables. Objetivo: Desarrollar la optimización económica para el diseño de una planta de surtidos combinados de Manihot esculeta Crantz por vía semi-mecanizada. Materiales y Métodos: Se concibió un esquema semi-mecanizado híbrido para la producción combinada de almidón, casabe y harina. Se generó un diseño de vértices extremos (DVE) de segundo orden para la distribución de yuca en las tres producciones, y optimizaron los modelos cuadráticos obtenidos para la ganancia (G), el valor actual neto (VAN), la tasa interna de retorno (TIR) y el periodo de recuperación al descontado (PRD). Para la evaluación de los indicadores se desarrolló el diseño del equipamiento fundamental y los balances materiales y energéticos. Resultados y Discusión: La tecnología semi-mecanizada multipropósito emplea las mismas etapas iniciales para los tres procesos y un secado neumático común para los procesos de almidón y harina. Los parámetros óptimos de operación se corresponden con una Ganancia de 236 882 USD/año, un VAN de 1 242 730 USD, una TIR del 33,10 % y un PRD de 3,97 años, y se alcanzan para una distribución de 60 % para la obtención de almidón, 10 % para casabe y 30 % para harina. Conclusiones: Con la distribución de materia prima que optimiza los indicadores económicos y de rentabilidad, se garantiza la factibilidad de la producción con compatibilidad energética y ambiental.

Abstract Coffee cultivation has strong social and historical-cultural roots in the mountainous area of the state of Veracruz. Its ancestral cultivation was carried out in agroforestry systems, the original pattern of which has been modified. The association of coffee with cash crops is conceived as an option to address its low profitability. Therefore, the objective was to compare the level of sustainability of traditional polyculture coffee versus commercial polyculture coffee in three communities in Chocamán, Veracruz during 2021. A survey and a sampling were carried out to estimate plant and soil biodiversity; a physical-chemical analysis of the soil was also performed. Regarding the environmental aspect, organic matter had a higher percentage in commercial polyculture coffee. In the economic dimension, commercial polyculture coffee was 50% more profitable compared to traditional polyculture coffee. On the social side, there were differences in schooling, age of producers, off-farm activities, level of organization and type of agriculture. It was concluded that commercial polyculture coffee had better economic indicators, while traditional polyculture coffee achieved better environmental and social indicators.

Resumen El cultivo del café tiene un fuerte arraigo social e histórico-cultural en la zona montañosa del estado de Veracruz. Su cultivo ancestral se realizaba en sistemas agroforestales, cuyo patrón original se ha modificando. La asociación de café con cultivos comerciales se concibe como una opción para afrontar su baja rentabilidad. Por tanto, el objetivo fue comparar el nivel de sustentabilidad de café policultivo tradicional, contra café policultivo comercial, en tres comunidades de Chocamán, Veracruz durante 2021. Se realizaron encuesta y muestreo para estimar biodiversidad vegetal, edáfica y análisis físico-químico del suelo. En lo ambiental, la materia orgánica tuvo mayor porcentaje en el café policultivo comercial. En la dimensión económica, el café policultivo comercial fue 50% más rentable respecto al café policultivo tradicional. En la parte social, hubo diferencias en escolaridad, edad de los productores, actividad extrafinca, nivel de organización y tipo de agricultura. Se concluyó que el café policultivo comercial tuvo mejores indicadores económicos, mientras que el café policultivo tradicional alcanzó mejores indicadores ambientales y sociales.

Resumo O estabelecimento definitivo do Aedes aegypti nas Américas está associado às mudanças ambientais, urbanização desorganizada, ausência de água e saneamento básico e deslocamentos populacionais, definindo, assim, a trajetória da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial dos casos suspeitos de dengue e a relação com indicadores socioeconômicos no município de São Carlos-SP. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, realizado nesse município, em que foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos de Notificação no período de 2016 a 2017 e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais pelo software Statistica 12.0 e os mapas temáticos foram gerados pelo software Arcgis versão 10.5. Os resultados mostraram elevadas taxas de casos suspeitos de dengue em áreas de ponderação com condições sociais adequadas e taxas reduzidas em áreas de ponderação com iniquidades sociais. Concluiu-se que o perfil de casos suspeitos por dengue na população de São Carlos não está relacionado a baixos indicadores socioeconômicos, uma vez que a dinâmica e a mobilidade populacional relacionadas ao elevado fluxo de universitários podem influenciar no padrão de distribuição espacial da doença.

Abstract The definitive establishment of Aedes aegypti in the Americas is associated with environmental changes, disorganized urbanization, lack of water and basic sanitation and population displacement, thus defining the trajectory of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the dengue suspected cases and understand its correlation with the socioeconomic indicators in the city of São Carlos (SP). This is an ecological study, carried out at the São Carlos (SP). Secondary data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases in the period from 2016 to 2017 and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics of the 2010 Demographic Census were used. The data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (ACP) by the software Statistica 12.0 and the thematic maps were generated by the software Arcgis version 10.5. The results showed high rates of suspected dengue cases in areas with adequate social conditions and reduced rates in areas with worst social condition. It was concluded that the outline of suspected dengue cases in the population of São Carlos (SP) is not related to low socioeconomic indicators, once the population dynamics and mobility related to the high flow of university students can influence the pattern of spatial distribution of the disease.

RESUMO Este estudo ecológico analisou a correlação espacial entre indicadores socioeconômicos, demográficos e óbitos por covid-19 no Brasil. As variáveis independentes abrangeram população, sexo, idade, raça, alfabetização e índice de Gini, enquanto a variável dependente foi a mortalidade por covid-19. Os dados socioeconômicos e demográficos foram obtidos da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua, e os dados de casos e óbitos de covid-19 foram obtidos do site do Ministério da Saúde. A análise incluiu o cálculo dos Índices de Moran Global de forma uni e bivariada. Os resultados revelaram correlação espacial significativa das variáveis independentes com mortalidade por covid-19. Destaca-se correlação positiva moderada para os indivíduos alfabetizados e de 20 a 59 anos. Portanto, existe associação entre fatores socioeconômicos e mortalidade por covid-19, com variações entre os estados brasileiros. Essa conclusão ressalta a necessidade de implementar medidas intersetoriais para assegurar o acesso universal à saúde e alocar recursos de maneira equitativa entre os estados.

ABSTRACT This ecological study analyzed the spatial correlation between socioeconomic and demographic indicators and deaths due to COVID-19 in Brazil. The independent variables covered population, sex, age, race, literacy, and Gini index, while the dependent variable was COVID-19 mortality. Socioeconomic and demographic data were obtained from the Continuous National Household Sample Survey, and data on COVID-19 cases and deaths were obtained from the Ministry of Health website. The analysis included the calculation of univariate and bivariate Global Moran’s Indices. The results revealed a significant spatial correlation of the independent variables with COVID-19 mortality. A moderate positive correlation stands out for literate individuals aged 20 to 59 years. Therefore, there is an association between socioeconomic factors and COVID-19 mortality, with variations between Brazilian states. This conclusion highlights the need to implement intersectoral measures to ensure universal access to health and allocate resources equitably across states.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar os custos do ciclo produtivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas baseadas na substituição do grão de milho por gérmen de milho integral extragordo (GMIEG), associado ou não à palma forrageira (PF) Orelha de Elefante Mexicana. Quarenta cordeiros machos Santa Inês (22,2±1,71kg de peso corporal) foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em quatro tratamentos dietéticos, em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2, correspondente a duas fontes volumosas (feno de Tifton-85 associado ou não à PF) e duas fontes energéticas (grão de milho ou GMIEG), com 10 repetições e peso inicial como covariável. Para análise econômica, foram considerados os preços de mercado obtidos para os ingredientes das rações e para o peso corporal dos cordeiros. Com base nos custos de cada dieta e do consumo de MS, foram analisados os indicadores zootécnicos e econômicos. Os tratamentos milho+feno+PF e feno+PF+GMIEG apresentaram os menores valores de custo por kg de MS: R$ 1,094 e R$ 1,206, respectivamente. O feno de Tifton-85 e o farelo de soja apresentaram valores de mercado superiores aos dos demais ingredientes, e a dieta feno+PF+GMIEG promoveu melhor desempenho produtivo e econômico. Portanto, as dietas contendo menores proporções de feno associadas à PF proporcionam menores prejuízos financeiros no confinamento de ovinos.

RESUMO O artigo analisa se há associação da desigualdade na infraestrutura das escolas municipais de educação infantil (EMEIs) de Belo Horizonte quanto i) à localização, ii) ao tipo de gestão e iii) à correção de informação censitária prestada, em relação ao ano de 2019. Os dados do Censo Escolar foram cotejados com indicadores econômicos e visitas in loco. Verificou-se que a distribuição territorial das EMEIs e o tipo de administração têm repercussões no grau de adequação de infraestrutura das escolas. Porém, essas variáveis apresentaram pouco poder explicativo para as desigualdades encontradas no Censo Escolar daquele ano. Em contrapartida, identificou-se discrepâncias entre os dados preenchidos pelas unidades educacionais e as informações verificadas em visitas locais.

ABSTRACT The article analyzes whether there is an association between inequality in the infrastructure of municipal schools (EMEIs) in Belo Horizonte regarding i) location, ii) the type of management and iii) the correction to information provided to the School Census 2019. We also compared the data from the School Census with economic indicators and on-site visits. We found that the territorial distribution of EMEIs and the type of administration affect the degree of school infrastructure adequacy. However, these variables showed few explanatory powers to the inequalities seen in the School Census. On the other hand, we identified discrepancies between the data filled out by the educational units and the information verified in local visits.

Resumo O estabelecimento definitivo do Aedes aegypti nas Américas está associado às mudanças ambientais, urbanização desorganizada, ausência de água e saneamento básico e deslocamentos populacionais, definindo, assim, a trajetória da doença. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial dos casos suspeitos de dengue e a relação com indicadores socioeconômicos no município de São Carlos-SP. Trata-se de estudo ecológico, realizado nesse município, em que foram utilizados dados secundários do Sistema de Informação sobre Agravos de Notificação no período de 2016 a 2017 e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística do Censo Demográfico de 2010. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais pelo software Statistica 12.0 e os mapas temáticos foram gerados pelo software Arcgis versão 10.5. Os resultados mostraram elevadas taxas de casos suspeitos de dengue em áreas de ponderação com condições sociais adequadas e taxas reduzidas em áreas de ponderação com iniquidades sociais. Concluiu-se que o perfil de casos suspeitos por dengue na população de São Carlos não está relacionado a baixos indicadores socioeconômicos, uma vez que a dinâmica e a mobilidade populacional relacionadas ao elevado fluxo de universitários podem influenciar no padrão de distribuição espacial da doença.

Abstract The definitive establishment of Aedes aegypti in the Americas is associated with environmental changes, disorganized urbanization, lack of water and basic sanitation and population displacement, thus defining the trajectory of the disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the dengue suspected cases and understand its correlation with the socioeconomic indicators in the city of São Carlos (SP). This is an ecological study, carried out at the São Carlos (SP). Secondary data from the Information System on Notifiable Diseases in the period from 2016 to 2017 and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics of the 2010 Demographic Census were used. The data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (ACP) by the software Statistica 12.0 and the thematic maps were generated by the software Arcgis version 10.5. The results showed high rates of suspected dengue cases in areas with adequate social conditions and reduced rates in areas with worst social condition. It was concluded that the outline of suspected dengue cases in the population of São Carlos (SP) is not related to low socioeconomic indicators, once the population dynamics and mobility related to the high flow of university students can influence the pattern of spatial distribution of the disease.