Abstract The surging health and financial costs of diseases, disabilities, and disparities support the global acceleration of interests and investments in health AI for better, cheaper, faster, and fairer health solutions globally and locally. Yet there is no consensus on practically operationalizing responsible AI principles across diverse global sectors, states, and belief systems. This proof-of-concept study utilizes the global pluralistic ethical framework (the Personalist Social Contract) to therefore provide the first known Bayesian augmented AI-driven Computational Ethical (AiCE) and policy analysis integrating clinical, cost effectiveness, and healthcare disparity analyses with nationally representative data to estimate the global cost of healthcare disparities in colonoscopy (CS) and the savings from AI-enabled CS to reduce them. It suggests that reversing racial disparities particularly for Hispanics and Asians may save American healthcare systems $17.61 billion annually, with AI-augmented CS potentially contributing savings of $625.40 million for Hispanics and $289.00 million for Asians in particular (with similar cost savings for vulnerable communities in middle and low-income countries also). The above findings support the cost savings imperative for such strategic and capacity-building investment in these AI-driven measures to improve healthcare’s strategic aims of Sustainability, Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Equity (SEEE). Such empirical results inform the larger global bioethical argument from the twin dimensions of human dignity and human security (rooted in the personalist, multicultural, and metaphysical account of the person as a member of the global human family) to highlight the AI ethical imperative to optimize the performance of the global digital health ecosystem. Such an instrumental end is a critical means of advancing toward the ultimate end of the common good, in which the individual good of each person is safeguarded and in which it finds her/his fulfillment working toward.

Resumen El aumento de los costos sanitarios y financieros de las enfermedades, las discapacidades y las disparidades respalda la aceleración mundial de los intereses y las inversiones en IA (inteligencia artificial) sanitaria para lograr soluciones sanitarias mejores, más baratas, más rápidas y justas a escala mundial y local. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso sobre la aplicación práctica de los principios de la IA responsable en diversos sectores, estados y sistemas de creencias de todo el mundo. Este estudio de prueba de concepto utiliza el marco ético pluralista global (el Contrato Social Personalista) para proporcionar, por tanto, el primer análisis conocido de ética computacional (AiCE, por sus siglas en inglés) y política basado en IA aumentada bayesiana que integra análisis clínicos, de rentabilidad y de disparidades en la atención sanitaria con datos representativos a nivel nacional para estimar el costo global de las disparidades en la atención sanitaria en la colonoscopia (CS, por sus siglas en inglés) y el ahorro de la CS habilitada por IA para reducirlas. El estudio sugiere que revertir las disparidades raciales, en particular entre hispanos y asiáticos, puede ahorrar a los sistemas sanitarios estadounidenses 17.610 millones de dólares al año, con un ahorro potencial de 625,40 millones de dólares para los hispanos y 289 millones de dólares para los asiáticos en particular (con un ahorro similar para las comunidades vulnerables en países de ingresos medios y bajos). Los resultados anteriores respaldan el imperativo de ahorro de costos que supone la inversión estratégica y de capacitación en estas medidas impulsadas por la IA para mejorar los objetivos estratégicos de sostenibilidad, eficacia, eficiencia y equidad (SEEE) de la atención sanitaria. Estos resultados empíricos informan el argumento bioético global más amplio de las dimensiones gemelas de la dignidad y la seguridad humanas (arraigadas en el relato personalista, multicultural y metafísico de la persona como miembro de la familia humana global) para destacar el imperativo ético de la IA para optimizar el rendimiento del ecosistema sanitario digital global. Semejante fin instrumental es un medio decisivo para avanzar hacia el fin último del bien común, en el que se salvaguarda el bien individual de cada persona y en el que éste encuentra su realización trabajando hacia él.

This article deals with the nature of social cost-benefit analysis (SCBA) and economic impact analysis (ECIA) of road projects and describes the coherence of and distinctions between the two types of analysis. In the final part of the article, the reasons are given for not including in an SCBA the economic impacts of a road as determined through an ECIA, regardless of how positive they may be. The SCBA of a road project is a systematic procedure to determine the economic viability of the road project by considering the costs and benefits that accrue when the road is constructed and during the service period of the project. The cost component in the SCBA of a road project is the once-off investment or capital cost of taking the road into service or improving it. The benefit component in the SCBA of a road is the difference between recurring costs associated with an improved road and without the road improvement. Recurring costs of a road include (a) road user costs, (b) external costs arising from road use and (c) maintenance costs to protect and preserve the usefulness of the road. The beneficiaries in an SCBA are the road users. The following road user groups can be distinguished: (i) Normal traffic (consisting of existing, normal-growth and non-induced development traffic; (ii) diverted traffic; and (iii) induced traffic (consisting of generated, induced development, and transferred traffic.) To assess the efficiency of resource allocation, an SCBA is based on the consideration of social cost. From the perspective of allocative efficiency, as determined by an SCBA, a road project is regarded as economically viable when the current value of the reduction in recurring costs associated with the road during its service life exceeds the current value of the once-off investment cost of taking the road into service. Road provision and use have economic impacts. Unlike an SCBA, which focuses on the efficiency with which a road project increases accessibility for and the mobility of road users, a regional economic impact analysis (ECIA) focuses on the effectiveness of a project to affect the performance of the economy of a region by enhancing time and place utilities creation by non-road-users. Consequently, an analysis of the effect construction, operation and use of a road will have on regional economic performance should focus on their expected income multiplier and accelerator effects on the number and size of activities in the economy of a region. The following non-road-user groups can be distinguished: (a) The public, (b) landowners, occupants and land users, (c) roadside enterprises, (d) utility enterprises and (e) goods consignors and consignees (in their capacity as non-road-users). An ECIA is based on a consideration of market prices. In an ECIA the following objectives serve as criteria for judging the impact of a road project on the performance of the economy: • Economic growth (including economic development) • Full employment • Price stability • Balance of payments stability • Equitable distribution of income These impacts, regardless of how positive they may be, are not included in an SCBA for the following reasons: • A comprehensive economic assessment consists of two components that are performed in tandem, namely an SCBA and an ECIA. An SCBA relies on allocative efficiency as assessment criterion, while an ECIA relies on output effectiveness as assessment criterion. The inclusion of effectiveness criteria among efficiency criteria in an SCBA will result in a misrepresentation of project viability. • Double counting of benefits will occur when road user cost savings and economic impacts are combined. • Not all the economic benefits obtained through coordinated investment in various sectors, one of which may be a road, can be ascribed to the investment in the road alone. The reason for conducting an ECIA of a road project is to determine to what measure the analysed road is expected to affect the performance of the economy of the region concerned. Although the results of an ECIA do not form part of the outcome of an SCBA, an ECIA can be used as an instrument in the pursuit of the economic policy objectives of a government.

Die hoofdoel van die sosialekoste-voordeel-ontleding (SKVO) van 'n pad is om die inligting oor die koste en voordele te verskaf wat nodig is om die lewensvatbaarheid, al dan nie, van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad te beraam. Die kostekomponent in die SKVO is die eenmalige investeringskoste om die pad tot stand te bring, en die voordeelkomponent is die daling van die herhalende koste wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die hoofdoel van die ekonomiese-impakontleding (EKIO) van 'n pad behels dat die verwagte gevolge van die voorsiening en gebruik van die pad op die ekonomiese vertoning van 'n bepaalde streek geïdentifiseer en bereken word. Dié ontleding berus hoofsaaklik op die volgende: (a) die beraming van die verwagte eenmalige streeksinkome-vermenigvuldigereffek wat uit die investeringsbesteding aan die pad sal spruit, en (b) die beraming van die herhalende streeksinkome-versnellereffek wat uit die gebruik en instandhouding van die pad sal spruit. Die ekonomiese uitwerking van 'n padprojek word nie by 'n SKVO ingereken nie. Die rede hiervoor is drievoudig: Eerstens berus 'n SKVO op toewysingsdoelmatigheid as beoordelingsnorm, en 'n EKIO op doeltreffendheid as beoordelingsnorm. Die kombinering van doeltreffendheidsnorme en doelmatigheidsnorme sal tot 'n wanvertolking van 'n projek se ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid lei. Tweedens sal voordele dubbeld getel word indien padgebruikerskostebesparings en ekonomiese impakte saamgevoeg word. Derdens kan ekonomiese voordele wat verkry word deur gekoördineerde investering in verskeie sektore, waarvan een 'n pad is, nie alles aan investering in die pad toegeskryf word nie.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the once-off increase in regional income that will result from investment in roads and the recurring increase in regional income that will stem from the use of economically viable new roads can be estimated. Once-off economic benefits occur because of the multiplier effect triggered by the initial investment expenditure on a road, while recurring economic benefits result from the income accelerator effect that use of the road during its service period will have. To determine the regional income multiplier effect of the investment expenditure on a proposed road during its construction period, it is necessary to estimate (i) the tax amounts included in the investment amount as a ratio of the total project investment amount, (ii) the monetary amount saved by project workers as a ratio of the total project investment amount, and (iii) the expenditure on imported project inputs as a ratio of the total project investment amount. An analysis that incorporates the above-mentioned three fund leakages from the circular flow of regional income will show that the representative income multiplier of South African rural paved road construction projects has a value of 4,58. The gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction expenditure can be categorised as follows: In the rating scale above, a gross national income multiplier effect stemming from road construction projects with a value of less than 2,00 is regarded as "poor", because such a multiplier value is usually associated with economically unviable road projects. Gross national road construction multiplier effects with a value of 2,00 or more are associated with economically viable projects. An analysis as referred to above will show that, with a once-off gross income multiplier value of 4,58, the construction of economically viable roads will afford the government a "very good" opportunity to generate income effectively, especially considering that the national economy-wide gross income multiplier in South Africa is 3,27, which shows that the gross income multiplier of road construction is 40% higher than the economy-wide gross income multiplier. The reasons why the once-off gross regional income multiplier stemming from construction expenditure on rural road projects is "very good" are as follows: Multiplier Rating 1 – 1,99 Poor 2 – 2,99 Satisfactory 3 – 3,99 Good 4 – 4,99 Very good < 5 Excellent (1) A substantial proportion of the payroll of road construction workers is subject to zero or low personal income tax rates. (2) The propensity to consume among rural, unskilled and semi-skilled workers (in areas where rural roads are constructed) is generally high, which implies a low savings leakage. (3) Labourers needed for road construction are usually recruited from (or from close by) the areas where a road is to be built. Furthermore, low-income earners tend to buy and consume goods that are produced locally. (4) Generally, there is a relatively small need to import economic resources for road construction projects. Items like timber, sand, stone, gravel, filling material, bitumen, cement, steel and most of the road construction equipment are of regional or, at least, South African origin. The pace at which an economically viable road will stimulate regional income will be reflected by the new traffic it induces and any existing traffic that it diverts from less beneficial roads. In the social cost-benefit analysis of a road, it is estimated by what proportion induced and diverted traffic will increase the road user surplus. This expected proportional increase in road user surplus will accelerate (stimulate) the once-off regional multiplier and is termed the "regional income stimulation factor". Project-driven induced investment activities - i.e. downstream investment activities made possible by the provision of the road - usually (a) involve technically more sophisticated construction projects than the analysed road itself, (b) require the importation of a greater proportion of finished goods and specialised equipment, and (c) involve more skilled and highly skilled workers, whose income is subject to high income tax rates and who exhibit a higher propensity for saving than unskilled workers. Such downstream activities will collectively have a greater leakage effect than that incorporated in the once-off regional multiplier pertaining to construction of the road, which will depress the magnitude of the recurring regional income accelerator. The different formulae used to calculate the recurring income accelerator are detailed in the body of the article.

Hierdie artikel dui aan hoe die eenmalige verhoging in streeksinkome wat uit investeringsbesteding tydens die bou van 'n pad spruit, en die herhalende bykomende streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies geregverdigde nuwe pad spruit, deur onderskeidelik streeksinkomevermenigvuldigerontleding en streeksinkome-versnellerontleding beraam kan word. Om die effek van die streeksinkomevermenigvuldiger van die uitgawe verbonde aan die bou van 'n pad te bepaal, moet (i) die belastings wat by die bou-uitgawe ingesluit is, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, (ii) die bedrae geld wat deur projekwerkers gespaar word, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, en (iii) die besteding aan ingevoerde projekinsette, as 'n verhouding van die totale bou-uitgawe, bepaal word. Ontledings wat bogenoemde drie fondslekkasies uit die kringloop van streeksinkome in ag neem, toon dat die verteenwoordigende inkomevermenigvuldiger van Suid-Afrikaanse bouprojekte vir buitestedelike geplaveide paaie 'n waarde van 4,58 het. Op die beoordelingskaal van inkomevermenigvuldigerwaardes vir die bou van buitestedelike paaie bied dit aan die staat 'n "baie goeie" geleentheid om inkome te genereer, veral as in ag geneem word dat die gemiddelde inkomevermenigvuldiger van besteding in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie 'n waarde van 3,27 het. Die formules waarmee die eenmalige inkomevermenigvuldiger beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit. Die herhalende versnelde streeksinkome wat uit die gebruik van 'n ekonomies lewensvat-bare pad spruit, is gelyk aan die produk van (a) die huidige waarde van die herhalende pad-gebruikersvoordele wat uit die gebruik van die pad spruit, en (b) die waarde van die streeks-inkomeversneller van die gebruik van die pad. 'n Streeksinkomeversneller wat as verstekwaarde kan dien in die ekonomiese-impakontleding van 'n ekonomies lewensvatbare geplaveide buitestedelike pad in gevalle waar dit nie haalbaar is om 'n projek-eie versneller te probeer beraam nie, word in die artikel bereken. Die formules waarmee die herhalende-inkomeversneller beraam word, word in die liggaam van die artikel uiteengesit.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la relación entre la fragilidad financiera de los mexicanos y las siguientes variables: alfabetización financiera, ahorro, tenencia de activos, shocks financieros, educación financiera e inclusión financiera. También se identifican las características socioeconómicas y demográficas asociadas a la fragilidad financiera. Se utiliza un modelo Probit dicotómico estimado con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Inclusión Financiera, 2021. Los resultados muestran que la alfabetización financiera, el ahorro (formal e informal), la educación financiera y la tenencia de activos se relacionan negativamente con la probabilidad de ser financieramente frágil. Los altos ingresos y la tenencia de ahorros formales e informales son los predictores más robustos de fragilidad financiera, con un efecto marginal de -9.40%, -5.34% y -5.27%, respectivamente. La probabilidad de ser financieramente frágil está relacionada con bajos ingresos y bajo nivel educativo, así como haber experimentado sobreendeudamiento en el último año. Los hallazgos pueden ser de utilidad para el diseño de estrategias de educación financiera que brinden a la población capacitación y de esta forma protección contra la disminución de ingresos.

Abstract The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between Mexicans’ financial fragility and the following variables: financial literacy, savings, assets owning, financial shocks, financial education, and financial inclusion. Likewise, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with financial fragility are identified. The dichotomous Probit model is used for the analysis, estimated with data from the 2021 National Survey of Financial Inclusion. The results show that financial literacy, savings (formal and informal), financial education and possession of assets are negatively related to the probability of being financially fragile. High income and holding formal and informal savings are the most robust predictors of financial fragility, with a marginal effect of -9.40%, -5.34% and -5.27%, respectively. The probability of being considered financially fragile is related to low income and a low educational level, plus having overspent in the last year. The findings can be useful for financial education strategies design, to provide the population financial training in resources administration and protection against income decrease.

Abstract The determination of the tax savings´ value and the impact of income tax on the firm valuation is related to the current tax systems. The tax effects imply cash out flow and savings, and, must be analyzed with the tax systems where the firm operates. Modigliani and Miller (1963) and Miller (1977) works suppose a classical system of income tax. The World Trade Organization (OCDE), identify seven tax systems classified into two large groups: integrated and classical. The paper reviews the existing models, particularly the General Model. Next, shows the value equations corresponding to the different tax systems. Through an analysis of cases, the impact on the variables of the tax system in which the firm operates is analyzed, according to the systems classified by the OECD.

Resumen La determinación del valor de los ahorros fiscales y el impacto del impuesto a la renta en la valuación de empresa depende del sistema tributario vigente en el mercado. Los efectos fiscales que implican pagos y ahorros deben analizarse con el sistema tributario donde opera la firma. Los trabajos de Modigliani y Miller (1963) y Miller (1977) suponen un sistema clásico de imposición a la renta. La Organización Mundial del Comercio (OCDE) identifica siete sistemas tributarios clasificados en dos grandes grupos: integrados y clásicos. El trabajo revisa los modelos existentes, particularmente el Modelo General. Seguidamente, expone las ecuaciones de valor correspondientes a los diferentes sistemas tributarios. Mediante un análisis de casos se analiza el impacto en las variables del sistema tributario en el que opera la firma, según los sistemas clasificados por la OCDE.

Abstract This paper aims to highlight the conspicuous consumption macroeconomic consequences. Therefore, it will be presented the following concepts: Duesenberry’s demonstration effect, Nurkse’s international demonstration effect; Furtados’s cultural mimetics; Galbraith’s dependence effect; and Hirsch’s affluence paradox. Based on the research, it was concluded that demonstrative behavior can have harmful consequences on the economies of both peripheral and developed countries. These consequences include: reduced savings and investment, increased debt, pressure on exchange rates and balance of payments, encouragement of income concentration, and chronic consumer dissatisfaction; imbalance in the allocation between private and public goods, the monopoly of positional goods, and the persistent frustration of the expectations of lower-income sectors. It will also be stated how the above-mentioned authors discuss polices to remediate the macroeconomic demonstrative consumption problems. Therefore concepts Duesenberrys Duesenberry s effect Nurkses Nurkse Furtadoss Furtados mimetics Galbraiths Galbraith Hirschs Hirsch paradox research countries include investment debt payments concentration dissatisfaction goods lowerincome lower sectors abovementioned above mentioned problems

Resumo Este artigo busca analisar os efeitos macroeconômicos do consumo conspícuo. Para tanto serão apresentados os conceitos de: efeito demonstração de Duesenberry; efeito demonstração internacional de Nurkse; mimetismo cultural de Furtado; efeito dependência de Galbraith; e do paradoxo da afluência de Hirsch. Foi possível concluir que o comportamento demonstrativo pode trazer consequências danosas às economias tanto dos países periféricos quanto dos países desenvolvidos. Essas estão relacionadas: à redução da poupança e do investimento; ao endividamento; à pressão sobre o câmbio e balança de pagamentos; ao incentivo à concentração de renda; à insatisfação crônica; ao desequilíbrio na alocação entre bens privados e bens públicos; ao monopólio dos bens posicionais; à frustração permanente das expectativas dos setores de menor renda. Busca-se, ainda, apontar as sugestões dos autores supracitados para remediar tais efeitos. conspícuo Duesenberry Nurkse Furtado Galbraith Hirsch desenvolvidos relacionadas investimento endividamento pagamentos renda crônica públicos posicionais Buscase, Buscase Busca se, se Busca-se ainda

Hierdie artikel fokus op die jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste enjaarlikse huishoudelike inkomste van Orania in 2021. Met die oog hierop is Orania se sosio-ekonomiese opname, waarvan die veldwerk in 2021 afgehandel is en waarvan die resultate in 2022 gepubliseer is, tesaam met die besigheidsopname van 2022 ontleed. Die Orania Sakekamer reik koopbewyse uit wat bekend staan as die ora en wat op 'n een-tot-een grondslag gekoppel is aan die Suid-Afrikaanse rand. Die ora word afgekort deur middel van die simbool "φ". Ora-koepons sirkuleer as 'n wettige betaalmiddel in die dorp, teen φ1,00 gelyk aan R1,00. Aangesien inwoners van Orania verkies om bedrae in ora te benoem en nie die rand nie, word die navorsingsbevindings hier in ora gerapporteer. Die totale jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste van die inwoners van Orania in 2021 is op sowat φ300 miljoen beraam. Per capita jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste vir die 2 377 inwoners word dus op sowat φ125 000 beraam. Hierteenoor word die jaarlikse inkomste van huishoudings in Orania in 2021 op sowat φ200 miljoen beraam, wat heelwat laer is as die beraming vir jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste vir dieselfde tydperk. Hierdie verskil in ramings kan nie met bestaande opnamedata verklaar word nie. Die ramings van die jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste en jaarlikse huishoudelike inkomste word gestaaf deur die data wat verkry is uit die Orania-besigheidsopname. Die omset van sake-ondernemings in Orania in 2021 word op φ281 950 000 beraam en sake-eienaars het gerapporteer dat 51 persent van hul omset afkomstig was vanuit inwoners van Orania. Daar is sekere opnamefoute in die data, terwyl bykomende inligting nodig is om die ramings te verbeter. Inligting oor die huishoudelike besparing en persoonlike inkomstebelasting wat betaal word, sal die ramings kan verbeter. Inligting oor die netto betaling van belasting op toegevoegde waarde (BTW) deur sake-ondernemings sal ook hiertoe bydra. Bykomende inligting is onder meer nodig om Orania se bruto geografiese produk te beraam. Die gevolgtrekking kan nogtans gemaak word dat die jaarlikse persoonlike inkomste en jaarlikse huishoudelike inkomste van Orania in 2021 tussen φ200 miljoen en φ300 miljoen beloop het. Die beraming laat 'n marge van 50 persent, wat statisties groot is, maar bied nietemin 'n maatstaf waarvolgens toekomstige bevindings oor dieselfde onderwerp met mekaar en met die bevindings uit die verlede vergelyk kan word. Daar moet ook tot die slotsom geraak word dat die groeivlak van Orania se persoonlike en huishoudelike inkomste sedert 1991, toe dit vir alle doeleindes op nul gestaan het, beduidend is.

Orania is situated on the southern bank of the Orange River in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The closest towns are Hopetown, 43 kilometres to the north-west, Vanderkloof, 49 kilometers to the south-east, and Petrusville, 51 kilometers to the south-east. Orania is about 160 kilometres south of Kimberley. A unique aspect of Orania is that all inhabitants speak Afrikaans and are of the white population group. All business activities, education, social interaction and religious activities are conducted exclusively in Afrikaans. It is therefore described as an Afrikaner cultural enclave. Research on various aspects of Orania has been undertaken and published, but none to date has estimated the level of total economic activity in the town. This article addresses this gap in extant literature by focusing on the annual personal income and the annual household income of Orania in 2021, as based on data collected for the most recent sosio-economic and business surveys that had been completed for the town in December 2021 and early in 2022, respectively. At the time of these surveys, Orania'spopulation comprised 2 377 people, of which 1 635 were 20 years and older, and thus regarded as receiving of some sort of income. Simultaneously, Orania comprised 649 households and 220 businesses. The survey results are very complete, reporting data for 712 individuals of 20 years and older (43,5 per cent of the universum), 572 households (88,1 per cent of the universum) and all 220 businesses in Orania. Survey results with such a high response rate are uncommon. The Orania Sakekamer [chamber of commerce] issues vouchers linked on a one-to-one basis to the South African rand, known as the ora. The latter is abbreviated as φ and circulated as the legal tender in the town, at a rate of φ 1,00 equals to R1,00. Given the preference among Orania's inhabitants to refer to amounts in ora, rather than in rand, this article reports the research findings in ora, rather than in rand. Based on an analysis of the survey data, the total personal annual income of Orania's residents in 2021 was estimated at some φ 300 million. Per capita personal annual income for the 2 377 inhabitants was therefore estimated at some φ 125 000. This is about 20 per cent larger than South Africa's gross domestic product per capita of R102 982 in 2021. These results seem plausible, as Orania does not have an unempoyment problem, while South Africa's unemployment rate in 2021 exceeded 30 per cent. In contrast, the annual household income of households in Orania in 2021 was estimated to be some φ 200 million. This is considerably lower than the estimate for personal annual income for the same period. The difference in estimates cannot be explained in terms of the existing survey data. It can only be ascribed to differences in the interpretations of the questionnaires at the time of collecting the data. The estimates of annual personal income and annual household income show some correlation with the survey data obtained from the Orania business survey. Turnover of business enterprises in the town in 2021 is estimated at φ281 950 000, and business owners reported that 51 per cent of their turnover was generated by residents of Orania. There are some survey discrepancies as evidenced by the data, and additional information is needed to improve the estimates. Information on household savings and personal income tax paid will help improve the validity of the estimates. Information on net payment of value added tax (VAT) will also cause enhancement of their validity. In addition, more information is necessary to calculate Orania's gross geographic product. The conclusion must nonetheless be drawn that the annual personal income and annual household income of Orania in 2021 amounted to between φ200 million and φ300 million. The estimate leaves a margin of 50 percent, which is statistically considerable, while it nonetheless provides a benchmark for future comparison in research on the same subject. Finally, the fact that Orania'spersonal and household income grew to this level from virtually nothing in 1991 must be given its due: it is impressive.

Resumo Maria da Conceição Tavares ocupa um papel exclusivo no pensamento latino-americano, transitando do estruturalismo para uma crítica à tradição cepalina que resultaria na formação de um campo teórico distinto na economia do desenvolvimento, a “Escola de Campinas”. Este artigo aborda um aspeto essencial da sua obra: o tratamento inovador da relação entre dependência, acumulação de capital, poupança e distribuição de renda.

Abstract Maria da Conceição Tavares has a distinguished role in Latin-American thought, transiting from Structuralism to a critique of the CEPAL tradition that would lead to the creation of a new field in the economics of development, the so-called “Campinas School”. This paper discusses an essential dimension of her intellectual transition: the innovative treatment of the relationship between dependency, capital accumulation, savings, and income distribution.

Abstract This research aims to group samples of indebted Mexican households that share similar socioeconomic attributes using the k-means algorithm so that nonlinear models are estimated to measure the effects of each group's debt on their savings and consumption. The algorithm was implemented on indebted households included in the ENIGH 2018. As a result, four clústers were formed where one stood out by making up 3.4% of the sample; however, its average indebtedness rate exceeds the average indebtedness rate by 53 percentage points from the rest of the clústers. Modern clústering techniques are recommended to utilize the abundance of official data and develop data-driven economic policies targeted at particular population groups. The originality of this research is based on the use of an unsupervised algorithm for the choice of the studied sample. In conclusion, the households with the highest levels of over-indebtedness are made up of those where the head has higher education, regardless of the income decile to which the household belongs.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es agrupar muestras de hogares endeudados mexicanos que compartan atributos socioeconómicos similares mediante el algoritmo k-medias de manera que se estimen modelos no lineales para medir los efectos de la deuda de cada grupo en su ahorro y consumo. El algoritmo se implementó sobre hogares endeudados incluidos en la ENIGH 2018. Como resultado se conformaron cuatro clústeres donde uno sobresalió al conformar el 3.4% de la muestra, sin embargo, su tasa de endeudamiento promedio excede en 53 puntos porcentuales a la tasa de endeudamiento promedio del resto de los clústeres. Se recomienda el uso de técnicas de agrupación modernas para aprovechar la abundancia de datos oficiales y para elaborar políticas económicas, basadas en datos, dirigidas a grupos particulares de la población. La originalidad de esta investigación se basa en el uso de un algoritmo no supervisado para la elección de la muestra estudiada. Como conclusión los hogares con mayores niveles de sobreendeudamiento se conforman por aquellos donde el jefe cuenta con estudios superiores, indistintamente del decil de ingreso al que pertenezca el hogar.

ABSTRACT This article aims to assess the perception of financial preparation for retirement in the non-retired Brazilian population. Also, it seeks to identify how socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral variables influence financial preparation for retirement. This study advances by using a multidimensional measure of financial preparation for retirement in a comprehensive sample of Brazilians, bringing significant contributions to the implementation of new public policies for the most vulnerable groups. Identifying the level of financial preparation for retirement and the most vulnerable groups is key for a better understanding of the impact of social security and retirement on the lives of Brazilian citizens. In the Brazilian context, the Financial Preparation for Retirement Scale (FPRS) makes it possible to assess the public policies designed and it serves as a parameter for them to be reformulated, with a view to improving financial preparation for retirement in the most vulnerable groups. This is a survey, with 2,920 respondents from all Brazilian regions. The analysis techniques consisted in descriptive statistics, association test, and multiple regression analysis. Most Brazilians show low or very low financial preparation for retirement. It has been identified that 3 out of 4 Brazilians stop to think about how much they would need to save for their retirement. Despite being able to carry out some financial planning for retirement, most Brazilians cannot have good future expectations and savings behavior. Women, young people, divorced/separated persons, black persons, individuals with up to complete elementary education, borrowed housing, unemployed, with a gross monthly family income of up to R$ 1,100.00 and having 4 or more dependent persons constitute the profile of citizens less capable of dealing with financial preparation for retirement. nonretired non retired population Also socioeconomic demographic context FPRS (FPRS reformulated survey 2920 2 920 2,92 regions statistics test behavior Women people divorcedseparated divorced separated education housing unemployed R 110000 1 100 00 1,100.0 292 92 2,9 11000 10 0 1,100. 29 9 2, 1100 1,100 110 1,10 11 1,1 1,

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a percepção da preparação financeira para aposentadoria na população brasileira não aposentada. Complementarmente, busca identificar como variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e comportamentais influenciam a preparação financeira para aposentadoria. Este estudo avança por utilizar uma medida multidimensional de preparação financeira para aposentadoria em uma amostra abrangente de brasileiros, trazendo importantes contribuições para que novas políticas públicas sejam implementadas para grupos mais vulneráveis. Identificar o nível de preparação financeira para aposentadoria e os grupos mais vulneráveis é fundamental para um melhor entendimento do impacto da previdência social e da aposentadoria na vida dos cidadãos brasileiros. No contexto brasileiro, a Escala de Preparação Financeira para Aposentadoria (EPFA) possibilita avaliar as políticas públicas desenvolvidas bem como servirá de parâmetro para que estas sejam reformuladas, com o objetivo de melhorar a preparação financeira para aposentadoria dos grupos mais vulneráveis. Esta é uma pesquisa survey, com 2.920 respondentes de todas as regiões brasileiras. Como técnicas de análise foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas, teste de associação e análise de regressão múltipla. A maioria dos brasileiros possui uma preparação financeira para aposentadoria baixa ou muito baixa. Identificou-se que de 3 a cada 4 brasileiros, sequer parou para pensar em quanto precisaria economizar para sua aposentadoria. Apesar de conseguirem realizar algum planejamento financeiro para aposentadoria, grande parte dos brasileiros não consegue ter boas expectativas futuras e comportamento de poupança. As mulheres, jovens, divorciados/separados, negros, com até o nível educacional fundamental completo, moradia emprestada, desempregados, com renda mensal bruta familiar de até R$ 1.100,00 e com 4 ou mais dependentes formam o perfil de cidadãos menos capazes de lidar com a preparação financeira para aposentadoria. aposentada Complementarmente socioeconômicas brasileiro EPFA (EPFA reformuladas survey 2920 2 920 2.92 brasileiras descritivas múltipla Identificouse Identificou se poupança mulheres jovens divorciadosseparados divorciados separados divorciados/separados negros completo emprestada desempregados R 110000 1 100 00 1.100,0 292 92 2.9 11000 10 0 1.100, 29 9 2. 1100 1.100 110 1.10 11 1.1 1.

Resumen En vista de la escasa literatura centrada en trabajadoras domésticas hondureñas en el extranjero, el presente artículo busca caracterizar a mujeres hondureñas empleadas en ocupaciones domésticas en Estados Unidos. Para ello, se utilizan encuestas aplicadas a mujeres hondureñas que viven en cinco estados del país norteamericano y se emplea estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Adicionalmente, se usa una regresión logística para analizar los determinantes de la participación en empleos domésticos. Cuando se compara con todas las otras ocupaciones, las mujeres hondureñas que trabajan en este rubro presentan diferencias en edad, número de dependientes, posesión de bienes, ahorros y posesión de cuenta bancaria. Similarmente, el análisis de determinantes muestra las variables significativas que incluyen edad (95 % IC 0,92-2,63 p= 0,94), ahorros (95 % IC 0,01-0,97, p= 0,047), cuenta bancaria (95 % IC 0,88-71,05, p= 0,064), ingreso mensual (95 % IC 0,99-1,00, p= 0,096) y seguro social (95 % IC 0,02-1,29 p= 0,086). Promover la adopción de instrumentos de derecho internacional puede ser una alternativa para fomentar los derechos humanos de esta población. El artículo termina mostrando líneas de investigación sobre migración para mujeres hondureñas y centroamericanas viviendo en Estados Unidos. extranjero Unidos ello inferencial Adicionalmente domésticos dependientes bienes Similarmente 95 (9 0,922,63 092263 0,92 2,63 0 92 2 63 0,92-2,6 p 0,94, 094 0,94 , 94 0,94) 0,010,97, 001097 0,01 0,97, 01 97 0,01-0,97 0,047, 0047 0,047 047 0,047) 0,8871,05, 0887105 0,88 71,05, 88 71 05 0,88-71,05 0,064, 0064 0,064 064 0,064) 0,991,00, 099100 0,99 1,00, 99 1 00 0,99-1,00 0,096 0096 096 0,021,29 002129 0,02 1,29 02 29 0,02-1,2 0,086. 0086 0,086 . 086 0,086) población 9 ( 922 0,922,6 09226 092 0,9 263 2,6 6 0,92-2, 09 010 0,010,97 00109 001 0,0 097 0,97 0,01-0,9 004 0,04 04 8871 0,8871,05 088710 088 0,8 7105 71,05 8 7 0,88-71,0 006 0,06 06 991 0,991,00 09910 099 100 1,00 0,99-1,0 0,09 009 021 0,021,2 00212 002 129 1,2 0,02-1, 008 0,08 08 0,922, 0922 0, 26 2, 0,92-2 0,010,9 0010 0,01-0, 887 0,8871,0 08871 710 71,0 0,88-71, 0,991,0 0991 10 1,0 0,99-1, 0,021, 0021 12 1, 0,02-1 0,922 0,92- 0,010, 0,01-0 0,8871, 0887 71, 0,88-71 0,991, 0,99-1 0,021 0,02- 0,010 0,01- 0,8871 0,88-7 0,991 0,99- 0,887 0,88-

Abstract Given the lack of studies focused on Honduran domestic workers abroad, this article aims to characterize Honduran women living in the U.S. employed in domestic occupations. For this purpose, I employed survey data on women living in five American states, and calculated descriptive and inferential statistics. Furthermore, I employed binary logistic regression modeling to analyze the determinants of domestic work participation. When compared with all other occupations, domestic female workers of Honduran origin present significant differences in age, number of dependents, asset ownership, savings, income, and bank account ownership. Similarly, age (95% CI 0.92-2.63, p = 0.94), savings (95% CI 0.01-0.97, p = 0.047), account ownership in Honduras (95% CI 0.88-71.05, p = 0.064), monthly income (95% CI 0.99-1.00, p = 0.096), and social security (95% CI 0.02-1.29, p = 0.086) seem to be the key determinants explaining domestic work participation. Engaging and promoting compliance with international legal instruments might provide a means to consolidate the rights of these populations. The article concludes by highlighting future lines of research regarding the migration and rights of Honduras and Central American women living in the U.S. abroad US U S U.S occupations purpose states statistics Furthermore participation dependents Similarly 95% 95 (95 0.922.63, 092263 0.92 2.63, 0 92 2 63 0.92-2.63 0.94, 094 0.94 , 94 0.94) 0.010.97, 001097 0.01 0.97, 01 97 0.01-0.97 0.047, 0047 0.047 047 0.047) 0.8871.05, 0887105 0.88 71.05, 88 71 05 0.88-71.05 0.064, 0064 0.064 064 0.064) 0.991.00, 099100 0.99 1.00, 99 1 00 0.99-1.00 0.096, 0096 0.096 096 0.096) 0.021.29, 002129 0.02 1.29, 02 29 0.02-1.29 0.086 0086 086 populations 9 (9 922 0.922.63 09226 092 0.9 263 2.63 6 0.92-2.6 09 010 0.010.97 00109 001 0.0 097 0.97 0.01-0.9 004 0.04 04 8871 0.8871.05 088710 088 0.8 7105 71.05 8 7 0.88-71.0 006 0.06 06 991 0.991.00 09910 099 100 1.00 0.99-1.0 009 0.09 021 0.021.29 00212 002 129 1.29 0.02-1.2 0.08 008 08 ( 0.922.6 0922 0. 26 2.6 0.92-2. 0.010.9 0010 0.01-0. 887 0.8871.0 08871 710 71.0 0.88-71. 0.991.0 0991 10 1.0 0.99-1. 0.021.2 0021 12 1.2 0.02-1. 0.922. 2. 0.92-2 0.010. 0.01-0 0.8871. 0887 71. 0.88-71 0.991. 1. 0.99-1 0.021. 0.02-1 0.922 0.92- 0.010 0.01- 0.8871 0.88-7 0.991 0.99- 0.021 0.02- 0.887 0.88-

Resumo Em função da escassa literatura sobre o tema, o presente artigo visa caracterizar as mulheres hondurenhas empregadas em ocupações domésticas nos Estados Unidos. Com esse objetivo, empregam-se questionários preenchidos por mulheres morando em cinco estados desse país norte-americano. Para realizar tal caracterização, é utilizada estatística descritiva e inferencial. Adicionalmente, emprega-se regressão logística para analisar os determinantes da participação em empregos domésticos. Quando comparadas com todas as outras ocupações, as mulheres hondurenhas fazendo trabalhos domésticos possuem diferenças em termos de idade, número de dependentes, posse de bens, poupanças e existência de conta bancária. Similarmente, a análise dos determinantes estatísticos mostra que variáveis significativas incluem idade (95% IC 0,92-2,63 p = 0.94), poupanças (95% IC 0,01-0,97, p = 0.047), existência de conta bancária (95% IC 0,88-71,05, p = 0.064), renda mensal (95% IC 0,99-1.00, p = 0.096) e contribuição à previdência social (95% IC 0,02-1,29 p = 0.086). Promover a adoção de instrumentos de direito internacional pode representar uma alternativa para fomentar os direitos humanos desse grupo de pessoas. O artigo finaliza ressaltando possíveis linhas de pesquisa relacionadas à migração de mulheres hondurenhas e da América Central morando nos Estados Unidos. tema Unidos objetivo empregamse empregam se norteamericano. norteamericano norte americano. americano norte-americano caracterização inferencial Adicionalmente empregase emprega dependentes bens Similarmente 95% 95 (95 0,922,63 092263 0,92 2,63 0 92 2 63 0,92-2,6 0.94, 094 0.94 , 94 0.94) 0,010,97, 001097 0,01 0,97, 01 97 0,01-0,97 0.047, 0047 0.047 047 0.047) 0,8871,05, 0887105 0,88 71,05, 88 71 05 0,88-71,05 0.064, 0064 0.064 064 0.064) 0,991.00, 099100 0,99 1.00, 99 1 00 0,99-1.00 0.096 0096 096 0,021,29 002129 0,02 1,29 02 29 0,02-1,2 0.086. 0086 0.086 . 086 0.086) pessoas 9 (9 922 0,922,6 09226 092 0,9 263 2,6 6 0,92-2, 09 0.9 010 0,010,97 00109 001 0,0 097 0,97 0,01-0,9 004 0.04 04 8871 0,8871,05 088710 088 0,8 7105 71,05 8 7 0,88-71,0 006 0.06 06 991 0,991.00 09910 099 100 1.00 0,99-1.0 0.09 009 021 0,021,2 00212 002 129 1,2 0,02-1, 008 0.08 08 ( 0,922, 0922 0, 26 2, 0,92-2 0. 0,010,9 0010 0,01-0, 0.0 887 0,8871,0 08871 710 71,0 0,88-71, 0,991.0 0991 10 1.0 0,99-1. 0,021, 0021 12 1, 0,02-1 0,922 0,92- 0,010, 0,01-0 0,8871, 0887 71, 0,88-71 0,991. 1. 0,99-1 0,021 0,02- 0,010 0,01- 0,8871 0,88-7 0,991 0,99- 0,887 0,88-

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar el efecto covid-19 sobre las finanzas personales en alumnos de pregrado del Centro Universitario de los Altos de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Se trabajó con 342 casos, de los que se analizaron pruebas de independencia estadística entre variables. Entre los principales resultados destaca que para 49.1 % de los estudiantes el ingreso proviene de sus padres y que más de 50 % de los alumnos vieron afectados sus ingresos y sus gastos se modificaron como efecto de la pandemia. Por otro lado, un alto porcentaje mostró tener el hábito del ahorro (83.6 %), de por lo menos 10 % de sus ingresos, aunque no consideraron tener un ahorro adicional como efecto de la pandemia. Asimismo, 84.5 % de ellos indicaron no tener que recurrir a un endeudamiento. En suma, el efecto covid-19 fue negativo en los ingresos de los estudiantes. Los encuestados señalaron en su mayoría que los gastos aumentaron con la pandemia.

Abstract The objective of this research was to identify the covid-19 effect on personal finances in undergraduate students at the Centro Universitario de los Altos of the University of Guadalajara. We worked with 342 cases, from which we analyzed tests of statistical independence between variables. Among the main results, it was found that for 49.1 % of the students the income comes from their parents and that more than 50 % of the students had their income affected and their expenses were modified as an effect of the pandemic. On the other hand, a high percentage showed a savings habit (83.6 %), of at least 10 % of their income, although they did not consider having additional savings as an effect of the pandemic. Likewise, 84.5 % of them indicated not having to resort to indebtedness. In sum, the covid-19 effect was negative on student income. Respondents overwhelmingly indicated that expenses increased with the pandemic.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar o efeito da covid-19 nas finanças pessoais em estudantes de graduação do Centro Universitário Los Altos da Universidade de Guadalajara. Trabalhamos com 342 casos, dos quais foram analisados testes de independência estatística entre variáveis. Entre os principais resultados, destaca-se que para 49,1% dos alunos a renda vem dos pais e que mais de 50% dos alunos viram sua renda afetada e suas despesas alteradas em decorrência da pandemia. Por outro lado, uma alta porcentagem mostrou que tinha o hábito de poupar (83,6%), de pelo menos 10% de sua renda, embora não considerasse ter poupança adicional como efeito da pandemia. Da mesma forma, 84,5% deles indicaram não ter que recorrer ao endividamento. Em suma, o efeito da covid-19 foi negativo no rendimento dos alunos. A maioria dos entrevistados observou que as despesas aumentaram com a pandemia.

RESUMO Este trabalho analisa a produtividade e a hipótese do fluxo de capital não influenciar o investimento na economia brasileira. Para tal, apresentamos uma equação de produtividade condicionada as taxas de: investimentos, custos salariais, e demanda externa. A relação entre a produtividade e às taxas de investimentos e salários sugere uma possível simultaneidade, dada a natureza distributiva da renda agregada entre capital e trabalho. Portanto, são utilizados estimadores que tratam a endogeneidade em dois estágios: os Mínimos Quadrados em Dois Estágios (MQ2E) e os Mínimos Momentos Generalizados (MMG), para maior robustez dos resultados. Encontramos que a taxa de investimentos explica a produtividade, mas o fluxo de capitais não determina o investimento produtivo. Além disso, o investimento brasileiro se mostra mais suscetível aos parâmetros de eficiência marginal do capital, cuja queda tem afetado a produtividade brasileira desde os anos 1980.

ABSTRACT This work analyzes productivity and the hypothesis that capital flow does not influence investment in the Brazilian economy. To do so, we present a productivity equation conditioned on the rates of: investments, wage costs, and external demand. The relationship between productivity and investment and wage rates suggests a possible simultaneity, given the distributive nature of aggregate income between capital and labor. Therefore, estimators that treat endogeneity in two stages are used: the Two-Stage Least Squares (MQ2E) and the Generalized Least Moments (MMG), to increase the robustness of the results. We find that the investment rate explains productivity, but capital flow does not determine productive investment. In addition, Brazilian investment is more susceptible to the parameters of marginal capital efficiency, whose fall has affected Brazilian productivity since the 1980s.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the role played by formal and informal institutions in sending, receiving, and using remittances in two indigenous communities in Mexico with a historical experience of migration and high poverty levels. It explores the socioeconomic dynamics of the migrants' territories of origin, focusing on the influence of socially shared rules, as well as family and community agreements concerning decisions about consumption, investment, and/or savings in recipient households. The findings presented were obtained from fieldwork conducted during 2019 and 2020 in two sites in San Juan Chamula, in which 35 interviews were made and 30 surveys were applied to key stakeholders. The conclusions highlight the need to strengthen institutions in order to promote a productive use of foreign income and emphasize the importance of these money transfers to reduce poverty.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el papel de las instituciones, formales e informales, en el envío, la recepción y el uso de remesas en dos comunidades indígenas de México con una histórica experiencia migratoria y con altos niveles de pobreza. Se exploran las dinámicas socioeconómicas de los territorios de origen de los migrantes prestando especial atención a la influencia que tienen las reglas socialmente compartidas y los acuerdos familiares y comunitarios en las decisiones de consumo, inversión o ahorro en los hogares receptores. Los resultados que se muestran se obtuvieron a partir del trabajo de campo realizado durante dos años, 2019 y 2020, en dos parajes de San Juan Chamula, donde se aplicaron 35 entrevistas y 30 encuestas a actores clave. Entre las conclusiones destaca la necesidad de fortalecer las instituciones para que se propicie un uso productivo de los ingresos foráneos, y al mismo tiempo se enfatiza la importancia que tienen estas transferencias monetarias en la contención de la pobreza.

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to identify trajectories in the saving administration of Mexican workers from 2012 to 2018. Various trajectories were forecasted with the saving administration derived from the Mexican workers salaries for their pension funds with data in the same period, using a kind of quantitative method with the application of simulations with scenarios by Markov chains. The originality is the application of Monte Carlo simulations considering specific ENOE data such as education level, gender, income level, in addition to the contribution to the formal IMSS regime in the retirement period. The results show the impact level with variables such as the level of education, which has a greater impact to the final amount of retirement in the case of men.

Resumen: Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de identificar trayectorias en la administración del ahorro de trabajadores mexicanos de 2012 a 2018. Se realizaron diversas trayectorias en la administración del ahorro derivado de sus salarios para el fondo de pensiones de los trabajadores mexicanos con información del periodo mencionado, utilizado el método de tipo cuantitativo con la aplicación de simulaciones con escenarios mediante cadenas de Markov. La originalidad está en la aplicación de simulaciones de Montecarlo al considerar información específica de la ENOE como; nivel de escolaridad, género, nivel de ingreso, además de la contribución al régimen formal del IMSS en el periodo de retiro. Los resultados muestran el gran nivel de impacto de las variables, como el nivel de escolaridad, que presenta un impacto mayor al monto final de retiro para el caso de los hombres.