The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) stands for being the most serious epidemic (so far) of the 21st century. However, only a few computational studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the neutralization of the spike protein by antibodies of different classes. Hence, bioinformatic methods were employed to unravel the factors contributing to the remarkable neutralization capacity exhibited by specific antibodies. Initially, crystallographic structures of IgA monomeric / dimeric, IgG, and IgM antibodies binding with the receptor-binding domain region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were retrieved. Subsequently, rigid molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were performed over 100 ns with explicit water solvation. Lastly, an energy decomposition was conducted to estimate the binding affinity using the last frames from molecular dynamics. The results revealed a higher binding affinity for both monomeric and dimeric forms of IgA antibodies against the spike protein. Additionally, a greater number of hydrogen bonds were observed during their interaction with the spike protein, as well as greater structural instability along the time and especially a more thermodynamically favorable interaction affinity. In this way, the research contributes a small piece to the complex puzzle of understanding the humoral immune response induced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV (SARS-CoV-2 so far st century However classes Hence Initially IgG receptorbinding receptor SARS-CoV- retrieved Subsequently 10 solvation Lastly dynamics Additionally way virus (SARS-CoV- SARS-CoV 1 (SARS-CoV

ABSTRACT Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic presented challenges worldwide. The acceptance of vaccines in the population is essential as a preventive measure. It is undeniable that there are factors that increase rejection or questioning in this regard, which may be related to culture, politics, trust, convenience, experience in health services, and also the opinion of the environment. Objective: to determine the percentage of students and teachers vaccinated, and the number of doses applied against COVID-19 in Facultad de Odontología at the Universidad Nacional de Asunción, in the year 2022. Methodology: cross-sectional descriptive observational study, applying a digital survey with 23 questions about knowledge, application and self-perception of the vaccine; in addition to demographic data. Results: 168 respondents were included, 128 students and 40 teachers. 80.0 % were women. 97.6 % have been vaccinated against COVID-19, the majority (85.4 %) received three doses of the vaccine. 34.1 % received the Covaxin vaccine, 32.9 % Sputnik V, 15.9 % AstraZeneca and 17.1 % others (Pfizer, Sinopharm and Moderna). 35.1 % had doubts about the effectiveness but most of them were applied anyway. 94.1 % considered the vaccine necessary and 88.7 % safe. 78.5 % responded that coverage is high to prevent the symptoms of the disease. 35.1% mentioned feeling fully protected with the vaccine. 78.6% know that some adverse reaction may occur after application. Conclusion: almost all of the respondents were vaccinated and had received all three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine at the time of the survey.

RESUMEN Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 presentó desafíos a nivel mundial. La aceptación de las vacunas en la población es indispensable como medida preventiva. Es innegable que existen factores que elevan el rechazo o cuestionamiento al respecto, que pueden estar relacionados con la cultura, política, confianza, conveniencia, experiencia en servicios sanitarios, también la opinión del entorno. Objetivo: determinar el porcentaje de estudiantes y docentes vacunados, y el número de dosis aplicadas contra el COVID-19 de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción, en el año 2022. Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, aplicando una encuesta en digital con 23 preguntas acerca del conocimiento, aplicación y autopercepción de la vacuna; además de datos demográficos. Resultados: fueron incluidos 168 encuestados, 128 estudiantes y 40 docentes. 80,0 % fueron mujeres. 97,6 % se ha vacunado contra COVID-19, la mayoría (85,4 %) se aplicó tres dosis de la vacuna. 34,1 % se aplicó la vacuna Covaxin, 32,9 % Sputnik V, 15,9 % AstraZeneca y 17,1 % otras (Pfizer, Sinopharm y Moderna). El 35,1 % tuvo dudas acerca de la eficacia pero que en su mayoría se aplicaron igualmente. El 94,1 % consideró necesaria y el 88,7 % segura la vacuna. El 78,5 % respondió que la cobertura es elevada para prevenir los síntomas de la enfermedad. El 35,1 % mencionó sentirse protegido en su totalidad con la vacuna. El 78,6 % sabe que puede presentarse luego de la aplicación alguna reacción adversa. Conclusión: casi la totalidad de los encuestados se encontraban vacunados y se aplicaron las tres dosis de la vacuna COVID-19 al momento de la encuesta.

ABSTRACT Exfoliative dermatitis is a severe cutaneous inflammatory syndrome characterized by generalized erythema and scaling over more than 90 % of the body. This syndrome can be the final stage of various dermatological diseases or the beginning of certain pathologies such as psoriasis, which is the most common cause. Febrile illnesses are cause of psoriasis exacerbations. It is believed that the virus acts as a superantigen and activates cellular immunity causing immunological changes with varied symptoms in predisposed individuals. We present the case of a male patient who presented with a severe form of psoriasis after chikungunya infection.

RESUMEN La eritrodermia es un síndrome inflamatorio cutáneo grave que se caracteriza por eritema y descamación generalizada en más del 90 % del cuerpo. Este síndrome puede ser la etapa final de diversas enfermedades dermatológicas o el inicio de ciertas patologías como la psoriasis, que es la causa más común. Las enfermedades febriles son causa de exacerbaciones de psoriasis. Se cree que el virus actúa como un superantígeno y activa la inmunidad celular causando cambios inmunológicos con clínica variada en individuos predispuestos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino que debuta con una forma grave de psoriasis posterior a infección por chikungunya.

RESUMEN La obsesión moderna por la seguridad (desde el miedo extremo a los gérmenes hasta la xenofobia) termina en el aislamiento. En este artículo exploramos qué hay detrás de esta preocupación por la seguridad, las metáforas que la rodean (y que provienen de la inmunología) y una forma de escapar del miedo tomando como punto de partida la idea deleuziana de la ética nómada. Desde una perspectiva contemporánea de cómo funcionan los sistemas inmunológicos, repensamos las metáforas: en la medida en que surgen nuevas caracterizaciones de la inmunidad, existe la necesidad de aproximarnos a las respuestas no defensivas, no reactivas a las demandas del devenir. Implica repensar la alteridad, la necesidad de abrazarla en lugar de evitarla, y su importancia para entender lo que nos hace humanos. Argumentaremos que la ética nómada requiere una epistemología nómada, un reconocimiento de que una comprensión y un control plenos de la realidad pueden estar fuera de nuestro alcance y, por lo tanto, una aceptación de formas de conocimiento parciales, tentativas y diversas.

ABSTRACT The modern obsession with safety (which ranges from extreme fear of germs to xenophobia) ends in isolation. In this paper, we explore what is behind of this concern with safety, the metaphors that surround it (which come from immunology), and a way to escape from fear using the Deleuzian idea of nomadic ethics as a point of departure. From a contemporary perspective of how immune systems work, we rethink the metaphors used to describe it: as far as new characterizations of immunity arise, there is a need to approach a notion of non-defensive, non-reactive answers to the ever-changing demands of a world in motion, of becoming. It implies rethinking alterity, the need to embrace it instead of avoiding it, and the need to understand its importance, the way in which it makes us humans. We will argue that nomadic ethics require a nomadic epistemology, an acknowledgement that a full understanding and control of reality may be beyond our reach, and therefore an acceptance of partial, tentative, and diverse forms of knowledge.

Resumen El calostro es la primera secreción mamaria y es la única forma en la cual las becerras adquieren inmunidad pasiva. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la correlación de la calidad del calostro de vacas lecheras de alta producción medido con calostrómetro y refractometría digital de grados Brix (°Bx). Se tomaron 340 muestras de calostro del mismo número de vacas y fueron analizadas mediante el calostrómetro y refractometría de °Bx. Se realizó una regresión lineal simple y se determinó el coeficiente de determinación (R²). Todo a través del paquete estadístico SPSS 25.0. La media de con calostrómetro fue de 87.94±110, mientras con refractometría Brix fueron de 26.19±18, con una R2 0.706 con un valor de P<0.0001. En conclusión, las lecturas de refractometría y el calostrómetro, son métodos efectivos en determinar las inmunoglobulinas. El refractómetro Brix tuvo una correlación aceptable, lo cual puede ser una herramienta fácil de verificación de calidad de calostro al pie de la vaca.

Abstract Colostrum is the first mammary secretion and in which calves can obtain passive immunity. This study aimed to correlate the quality of colostrum from high-yielding dairy cows using either a colostrometer or Brix digital refractometry (°Bx). Samples (N=340) of colostrum were taken from cows and analyzed with a colostrometer and Brix refractometry. A linear regression was performed. The coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated. All statistical analyzes were done with the SPSS 25.0 statistical package. Means with colostrometer were 87.94±110, while with Brix refractometer they were 26.19±18, with R2 0.706 and a P<0.0001. In conclusion, the refractometer and the colostrometer are effective methods to determine immunoglobulins. Brix refractometer had an acceptable correlation, which could be a useful tool for verifying the colostrum’s quality next to the cow.

Resumo: A seguinte revisão bibliográfica centra-se nos aspectos mais relevantes e controversos desta entidade em termos clínicos, patogénese, diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica. Embora a vasculite por IgA seja a mais comum em pediatria, ela pode ocorrer em adultos com apresentação clínica diferente e prognóstico mais grave do que em crianças, incluindo progressão para doença renal terminal. Em adultos, não existem critérios diagnósticos universalmente aceitos e o tratamento é controverso, dada a ausência de estudos randomizados e controlados que o apoiem. Existem avanços recentes na compreensão de fatores ambientais e genéticos, em anormalidades da imunidade inata e adquirida e no papel dos complexos imunes IgA1 deficientes em galact.

Resumen: La siguiente revisión bibliográfica está centrada los aspectos más relevantes y controversiales de esta entidad en cuanto a clínica, patogenia, diagnóstico y abordaje terapéutico. Aunque la vasculitis por IgA, es la más frecuente en pediatría, puede presentarse en adultos con una presentación clínica diferente y un pronóstico más grave que en niños, incluida la progresión a enfermedad renal terminal. En adultos no se dispone de criterios diagnósticos universalmente aceptados y el tratamiento es controvertido, dada la ausencia de estudios controlados randomizados que lo avalen. Existen avances recientes en la comprensión de los factores ambientales y genéticos, en las anormalidades de la inmunidad innata y adquirida y en el rol de los inmunocomplejos de IgA1 deficiente en galactos.

Abstract: The following literature review focuses on the most relevant and controversial aspects of this entity in terms of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic approach. Although IgA vasculitis is the most common in pediatrics, it can occur in adults with a different clinical presentation and a more serious prognosis than in children, including progression to end-stage renal disease. In adults, there are no universally accepted diagnostic criteria and treatment is controversial, given the absence of randomized controlled studies to support it. There have been recent advances in the understanding of environmental and genetic factors, in the abnormalities of innate and acquired immunity and in the role of galactose-deficient IgA1 immune complexes.

Abstract PA is a gram-negative pathogen that is highly aggressive and known to cause several nosocomial infections, leading to significant morbidity and mortality levels. Individuals with compromised immunity are especially vulnerable to life-threatening infections caused by this bacterium. PA importance as a pathogen is further underscored by its virulence, increasing resistance to antibiotics, and its ability to adapt to diverse environmental conditions. In this study, MO extract antibacterial activity was evaluated using Ec methods, such as CV, EIS and polarization curves (Tafel’s law), against pathogenic bacteria, including PA. The performance of the developed CPE modified by MO was herein tested with C6H12O6, by CV technique. The CV recorded at the CPE-MO surface showed a well-defined peak, which was due to C₆H₁₂O₆ Ec oxidation. PA addition to the electrolyte solution containing C₆H₁₂O₆ caused its oxidation peak to disappear. The hypothesis that PA would adhere to the CPE-MO surface, blocking the active sites and, subsequently, C₆H₁₂O₆ oxidation, was proposed. To verify this hypothesis, polarization curves and EIS, which revealed the presence of a non-conductive film on the CPE-MO surface, were employed. The morphology of the elaborated electrodes surfaces was characterized by SEM.

RESUMEN Introducción. Debido a la reactividad cruzada entre SARS-CoV-2 y los coronavirus humanos comunes, las infecciones previas con estos virus podrían contribuir a la protección cruzada serológica o celular contra la COVID-19 grave. Sin embargo, la inmunidad protectora puede no desarrollarse o la inmunidad preexistente podría generar COVID-19 grave. Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos IgG frente a HCoV-NL63 y HCoV-HKU1, y correlacionar su previa exposición con los signos de COVID-19 en pacientes de Villavicencio. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional analítico y transversal. Se utilizó la técnica ELISA para buscar anticuerpos IgG contra HCoV-NL3 y HCoV-HKU1 en pacientes con resultado positivo de RT-qPCR para SARS-CoV-2. Los pacientes se agruparon según los signos de COVID-19 en cuatro grupos: grupo 1: asintomáticos (n = 23); grupo 2: hospitalizados (n = 24); grupo 3: unidad de cuidados intensivos (n = 24), y grupo 4: fallecidos (n = 22). Resultados. La seroprevalencia general de IgG anti-HCoV fue de 74.2 % (n = 69; IC95%: 65,3-83,1), con 66,7 % de HCoV-NL63 (n = 62; IC95%: 57,1-76,2) y 25,8 % de HCoV-HKU1 (n = 24; [IC95%:16,9-34,7). Según el análisis de las tablas de contingencia, la exposición previa a HCoV-NL63 se asoció con protección de una COVID-19 grave (p = 0,042; OR ajustado = 0,159; IC95%: 0,027-0,938) y la previa coinfección de HCoV-NL63 y HCoV-HKU1 se asoció con padecimiento de signos clínicos graves por COVID-19 (p = 0,048; OR ajustado = 16,704; IC95%: 1,020- 73,670). Conclusión. Según la literatura revisada hasta la fecha, este es el primer estudio sobre la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos IgG de HCoV en Colombia y Latinoamérica. La exposición previa a HCoV-NL63 podría proteger contra la COVID-19 grave, mientras que los pacientes con coinfección subyacente de HCoV-NL63 y HCoV-HKU1 podrían resultar hospitalizados con signos graves de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Due to the cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and common human coronaviruses, previous infections with these viruses could contribute to serological or cellular cross-protection against severe COVID-19. However, protective immunity may not develop, or pre-existing immunity could increase COVID-19 severity. Objective. To determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 and correlate previous exposure with COVID-19 signs in patients from Villavicencio. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted. ELISA technique was used to search for IgG antibodies against HCoV-NL3 and HCoV-HKU1 in patients with positive RT-qPCR results for SARS-CoV-2. Patients were grouped according to COVID-19 clinical characteristics in four groups: group 1: asymptomatic (n = 23); group 2: hospitalized (n = 24); group 3: intensive care units (n = 24), and group 4: dead (n = 22). Results. The overall seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against HCoV was 74.2% (n = 69; 95% CI: 65.3-83.1), with 66.7% of HCoV-NL63 (n = 62; 95% CI: 57,1-76,2), and 25.8% of HCoV-HKU1 (n = 24; 95% CI: 16,9-34,7). Based on crosstab analysis, prior exposure to HCoV-NL63 was associated with protection against severe COVID-19 (p = 0.042; adjusted OR = 0.159; 95% CI: 0.027-0.938), and previous coinfection of HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 was considered a positive association to severe COVID-19 (p = 0.048; adjusted OR = 16.704; 95% CI: 1.020 - 273.670). Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing seroprevalence of HCoV IgG antibodies in Colombia and Latin America. Previous exposure to HCoV-NL63 could protect against severe COVID-19, whereas patients with underlying HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 coinfection could be hospitalized with severe signs of COVID-19.

Resumen El artículo presenta la relación entre la fiebre amarilla y las personas susceptibles de enfermarse en la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, según el discurso médico entre 1906 y 1919. Este trabajo se basa en los impresos científicos que se publicaron en el periodo estudiado, cuyos contenidos señalaban que las personas procedentes de otros lugares eran más vulnerables de adquirir el padecimiento. Se revisan los libros de entradas y salidas de personas que ingresaron al hospital O’Horán con el propósito de identificar a los afectados por el llamado “vómito prieto”. El análisis muestra que las personas diagnosticadas eran del extranjero y de otros sitios de México en un escenario caracterizado por el desarrollo económico de las haciendas henequeneras y las corrientes migratorias favorecidas por las autoridades. Esta investigación es un acercamiento hacia un grupo especifico de actores sociales, los migrantes, cuya vulnerabilidad también es evidente en los procesos de la salud y la enfermedad.

Abstract This article shows the relation between yellow fever and those people’s susceptibility to contract it in the city of Mérida, Yucatán, according to medical speech between 1906 and 1919. This text is based on the scientific texts published during the studied period, whose contents indicated that coming people from other places were more vulnerable to contract the disease. Entry and exit logs were reviewed at O’Horan hospital, with the purpose to identify those who were affected by the so-called “black vomit”. The analysis reveals that those who received the diagnosis came from other countries or different places of Mexico, in an epoch when economic development of henequen farms and migratory currents were favored by authorities. This research is an approach to a specific group of social actors, migrants, whose vulnerability is also evidenced by health and decease processes.

Resumen Introducción : El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos adversos y la respuesta inmune de anticuer pos IgG anti S1 SAEA-CoV-2 en el personal de Salud del Hospital del Milagro de la ciudad de Salta, posterior a recibir dos dosis de vacuna COVID-19. Métodos : Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de co horte desde marzo de 2021 hasta abril 2022. Se reco pilaron datos demográficos, clínicos, eventos adversos supuestamente atribuidos a la vacunación (ESAVI) y se tomaron dos muestras de sangre para medir los niveles de anticuerpos. Resultados : Participaron 408 voluntarios, 401 (98%) fueron vacunados con Sputnik- V. La edad promedio fue de 45.5 años con predominio del sexo femenino (71%). Los ESAVI fueron reportados en 188 (46.1%) y 121 (29.7%) luego de la primera y segunda dosis respectivamente (p<0.001). Estos eventos fueron mayormente de carácter leve y transitorios, más frecuentes luego de la primera dosis. El primer dosaje de anticuerpos fue positivo en 99% con una media de títulos de 9.7 (SD 3.7). El segundo dosaje fue positivo en 88% con una media de títulos de 6.4 (SD 4.4). Los participantes con antecedentes de infección y dosajes previos positivos mostraron títulos significativamente más altos de anticuerpos (p<0.001). Conclusión : Los ESAVI reportados fueron mayorita riamente leves y transitorios. La vacunación masiva y la administración de la dosis recomendada son esenciales para lograr una inmunidad colectiva efectiva. La mayoría de los trabajadores de la salud vacunados desarrollaron anticuerpos y aquellos que cursaron la enfermedad previa a la vacunación presentaron títulos significativos más elevados de anticuerpos.

Abstract Introduction : The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects and immune response associated with IgG anti S1 SAEA-CoV-2 antibodies among health care workers at Señor del Milagro Hospital in Salta city, after receiving two doses of COVID-19 vaccine. Methods : A prospective cohort study was carried out from March 2021 to April 2022. Demographic, clinical data, adverse events supposedly attributed to vaccina tion (AEFIs) were collected and two samples were taken to measure serum antibody levels. Results : 408 volunteers participated, 401 (98%) were vaccinated with Sputnik-V. The average age was 45.5 years with a predominance of the female sex (71%). AEFIs were reported in 188 (46.1%) and 121 (29.7%) after the first and second doses respectively (p<0.001). These events were mostly mild and transient, more frequent after the first dose. The first antibody test was positive in 99% with a mean titer of 9.7 (SD 3.7). The second dosage was positive in 88% with a mean titer of 6.4 (SD 4.4). Participants with a history of infection and previous positive testing showed significantly higher antibody titers (p<0.001). Conclusion : The AEFIs reported were mostly mild and transient. Mass vaccination and administration of the recommended dose are essential to achieve effective herd immunity. The majority of vaccinated healthcare workers developed antibodies and those who had the disease prior to vaccination had significant antibody titers.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the incidence, clinical and genetic characteristics of pediatric lymphoma patients of China with inborn errors of immunity (IEI)-related gene mutations, which have not been fully studied. Method: From Jan. 2020 to Mar. 2023, IEI-related genetic mutations were retrospectively explored in 108 children with lymphomas admitted to Beijing Children’s Hospital by NGS. Genetic rule and clinical characteristics as well as treatment outcomes were compared between patients with or without IEI-related gene mutations. Results: A total of 17 patients (15.7 %) harbored IEI-associated mutations, including 4 cases with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP), 3 cases had mutations in tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 13B (TNFRSF13B), 2 cases with Activated p110 syndrome (APDS). Patients with IEI all had alteration of immunocompetence with decreased levels of immunoglobulin and lymphocyte subsets. Recurrent infection existed in 41.2 % of patients. The 18-month event-free survival (EFS) and the overall response rate (ORR) of patients with IEI are significantly lower than those without IEI (33.86% vs. 73.26 %, p = 0.011; 52.94% vs. 87.91 %, p = 0.002, respectively). In addition, patients with IEI had a higher progression disease (PD) rate of 23.5 % than those without IEI of 4.4% (p = 0.006). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that IEI-associated lymphomas were much more common than originally appreciated in pediatric lymphomas, and those were insensitive to treatment and more likely to progress or relapse. The genomic analysis and a thorough review of the medical history of IEI can be used to distinguish them from pediatric lymphomas without IEI, which are beneficial for the early diagnosis and direct intervention. Objective incidence IEIrelated related studied Method Jan 202 Mar 2023 10 Childrens Children s NGS Results 1 15.7 157 15 7 (15. IEIassociated associated Xlinked X linked XLP, XLP , (XLP) B TNFRSF13B, TNFRSF13B TNFRSFB TNFRSF (TNFRSF13B) p11 APDS. APDS . (APDS) subsets 412 41 41. 18month month 18 eventfree event free EFS (EFS ORR (ORR 33.86% 3386 33 86 (33.86 vs 7326 73 26 73.2 0.011 0011 0 011 5294 52 94 52.94 8791 87 91 87.9 0002 002 0.002 respectively. respectively respectively) addition PD (PD 235 23 5 23. 44 4.4 0.006. 0006 0.006 006 0.006) Conclusion relapse intervention 20 15. (15 (XLP (TNFRSF13B p1 (APDS 33.86 338 8 (33.8 732 73. 0.01 001 01 529 9 52.9 879 87. 000 00 0.00 4. (1 33.8 (33. 0.0 52. ( 33. (33 0. (3

ABSTRACT Penaeus vannamei, or white shrimp, is an economically significant species that dominates shrimp production and represents a rapidly growing industry. However, the culture faces challenges due to high mortality rates due to bacterial and viral diseases. Unlike vertebrates, shrimp rely solely on their innate immunity for defense against pathogens. Introducing probiotics into shrimp culture can enhance growth, survival rates, and immune responses against disease outbreaks caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Common diseases affecting shrimp farms include vibriosis, white spot disease, acute hepatopancreatic necrosis and black gill disease. These diseases can cause severe infections, which lead to high mortality rates. The application of probiotics, such as Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis, Lactobacillus sp., Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas sp., Pseudoaltermonas, and yeast, either through diet or direct administration, has demonstrated positive impacts on shrimp health, including enhanced growth, increased immunostimulation, improved gut microbiota, and better water quality parameters. In recent decades, aquafeed has explored effective solutions, such as microdiets, co-feeding (combining commercial feed and probiotics), and various microdiets types, to address aquaculture disease problems. Combining microdiets containing essential nutrients with probiotics has proven to be safer than antibiotics, which can adversely affect animals and the environment. However, further studies are needed to optimize the efficiency of feeding techniques by incorporating probiotics and commercial feed for disease resistance in penaeid shrimp culture. This review discusses commercial feeds and microdiets incorporated with probiotics for P. vannamei culture for growth and disease resistance to enhancement.

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence of chronic neutropenia (CN) and the clinical profile of patients with CN aged up to 18 years, followed in the pediatric hematology, rheumatology, or immunology outpatient clinic of a tertiary medical center from May 1, 2018, to 30 April 2019. Methods: Retrospective observational study carried out by collecting data from the patient’s medical charts. CN was defined as absolute neutrophil count (ANC) below 1.5 × 109/L lasting over three months. Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) was defined by clinical criteria and an over twofold increase in ANC after glucocorticoid stimulation. AIN was considered secondary when associated with autoimmune or immunoregulatory disorders. Wilcoxon and Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare variables; the significance level was 5 %. Results: A total of 1,039 patients were evaluated; 217 (20 %) presented CN. Twenty-one (2 %) had AIN, classified as primary in 57 % of the cases. The average age at the onset of symptoms was 38.6 months. During follow-up, patients had 4.2 infections on average; frequency was higher among patients with secondary AIN (p = 003). Isolated neutropenia occurred in 43 % of the patients with AIN. Neutropenia resolved in eight (38 %) of the 21 patients with AIN within 19.6 months on average. Eight patients with secondary AIN met the criteria for Inborn Errors of Immunity. Conclusion: AIN prevalence was 2 %. Most cases were first evaluated by a pediatric immunologist or rheumatologist rather than a pediatric hematologist. This study highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving a pediatric immunologist, rheumatologist, and hematologist. Objective (CN 1 years hematology rheumatology 2018 3 2019 Methods patient s charts (ANC 15 1. 109L L 109 (AIN stimulation disorders Fishers Fisher variables Results 1039 039 1,03 20 Twentyone Twenty one ( 386 38 6 38. followup, followup follow up, follow-up 42 4 4. p 003. 003 . 003) (3 196 19 19. Immunity Conclusion hematologist 201 10 103 03 1,0 00 0

RESUMEN Introducción: el timo es un órgano fundamental en el desarrollo de la inmunidad, su interés ha aumentado en los últimos años con el desarrollo de la ecografía de alta resolución. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre las alteraciones estructurales del timo en fetos de alto riesgo con las afecciones obstétricas y defectos congénitos fetales. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal durante el período de septiembre de 2019 a mayo de 2023. Se trabajó con el total de gestantes (382) atendidas en las Consultas prenatales de ecocardiografía fetal pertenecientes a la Provincia de Villa Clara. Se realizó ecografía tímica que incluyó área, diámetro anteroposterior, transverso y la razón timo-tórax. Resultados: el factor de riesgo que predominó fue la imagen de sospecha de cardiopatía congénita fetal en ecografía de screening (36,65%). Existieron diferencias significativas en los rangos promedios del índice timo-tórax en los grupos que se compararon. El 61,78% de las pacientes sin afecciones obstétricas tuvieron fetos con timos normales. Al analizar el comportamiento de las afecciones obstétricas con la presencia o no de la alteración estructural del timo la preeclampsia ocupó el mayor por ciento (55,56%). Los fetos que presentaron defectos congénitos representaron el 18,59%, el 26,09% con alteración estructural del timo. Conclusiones: la medición del timo mediante el índice timo-tórax aporta información útil acerca de posibles afecciones fetales y constituye una herramienta diagnóstica para una mejor valoración y un mejor seguimiento de gestantes con riesgo de preeclampsia y restricción del crecimiento intrauterino.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the thymus is a fundamental organ in the development of immunity, its interest has increased in recent years with the development of high-resolution ultrasound. Objective: to determine the relationship between structural alterations of the thymus in high-risk fetuses with obstetric conditions and fetal congenital defects. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out during the period from September 2019 to May 2023. We worked with the total number of pregnant women (382) seen in the prenatal fetal echocardiography consultations belonging to the Province of Villa Clara. A thymic ultrasound was performed that included area, anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, and the thymus-thorax ratio. Results: the predominant risk factor was the image of suspected fetal congenital heart disease on screening ultrasound (36.65%). There were significant differences in the average ranges of the thymus-thorax index in the groups that were compared. 61.78% of patients without obstetric conditions had fetuses with normal thymuses. When analyzing the behavior of obstetric conditions with the presence or not of the structural alteration of the thymus, preeclampsia occupied the highest percentage (55.56%). Fetuses that presented congenital defects represented 18.59%, 26.09% with structural alteration of the thymus. Conclusions: measurement of the thymus using the thymus-thorax index provides useful information about possible fetal conditions and constitutes a diagnostic tool for better assessment and monitoring of pregnant women at risk of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction.

Abstract Objectives: Estimate the prevalence of dermatological manifestations in Mexican patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Methods: Cross-sectional and retrospective study, based on the analysis of records of patients with a diagnosis of common variable mmunodeficiency, treated at the Siglo XXI National Medical Center (Mexican Social Security Institute), according to the criteria of the European Society of Immunodeficiencies (ESID). and of which only 3 had a genetic diagnosis with the following mutations: IRF2, CTLA4 and PIK-3, belonging to the Immunodeficiency Clinic of the National Medical Center Siglo XXI (IMSS), to evaluate dermatological manifestations, review of laboratory tests: IgA, IgM, IgG and type of replacement therapy with Immunoglobulin. The statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS program; Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, according to the type of variable to be analyzed. Results: 36 patients were included, of which 55.5% were women; with median age 34 years (18-94). The prevalence of dermatological manifestations was 70% (n = 25). 30.5% had a history of infectious dermatosis and 39.5% had a history of non-infectious dermatosis. The most common dermatosis was irritant contact dermatitis in 13.8% of patients. All received replacement therapy with human immunoglobulin, 33.3% intravenously and the rest subcutaneously. Conclusions: Common variable immunodeficiency is an inborn error of immunity, with different clinical manifestations in various organs and systems (the skin is one of these). Dermatological manifestations are not usually described in patients with common variable immunodeficiency; However, it is important to identify them due to their relationship with certain complications (increased risk of superinfection), due to skin disruption and biological therapies.

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de manifestaciones dermatológicas en pacientes mexicanos con inmunodeficiencia común variable. Métodos: Estudio transversal y retrospectivo, fundamentado en el análisis de expedientes de pacientes con diagnóstico de inmunodeficiencia común variable, atendidos en el Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (Instituto Mexicano del seguro Social), según los criterios de la Sociedad Europea de Inmunodeficiencias (ESID) y de los que solo 3 tenían diagnóstico genético con las siguientes mutaciones: IRF2, CTLA4 y PIK-3, ertenecientes a la Clínica de Inmunodeficiencias del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (IMSS), para evaluar las manifestaciones dermatológicas, revisión de exámenes de laboratorio: IgA, IgM, IgG y tipo de terapia de reemplazo con Inmunoglobulina. El análisis estadístico se ejecutó con el programa SPSS; para el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva, de acuerdo con el tipo de variable a analizar. Resultados: Se incluyeron 36 pacientes, de los que 55.5% correspondieron a mujeres; con mediana de edad 34 años (18-94). La prevalencia de anifestaciones dermatológicas fue de 70% (n = 25). El 30.5% tuvo antecedente de dermatosis infecciosa y 39.5% dermatosis no infecciosa. La dermatosis más frecuente fue dermatitis de contacto irritativa en 13.8% de los pacientes. Todos recibieron terapia de reemplazo con inmunoglobulina humana, 33.3% por vía intravenosa y el resto por vía subcutánea. Conclusiones: La inmunodeficiencia común variable es un error innato de la inmunidad, con diferentes manifestaciones clínicas en diversos órganos y sistemas (la piel supone uno de estos). Las manifestaciones dermatológicas no suelen describirse en pacientes con inmunodeficiencia común variable; sin embargo, es importante identificarlas por su relación con ciertas complicaciones (incremento del riesgo de sobreinfección), debido a la disrupción de la piel y terapias biológicas.